Objective:To provide high-quality clinical evidence of the efficacy of Tibetan medicine Honghua Ruyi(HHRY)pills for endometriosis-associated dysmenorrhea.Methods:This study constitutes a multicenter,randomized,double-...Objective:To provide high-quality clinical evidence of the efficacy of Tibetan medicine Honghua Ruyi(HHRY)pills for endometriosis-associated dysmenorrhea.Methods:This study constitutes a multicenter,randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled trial encompassing a three-menstrual cycle intervention followed by a three-menstrual cycle follow-up period.A total of 164 eligible females with endometriosis-associated dysmenorrhea were randomly divided into HHRY pills and placebo groups in a 1:1 ratio.The primary outcome included dysmenorrhea symptoms assessed using Visual Analog Scale(VAS)scores and quality of life,whereas the secondary outcome measures included the maximum VAS for non-menstrual pelvic pain,duration of pain episodes(in days),frequency and quantity of the consumption of ibuprofen sustained-release capsules(or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs),and days off work/study for staff/student due to dysmenorrhea,ovarian cyst,and/or pelvic nodule size.The safety was monitored throughout the treatment period.All the analyses were based on the intention-to-treat principle.For continuous outcomes,simple or multiple linear regressions were used to estimate the differences between the HHRY pills and placebo groups,with categorical data expressed as the number and percentage of occurrences.Differences were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test.The predefined analysis was adjusted for concomitant treatment,a variable considered to be associated with outcomes but unaffected by treatment allocation.Estimates of treatment effects were reported with 95%confidence intervals.Two-tailed P values≤.05 were considered statistically significant.Conclusion:Positive results from this trial,upon completion would provide robust evidence for the efficacy and safety of HHRY pills in treating dysmenorrhea in patients with endometriosis.展开更多
Objective:To explore the effect and mechanism of action of the Wenjing Zhitong recipe(WZR)in primary dysmenorrhea(PD)treatment.Methods:Uterine contractions were induced by estradiol benzoate and oxytocin in a PD model...Objective:To explore the effect and mechanism of action of the Wenjing Zhitong recipe(WZR)in primary dysmenorrhea(PD)treatment.Methods:Uterine contractions were induced by estradiol benzoate and oxytocin in a PD model and WZR was administrated.The rate of change in uterine contractility and the writhing test were used to evaluate the effects of WZR.The serum levels of prostaglandin F_(2a)(PGF_(2a))and prostaglandin E_2(PGE_2),and the activity of cyclooxygenase-2(COX2)were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The changes in phosphor-phospholipase C(pPLC/PLC),phosphor-protein kinase C(pPKC/PKC),and connexin 43(CX43)expression were detected using immunohistochemistry and western blot.Results:WZR significantly reduced the rate of change in uterine contractility and writhing times in the PD model.WZR treatment inhibited the enzymatic activity of COX2 and reduced the levels of PGF_(2a),PGF_(2a)/PGE2and COX2 in the PD model.WZR also significantly reduced the expression of pPLC/PLC,pPKC/PKC and CX43.Targeting the inhibition of COX2 activity,caffeic acid and 1-acetyl-β-carboline were validated as the active ingredients in WZR responsible for reducing uterine contractions.Conclusion:WZR attenuated PD by inhibiting COX2 activity,downregulating PGF_(2a)/PGE_2 expression,and inhibiting the PKC signaling pathway.展开更多
Objective:The aim of this study is to compare the effect of Vitamin D and Vitamin E supplementations,alone,and in combination,on reducing the intensity and duration of dysmenorrhea in women who were referred to the Ko...Objective:The aim of this study is to compare the effect of Vitamin D and Vitamin E supplementations,alone,and in combination,on reducing the intensity and duration of dysmenorrhea in women who were referred to the Kowsar gynecological clinics of Shahid Motahari Hospital of Urmia University of Medical Sciences.Materials and Methods:A double-blinded clinical trial was conducted on 112 women with dysmenorrhea who were randomly allocated into the four study groups.Finally,100 women complete the study and received capsules containing a placebo(n=25),1000 IU of Vitamin D(n=25),400 mg of Vitamin E(n=25),and 1000 IU of Vitamin D+400 mg of Vitamin E(n=25)every 24 h for 2 consecutive months at the beginning of the menstrual period.The pain intensity and duration among groups were compared before and after the intervention.Results:The mean menstrual pain duration in all three experimental groups(Vitamin E,Vitamin D,and the combination of them)was lower than the placebo group(all P<0.05),and the mean pain intensity scores in all three experimental groups were significantly lower than the placebo group(all P<0.05).The results(means)for all of the drugs administered at the end of the 2nd month were better than the 1st month(all P<0.01).Conclusions:Vitamin E and Vitamin D,as well as their combination,are recommended as an effective and safe treatment for the management of the complications of dysmenorrhea.展开更多
In the current scenario,dysmenorrhea is a very frequent gynecological condition among women.At least one in every four women suffers from severe abdominal cramps,which are referred to as dysmenorrhea or menstrual cram...In the current scenario,dysmenorrhea is a very frequent gynecological condition among women.At least one in every four women suffers from severe abdominal cramps,which are referred to as dysmenorrhea or menstrual cramps.Hence,in this review we compile the data from several reviews and research papers about dysmenorrhea,its pathogenesis,along with all treatment approaches.It was found in a survey that normally women treated these cramps with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines or oral contraceptives,but lately it was found that these medications have a 20%to 25%failure rate as well as unpleasant side effects.Hereby,in this review,we concluded all the possible treatments,including pharmacological treatment,non-pharmacological treatment,and herbal treatments for dysmenorrhea.Many women are looking for alternatives to conventional treatments,such as the use of herbs,vitamins,minerals,nutritional supplements,analgesics,anti-inflammatory agents,and aromatherapy agents,which can have a significant impact when taken on a regular basis.The active constituents of these medicinal plants help the body fight cramps and pain associated with menstruation,as well as alleviate these issues in the most calming and effective way possible.展开更多
Objective:To study the effect of Alpinia officinarum Hance(A.officinarum) 80% alcohol extract on the primary dysmenorrhea.Methods:A.officinarum 80% alcohol extract were enriched by macroporous adsorption resins.Female...Objective:To study the effect of Alpinia officinarum Hance(A.officinarum) 80% alcohol extract on the primary dysmenorrhea.Methods:A.officinarum 80% alcohol extract were enriched by macroporous adsorption resins.Female mice of primary dysmenorrhea model were established by oxytocin induction; the effects of A.officinarum 80% alcohol extract on primary dysmenorrhea were observed by body twist method; and the homogenate level of prostaglandin F_(2α)(PGF_(2α)),prostaglandin E_2(PGE_2) and Ca^(2+) in the uterus were observed in oxytocin-induced female mice.Results:The writhing frequency of primary dysmenorrhea mice was significantly decreased after treatment of A.officinarum 80% alcohol extract and the level of PGF_(2α),PGE_2 and Ca^(2+) in mice uterus was significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01) in groups of mice treated with middle and high dosage of A.officinarum 80% alcohol extract compared with that of model group.Conclusions:These findings suggest that A.Officinarum 80% alcohol extract can significantly relieve primary dysmenorrhea.展开更多
Background Good interpersonal relationships can improve the negative mood and, to a certain extent, may help relieve dysmenorrhea symptoms. However, there has been no study examining the role of interpersonal relation...Background Good interpersonal relationships can improve the negative mood and, to a certain extent, may help relieve dysmenorrhea symptoms. However, there has been no study examining the role of interpersonal relationships in dysmenorrhea and how they may interact with negative emotions. Aims To investigate the connection between negative affect and dysmenorrhea, and the role of interpersonal relationships plays in this relationship. Methods The Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale (CMSS), short-form of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Interpersonal Comprehensive Diagnostic Scale and UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles) Loneliness Scale were applied to 855 adolescent nursing students to collect information on severity and frequency of dysmenorrheal symptoms, negative emotions (including depression, anxiety and stress), interpersonal problems and subjective experience of loneliness among them, and the relationship among these variables was examined. Results (1) Both the severity and frequency of dysmenorrhea were positively correlated with negative emotions, loneliness experience and interpersonal problems, while negatively correlated with age at menarche.(2) The negative emotions, romantic relationship and menarche age, but not loneliness and interpersonal problems, significantly contributed to both the severity and frequency of dysmenorrhea.(3) Mediation analysis revealed that the effects of loneliness and interpersonal problems on dysmenorrhea were totally mediated by negative emotions. Conclusions This investigation indicates that the relationship between interpersonal relationships and dysmenorrhea is mediated by negative emotions.展开更多
The present study aims at comparing the effects of acupressure using new combination of acupoints, and Ibuprofen on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea (PD). 216 female high school students, aged between 14 to 18... The present study aims at comparing the effects of acupressure using new combination of acupoints, and Ibuprofen on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea (PD). 216 female high school students, aged between 14 to 18 years, were randomly selected and divided into three groups. Each group underwent different treatment techniques: acupressure, Ibuprofen and sham acupressure as a placebo. The results indicated that the three therapeutic techniques were significantly effective in reducing the pain. However the therapeutic efficacies of acupressure and Ibuprofenwere similar with no significant difference, and were significantly better thanthe placebo. Thus acupressure, with no complications, is recommended as an alternative and also a better choice in the decrease of the severity of PD.
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This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dysmenorrhea in a prospective approach. Menstruation-related diary data were obtained from 2640 female college students in North Sichuan Medical College;dysmenorrhea a...This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dysmenorrhea in a prospective approach. Menstruation-related diary data were obtained from 2640 female college students in North Sichuan Medical College;dysmenorrhea and related factors were analyzed. Dysmenorrhea occurred in 56.4% of students;6.5% of dysmenorrheal students suffered from “hard to bear” (unbearable) menstrual pain, and 6.5% had pre-menstrual dysmenorrhea. The more severe dysmenorrhea was, the longer dysmenorrhea lasted, and the longer the duration of menstruation and the larger the amount of menstrual blood flow appeared to be. Dysmenorrhea occurred on 37% of the menstrual dates on average and was unrelated to irregularity of menstrual cycles. The percentages of students taking medicine with mild, moderate and unbearable dysmenorrhea were 4.0%, 13.3% and 23.7%, respectively.展开更多
Unicornuate uterus with a rudimentary horn is a rare type of müllerian duct malformation. It leads to many obstetrical and gynecological complications. The mean age of presentation was the mid 20 s [1]. It is one...Unicornuate uterus with a rudimentary horn is a rare type of müllerian duct malformation. It leads to many obstetrical and gynecological complications. The mean age of presentation was the mid 20 s [1]. It is one of the differential diagnosis of dysmenorrhea in adolescent. A 19-year-old single was present with progressive severe dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain after history right ovarian torsion treated by right salpinoophrectomy. Exploratory laparotomy was performed found unicornuate uterus with right non-communication rudimentary horn. Excised of right rudimentary horn was done. Remove of non-communication rudimentary horn will reduce symptoms of dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain. Proper diagnosis and management will prevent misdiagnosis and good outcome to the patient.展开更多
In the present paper, 26 cases of primary dysmenorrhea were treated with acupuncture at Guanyuan (CV 4), Zhongji (CV 3) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6). Results showed that after only two sessions of treatment, 16 cases were cu...In the present paper, 26 cases of primary dysmenorrhea were treated with acupuncture at Guanyuan (CV 4), Zhongji (CV 3) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6). Results showed that after only two sessions of treatment, 16 cases were cured, 8 improved and 2 ineffective, with an effective rate of 92%.展开更多
In the present paper, the authors make an analysis on the therapeutic effect of acupunc-ture at Sanyinjiao(SP 6) alone for treatment of 120 cases of primary dysmenorrhea. Results show atotal effective rate of 96.7%.
Objective:To understand the relevant situation of primary dysmenorrhea among the subjects and target the relief of pain and associated symptoms through hypnotherapy only.Methods:The study recruited a total of 23 femal...Objective:To understand the relevant situation of primary dysmenorrhea among the subjects and target the relief of pain and associated symptoms through hypnotherapy only.Methods:The study recruited a total of 23 female college students who underwent primary dysmenorrhea as objects and conducted a self-report study.The clinical effect of hypnotic suggestion on primary dysmenorrhea was analyzed using the Visual Analogue Scale and the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire as observation indexes.Results:This finding demonstrated a significant reduction in the primary pain score after treatment(t=6.59,P<0.01).Moreover,no significant difference was noted between the first time and the second and third times after treatment.A significant difference was observed in the total scores of MDQ before and after treatment,which indicated the positive effect of hypnotherapy(F=28.52,P<0.001).After treatment,the scores of pain(F=7.85,P<0.001),concentration(F=5.12,P<0.001),behavioural change(F=8.12,P<0.001),autonomic reactions(F=14.54,P<0.001),water retention(F=5.7,P<0.001)and negative effect(F=16.08,P<0.001)were significantly lower than that of before treatment.Through a comparison of the correlation between the reduction rate of pain score and suggestibility at different stages of treatment,the study noted no significant correlation(P>0.05).Conclusion:The experimental results demonstrate that hypnotherapy is effective in treating primary dysmenorrhea.hypnotherapy intervention can improve negative emotions and level of attention and promote behavior change.展开更多
1000 patients suffering from dysmenorrhea have been treated by applying auricular-plaster therapy in our clinic since 1957. They were differentiated into 3 types and then given pressingtherapy on selected auricular po...1000 patients suffering from dysmenorrhea have been treated by applying auricular-plaster therapy in our clinic since 1957. They were differentiated into 3 types and then given pressingtherapy on selected auricular points. Among the 1000 cases, 817 cases were cured, marked effective159 cases, with the total effective rate of 99. 6%. This therapy was effective to all 3 types of dysmen-orrhea.展开更多
[Objectives] To explore the clinical efficacy of graphene waist protector on dysmenorrhea of cold-damp stagnation type.[Methods]150 patients with cold-damp stagnation type were randomly divided into 3 groups: 50 cases...[Objectives] To explore the clinical efficacy of graphene waist protector on dysmenorrhea of cold-damp stagnation type.[Methods]150 patients with cold-damp stagnation type were randomly divided into 3 groups: 50 cases in the experimental group( using graphene waist protector),49 cases in the blank group( using the waist protector for removing the heating plate) and 51 cases in the control group( taking the Tongjingbao granules). After intervening for 3 menstrual cycles,visual analogue scale and the COX menstrual symptom scale were used to evaluate the clinical efficacy of graphene waist protector. [Results] The clinical effective rate of dysmenorrhea in experimental group was 64. 00%,while that of control group was 72. 54%. With the effective rate of symptoms,the test group was 56. 00% and the control group was 64. 70%; VAS dysmenorrhea visual score,duration of dysmenorrhea,severity of COX dysmenorrhea and duration of symptoms after intervention were significantly decreased in both experimental group and control group,the differences were statistically significant( P < 0. 05); for the differences of the scores before and after the intervention: the differences of the experimental group and the control group were statistically significant( P < 0. 05) compared with those of the blank group. There was no significant difference between experimental group and control group( P > 0. 05). [Conclusions] Graphene belt of experimental group and Tongjingbao granules of control group both have therapeutic effects on dysmenorrhea of cold-damp stagnation type. Graphene waist protector can relieve the pain and its accompanying symptoms in patients with primary dysmenorrhea of cold-damp stagnation type.展开更多
Objective: To explore the analgesic effects and uterine hemodynamics of perpendicular needling(PN)and transverse needling(TN) at SP 6 in patients with primary dysmenorrhea(PD).Methods: In this randomized controlled tr...Objective: To explore the analgesic effects and uterine hemodynamics of perpendicular needling(PN)and transverse needling(TN) at SP 6 in patients with primary dysmenorrhea(PD).Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, patients with PD diagnosed with cold-dampness congealing pattern were randomly assigned in a ratio of 1:1 to receive PN or TN at bilateral SP 6 for 10 min.Acupuncture was performed when the menstrual pain score was over 40 mm on the first day of menstruation, as measured using the visual analog scale for pain(VAS-P). The primary outcome was average menstrual pain(VAS-P). Secondary outcomes included the pulsatility index(PI), resistance index(RI), and systolic-diastolic peaks ratio(S/D) in uterine arteries as measured using color Doppler ultrasonography;anxiety as assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale(HAMA), blood pressure(BP),and heart rate(HR).Results: Forty-eight patients completed the study. The TN group exhibited a significant reduction in VAS-P scores(-5.71 mm, 95% confidence interval(CI): -8.78, -2.63, P =.001), RI values(-0.05, 95% CI:-0.09, -0.01, P=.015), and HAMA values(-2.50, 95% CI: -4.78, -0.22, P=.032) when compared with the PN group. No significant differences in PI, S/D, BP, or HR values were observed between the two groups(P >.05).Conclusion: TN at SP 6 was superior to PN in alleviating menstrual pain and anxiety in patients with PD.This analgesic effect of TN may be due to its better ability to improve uterine arterial blood flow via decreases in RI values.展开更多
Objective:Explore the role of Th1/Th2 balance in the pathogenesis of primary dysmenorrhea through study the effect of Th1/Th2 balance drift on serum prostaglandin F_(2α),prostaglandin,6-keto-prostaglandin F_(1α),TXB...Objective:Explore the role of Th1/Th2 balance in the pathogenesis of primary dysmenorrhea through study the effect of Th1/Th2 balance drift on serum prostaglandin F_(2α),prostaglandin,6-keto-prostaglandin F_(1α),TXB2,COX-2,AVP and OT in Primary Dysmenorrhea Rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome.Method:The rat model of primary dysmenorrhea with cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome was established.On the basis of this model,Th1 shift model and Th2 shift model were established.The rats were divided into blank group,model group,Th1 shifting group and Th2 shifting group.The writhing reaction of rats in each group was compared,and the contents of PGF_(2α),PGE_(2),6-keto-PGF_(1α),TXB2,COX-2,AVP and OT in serum were detected.Results:Writhing latency:There was no significant difference between Th1 and Th2 shifting groups(P>0.05),Th2 shifting group was shorter than Th1 shifting group(P<0.05).Writhing times in 30 minutes:Compared with the model group,the writhing times of Th1 shifting group decreased significantly(P<0.01),while Th2 shifting group increased significantly(P<0.01).Compared with the blank group,the contents of PGF_(2α),TXB2,COX-2,AVP and OT were increased(P<0.05,P<0.01),and the contents of 6-keto-PGF_(1α)and PGE_(2)were decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the contents of PGF_(2α),TXB2,COX-2 and AVP in Th1 shifting group were decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01),and the contents of 6-keto-PGF_(1α)and PGE_(2)were increased(P<0.01),while the contents of PGF_(2α),TXB2,COX-2,AVP and OT in Th2 shifting group were increased(P<0.01),and the contents of 6-keto-PGF_(1α)and PGE_(2)were decreased(P<0.01).Conclusion:The intervention of Th1/Th2 cell balance on the expression of PGF_(2α),PGE_(2),6-keto-PGF_(1α),TXB2,COX-2,AVP and OT may be one of the pathogenesis of PD with cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome.展开更多
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dysmenorrhea among adolescents in Dubai, and its effect on their academic and athletic performance. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in t...Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dysmenorrhea among adolescents in Dubai, and its effect on their academic and athletic performance. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in ten randomly selected private and government high schools in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Using both the English and Arabic translated version of the Women’s Health Symptom Survey Questionnaire World, data was collected from 456 female students of grades 7 - 12, aged 11 - 19 years. Results: Dysmenorrhea was a crucial problem reported by 432 (94.7%) of the participants. Of the total number, 208 (45%) participants reported experiencing severe pain during menstruation and 152 (33.4%) students reported being absent from school during every menstrual cycle. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were used by 147 (32.3%) students, and majority reported no or little improvement. The percentage of students who experienced menstrual pain with micturition or defecation was 43.1% and 46.7%, respectively. None of the participants reported the use of hormonal agents. Conclusion: The unexpected high number of female adolescents who reported symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea necessitating treatment, as well as subsequent school absenteeism, calls for implementation of a screening questionnaire for early detection of persistent primary dysmenorrhea. Moving from surgical to clinical diagnosis of endometriosis can contribute greatly to improving the quality of life and reproductivity of female adolescents with severe dysmenorrhea.展开更多
Objective:To study the law of compatibility of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea by Professor WANG Dong-mei.Methods:This study collected the Professor WANG Dong-mei’s prescriptions...Objective:To study the law of compatibility of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea by Professor WANG Dong-mei.Methods:This study collected the Professor WANG Dong-mei’s prescriptions for primary dysmenorrhea cases in the outpatient department,to establish a database by Excel 2015,and to use IBM SPSS statistics 24.0 and SPSS Clementine 12.0 software for clustering analysis and association rules data mining analysis.Results:A total of 106 cases were included,106 prescriptions were collected,114 kinds of drugs were used,nd the cumulative frequency of drug use was 1876 times;the top three drugs were white peony(89 times),Xiangfu(77 times),red peony(75 times);the drugs with the most drug properties and taste frequency were warm and sweet drugs,which were mainly liver meridian;four common pair-used drug groups were Xiangfu yanhusuo,angelica white peony etc.and six groups were common clustering groups.Conclusion:Professor WANG Dong-mei usually chooses the drugs of sweet,warm or spicy in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.In addition to the natural efficacy,Prof.Wang also considers modern pharmacological effect in the specific drug selection.The commonly used prescription combination is Shaofu Zhuyu Decoction,which embodies Professor WANG Dong-mei's academic thought of treating primary dysmenorrhea"mainly by warming and regulating qi and blood",and for patients with reproductive needs,in addition to promoting blood circulation and relieving pain,she also adds menstruation regulating and pregnancy aiding drugs,which can not only improve the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea,but also meet their fertility desire.展开更多
Introduction and Aim: Vitamin K acupuncture point injection is an effective and safe menstrual pain treatment derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine, commonly used in some Chinese hospitals. This case series invest...Introduction and Aim: Vitamin K acupuncture point injection is an effective and safe menstrual pain treatment derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine, commonly used in some Chinese hospitals. This case series investigated the effectiveness and safety of vitamin K acupuncture point injection on menstrual pain in patients with severe primary dysmenorrhea at a regional public health clinic at Bologna, Italy. Methods: From September 2006 to July 2010, 24 women were enrolled and treated during their first day of menstrual pain with an injection of 1 ml of solution containing 5 mg of vitamin K1 in an acupuncture point San Yin Jiao/Spleen 6 (SP6) bilaterally on the inside of each lower leg above the ankle. Results: Treatment was well tolerated and no major adverse events were reported. Pain relief was observed starting from 2 minutes after treatment and within 30 minutes. All treated women but one (96%) reported a substantial pain reduction (p 0.001). During the six post-treatment follow-up cycles, a trend toward a reduction of menstrual distress evaluated by the Cox Pain Intensity and Duration Scales was documented. Women reported fewer daily life restrictions and consumption of fewer analgesic tablets when compared to what they reported at the pre-treatment cycle. Conclusions: The results of this case series indicate that in primary dysmenorrhea a single vitamin K1 injection in the SP6 acupuncture point has an immediate pain-relieving effect and may ameliorate menstrual pain intensity and duration in post-treatment follow-up cycles.展开更多
[Objectives]To investigate the serum metabolomic characteristics of primary dysmenorrhea rat model induced by estradiol benzoate combined with oxytocin,and to reveal its material basis.[Methods]20 female SD rats were ...[Objectives]To investigate the serum metabolomic characteristics of primary dysmenorrhea rat model induced by estradiol benzoate combined with oxytocin,and to reveal its material basis.[Methods]20 female SD rats were randomly divided into control group and model group.The primary dysmenorrhea rat model was established by subcutaneous injection of estradiol benzoate for 10 consecutive days and intraperitoneal injection of oxytocin on the last day.The serum samples of rats in control group and model group were collected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC)quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(Q-TOF-MS).The differential metabolites were identified by multivariable pattern recognition method and endogenous metabolite database,and the metabolic pathways were enriched by Metaboanalyst 5.0 platform.[Results]There were significant differences in serum metabolic profiles between the two groups.A total of 36 potential biomarkers of primary dysmenorrhea including L-tyrosine,glycocholic acid,citric acid,palmitoyl carnitine and cholesterol were screened and identified,mainly involving metabolic pathways such as phenylalanine,tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis,glycerophospholipid metabolism,and primary bile acid biosynthesis.[Conclusions]The serum metabolic profile of primary dysmenorrhea rats deviates significantly from that of healthy rats,and there are multiple metabolic pathway disorders,which are mainly related to phenylalanine,tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis,glycerophospholipid metabolism,and primary bile acid biosynthesis.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81830115).
文摘Objective:To provide high-quality clinical evidence of the efficacy of Tibetan medicine Honghua Ruyi(HHRY)pills for endometriosis-associated dysmenorrhea.Methods:This study constitutes a multicenter,randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled trial encompassing a three-menstrual cycle intervention followed by a three-menstrual cycle follow-up period.A total of 164 eligible females with endometriosis-associated dysmenorrhea were randomly divided into HHRY pills and placebo groups in a 1:1 ratio.The primary outcome included dysmenorrhea symptoms assessed using Visual Analog Scale(VAS)scores and quality of life,whereas the secondary outcome measures included the maximum VAS for non-menstrual pelvic pain,duration of pain episodes(in days),frequency and quantity of the consumption of ibuprofen sustained-release capsules(or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs),and days off work/study for staff/student due to dysmenorrhea,ovarian cyst,and/or pelvic nodule size.The safety was monitored throughout the treatment period.All the analyses were based on the intention-to-treat principle.For continuous outcomes,simple or multiple linear regressions were used to estimate the differences between the HHRY pills and placebo groups,with categorical data expressed as the number and percentage of occurrences.Differences were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test.The predefined analysis was adjusted for concomitant treatment,a variable considered to be associated with outcomes but unaffected by treatment allocation.Estimates of treatment effects were reported with 95%confidence intervals.Two-tailed P values≤.05 were considered statistically significant.Conclusion:Positive results from this trial,upon completion would provide robust evidence for the efficacy and safety of HHRY pills in treating dysmenorrhea in patients with endometriosis.
基金supported by Beijing University of Chinese Medicine(1000061224003)National Natural Science Foundation of China(81903766,81900603,82104440)。
文摘Objective:To explore the effect and mechanism of action of the Wenjing Zhitong recipe(WZR)in primary dysmenorrhea(PD)treatment.Methods:Uterine contractions were induced by estradiol benzoate and oxytocin in a PD model and WZR was administrated.The rate of change in uterine contractility and the writhing test were used to evaluate the effects of WZR.The serum levels of prostaglandin F_(2a)(PGF_(2a))and prostaglandin E_2(PGE_2),and the activity of cyclooxygenase-2(COX2)were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The changes in phosphor-phospholipase C(pPLC/PLC),phosphor-protein kinase C(pPKC/PKC),and connexin 43(CX43)expression were detected using immunohistochemistry and western blot.Results:WZR significantly reduced the rate of change in uterine contractility and writhing times in the PD model.WZR treatment inhibited the enzymatic activity of COX2 and reduced the levels of PGF_(2a),PGF_(2a)/PGE2and COX2 in the PD model.WZR also significantly reduced the expression of pPLC/PLC,pPKC/PKC and CX43.Targeting the inhibition of COX2 activity,caffeic acid and 1-acetyl-β-carboline were validated as the active ingredients in WZR responsible for reducing uterine contractions.Conclusion:WZR attenuated PD by inhibiting COX2 activity,downregulating PGF_(2a)/PGE_2 expression,and inhibiting the PKC signaling pathway.
文摘Objective:The aim of this study is to compare the effect of Vitamin D and Vitamin E supplementations,alone,and in combination,on reducing the intensity and duration of dysmenorrhea in women who were referred to the Kowsar gynecological clinics of Shahid Motahari Hospital of Urmia University of Medical Sciences.Materials and Methods:A double-blinded clinical trial was conducted on 112 women with dysmenorrhea who were randomly allocated into the four study groups.Finally,100 women complete the study and received capsules containing a placebo(n=25),1000 IU of Vitamin D(n=25),400 mg of Vitamin E(n=25),and 1000 IU of Vitamin D+400 mg of Vitamin E(n=25)every 24 h for 2 consecutive months at the beginning of the menstrual period.The pain intensity and duration among groups were compared before and after the intervention.Results:The mean menstrual pain duration in all three experimental groups(Vitamin E,Vitamin D,and the combination of them)was lower than the placebo group(all P<0.05),and the mean pain intensity scores in all three experimental groups were significantly lower than the placebo group(all P<0.05).The results(means)for all of the drugs administered at the end of the 2nd month were better than the 1st month(all P<0.01).Conclusions:Vitamin E and Vitamin D,as well as their combination,are recommended as an effective and safe treatment for the management of the complications of dysmenorrhea.
文摘In the current scenario,dysmenorrhea is a very frequent gynecological condition among women.At least one in every four women suffers from severe abdominal cramps,which are referred to as dysmenorrhea or menstrual cramps.Hence,in this review we compile the data from several reviews and research papers about dysmenorrhea,its pathogenesis,along with all treatment approaches.It was found in a survey that normally women treated these cramps with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines or oral contraceptives,but lately it was found that these medications have a 20%to 25%failure rate as well as unpleasant side effects.Hereby,in this review,we concluded all the possible treatments,including pharmacological treatment,non-pharmacological treatment,and herbal treatments for dysmenorrhea.Many women are looking for alternatives to conventional treatments,such as the use of herbs,vitamins,minerals,nutritional supplements,analgesics,anti-inflammatory agents,and aromatherapy agents,which can have a significant impact when taken on a regular basis.The active constituents of these medicinal plants help the body fight cramps and pain associated with menstruation,as well as alleviate these issues in the most calming and effective way possible.
基金supported by the key project supported of Hainan Province(Grant No.ZDZX2013008)Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2014 81403006)
文摘Objective:To study the effect of Alpinia officinarum Hance(A.officinarum) 80% alcohol extract on the primary dysmenorrhea.Methods:A.officinarum 80% alcohol extract were enriched by macroporous adsorption resins.Female mice of primary dysmenorrhea model were established by oxytocin induction; the effects of A.officinarum 80% alcohol extract on primary dysmenorrhea were observed by body twist method; and the homogenate level of prostaglandin F_(2α)(PGF_(2α)),prostaglandin E_2(PGE_2) and Ca^(2+) in the uterus were observed in oxytocin-induced female mice.Results:The writhing frequency of primary dysmenorrhea mice was significantly decreased after treatment of A.officinarum 80% alcohol extract and the level of PGF_(2α),PGE_2 and Ca^(2+) in mice uterus was significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01) in groups of mice treated with middle and high dosage of A.officinarum 80% alcohol extract compared with that of model group.Conclusions:These findings suggest that A.Officinarum 80% alcohol extract can significantly relieve primary dysmenorrhea.
基金the Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Department (2017JY0324)Joint Project of Southwest Medical University and Sichuan Luzhou (2017LZXNYD-Z02)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of China (81701322)Humanity and Social Science Youth Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (17YJC190001,17YJC190009)the joint project of Southwest Medical University & Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University (2015-QB-003)Sichuan Applied Psychology Research Center Project (CSXL-172012).
文摘Background Good interpersonal relationships can improve the negative mood and, to a certain extent, may help relieve dysmenorrhea symptoms. However, there has been no study examining the role of interpersonal relationships in dysmenorrhea and how they may interact with negative emotions. Aims To investigate the connection between negative affect and dysmenorrhea, and the role of interpersonal relationships plays in this relationship. Methods The Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale (CMSS), short-form of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Interpersonal Comprehensive Diagnostic Scale and UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles) Loneliness Scale were applied to 855 adolescent nursing students to collect information on severity and frequency of dysmenorrheal symptoms, negative emotions (including depression, anxiety and stress), interpersonal problems and subjective experience of loneliness among them, and the relationship among these variables was examined. Results (1) Both the severity and frequency of dysmenorrhea were positively correlated with negative emotions, loneliness experience and interpersonal problems, while negatively correlated with age at menarche.(2) The negative emotions, romantic relationship and menarche age, but not loneliness and interpersonal problems, significantly contributed to both the severity and frequency of dysmenorrhea.(3) Mediation analysis revealed that the effects of loneliness and interpersonal problems on dysmenorrhea were totally mediated by negative emotions. Conclusions This investigation indicates that the relationship between interpersonal relationships and dysmenorrhea is mediated by negative emotions.
文摘 The present study aims at comparing the effects of acupressure using new combination of acupoints, and Ibuprofen on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea (PD). 216 female high school students, aged between 14 to 18 years, were randomly selected and divided into three groups. Each group underwent different treatment techniques: acupressure, Ibuprofen and sham acupressure as a placebo. The results indicated that the three therapeutic techniques were significantly effective in reducing the pain. However the therapeutic efficacies of acupressure and Ibuprofenwere similar with no significant difference, and were significantly better thanthe placebo. Thus acupressure, with no complications, is recommended as an alternative and also a better choice in the decrease of the severity of PD.
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文摘This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dysmenorrhea in a prospective approach. Menstruation-related diary data were obtained from 2640 female college students in North Sichuan Medical College;dysmenorrhea and related factors were analyzed. Dysmenorrhea occurred in 56.4% of students;6.5% of dysmenorrheal students suffered from “hard to bear” (unbearable) menstrual pain, and 6.5% had pre-menstrual dysmenorrhea. The more severe dysmenorrhea was, the longer dysmenorrhea lasted, and the longer the duration of menstruation and the larger the amount of menstrual blood flow appeared to be. Dysmenorrhea occurred on 37% of the menstrual dates on average and was unrelated to irregularity of menstrual cycles. The percentages of students taking medicine with mild, moderate and unbearable dysmenorrhea were 4.0%, 13.3% and 23.7%, respectively.
文摘Unicornuate uterus with a rudimentary horn is a rare type of müllerian duct malformation. It leads to many obstetrical and gynecological complications. The mean age of presentation was the mid 20 s [1]. It is one of the differential diagnosis of dysmenorrhea in adolescent. A 19-year-old single was present with progressive severe dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain after history right ovarian torsion treated by right salpinoophrectomy. Exploratory laparotomy was performed found unicornuate uterus with right non-communication rudimentary horn. Excised of right rudimentary horn was done. Remove of non-communication rudimentary horn will reduce symptoms of dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain. Proper diagnosis and management will prevent misdiagnosis and good outcome to the patient.
文摘In the present paper, 26 cases of primary dysmenorrhea were treated with acupuncture at Guanyuan (CV 4), Zhongji (CV 3) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6). Results showed that after only two sessions of treatment, 16 cases were cured, 8 improved and 2 ineffective, with an effective rate of 92%.
文摘In the present paper, the authors make an analysis on the therapeutic effect of acupunc-ture at Sanyinjiao(SP 6) alone for treatment of 120 cases of primary dysmenorrhea. Results show atotal effective rate of 96.7%.
文摘Objective:To understand the relevant situation of primary dysmenorrhea among the subjects and target the relief of pain and associated symptoms through hypnotherapy only.Methods:The study recruited a total of 23 female college students who underwent primary dysmenorrhea as objects and conducted a self-report study.The clinical effect of hypnotic suggestion on primary dysmenorrhea was analyzed using the Visual Analogue Scale and the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire as observation indexes.Results:This finding demonstrated a significant reduction in the primary pain score after treatment(t=6.59,P<0.01).Moreover,no significant difference was noted between the first time and the second and third times after treatment.A significant difference was observed in the total scores of MDQ before and after treatment,which indicated the positive effect of hypnotherapy(F=28.52,P<0.001).After treatment,the scores of pain(F=7.85,P<0.001),concentration(F=5.12,P<0.001),behavioural change(F=8.12,P<0.001),autonomic reactions(F=14.54,P<0.001),water retention(F=5.7,P<0.001)and negative effect(F=16.08,P<0.001)were significantly lower than that of before treatment.Through a comparison of the correlation between the reduction rate of pain score and suggestibility at different stages of treatment,the study noted no significant correlation(P>0.05).Conclusion:The experimental results demonstrate that hypnotherapy is effective in treating primary dysmenorrhea.hypnotherapy intervention can improve negative emotions and level of attention and promote behavior change.
文摘1000 patients suffering from dysmenorrhea have been treated by applying auricular-plaster therapy in our clinic since 1957. They were differentiated into 3 types and then given pressingtherapy on selected auricular points. Among the 1000 cases, 817 cases were cured, marked effective159 cases, with the total effective rate of 99. 6%. This therapy was effective to all 3 types of dysmen-orrhea.
基金Supported by Traditional Chinese Medicine Administration of Hebei Province(2015033)Supported by Chengde Medical College(201528)
文摘[Objectives] To explore the clinical efficacy of graphene waist protector on dysmenorrhea of cold-damp stagnation type.[Methods]150 patients with cold-damp stagnation type were randomly divided into 3 groups: 50 cases in the experimental group( using graphene waist protector),49 cases in the blank group( using the waist protector for removing the heating plate) and 51 cases in the control group( taking the Tongjingbao granules). After intervening for 3 menstrual cycles,visual analogue scale and the COX menstrual symptom scale were used to evaluate the clinical efficacy of graphene waist protector. [Results] The clinical effective rate of dysmenorrhea in experimental group was 64. 00%,while that of control group was 72. 54%. With the effective rate of symptoms,the test group was 56. 00% and the control group was 64. 70%; VAS dysmenorrhea visual score,duration of dysmenorrhea,severity of COX dysmenorrhea and duration of symptoms after intervention were significantly decreased in both experimental group and control group,the differences were statistically significant( P < 0. 05); for the differences of the scores before and after the intervention: the differences of the experimental group and the control group were statistically significant( P < 0. 05) compared with those of the blank group. There was no significant difference between experimental group and control group( P > 0. 05). [Conclusions] Graphene belt of experimental group and Tongjingbao granules of control group both have therapeutic effects on dysmenorrhea of cold-damp stagnation type. Graphene waist protector can relieve the pain and its accompanying symptoms in patients with primary dysmenorrhea of cold-damp stagnation type.
基金funded by the Longitudinal Research Project of BUCM (2018-ZXFZJJ-010)。
文摘Objective: To explore the analgesic effects and uterine hemodynamics of perpendicular needling(PN)and transverse needling(TN) at SP 6 in patients with primary dysmenorrhea(PD).Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, patients with PD diagnosed with cold-dampness congealing pattern were randomly assigned in a ratio of 1:1 to receive PN or TN at bilateral SP 6 for 10 min.Acupuncture was performed when the menstrual pain score was over 40 mm on the first day of menstruation, as measured using the visual analog scale for pain(VAS-P). The primary outcome was average menstrual pain(VAS-P). Secondary outcomes included the pulsatility index(PI), resistance index(RI), and systolic-diastolic peaks ratio(S/D) in uterine arteries as measured using color Doppler ultrasonography;anxiety as assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale(HAMA), blood pressure(BP),and heart rate(HR).Results: Forty-eight patients completed the study. The TN group exhibited a significant reduction in VAS-P scores(-5.71 mm, 95% confidence interval(CI): -8.78, -2.63, P =.001), RI values(-0.05, 95% CI:-0.09, -0.01, P=.015), and HAMA values(-2.50, 95% CI: -4.78, -0.22, P=.032) when compared with the PN group. No significant differences in PI, S/D, BP, or HR values were observed between the two groups(P >.05).Conclusion: TN at SP 6 was superior to PN in alleviating menstrual pain and anxiety in patients with PD.This analgesic effect of TN may be due to its better ability to improve uterine arterial blood flow via decreases in RI values.
基金Shandong natural science foundation(No.ZR2019MH083)National Famous and Old Chinese Medicine Expert Li Guangwen Inheritance StudioWang Dongmei Shandong Province Famous and Old Chinese Medicine Expert Inheritance Studio。
文摘Objective:Explore the role of Th1/Th2 balance in the pathogenesis of primary dysmenorrhea through study the effect of Th1/Th2 balance drift on serum prostaglandin F_(2α),prostaglandin,6-keto-prostaglandin F_(1α),TXB2,COX-2,AVP and OT in Primary Dysmenorrhea Rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome.Method:The rat model of primary dysmenorrhea with cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome was established.On the basis of this model,Th1 shift model and Th2 shift model were established.The rats were divided into blank group,model group,Th1 shifting group and Th2 shifting group.The writhing reaction of rats in each group was compared,and the contents of PGF_(2α),PGE_(2),6-keto-PGF_(1α),TXB2,COX-2,AVP and OT in serum were detected.Results:Writhing latency:There was no significant difference between Th1 and Th2 shifting groups(P>0.05),Th2 shifting group was shorter than Th1 shifting group(P<0.05).Writhing times in 30 minutes:Compared with the model group,the writhing times of Th1 shifting group decreased significantly(P<0.01),while Th2 shifting group increased significantly(P<0.01).Compared with the blank group,the contents of PGF_(2α),TXB2,COX-2,AVP and OT were increased(P<0.05,P<0.01),and the contents of 6-keto-PGF_(1α)and PGE_(2)were decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the contents of PGF_(2α),TXB2,COX-2 and AVP in Th1 shifting group were decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01),and the contents of 6-keto-PGF_(1α)and PGE_(2)were increased(P<0.01),while the contents of PGF_(2α),TXB2,COX-2,AVP and OT in Th2 shifting group were increased(P<0.01),and the contents of 6-keto-PGF_(1α)and PGE_(2)were decreased(P<0.01).Conclusion:The intervention of Th1/Th2 cell balance on the expression of PGF_(2α),PGE_(2),6-keto-PGF_(1α),TXB2,COX-2,AVP and OT may be one of the pathogenesis of PD with cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome.
文摘Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dysmenorrhea among adolescents in Dubai, and its effect on their academic and athletic performance. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in ten randomly selected private and government high schools in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Using both the English and Arabic translated version of the Women’s Health Symptom Survey Questionnaire World, data was collected from 456 female students of grades 7 - 12, aged 11 - 19 years. Results: Dysmenorrhea was a crucial problem reported by 432 (94.7%) of the participants. Of the total number, 208 (45%) participants reported experiencing severe pain during menstruation and 152 (33.4%) students reported being absent from school during every menstrual cycle. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were used by 147 (32.3%) students, and majority reported no or little improvement. The percentage of students who experienced menstrual pain with micturition or defecation was 43.1% and 46.7%, respectively. None of the participants reported the use of hormonal agents. Conclusion: The unexpected high number of female adolescents who reported symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea necessitating treatment, as well as subsequent school absenteeism, calls for implementation of a screening questionnaire for early detection of persistent primary dysmenorrhea. Moving from surgical to clinical diagnosis of endometriosis can contribute greatly to improving the quality of life and reproductivity of female adolescents with severe dysmenorrhea.
基金Key R&D plan of Shandong Province(No.2015GSF1119010)。
文摘Objective:To study the law of compatibility of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea by Professor WANG Dong-mei.Methods:This study collected the Professor WANG Dong-mei’s prescriptions for primary dysmenorrhea cases in the outpatient department,to establish a database by Excel 2015,and to use IBM SPSS statistics 24.0 and SPSS Clementine 12.0 software for clustering analysis and association rules data mining analysis.Results:A total of 106 cases were included,106 prescriptions were collected,114 kinds of drugs were used,nd the cumulative frequency of drug use was 1876 times;the top three drugs were white peony(89 times),Xiangfu(77 times),red peony(75 times);the drugs with the most drug properties and taste frequency were warm and sweet drugs,which were mainly liver meridian;four common pair-used drug groups were Xiangfu yanhusuo,angelica white peony etc.and six groups were common clustering groups.Conclusion:Professor WANG Dong-mei usually chooses the drugs of sweet,warm or spicy in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.In addition to the natural efficacy,Prof.Wang also considers modern pharmacological effect in the specific drug selection.The commonly used prescription combination is Shaofu Zhuyu Decoction,which embodies Professor WANG Dong-mei's academic thought of treating primary dysmenorrhea"mainly by warming and regulating qi and blood",and for patients with reproductive needs,in addition to promoting blood circulation and relieving pain,she also adds menstruation regulating and pregnancy aiding drugs,which can not only improve the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea,but also meet their fertility desire.
文摘Introduction and Aim: Vitamin K acupuncture point injection is an effective and safe menstrual pain treatment derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine, commonly used in some Chinese hospitals. This case series investigated the effectiveness and safety of vitamin K acupuncture point injection on menstrual pain in patients with severe primary dysmenorrhea at a regional public health clinic at Bologna, Italy. Methods: From September 2006 to July 2010, 24 women were enrolled and treated during their first day of menstrual pain with an injection of 1 ml of solution containing 5 mg of vitamin K1 in an acupuncture point San Yin Jiao/Spleen 6 (SP6) bilaterally on the inside of each lower leg above the ankle. Results: Treatment was well tolerated and no major adverse events were reported. Pain relief was observed starting from 2 minutes after treatment and within 30 minutes. All treated women but one (96%) reported a substantial pain reduction (p 0.001). During the six post-treatment follow-up cycles, a trend toward a reduction of menstrual distress evaluated by the Cox Pain Intensity and Duration Scales was documented. Women reported fewer daily life restrictions and consumption of fewer analgesic tablets when compared to what they reported at the pre-treatment cycle. Conclusions: The results of this case series indicate that in primary dysmenorrhea a single vitamin K1 injection in the SP6 acupuncture point has an immediate pain-relieving effect and may ameliorate menstrual pain intensity and duration in post-treatment follow-up cycles.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation for the Youth funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China(82104384)the Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department(QN2021008)+5 种基金the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program Funded by the Chengde Medical University(202103)Key Discipline Construction Project of Colleges and Universities in Hebei Province(Ji Jiao Gao[2013]4)Technology Innovation Guidance Project-Science and Technology Work Conference of Hebei Provincial Department of Science and TechnologyPharmacodynamic Material Basis Team of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the Youth PI(Principle Investigator)Science and Technology Innovation Team Project of Chengde Medical UniversityChengde Medical University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202203)Hebei Key Laboratory of Nerve Injury and Repair(NJKF202202)。
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the serum metabolomic characteristics of primary dysmenorrhea rat model induced by estradiol benzoate combined with oxytocin,and to reveal its material basis.[Methods]20 female SD rats were randomly divided into control group and model group.The primary dysmenorrhea rat model was established by subcutaneous injection of estradiol benzoate for 10 consecutive days and intraperitoneal injection of oxytocin on the last day.The serum samples of rats in control group and model group were collected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC)quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(Q-TOF-MS).The differential metabolites were identified by multivariable pattern recognition method and endogenous metabolite database,and the metabolic pathways were enriched by Metaboanalyst 5.0 platform.[Results]There were significant differences in serum metabolic profiles between the two groups.A total of 36 potential biomarkers of primary dysmenorrhea including L-tyrosine,glycocholic acid,citric acid,palmitoyl carnitine and cholesterol were screened and identified,mainly involving metabolic pathways such as phenylalanine,tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis,glycerophospholipid metabolism,and primary bile acid biosynthesis.[Conclusions]The serum metabolic profile of primary dysmenorrhea rats deviates significantly from that of healthy rats,and there are multiple metabolic pathway disorders,which are mainly related to phenylalanine,tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis,glycerophospholipid metabolism,and primary bile acid biosynthesis.
