Zeolite-encapsulated metal nanoclusters are at the heart of bifunctional catalysts,which hold great potential for petrochemical conversion and the emerging sustainable biorefineries.Nevertheless,efficient encapsulatio...Zeolite-encapsulated metal nanoclusters are at the heart of bifunctional catalysts,which hold great potential for petrochemical conversion and the emerging sustainable biorefineries.Nevertheless,efficient encapsulation of metal nanoclusters into a high-silica zeolite Y in particular with good structural integrity still remains a significant challenge.Herein,we have constructed Ru nanoclusters(~1 nm)encapsulated inside a high-silica zeolite Y(SY)with a SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) ratio(SAR)of 10 via a cooperative strategy for direct zeolite synthesis and a consecutive impregnation for metal encapsulation.Compared with the benchmark Ru/H-USY and other analogues,the as-prepared Ru/H-SY markedly boosts the yields of pentanoic biofuels and stability in the direct hydrodeoxygenation of biomass-derived levulinate even at a mild temperature of 180℃,which are attributed to the notable stabilization of transition states by the enhanced acid accessibility and properly sized constraints of zeolite cavities owing to the good structural integrity.展开更多
We introduce a simple and universal scalable encapsulation strategy for perovskite solar cells based on thermal vacuum evaporation of MgF2or MoO3-xcapping layer followed by sealing the device with glass and UV-curable...We introduce a simple and universal scalable encapsulation strategy for perovskite solar cells based on thermal vacuum evaporation of MgF2or MoO3-xcapping layer followed by sealing the device with glass and UV-curable polymer.The proposed encapsulation method is beneficial to most of the other known encapsulation approaches being fully harmless to perovskite and transporting layers and processible at room temperature.Vacuum deposition of the capping layer promotes efficient removal of water,oxygen and organic solvent residuals from the device prior to sealing and could be easily performed using standard equipment for metal electrode deposition.The proposed strategy is transferrable to any lab-scale perovskite solar cell prototypes regardless of their geometry and architecture and results in excellent stability of the devices in ambient air and long operating conditions.Upon the 1000 hours stability test at ambient air(30%-60% RH),the cells preserved 92.9% of their initial efficiency on average under 1 Sun illumination at constant maximum power point tracking(MPPT,ISOS-L-1) and over 96% under sto rage in the dark(ISOS-D-1),thus evidencing for the high effectiveness of the proposed encapsulation approach.展开更多
Aroma compounds are low-molecular-weight organic volatile molecules and are broadly utilized in the food industry.However,due to their high volatility and evaporative losses during processing and storage,the stabiliza...Aroma compounds are low-molecular-weight organic volatile molecules and are broadly utilized in the food industry.However,due to their high volatility and evaporative losses during processing and storage,the stabilization of these volatile ingredients using encapsulation is a commonly investigated practice.Complexation of aroma compounds using starch inclusion complex could be a potential approach due to the hydrophobicity of the left-handed single helical structure.In the present study,we used starch of three different V-type structures,namely V,V,and V,to encapsulate six different aroma compounds,including1-decanol(DN),cis-3-hexen-1-ol(HN),4-allylanisole(AN),γ-decalactone(DA),trans-cinnamaldehyde(CA),and citral(CT).The formed inclusion complexes samples were characterized using complementary techniques,including X-ray diffraction(XRD)and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).The results showed that upon complexation with aroma compounds,all V-subtypes retained their original crystalline structures.However,different trends of crystallinity were observed for each type of the prepared inclusion complexes.Additionally,among three V-type starches,V-type starch formed inclusion complexes with aroma compounds most efficiently and promoted the formation of FormⅡcomplex.This study suggested that the structure of aroma compounds and the type of V starch could both affect the complexation properties.展开更多
In this study,lipases of CALB(Candida antarctica lipase B),TLL(Thermomyces lanuginosa lipase),RML(Rhizomucor miehei lipase),CALA(Candida antarctica lipase A)and LU(Lecitase?Ultra)were encapsulated into the nucleotideh...In this study,lipases of CALB(Candida antarctica lipase B),TLL(Thermomyces lanuginosa lipase),RML(Rhizomucor miehei lipase),CALA(Candida antarctica lipase A)and LU(Lecitase?Ultra)were encapsulated into the nucleotidehybrid metal coordination polymers(CPs)for diacylglyerols(DAG)preparation.Guanosine 5'-monophosphate(GMP)and adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)were used as coordinating molecules,and metal ions of Fe^(3+),Ba^(2+),Mn^(2+),Ni^(2+)and Cr^(3+)were applied to prepare matrix.Results indicated that,besides Ba^(2+)with AMP,all other metal ions can coordinate with AMP and GMP to generate CPs.In addition,the AMP/Ni was amorphous when standing temperature was 4℃,while it was crystalline when standing temperature was from 30 to 180℃.DAG content from 47.55%to 64.99%was obtained from glycerolysis by CALB@GMP/Ba,RML@GMP/Ba,TLL@GMP/Ba,RML@GMP/Mn and TLL@GMP/Mn.Additionally,CALB@GMP/Fe showed selectivity towards DAG formation in the esterification and DAG content up to 61.88%was obtained.展开更多
Encapsulation in food industry serves several functions including masking of undesirable color/flavor/taste, preservation of unstable constituents, incor<span style="font-family:Verdana;">poration of a...Encapsulation in food industry serves several functions including masking of undesirable color/flavor/taste, preservation of unstable constituents, incor<span style="font-family:Verdana;">poration of additional functional and nutritional components and site-specific</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> release of encapsulated ingredients at a controlled time and rate. The knowledge of microencapsulation in other sectors like pharmaceutical industry is well advanced;however, more understanding is required to harvest the maximum benefits from food industry. This paper started with highlighting the gradual progress of microencapsulation process in food industry and ended up with some invaluable suggestions for future works. In the body, the paper reviews the major techniques of food encapsulation, choices of coating materials and the performance measurement methods of food encapsulation. Future trends, scopes and aspects of microencapsulation process in food manufacturing sector are also presented as the necessary recommendations for future researches. The article would help the microencapsulated food manufacturers to choose the target oriented encapsulates and suitable encapsulation technique.</span>展开更多
<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Three design principles are prominent in software development-encapsulation, data hiding, and separation of concerns...<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Three design principles are prominent in software development-encapsulation, data hiding, and separation of concerns. These principles are used as subjective quality criteria for both procedural and object-oriented applications. The purpose of research is to quantify encapsulation, data hiding, and separation of concerns is quantified using cyclomatic-based metrics. As a result of this research, the derived design metrics, coefficient of encapsulation, coefficient of data hiding, and coefficient of separation of concerns, are defined and applied to production software indicating whether the software has low or high encapsulation, data hiding, and separation of concerns.</span> </div>展开更多
Lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries have become one of the most promising candidates for next-generation batteries owing to their high specific capacity,low cost,and environment-friendliness.Many efforts have been made to...Lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries have become one of the most promising candidates for next-generation batteries owing to their high specific capacity,low cost,and environment-friendliness.Many efforts have been made to mitigate the"shuttle effect"through physical adsorption and chemical bonding.MoS2 has been proposed as a cathode material to provide effective anchoring sites for lithium polysulfides(Li PSs),but is still limited by its layer structure.Herein,we designed novel MoS2 nanorods with inner caves based on our previous work,and performed synchronous encapsulation of sulfur during the synthesis process.The outer MoS2 tubular shells physically inhibit the outward diffusion of polysulfide species while the inner particles chemically anchor the polysulfides to prevent shuttling.As the cathode matrix in Li–S batteries,the electrochemical results deliver a high initial discharge capacity of 1213 mAhg^-1 for sulfur at 0.1 C.After cycling at 1 C for 300 cycles,the cells exhibit a capacity decay of only 0.076%per cycle and high average coulombic efficiency over 95%.The tubular MoS2 structure is an innovative and appealing design,which could be regarded as a prospective substrate for the improved performance of Li–S batteries.展开更多
Tea polyphenols(TPPs)have attracted significant research interest due to their health benefits.However,TPPs are sensitive to certain environmental and gastrointestinal conditions and their oral bioavailability was fou...Tea polyphenols(TPPs)have attracted significant research interest due to their health benefits.However,TPPs are sensitive to certain environmental and gastrointestinal conditions and their oral bioavailability was found to be very low.Delivery systems made of food-grade materials have been reported to improve the shelf-life,bioavailability and bioefficacy of TPPs.This review discusses the chemistry of TPPs;the setbacks of TPPs for application;and the strategies to counteract application limitations by rationally designing delivery systems.An overview of different formulations used to encapsulate TPPs is provided in this study,such as emulsion-based systems(liposome,nanoemulsion,double emulsion,and Pickering emulsion)and nano/microparticles-based systems(protein-based,carbohydrate-based,and bi-polymer based).In addition,the stability,bioavailability and bioactivities of encapsulated TPPs are evaluated by various in vitro and in vivo models.The current findings provide scientific insights in encapsulation approaches for the delivery of TPPs,which can be of great value to TPPs-fortified food products.Further explorations are needed for the encapsulated TPPs in terms of their applications in the real food industry as well as their biological fate and functional pathways in vivo.展开更多
To alleviate the influence of gas compressibility on the process performance of time-pressure dispensing for electronics encapsulation, a predictive model is developed based on power-law fluid to estimate the encapsul...To alleviate the influence of gas compressibility on the process performance of time-pressure dispensing for electronics encapsulation, a predictive model is developed based on power-law fluid to estimate the encapsulant amount dispensed. Based on the simple and effective model, a run by run (RbR) supervisory control scheme is delivered to compensate the variation resulting from gas volume change in the syringe. Both simulation and experiment have shown that the dispensing consistency has been greatly improved with the model-based RbR control strategy developed in this paper.展开更多
Micro-encapsulation of shrimp oil using the mixture of whey protein concentrate(WPC)and sodium caseinate(SC)(1:1,w/w)as a wall material was carried out.The impact of core/wall material ratios(1:2 and 1:4,w/w)and homog...Micro-encapsulation of shrimp oil using the mixture of whey protein concentrate(WPC)and sodium caseinate(SC)(1:1,w/w)as a wall material was carried out.The impact of core/wall material ratios(1:2 and 1:4,w/w)and homogenizing pressures(13.79 and 27.58 MPa)on characteristics and stability of emulsion was investigated.The size of emulsion oil droplets decreased with increasing homogenizing pressure(P<0.05)but was not influenced by core/wall material ratio(P>0.05).During the extended storage,particle size,flocculation factor(Ff)and coalescence index(Ci)of all emulsions sharply increased,especially in emulsions prepared at 13.79 MPa with a core/wall material ratio of 1:2(P<0.05).After spray drying,micro-encapsulated shrimp oil(MSO)prepared at 13.79 MPa with a core/wall material ratio of 1:2 had the larger size than others(P<0.05).MSO prepared using a core/wall material ratio of 1:4 with homogenizing pressure of 27.58 MPa exhibited higher encapsulation efficiency(EE)(51.3%–52.8%)than others.Thus,both core/wall material ratio and homogenizing pressure directly affected micro-encapsulation of shrimp oil.展开更多
Congenital peritoneal encapsulation(CPE) is a very rare, congenital condition characterised by the presence of an accessory peritoneal membrane which encases a variable extent of the small bowel. It is unclear how CPE...Congenital peritoneal encapsulation(CPE) is a very rare, congenital condition characterised by the presence of an accessory peritoneal membrane which encases a variable extent of the small bowel. It is unclear how CPE develops,however it is currently understood to be a result of an aberrant adhesion in the peritoneal lining of the physiological hernia in foetal mid-gut development. The condition was first described in 1868, and subsequently there have been only 45 case reports of the phenomenon. No formal, systematised review of CPE has yet been performed, meaning the condition remains poorly understood,underdiagnosed and mismanaged. Diagnosis of CPE remains clinical with important adjuncts provided by imaging and diagnostic laparoscopy. Two thirds of patients present with abdominal pain, likely secondary to sub-acute bowel obstruction. A fixed, asymmetrical distension of the abdomen and differential consistency on abdominal palpation are more specific clinical features present in approximately 10% of cases. CPE is virtually undetectable on plain imaging, and is only detected on 40% of patients with computed tomography scan. Most patients will undergo diagnostic laparotomy to confirm the diagnosis.Management of CPE includes both medical management of the critically-unstable patient and surgical laparotomy, partial peritonectomy and adhesiolysis.Prognosis following prompt surgical treatment is excellent, with a majority of patients being symptom free at follow up. This review summarises the current literature on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of this rare disease. We also introduce a novel classification system for encapsulating bowel diseases, which may distinguish CPE from the commoner, more morbid conditions of abdominal cocoon and encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis.展开更多
IP in IP封装技术有着广泛的用途。在 Mobile IP中 ,它被指定为必须实现的、将数据包由 m obile node的 hom e net-work发向 mobile node当前位置的封装形式。而且 ,它还被用于多点传送、指定安全特性的路由选择、策略路由等。由于 IP i...IP in IP封装技术有着广泛的用途。在 Mobile IP中 ,它被指定为必须实现的、将数据包由 m obile node的 hom e net-work发向 mobile node当前位置的封装形式。而且 ,它还被用于多点传送、指定安全特性的路由选择、策略路由等。由于 IP in IP封装有如此重要作用 ,因此 L inux很早就实现了该功能模块。本文从源代码对该模块的实现进行了分析。展开更多
Mesoporous molecular sieve with Al-promoted sulfated rirconia (SZA) based strong solid acid nano-particles within its mesoporous channels was synthesized by using a one-step incipient wetness impregnation method with ...Mesoporous molecular sieve with Al-promoted sulfated rirconia (SZA) based strong solid acid nano-particles within its mesoporous channels was synthesized by using a one-step incipient wetness impregnation method with zirconium sulfate and aluminum sulfate as the precursors. The assemblies of SZA/MCM-41 were obtained by thermal decomposition of the precursors in air.The resultant composite was characterized with various techniques such as nitrogen physisorption, X-ray diffraction, SEM and TEM. It was shown that the well-ordered channels of MCM-41 arranged in hexagonal arrays as well as the hollow tubular morphology was retained. The strong solid acid nanoparticles were isolated born each other and highly, dispersed in the channels. Nitrogen sorption showed the expected decrease in pore volume. The catalytic activity of SZA/MCM-41 composite in the isomerization of n-butane was dramatically improved in comparison to bulk SZA or SZA/silica.展开更多
Self-aggregation and sluggish transport kinetics of cathode materials would usually lead to the poor electrochemical performance for aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs).In this work,we report the construction of C@VO_(2...Self-aggregation and sluggish transport kinetics of cathode materials would usually lead to the poor electrochemical performance for aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs).In this work,we report the construction of C@VO_(2) composite via anti-aggregation growth and hierarchical porous carbon encapsulation.Both of the morphology of composite and pore structure of carbon layer can be regulated by tuning the adding amount of glucose.When acting as cathode applied for AZIBs,the C@VO_(2)-3:3 composite can deliver a high capacity of 281 m Ah g^(-1) at 0.2 A g^(-1).Moreover,such cathode also exhibits a remarkably rate capability and cyclic stability,which can release a specific capacity of 195 m Ah g^(-1) at 5 A g^(-1) with the capacity retention of 95.4%after 1000 cycles.Besides that,the evolution including the crystal structure,valence state and transport kinetics upon cycling were also deeply investigated.In conclusion,benefited from the synergistic effect of anti-aggregation morphology and hierarchical porous carbon encapsulation,the building of such C@VO_(2) composite can be highly expected to enhance the ion accessible site,boost the transport kinetics and thus performing a superior storage performance.Such design concept can be applied for other kinds of electrode materials and accelerating the development of highperformance AZIBs.展开更多
The encapsulation of stearic acid coated nanometer CaCO 3 by a polystyrene (PS) network via emulsion polymerization is described, where γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) was used as an efficient crosslinker....The encapsulation of stearic acid coated nanometer CaCO 3 by a polystyrene (PS) network via emulsion polymerization is described, where γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) was used as an efficient crosslinker. The important factors such as the type and amount of surfactant and initiator and the content of CaCO 3 are investigated as well as the role of MPS. It has been shown that little PS was extractable with only 0.6 wt% of MPS (relative to styrene). The cationic surfactant cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) proved more effective than the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS). The yield rises, particles become smaller and size distribution broadens with increased amount of CTAB. It is also found that either 2,2’-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) or ammonium persulfate (APS) is suitable for attaining high monomer conversion. With increased amount of CaCO 3 , the encapsulation ratio can be varied from 17.9 to 3.6, while monomer conversion and yield decrease slightly. FT-IR spectra of the products after extraction indicate tight encapsulation between PS and CaCO 3 , and TEM photographs of composite particles with well-defined core-shell structure give direct evidence of encapsulation.展开更多
Macroencapsulation has been widely used in cell therapy due to its capability to provide immune-privileged sites for implanted allogeneic or xenogeneic cells.Macroencapsulation also serves to provide mechanical and ph...Macroencapsulation has been widely used in cell therapy due to its capability to provide immune-privileged sites for implanted allogeneic or xenogeneic cells.Macroencapsulation also serves to provide mechanical and physiochemical support for maintaining cell expansion and promoting therapeutic func-tions.Macroencapsulation devices such as membrane-controlled release systems,hydrogels,micronee-dle(MN)array patches,and three-dimensional(3D)stents have shown promising in-lab and preclinical results in the maintenance of long-term cell survival and the strengthening of treatment effi-cacy.Recent studies focus on expanding the applications of these devices to new cell-based areas such as chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-T cell delivery,cardiovascular disease therapy,and the exploration of new materials,construction methods,and working principles to augment treatment efficacy and prolong therapy duration.Here,we survey innovative platforms and approaches,as well as translation outcomes,for advancing the performance and applications of macrodevices for cell-based therapies.A discussion and critique regarding future opportunities and challenges is also provided.展开更多
Peritoneal encapsulation(PE) is a rare congenital malformation, characterized by a thin accessory peritoneal membrane which covers all or part of the small bowel, forming an accessory peritoneal sac. Most cases areasy...Peritoneal encapsulation(PE) is a rare congenital malformation, characterized by a thin accessory peritoneal membrane which covers all or part of the small bowel, forming an accessory peritoneal sac. Most cases areasymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally during surgery and/or autopsy. Clinical presentation with intestinal obstruction is extremely rare and we report a case. A 25-year-old male, referred to emergency department with diffuse abdominal pain, crampy, with 8 h evolution, associated with nausea, vomiting and constipation in the last 48 h. The abdominal examination revealed an asymmetric and fixed distension, with hard consistency on palpation of lower abdominal quadrants. The abdominal radiography reveals a small bowel distension and fluid levels. Submitted to laparoscopic surgery that recourse to conversion because there is a total peritoneal encapsulation of the small bowel. After opening the peritoneal sac, we find a rotation of mesentery, at its root, conditioning twisting of small bowel and consequently occlusion. Uneventful postoperative with discharged at the 6th day. The PE is a very rare congenital anomaly characterized by abnormal bowel back into the abdominal cavity in the early stages of development. Your knowledge becomes important because, although rare, it might be diagnosis in patients with intestinal obstruction, in the absence of other etiologic factors.展开更多
As an innovative maintenance technology of asphalt pavement,encapsulated rejuvenator used to improve its self-healing performance has been widely investigated by researchers in recent years.In this work,the selfhealin...As an innovative maintenance technology of asphalt pavement,encapsulated rejuvenator used to improve its self-healing performance has been widely investigated by researchers in recent years.In this work,the selfhealing properties of asphalt mixture with and without encapsulations were comparatively studied considering these parameters:Healing time,healing cycles and microwave heating.Three-point bending strength recovery test and fatigue loading cycles recovery test were conducted for two kinds of encapsulations containing the healing agents present inside the asphalt mixture,namely compartmented Ca-alginate/SiO_(2) fiber and compartmented Ca-alginate/graphene oxide fiber.The results showed that the optimum healing time was three days.After the 30 s of microwave heating,the recovery of fatigue loading cycles of asphalt mixture with compartmented Ca-alginate/graphene oxide fiber was four times larger than that of control asphalt mixture.Compared with the single effect related to the encapsulated healing agent or temperature,the synergistic effect of temperature and encapsulation could further significantly improve the self-healing properties of asphalt mixture.The compartmented Ca-alginate/graphene oxide fiber not only could soften asphalt through the encapsulated healing agent to improve self-healing properties of asphalt,but also could repeatedly and quickly heal cracks thanks to microwave action.The synthesis of the fiber breaks the current boundary between the two technologies(capsules healing method and induction healing method)and opens up a new horizon for the asphalt self-healing technology.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22288101,21991090,21991091,22078316,22272171 and 22109167)the Sino-French International Research Network (Zeolites)+2 种基金the BL01B1 beamline of SPring-8 and the 1W1B station of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF)for the support of XAS measurementsthe Division of Energy Research Resources of Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics for the support of iDPC-STEM measurementsthe support of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (CHN 1220532 HFST-P)。
文摘Zeolite-encapsulated metal nanoclusters are at the heart of bifunctional catalysts,which hold great potential for petrochemical conversion and the emerging sustainable biorefineries.Nevertheless,efficient encapsulation of metal nanoclusters into a high-silica zeolite Y in particular with good structural integrity still remains a significant challenge.Herein,we have constructed Ru nanoclusters(~1 nm)encapsulated inside a high-silica zeolite Y(SY)with a SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) ratio(SAR)of 10 via a cooperative strategy for direct zeolite synthesis and a consecutive impregnation for metal encapsulation.Compared with the benchmark Ru/H-USY and other analogues,the as-prepared Ru/H-SY markedly boosts the yields of pentanoic biofuels and stability in the direct hydrodeoxygenation of biomass-derived levulinate even at a mild temperature of 180℃,which are attributed to the notable stabilization of transition states by the enhanced acid accessibility and properly sized constraints of zeolite cavities owing to the good structural integrity.
基金financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation(19-73-30022)the support from the program of the Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University “The future of the planet and global environmental change”MSU Program of Development。
文摘We introduce a simple and universal scalable encapsulation strategy for perovskite solar cells based on thermal vacuum evaporation of MgF2or MoO3-xcapping layer followed by sealing the device with glass and UV-curable polymer.The proposed encapsulation method is beneficial to most of the other known encapsulation approaches being fully harmless to perovskite and transporting layers and processible at room temperature.Vacuum deposition of the capping layer promotes efficient removal of water,oxygen and organic solvent residuals from the device prior to sealing and could be easily performed using standard equipment for metal electrode deposition.The proposed strategy is transferrable to any lab-scale perovskite solar cell prototypes regardless of their geometry and architecture and results in excellent stability of the devices in ambient air and long operating conditions.Upon the 1000 hours stability test at ambient air(30%-60% RH),the cells preserved 92.9% of their initial efficiency on average under 1 Sun illumination at constant maximum power point tracking(MPPT,ISOS-L-1) and over 96% under sto rage in the dark(ISOS-D-1),thus evidencing for the high effectiveness of the proposed encapsulation approach.
基金funded by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture,Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Program,Competitive Grants Program award from the Improving Food Quality(A1361)program FY 2018 as grant#2018-67017-27558。
文摘Aroma compounds are low-molecular-weight organic volatile molecules and are broadly utilized in the food industry.However,due to their high volatility and evaporative losses during processing and storage,the stabilization of these volatile ingredients using encapsulation is a commonly investigated practice.Complexation of aroma compounds using starch inclusion complex could be a potential approach due to the hydrophobicity of the left-handed single helical structure.In the present study,we used starch of three different V-type structures,namely V,V,and V,to encapsulate six different aroma compounds,including1-decanol(DN),cis-3-hexen-1-ol(HN),4-allylanisole(AN),γ-decalactone(DA),trans-cinnamaldehyde(CA),and citral(CT).The formed inclusion complexes samples were characterized using complementary techniques,including X-ray diffraction(XRD)and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).The results showed that upon complexation with aroma compounds,all V-subtypes retained their original crystalline structures.However,different trends of crystallinity were observed for each type of the prepared inclusion complexes.Additionally,among three V-type starches,V-type starch formed inclusion complexes with aroma compounds most efficiently and promoted the formation of FormⅡcomplex.This study suggested that the structure of aroma compounds and the type of V starch could both affect the complexation properties.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772000)。
文摘In this study,lipases of CALB(Candida antarctica lipase B),TLL(Thermomyces lanuginosa lipase),RML(Rhizomucor miehei lipase),CALA(Candida antarctica lipase A)and LU(Lecitase?Ultra)were encapsulated into the nucleotidehybrid metal coordination polymers(CPs)for diacylglyerols(DAG)preparation.Guanosine 5'-monophosphate(GMP)and adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)were used as coordinating molecules,and metal ions of Fe^(3+),Ba^(2+),Mn^(2+),Ni^(2+)and Cr^(3+)were applied to prepare matrix.Results indicated that,besides Ba^(2+)with AMP,all other metal ions can coordinate with AMP and GMP to generate CPs.In addition,the AMP/Ni was amorphous when standing temperature was 4℃,while it was crystalline when standing temperature was from 30 to 180℃.DAG content from 47.55%to 64.99%was obtained from glycerolysis by CALB@GMP/Ba,RML@GMP/Ba,TLL@GMP/Ba,RML@GMP/Mn and TLL@GMP/Mn.Additionally,CALB@GMP/Fe showed selectivity towards DAG formation in the esterification and DAG content up to 61.88%was obtained.
文摘Encapsulation in food industry serves several functions including masking of undesirable color/flavor/taste, preservation of unstable constituents, incor<span style="font-family:Verdana;">poration of additional functional and nutritional components and site-specific</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> release of encapsulated ingredients at a controlled time and rate. The knowledge of microencapsulation in other sectors like pharmaceutical industry is well advanced;however, more understanding is required to harvest the maximum benefits from food industry. This paper started with highlighting the gradual progress of microencapsulation process in food industry and ended up with some invaluable suggestions for future works. In the body, the paper reviews the major techniques of food encapsulation, choices of coating materials and the performance measurement methods of food encapsulation. Future trends, scopes and aspects of microencapsulation process in food manufacturing sector are also presented as the necessary recommendations for future researches. The article would help the microencapsulated food manufacturers to choose the target oriented encapsulates and suitable encapsulation technique.</span>
文摘<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Three design principles are prominent in software development-encapsulation, data hiding, and separation of concerns. These principles are used as subjective quality criteria for both procedural and object-oriented applications. The purpose of research is to quantify encapsulation, data hiding, and separation of concerns is quantified using cyclomatic-based metrics. As a result of this research, the derived design metrics, coefficient of encapsulation, coefficient of data hiding, and coefficient of separation of concerns, are defined and applied to production software indicating whether the software has low or high encapsulation, data hiding, and separation of concerns.</span> </div>
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21771143)Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(grant no.2017ZDJC-30,2018JQ2027)+4 种基金Key Research Project of Shaanxi Province(2018ZDCXLGY-08-06)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(grant no.BK20170413)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(grant no.xjj2017084)Foshan Science and Technology Bureau Project(No.2017AG100443)supported by the Cyrus Tang Foundation through the Tang Scholar Program。
文摘Lithium–sulfur(Li–S)batteries have become one of the most promising candidates for next-generation batteries owing to their high specific capacity,low cost,and environment-friendliness.Many efforts have been made to mitigate the"shuttle effect"through physical adsorption and chemical bonding.MoS2 has been proposed as a cathode material to provide effective anchoring sites for lithium polysulfides(Li PSs),but is still limited by its layer structure.Herein,we designed novel MoS2 nanorods with inner caves based on our previous work,and performed synchronous encapsulation of sulfur during the synthesis process.The outer MoS2 tubular shells physically inhibit the outward diffusion of polysulfide species while the inner particles chemically anchor the polysulfides to prevent shuttling.As the cathode matrix in Li–S batteries,the electrochemical results deliver a high initial discharge capacity of 1213 mAhg^-1 for sulfur at 0.1 C.After cycling at 1 C for 300 cycles,the cells exhibit a capacity decay of only 0.076%per cycle and high average coulombic efficiency over 95%.The tubular MoS2 structure is an innovative and appealing design,which could be regarded as a prospective substrate for the improved performance of Li–S batteries.
文摘Tea polyphenols(TPPs)have attracted significant research interest due to their health benefits.However,TPPs are sensitive to certain environmental and gastrointestinal conditions and their oral bioavailability was found to be very low.Delivery systems made of food-grade materials have been reported to improve the shelf-life,bioavailability and bioefficacy of TPPs.This review discusses the chemistry of TPPs;the setbacks of TPPs for application;and the strategies to counteract application limitations by rationally designing delivery systems.An overview of different formulations used to encapsulate TPPs is provided in this study,such as emulsion-based systems(liposome,nanoemulsion,double emulsion,and Pickering emulsion)and nano/microparticles-based systems(protein-based,carbohydrate-based,and bi-polymer based).In addition,the stability,bioavailability and bioactivities of encapsulated TPPs are evaluated by various in vitro and in vivo models.The current findings provide scientific insights in encapsulation approaches for the delivery of TPPs,which can be of great value to TPPs-fortified food products.Further explorations are needed for the encapsulated TPPs in terms of their applications in the real food industry as well as their biological fate and functional pathways in vivo.
基金the startup research foundation of China Three Gorge University (No.0620070124)
文摘To alleviate the influence of gas compressibility on the process performance of time-pressure dispensing for electronics encapsulation, a predictive model is developed based on power-law fluid to estimate the encapsulant amount dispensed. Based on the simple and effective model, a run by run (RbR) supervisory control scheme is delivered to compensate the variation resulting from gas volume change in the syringe. Both simulation and experiment have shown that the dispensing consistency has been greatly improved with the model-based RbR control strategy developed in this paper.
文摘Micro-encapsulation of shrimp oil using the mixture of whey protein concentrate(WPC)and sodium caseinate(SC)(1:1,w/w)as a wall material was carried out.The impact of core/wall material ratios(1:2 and 1:4,w/w)and homogenizing pressures(13.79 and 27.58 MPa)on characteristics and stability of emulsion was investigated.The size of emulsion oil droplets decreased with increasing homogenizing pressure(P<0.05)but was not influenced by core/wall material ratio(P>0.05).During the extended storage,particle size,flocculation factor(Ff)and coalescence index(Ci)of all emulsions sharply increased,especially in emulsions prepared at 13.79 MPa with a core/wall material ratio of 1:2(P<0.05).After spray drying,micro-encapsulated shrimp oil(MSO)prepared at 13.79 MPa with a core/wall material ratio of 1:2 had the larger size than others(P<0.05).MSO prepared using a core/wall material ratio of 1:4 with homogenizing pressure of 27.58 MPa exhibited higher encapsulation efficiency(EE)(51.3%–52.8%)than others.Thus,both core/wall material ratio and homogenizing pressure directly affected micro-encapsulation of shrimp oil.
文摘Congenital peritoneal encapsulation(CPE) is a very rare, congenital condition characterised by the presence of an accessory peritoneal membrane which encases a variable extent of the small bowel. It is unclear how CPE develops,however it is currently understood to be a result of an aberrant adhesion in the peritoneal lining of the physiological hernia in foetal mid-gut development. The condition was first described in 1868, and subsequently there have been only 45 case reports of the phenomenon. No formal, systematised review of CPE has yet been performed, meaning the condition remains poorly understood,underdiagnosed and mismanaged. Diagnosis of CPE remains clinical with important adjuncts provided by imaging and diagnostic laparoscopy. Two thirds of patients present with abdominal pain, likely secondary to sub-acute bowel obstruction. A fixed, asymmetrical distension of the abdomen and differential consistency on abdominal palpation are more specific clinical features present in approximately 10% of cases. CPE is virtually undetectable on plain imaging, and is only detected on 40% of patients with computed tomography scan. Most patients will undergo diagnostic laparotomy to confirm the diagnosis.Management of CPE includes both medical management of the critically-unstable patient and surgical laparotomy, partial peritonectomy and adhesiolysis.Prognosis following prompt surgical treatment is excellent, with a majority of patients being symptom free at follow up. This review summarises the current literature on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of this rare disease. We also introduce a novel classification system for encapsulating bowel diseases, which may distinguish CPE from the commoner, more morbid conditions of abdominal cocoon and encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis.
文摘IP in IP封装技术有着广泛的用途。在 Mobile IP中 ,它被指定为必须实现的、将数据包由 m obile node的 hom e net-work发向 mobile node当前位置的封装形式。而且 ,它还被用于多点传送、指定安全特性的路由选择、策略路由等。由于 IP in IP封装有如此重要作用 ,因此 L inux很早就实现了该功能模块。本文从源代码对该模块的实现进行了分析。
文摘Mesoporous molecular sieve with Al-promoted sulfated rirconia (SZA) based strong solid acid nano-particles within its mesoporous channels was synthesized by using a one-step incipient wetness impregnation method with zirconium sulfate and aluminum sulfate as the precursors. The assemblies of SZA/MCM-41 were obtained by thermal decomposition of the precursors in air.The resultant composite was characterized with various techniques such as nitrogen physisorption, X-ray diffraction, SEM and TEM. It was shown that the well-ordered channels of MCM-41 arranged in hexagonal arrays as well as the hollow tubular morphology was retained. The strong solid acid nanoparticles were isolated born each other and highly, dispersed in the channels. Nitrogen sorption showed the expected decrease in pore volume. The catalytic activity of SZA/MCM-41 composite in the isomerization of n-butane was dramatically improved in comparison to bulk SZA or SZA/silica.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51774203)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Nos.JCYJ20200109105801725)。
文摘Self-aggregation and sluggish transport kinetics of cathode materials would usually lead to the poor electrochemical performance for aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs).In this work,we report the construction of C@VO_(2) composite via anti-aggregation growth and hierarchical porous carbon encapsulation.Both of the morphology of composite and pore structure of carbon layer can be regulated by tuning the adding amount of glucose.When acting as cathode applied for AZIBs,the C@VO_(2)-3:3 composite can deliver a high capacity of 281 m Ah g^(-1) at 0.2 A g^(-1).Moreover,such cathode also exhibits a remarkably rate capability and cyclic stability,which can release a specific capacity of 195 m Ah g^(-1) at 5 A g^(-1) with the capacity retention of 95.4%after 1000 cycles.Besides that,the evolution including the crystal structure,valence state and transport kinetics upon cycling were also deeply investigated.In conclusion,benefited from the synergistic effect of anti-aggregation morphology and hierarchical porous carbon encapsulation,the building of such C@VO_(2) composite can be highly expected to enhance the ion accessible site,boost the transport kinetics and thus performing a superior storage performance.Such design concept can be applied for other kinds of electrode materials and accelerating the development of highperformance AZIBs.
文摘The encapsulation of stearic acid coated nanometer CaCO 3 by a polystyrene (PS) network via emulsion polymerization is described, where γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) was used as an efficient crosslinker. The important factors such as the type and amount of surfactant and initiator and the content of CaCO 3 are investigated as well as the role of MPS. It has been shown that little PS was extractable with only 0.6 wt% of MPS (relative to styrene). The cationic surfactant cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) proved more effective than the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS). The yield rises, particles become smaller and size distribution broadens with increased amount of CTAB. It is also found that either 2,2’-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) or ammonium persulfate (APS) is suitable for attaining high monomer conversion. With increased amount of CaCO 3 , the encapsulation ratio can be varied from 17.9 to 3.6, while monomer conversion and yield decrease slightly. FT-IR spectra of the products after extraction indicate tight encapsulation between PS and CaCO 3 , and TEM photographs of composite particles with well-defined core-shell structure give direct evidence of encapsulation.
基金supported by the grants from JDRF (2-SRA-2021-1064-M-B)Zhejiang University’s start-up packages+4 种基金the Kunpeng Program grantFundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2021FZZX001-46)supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (EB022025 and GM043337)the n Cockrell Family Regents Chair in Engineering(UT Austin) for the Institute for Biomaterials,Drug Delivery,and Regenerative Medicinethe UT-Portugal Collaborative Research Program
文摘Macroencapsulation has been widely used in cell therapy due to its capability to provide immune-privileged sites for implanted allogeneic or xenogeneic cells.Macroencapsulation also serves to provide mechanical and physiochemical support for maintaining cell expansion and promoting therapeutic func-tions.Macroencapsulation devices such as membrane-controlled release systems,hydrogels,micronee-dle(MN)array patches,and three-dimensional(3D)stents have shown promising in-lab and preclinical results in the maintenance of long-term cell survival and the strengthening of treatment effi-cacy.Recent studies focus on expanding the applications of these devices to new cell-based areas such as chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-T cell delivery,cardiovascular disease therapy,and the exploration of new materials,construction methods,and working principles to augment treatment efficacy and prolong therapy duration.Here,we survey innovative platforms and approaches,as well as translation outcomes,for advancing the performance and applications of macrodevices for cell-based therapies.A discussion and critique regarding future opportunities and challenges is also provided.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50375071) ,the National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province Education Department ( Grant No. 2004JD028J) and the Science Foundation of Zhenjiang City( Grant No.2004JD020J)
文摘Peritoneal encapsulation(PE) is a rare congenital malformation, characterized by a thin accessory peritoneal membrane which covers all or part of the small bowel, forming an accessory peritoneal sac. Most cases areasymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally during surgery and/or autopsy. Clinical presentation with intestinal obstruction is extremely rare and we report a case. A 25-year-old male, referred to emergency department with diffuse abdominal pain, crampy, with 8 h evolution, associated with nausea, vomiting and constipation in the last 48 h. The abdominal examination revealed an asymmetric and fixed distension, with hard consistency on palpation of lower abdominal quadrants. The abdominal radiography reveals a small bowel distension and fluid levels. Submitted to laparoscopic surgery that recourse to conversion because there is a total peritoneal encapsulation of the small bowel. After opening the peritoneal sac, we find a rotation of mesentery, at its root, conditioning twisting of small bowel and consequently occlusion. Uneventful postoperative with discharged at the 6th day. The PE is a very rare congenital anomaly characterized by abnormal bowel back into the abdominal cavity in the early stages of development. Your knowledge becomes important because, although rare, it might be diagnosis in patients with intestinal obstruction, in the absence of other etiologic factors.
基金funded by Foshan Self-Finance Science and Technology Project(No.2020001005441)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFB1600200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51978547).
文摘As an innovative maintenance technology of asphalt pavement,encapsulated rejuvenator used to improve its self-healing performance has been widely investigated by researchers in recent years.In this work,the selfhealing properties of asphalt mixture with and without encapsulations were comparatively studied considering these parameters:Healing time,healing cycles and microwave heating.Three-point bending strength recovery test and fatigue loading cycles recovery test were conducted for two kinds of encapsulations containing the healing agents present inside the asphalt mixture,namely compartmented Ca-alginate/SiO_(2) fiber and compartmented Ca-alginate/graphene oxide fiber.The results showed that the optimum healing time was three days.After the 30 s of microwave heating,the recovery of fatigue loading cycles of asphalt mixture with compartmented Ca-alginate/graphene oxide fiber was four times larger than that of control asphalt mixture.Compared with the single effect related to the encapsulated healing agent or temperature,the synergistic effect of temperature and encapsulation could further significantly improve the self-healing properties of asphalt mixture.The compartmented Ca-alginate/graphene oxide fiber not only could soften asphalt through the encapsulated healing agent to improve self-healing properties of asphalt,but also could repeatedly and quickly heal cracks thanks to microwave action.The synthesis of the fiber breaks the current boundary between the two technologies(capsules healing method and induction healing method)and opens up a new horizon for the asphalt self-healing technology.
