Plant tolerance to aluminum(Al)toxicity can be enhanced by an ectomycorrhizal(ECM)fungus through biological filtering or physical blockage.To understand the roles of ECM colonization in Al absorption with regard to Al...Plant tolerance to aluminum(Al)toxicity can be enhanced by an ectomycorrhizal(ECM)fungus through biological filtering or physical blockage.To understand the roles of ECM colonization in Al absorption with regard to Al tolerance,Pinus massoniana seedlings were inoculated with either Lactarius deliciosus(L.:Fr.)Gray isolate 2 or Pisolithus tinctorius(Pers.)Coker et Couch isolate 715 and cultivated in an acid yellow soil with or without 1.0 mM Al^(3+)irrigation for 10 weeks.Biomass production,Al bioaccumulation and transport in seedlings colonized by the two ECM fungi were compared,and the three absorption kinetics(pseudo-first order,pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion)models used to evaluate variances in root Al^(3+)absorption capacity.Results show that both fungi increased aboveground biomass and Al tolerance of P.massoniana seedlings,but L.deliciosus 2 was more effective than P.tinctorius 715.Lower Al absorption capacity,fewer available active sites and decreased affinity and boundary layer thickness for Al^(3+),and higher Al accumulation and translocation contributed to the increased Al tolerance in the ECM-inoculated seedlings.These results advance our understanding of the mechanisms and strategies in plant Alto lerance conferred by ECM fungi and show that inoculation with L.deliciosus will better enhance Al tolerance in P.massoniana seedlings used for forest plantation and ecosystem restoration in acidic soils,particularly in Southwest China and similar soils worldwide.展开更多
The aim of this work was to evaluate arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi as soil indicators and the mycorrhization of native and exotic tree species planted in the Acaraúbasin,a transition area from the coast to the ...The aim of this work was to evaluate arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi as soil indicators and the mycorrhization of native and exotic tree species planted in the Acaraúbasin,a transition area from the coast to the Brazilian semiarid region.Plots with 6-year-old trees of four native and three non-native species as well as one non-forested area were evaluated in terms of the diversity of AM fungi in the mycorrhizosphere and the root colonization by AM and ectomycorrhizal(EcM)fungi.Twenty-four AM fungi were identified;Claroideoglomus etunicatum,Glomus sinuosum,Paraglomus albidum,Acaulospora laevis,and Acaulospora brasiliensis were abundant in the forest soil.Diversity,dominance,evenness and richness indices of AM fungi were higher in plots with native trees.All root samples were colonized by AM fungi and only A nadenanthera colubrina,Acacia mangium,Casuarina equisetifolia and Eucalyptus urophylla formed associations with EcM fungi.Acaulospora morphotypes served as soil indicators for coverings with the native species Astronium fraxinifolium and Colubrina glandulosa.Exotic species may favor the proliferation of rarer AM fungi.These fungi–plant relationships may be important in the management of forest systems,and the evidence with mycorrhizal associations allows the inclusion of Brazilian species in tropical reforestation.展开更多
Vegetation,elevation gradient and soil temperature are considered as major drivers of ECM fungi species richness.ECM sporocarps were collected during rainy seasons for two years to study the link between the distribut...Vegetation,elevation gradient and soil temperature are considered as major drivers of ECM fungi species richness.ECM sporocarps were collected during rainy seasons for two years to study the link between the distribution of ECM mushrooms with Castonopsis echinocarpa,Parashorea chinensis,and Pittosporopsis kerrii with varying elevations and soil temperatures,in a tropical rain forest Xishuangbanna,Yunnan,China.For each tree species,60 trees of approximately the same size were selected,where half of them were growing at higher elevation levels and the rest at lower levels.The highest total counts of ECM fungi,as well as the highest species richness were produced by P.chinensis followed by C.echinocarpa and P.kerrii.Highest species richness was shown in September by P.chinensis,while P.kerrii trees had the lowest count of mushrooms across rainy seasons.Species of Boletales were recorded with highest species richness followed by species of order Agaricales around both C.echinocarpa and P.chinensis.ECM fungi count declined with increased elevation.Furthermore,fungi species richness increased positively with increased soil temperature in a tropical seasonal rainforest.展开更多
Background:More than a decade of fire suppression has changed the structure of fire-adapted shrubland ecosystems in Spain’s National Parks,which are now at extreme risk of uncontrolled wildfires.Prescribed burning ca...Background:More than a decade of fire suppression has changed the structure of fire-adapted shrubland ecosystems in Spain’s National Parks,which are now at extreme risk of uncontrolled wildfires.Prescribed burning can mitigate the risk of wildfires by reducing the fuel load but prescribed burning may also alter the soil properties and reduce microbial and fungal activity,causing changes in the availability of nutrients deep in the soil layer.Although fungal communities are a vital part of post-fire restoration,some fire effects remain unclear.To examine the short-term effects of prescribed burning on soil fungal communities in Doñana Biological Reserve(SW Spain),we collected soil samples pre-burn and 1 day,6 and 12 months post-burn from burned plots to perform physicochemical and metabarcode DNA analyses.Results:Prescribed burning had no significant effect on the total fungal operational taxonomic unit richness and abundance.However,changes in soil pH,nitrogen and potassium content post-burn affected fungal community composition.Small non-significant changes in pH and phosphorous affected the composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi.Conclusions:The ectomycorrhizal fungal community appears to be resilient to the effects of low-to moderate-intensity fires and saprotrophic taxa may benefit from this kind of fire.This finding revealed that prescribed burning is a potentially valuable management tool for reducing fire hazards in shrublands that has little effect on the total richness and abundance of fungal communities.展开更多
Mineral extraction is known to affect soil fungi in polar environments,but it is unknown how long these effects persist.Here,by amplifying the internal transcribed spacer regions of rRNA genes in soil fungi,we compare...Mineral extraction is known to affect soil fungi in polar environments,but it is unknown how long these effects persist.Here,by amplifying the internal transcribed spacer regions of rRNA genes in soil fungi,we compared soil fungal community in intact natural tundra with that in a nearby former coal mining area,abandoned 52 years previously,on Svalbard in the High Arctic.Compared with those in intact tundra,soils in the former mining area were more acidic and had lower plant coverage.Despite of similar diversity in the two areas,the fungal community was dominated by Basidiomycota in the intact tundra,but by Ascomycota in the former mining area.Ectomycorrhizal genera formed a major part of the tundra community,but were notably less abundant in the mining area.The principal variation among samples was soil pH.Surprisingly,network connectivity analysis indicated that the fungal community in the former mining area had greater network connectivity than that in the tundra area.Overall,the ecosystem in the former mining area has made only limited recovery towards the natural tundra state even after more than five decades.It is unclear whether the recovery of the fungal community is limited more by the low primary productivity,slow migration of fungi and plants,or slow changes in soil parameters.Our findings emphasize the susceptibility of polar ecosystems to disturbance,given their particularly slow recovery back towards the natural state.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31570599 and 32171753)。
文摘Plant tolerance to aluminum(Al)toxicity can be enhanced by an ectomycorrhizal(ECM)fungus through biological filtering or physical blockage.To understand the roles of ECM colonization in Al absorption with regard to Al tolerance,Pinus massoniana seedlings were inoculated with either Lactarius deliciosus(L.:Fr.)Gray isolate 2 or Pisolithus tinctorius(Pers.)Coker et Couch isolate 715 and cultivated in an acid yellow soil with or without 1.0 mM Al^(3+)irrigation for 10 weeks.Biomass production,Al bioaccumulation and transport in seedlings colonized by the two ECM fungi were compared,and the three absorption kinetics(pseudo-first order,pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion)models used to evaluate variances in root Al^(3+)absorption capacity.Results show that both fungi increased aboveground biomass and Al tolerance of P.massoniana seedlings,but L.deliciosus 2 was more effective than P.tinctorius 715.Lower Al absorption capacity,fewer available active sites and decreased affinity and boundary layer thickness for Al^(3+),and higher Al accumulation and translocation contributed to the increased Al tolerance in the ECM-inoculated seedlings.These results advance our understanding of the mechanisms and strategies in plant Alto lerance conferred by ECM fungi and show that inoculation with L.deliciosus will better enhance Al tolerance in P.massoniana seedlings used for forest plantation and ecosystem restoration in acidic soils,particularly in Southwest China and similar soils worldwide.
基金Project funding:This work was financially supported by SINDIMóVEIS(Sindicato das Indústrias de Móveis do Ceará)ADECE(Agência de Desenvolvimento do Estado do Ceará)Embrapa(code 12.13.07.006.0002)。
文摘The aim of this work was to evaluate arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi as soil indicators and the mycorrhization of native and exotic tree species planted in the Acaraúbasin,a transition area from the coast to the Brazilian semiarid region.Plots with 6-year-old trees of four native and three non-native species as well as one non-forested area were evaluated in terms of the diversity of AM fungi in the mycorrhizosphere and the root colonization by AM and ectomycorrhizal(EcM)fungi.Twenty-four AM fungi were identified;Claroideoglomus etunicatum,Glomus sinuosum,Paraglomus albidum,Acaulospora laevis,and Acaulospora brasiliensis were abundant in the forest soil.Diversity,dominance,evenness and richness indices of AM fungi were higher in plots with native trees.All root samples were colonized by AM fungi and only A nadenanthera colubrina,Acacia mangium,Casuarina equisetifolia and Eucalyptus urophylla formed associations with EcM fungi.Acaulospora morphotypes served as soil indicators for coverings with the native species Astronium fraxinifolium and Colubrina glandulosa.Exotic species may favor the proliferation of rarer AM fungi.These fungi–plant relationships may be important in the management of forest systems,and the evidence with mycorrhizal associations allows the inclusion of Brazilian species in tropical reforestation.
基金supported by CGIAR-FTA Program and Key Research Program of the Ministry of Sciences and Technology(Grant No.2017YFC0505101)Samantha C.Karunarathna would like to thank the CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)young staff under the grant number:2020FYC0002the National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under the project code 31851110759.
文摘Vegetation,elevation gradient and soil temperature are considered as major drivers of ECM fungi species richness.ECM sporocarps were collected during rainy seasons for two years to study the link between the distribution of ECM mushrooms with Castonopsis echinocarpa,Parashorea chinensis,and Pittosporopsis kerrii with varying elevations and soil temperatures,in a tropical rain forest Xishuangbanna,Yunnan,China.For each tree species,60 trees of approximately the same size were selected,where half of them were growing at higher elevation levels and the rest at lower levels.The highest total counts of ECM fungi,as well as the highest species richness were produced by P.chinensis followed by C.echinocarpa and P.kerrii.Highest species richness was shown in September by P.chinensis,while P.kerrii trees had the lowest count of mushrooms across rainy seasons.Species of Boletales were recorded with highest species richness followed by species of order Agaricales around both C.echinocarpa and P.chinensis.ECM fungi count declined with increased elevation.Furthermore,fungi species richness increased positively with increased soil temperature in a tropical seasonal rainforest.
基金Spanish R&D projects MYCOINFOR(Mycosilviculture Applied to Forest Fire Prevention in Mediterranean SystemsPID2019-105188RB-I00)+4 种基金VIS4FIRE(Comprehensive vulnerability of forest systems to fire:implications for forest management toolsRTA2017-00042-C05-01)Interreg-POCTEP CILIFO(Iberian Centre for Research and Forest Firefighting0753-CILIFO-5-E)financed by European Social Fund“NextGenerationEU”through a grant“Margarita Salas”awarded to Juncal Espinosa into the project GFIRE。
文摘Background:More than a decade of fire suppression has changed the structure of fire-adapted shrubland ecosystems in Spain’s National Parks,which are now at extreme risk of uncontrolled wildfires.Prescribed burning can mitigate the risk of wildfires by reducing the fuel load but prescribed burning may also alter the soil properties and reduce microbial and fungal activity,causing changes in the availability of nutrients deep in the soil layer.Although fungal communities are a vital part of post-fire restoration,some fire effects remain unclear.To examine the short-term effects of prescribed burning on soil fungal communities in Doñana Biological Reserve(SW Spain),we collected soil samples pre-burn and 1 day,6 and 12 months post-burn from burned plots to perform physicochemical and metabarcode DNA analyses.Results:Prescribed burning had no significant effect on the total fungal operational taxonomic unit richness and abundance.However,changes in soil pH,nitrogen and potassium content post-burn affected fungal community composition.Small non-significant changes in pH and phosphorous affected the composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi.Conclusions:The ectomycorrhizal fungal community appears to be resilient to the effects of low-to moderate-intensity fires and saprotrophic taxa may benefit from this kind of fire.This finding revealed that prescribed burning is a potentially valuable management tool for reducing fire hazards in shrublands that has little effect on the total richness and abundance of fungal communities.
文摘Mineral extraction is known to affect soil fungi in polar environments,but it is unknown how long these effects persist.Here,by amplifying the internal transcribed spacer regions of rRNA genes in soil fungi,we compared soil fungal community in intact natural tundra with that in a nearby former coal mining area,abandoned 52 years previously,on Svalbard in the High Arctic.Compared with those in intact tundra,soils in the former mining area were more acidic and had lower plant coverage.Despite of similar diversity in the two areas,the fungal community was dominated by Basidiomycota in the intact tundra,but by Ascomycota in the former mining area.Ectomycorrhizal genera formed a major part of the tundra community,but were notably less abundant in the mining area.The principal variation among samples was soil pH.Surprisingly,network connectivity analysis indicated that the fungal community in the former mining area had greater network connectivity than that in the tundra area.Overall,the ecosystem in the former mining area has made only limited recovery towards the natural tundra state even after more than five decades.It is unclear whether the recovery of the fungal community is limited more by the low primary productivity,slow migration of fungi and plants,or slow changes in soil parameters.Our findings emphasize the susceptibility of polar ecosystems to disturbance,given their particularly slow recovery back towards the natural state.
