By extending the Levy wavefunction constrained search to Fock Space,one can define a wavefunction constrained search for electron densities in systems having noninteger number of electrons.For pure-state v-representab...By extending the Levy wavefunction constrained search to Fock Space,one can define a wavefunction constrained search for electron densities in systems having noninteger number of electrons.For pure-state v-representable densities,the results are equivalent to what one would obtain with the zero-temperature grand canonical ensemble.In other cases,the wavefunction constrained search in Fock space presents an upper bound to the grand canonical ensemble functional.One advantage of the Fock-space wavefunction constrained search functional over the zero-temperature grand-canonical ensemble constrained search functional is that certain specific excited states(i.e.,those that are not ground-statev-representable) are the stationary points of the Fock-space functional.However,a potential disadvantage of the Fock-space constrained search functional is that it is not convex.展开更多
In the present work, we have studied the temporal evolution of aluminum alloy plasma produced by the fundamental (1064 nm) of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser by placing the target material in air at atmospheric pressure. Th...In the present work, we have studied the temporal evolution of aluminum alloy plasma produced by the fundamental (1064 nm) of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser by placing the target material in air at atmospheric pressure. The four Al I-neutral lines at 308.21, 309.27, 394.40 and 369.15 nm as well as Al II-ionic lines at 281.61, 385.64 and 466.30 nm are used for the determination of the electron temperature Te using Saha-Boltzmann plot method. The neutral aluminum lines were found to suffer from optical thickness which manifested itself on the form of scattered points around the Saha-Boltzmann line. The isolated optically thin hydrogen Hα-line at 656.27 nm appeared in the spectra under the same experimental conditions was used to correct the Al I-lines which contained some optical thickness. The measurements were repeated at different delay times ranging from 1 to 5 μs. The comparison between the deduced electron temperatures from aluminum neutral lines before correction against the effect self-absorption to that after correction revealed a precise value in temperature. The results sure that, in case of the presence of self-absorption effect the temperature varies from (1.4067 - 1.2548 eV) as the delay time is varied from 0 to 5 μs. Whereas, in the case of repairing against the effect, it varies from (1.2826 - 0.8961 eV) for the same delay time variation.展开更多
Pulsed laser produced plasmas(LPP)are important for industrial applications and fundamental researches,and their complex,multi-physical and cross-chemical processes need to be investigated more comprehensively.In this...Pulsed laser produced plasmas(LPP)are important for industrial applications and fundamental researches,and their complex,multi-physical and cross-chemical processes need to be investigated more comprehensively.In this work,images of the luminous plasma,the spatial density distribution,and the plasma parameters are experimentally investigated by using fast ICCD photography,schlieren photography,and optical emission spectroscopy.Plasmas are produced by a 1 064 nm,15 ns Nd:YAG laser.Free expanding and splitting phenomena are observed in vacuum(at the pressure of about 1×10 3Pa)and air(at the pressure of 20 Pa)using fast photography,respectively.Meanwhile,shock waves formed in the atmospheric laser produced plasma are visualized by schlieren photography.The formation of shock waves is interpreted with the Sedov-Taylor theory,and an averaged expansion velocity about 375 m/s of the shock waves is estimated during 200～1 000 ns.Atmospheric air is found to have significant confinement effects on the plasma expansions compared to that in vacuum or low pressure ambient.Based on the optical emission spectroscopy,after 1 000 ns,at 0.6 mm above the target,the plasma temperature is about 7 800 K and the electron number density is approximately 0.64×1016cm-3.展开更多
The mass energy absorption coefficient (len=q), effective atomic number (ZPEAeff ), and electron density (NPEAeff ) of some biomolecules with potential application in radiation dosimetry were calculated for their phot...The mass energy absorption coefficient (len=q), effective atomic number (ZPEAeff ), and electron density (NPEAeff ) of some biomolecules with potential application in radiation dosimetry were calculated for their photon energy absorption (PEA) in the energy region of 1–20 MeV. It was noticed that the values of len=q, ZPEAeff , and NPEAeff vary with the energy and composition of the biomolecules. The results for ZPEAeff were compared with effective atomic numbers (ZPIeff ) owing to the photon interaction (PI). Significant differences were noted between ZPEAeff and ZPIeff in the energy region of 10–150 keV for all of the biomolecules involved. A maximum difference of 45.36% was observed at 50 keV for creatinine hydrochloride. Moreover, the studied attenuation parameters were found to be sharply affected at the K-absorption edge of relatively high-Z elements present in the biomolecules.展开更多
Mass attenuation coefficient(μ_m) for polyethylene glycol(PEG) of different molecular weights was determined by using NaI(Tl) scintillator and Win Xcom mixture rule at gamma energies of 59.5, 302.9, 356.0, 661.7, 117...Mass attenuation coefficient(μ_m) for polyethylene glycol(PEG) of different molecular weights was determined by using NaI(Tl) scintillator and Win Xcom mixture rule at gamma energies of 59.5, 302.9, 356.0, 661.7, 1173.2 and 1332.5 keV. The total atomic, molecular and electronic cross sections, half-value layer, effective atomic and electron numbers, mass energy-absorption coefficients and kerma relative to air are calculated. The energy and compositional dependence of μ_m values, and the related radiation absorption parameters, are evaluated and discussed. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical ones, within an uncertainty of 1% in the effective atomic number for all PEG samples at the designated energies.展开更多
We studied the spatial evolution of the Fe-Ni plasma generated by the fundamental （1064 nm） and second （532 nm） harmonics of a Q-switched Nd： YAG laser. The experimentally observed line profiles of the neutral ir...We studied the spatial evolution of the Fe-Ni plasma generated by the fundamental （1064 nm） and second （532 nm） harmonics of a Q-switched Nd： YAG laser. The experimentally observed line profiles of the neutral iron （Fe I） have been used to extract the plasma temperature （T e ） using the Boltzmann plot method, whereas the electron number density （N e ） has been deter- mined from the Stark broadening. In addition, we studied the spatial behavior of T e and N e with the variation of laser energy for iron plasma by placing the target material （iron-nickel alloy） in air at atmospheric pressure for both modes of the Nd： YAG laser.展开更多
A one-dimensional self-consistent calculation model of capacitively coupled plasma(CCP)discharge and electromagnetic wave propagation is developed to solve the plasma characteristics and electromagnetic wave transmiss...A one-dimensional self-consistent calculation model of capacitively coupled plasma(CCP)discharge and electromagnetic wave propagation is developed to solve the plasma characteristics and electromagnetic wave transmission attenuation.Numerical simulation results show that the peak electron number density of argon is about 12 times higher than that of helium,and that the electron number density increases with the augment of pressure,radio frequency(RF)power,and RF frequency.However,the electron number density first increases and then decreases as the discharge gap increases.The transmission attenuation of electromagnetic wave in argon discharge plasma is 8.5-dB higher than that of helium.At the same time,the transmission attenuation increases with the augment of the RF power and RF frequency,but it does not increase or decrease monotonically with the increase of gas pressure and discharge gap.The electromagnetic wave absorption frequency band of the argon discharge plasma under the optimal parameters in this paper can reach the Ku band.It is concluded that the argon CCP discharge under the optimal discharge parameters has great potential applications in plasma stealth.展开更多
We address the Tc (s) and multiple gaps of La2CuO4 (LCO) via generalized BCS equations incorporating chemical potential. Appealing to the structure of the unit cell of LCO, which comprises sub- lattices with LaO and O...We address the Tc (s) and multiple gaps of La2CuO4 (LCO) via generalized BCS equations incorporating chemical potential. Appealing to the structure of the unit cell of LCO, which comprises sub- lattices with LaO and OLa layers and brings into play two Debye temperatures, the concept of itinerancy of electrons, and an insight provided by Tacon et al.’s recent experimental work concerned with YBa2Cu3O6.6 which reveals that very large electron-phonon coupling can occur in a very narrow region of phonon wavelengths, we are enabled to account for all values of its gap-to-Tc ratio (2Δ0/kBTc), i.e., 4.3, 7.1, ≈8 and 9.3, which were reported by Bednorz and Müller in their Nobel lecture. Our study predicts carrier concentrations corresponding to these gap values to lie in the range 1.3 × 1021 - 5.6 × 1021 cm-3, and values of 0.27 - 0.29 and 1.12 for the gap-to-Tc ratios of the smaller gaps.展开更多
Electron temperature and electron number density are important parameters in the characterization of plasma. In this paper the electron temperature and electron number density of soil plasma generated by laser ablatio...Electron temperature and electron number density are important parameters in the characterization of plasma. In this paper the electron temperature and electron number density of soil plasma generated by laser ablation combined with nanosecond discharge spark at different discharge voltages have been studied. Saha-Boltzmann plot and Stark broadening are used to determine the temper- ature and electron number density. It is proved that local thermal equilibrium is fulfilled in the nanosecond spark enhanced plasma. The enhanced optical emission, signal to noise ratio and the stability in term of the relative standard deviation of signal intensity at different spark voltages were investigated in detail. A relative stable discharge process was observed with use of a 10 kV discharge voltage under the carried experimental configuration.展开更多
文摘By extending the Levy wavefunction constrained search to Fock Space,one can define a wavefunction constrained search for electron densities in systems having noninteger number of electrons.For pure-state v-representable densities,the results are equivalent to what one would obtain with the zero-temperature grand canonical ensemble.In other cases,the wavefunction constrained search in Fock space presents an upper bound to the grand canonical ensemble functional.One advantage of the Fock-space wavefunction constrained search functional over the zero-temperature grand-canonical ensemble constrained search functional is that certain specific excited states(i.e.,those that are not ground-statev-representable) are the stationary points of the Fock-space functional.However,a potential disadvantage of the Fock-space constrained search functional is that it is not convex.
文摘In the present work, we have studied the temporal evolution of aluminum alloy plasma produced by the fundamental (1064 nm) of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser by placing the target material in air at atmospheric pressure. The four Al I-neutral lines at 308.21, 309.27, 394.40 and 369.15 nm as well as Al II-ionic lines at 281.61, 385.64 and 466.30 nm are used for the determination of the electron temperature Te using Saha-Boltzmann plot method. The neutral aluminum lines were found to suffer from optical thickness which manifested itself on the form of scattered points around the Saha-Boltzmann line. The isolated optically thin hydrogen Hα-line at 656.27 nm appeared in the spectra under the same experimental conditions was used to correct the Al I-lines which contained some optical thickness. The measurements were repeated at different delay times ranging from 1 to 5 μs. The comparison between the deduced electron temperatures from aluminum neutral lines before correction against the effect self-absorption to that after correction revealed a precise value in temperature. The results sure that, in case of the presence of self-absorption effect the temperature varies from (1.4067 - 1.2548 eV) as the delay time is varied from 0 to 5 μs. Whereas, in the case of repairing against the effect, it varies from (1.2826 - 0.8961 eV) for the same delay time variation.
基金Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China（51237006）.
文摘Pulsed laser produced plasmas(LPP)are important for industrial applications and fundamental researches,and their complex,multi-physical and cross-chemical processes need to be investigated more comprehensively.In this work,images of the luminous plasma,the spatial density distribution,and the plasma parameters are experimentally investigated by using fast ICCD photography,schlieren photography,and optical emission spectroscopy.Plasmas are produced by a 1 064 nm,15 ns Nd:YAG laser.Free expanding and splitting phenomena are observed in vacuum(at the pressure of about 1×10 3Pa)and air(at the pressure of 20 Pa)using fast photography,respectively.Meanwhile,shock waves formed in the atmospheric laser produced plasma are visualized by schlieren photography.The formation of shock waves is interpreted with the Sedov-Taylor theory,and an averaged expansion velocity about 375 m/s of the shock waves is estimated during 200～1 000 ns.Atmospheric air is found to have significant confinement effects on the plasma expansions compared to that in vacuum or low pressure ambient.Based on the optical emission spectroscopy,after 1 000 ns,at 0.6 mm above the target,the plasma temperature is about 7 800 K and the electron number density is approximately 0.64×1016cm-3.
文摘The mass energy absorption coefficient (len=q), effective atomic number (ZPEAeff ), and electron density (NPEAeff ) of some biomolecules with potential application in radiation dosimetry were calculated for their photon energy absorption (PEA) in the energy region of 1–20 MeV. It was noticed that the values of len=q, ZPEAeff , and NPEAeff vary with the energy and composition of the biomolecules. The results for ZPEAeff were compared with effective atomic numbers (ZPIeff ) owing to the photon interaction (PI). Significant differences were noted between ZPEAeff and ZPIeff in the energy region of 10–150 keV for all of the biomolecules involved. A maximum difference of 45.36% was observed at 50 keV for creatinine hydrochloride. Moreover, the studied attenuation parameters were found to be sharply affected at the K-absorption edge of relatively high-Z elements present in the biomolecules.
基金Deanship of Scientific Research at Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University for the grant and financial assistance to accomplish this work
文摘Mass attenuation coefficient(μ_m) for polyethylene glycol(PEG) of different molecular weights was determined by using NaI(Tl) scintillator and Win Xcom mixture rule at gamma energies of 59.5, 302.9, 356.0, 661.7, 1173.2 and 1332.5 keV. The total atomic, molecular and electronic cross sections, half-value layer, effective atomic and electron numbers, mass energy-absorption coefficients and kerma relative to air are calculated. The energy and compositional dependence of μ_m values, and the related radiation absorption parameters, are evaluated and discussed. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical ones, within an uncertainty of 1% in the effective atomic number for all PEG samples at the designated energies.
文摘We studied the spatial evolution of the Fe-Ni plasma generated by the fundamental （1064 nm） and second （532 nm） harmonics of a Q-switched Nd： YAG laser. The experimentally observed line profiles of the neutral iron （Fe I） have been used to extract the plasma temperature （T e ） using the Boltzmann plot method, whereas the electron number density （N e ） has been deter- mined from the Stark broadening. In addition, we studied the spatial behavior of T e and N e with the variation of laser energy for iron plasma by placing the target material （iron-nickel alloy） in air at atmospheric pressure for both modes of the Nd： YAG laser.
基金Project supported by the Key Research and Development Plan of Anhui Province,China(Grant No.201904a07020013).
文摘A one-dimensional self-consistent calculation model of capacitively coupled plasma(CCP)discharge and electromagnetic wave propagation is developed to solve the plasma characteristics and electromagnetic wave transmission attenuation.Numerical simulation results show that the peak electron number density of argon is about 12 times higher than that of helium,and that the electron number density increases with the augment of pressure,radio frequency(RF)power,and RF frequency.However,the electron number density first increases and then decreases as the discharge gap increases.The transmission attenuation of electromagnetic wave in argon discharge plasma is 8.5-dB higher than that of helium.At the same time,the transmission attenuation increases with the augment of the RF power and RF frequency,but it does not increase or decrease monotonically with the increase of gas pressure and discharge gap.The electromagnetic wave absorption frequency band of the argon discharge plasma under the optimal parameters in this paper can reach the Ku band.It is concluded that the argon CCP discharge under the optimal discharge parameters has great potential applications in plasma stealth.
文摘We address the Tc (s) and multiple gaps of La2CuO4 (LCO) via generalized BCS equations incorporating chemical potential. Appealing to the structure of the unit cell of LCO, which comprises sub- lattices with LaO and OLa layers and brings into play two Debye temperatures, the concept of itinerancy of electrons, and an insight provided by Tacon et al.’s recent experimental work concerned with YBa2Cu3O6.6 which reveals that very large electron-phonon coupling can occur in a very narrow region of phonon wavelengths, we are enabled to account for all values of its gap-to-Tc ratio (2Δ0/kBTc), i.e., 4.3, 7.1, ≈8 and 9.3, which were reported by Bednorz and Müller in their Nobel lecture. Our study predicts carrier concentrations corresponding to these gap values to lie in the range 1.3 × 1021 - 5.6 × 1021 cm-3, and values of 0.27 - 0.29 and 1.12 for the gap-to-Tc ratios of the smaller gaps.
基金Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 61178034）, Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. Y1100268）, and partially supported by Key Research Project of University of Zhejiang Province, China （Grant No. ZD2009006）, and the Program for Innovative Research Team, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China.
文摘Electron temperature and electron number density are important parameters in the characterization of plasma. In this paper the electron temperature and electron number density of soil plasma generated by laser ablation combined with nanosecond discharge spark at different discharge voltages have been studied. Saha-Boltzmann plot and Stark broadening are used to determine the temper- ature and electron number density. It is proved that local thermal equilibrium is fulfilled in the nanosecond spark enhanced plasma. The enhanced optical emission, signal to noise ratio and the stability in term of the relative standard deviation of signal intensity at different spark voltages were investigated in detail. A relative stable discharge process was observed with use of a 10 kV discharge voltage under the carried experimental configuration.
