Present studies in physics assume that elementary particles are the building blocks of all matter, and that they are zero-dimensional objects which do not occupy space. The new I-Theory predicts that elementary partic...Present studies in physics assume that elementary particles are the building blocks of all matter, and that they are zero-dimensional objects which do not occupy space. The new I-Theory predicts that elementary particles do indeed have a substructure, three dimensions, and occupy space, being composed of fundamental particles called I-particles. In this article we identify the substructural pattern of elementary particles and define the quanta of energy that form each elementary particle. We demonstrate that the substructure comprises two classes of quanta which we call “attraction quanta” and “repulsion quanta”. We create a model that defines the rest-mass energy of each elementary particle and can predict new particles. Lastly, in order to incorporate this knowledge into the contemporary models of science, a revised periodic table is proposed.展开更多
The uncertainty principle is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics, but its exact mathematical expression cannot obtain correct results when used to solve theoretical problems such as the energy levels of hydro...The uncertainty principle is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics, but its exact mathematical expression cannot obtain correct results when used to solve theoretical problems such as the energy levels of hydrogen atoms, one-dimensional deep potential wells, one-dimensional harmonic oscillators, and double-slit experiments. Even after approximate treatment, the results obtained are not completely consistent with those obtained by solving Schrödinger’s equation. This indicates that further research on the uncertainty principle is necessary. Therefore, using the de Broglie matter wave hypothesis, we quantize the action of an elementary particle in natural coordinates and obtain the quantization condition and a new deterministic relation. Using this quantization condition, we obtain the energy level formulas of an elementary particle in different conditions in a classical way that is completely consistent with the results obtained by solving Schrödinger’s equation. A new physical interpretation is given for the particle eigenfunction independence of probability for an elementary particle: an elementary particle is in a particle state at the space-time point where the action is quantized, and in a wave state in the rest of the space-time region. The space-time points of particle nature and the wave regions of particle motion constitute the continuous trajectory of particle motion. When an elementary particle is in a particle state, it is localized, whereas in the wave state region, it is nonlocalized.展开更多
We justify and extend the standard model of elementary particle physics by generalizing the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. The usual assumption that space and time are continuous implies, indeed, that it ...We justify and extend the standard model of elementary particle physics by generalizing the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. The usual assumption that space and time are continuous implies, indeed, that it should be possible to measure arbitrarily small intervals of space and time, but we ignore if that is true or not. It is thus more realistic to consider an extremely small “quantum of length” of yet unknown value <em>a</em>. It is only required to be a universal constant for all inertial frames, like<em> c</em> and <em>h</em>. This yields a logically consistent theory and accounts for elementary particles by means of four new quantum numbers. They define “particle states” in terms of modulations of wave functions at the smallest possible scale in space-time. The resulting classification of elementary particles accounts also for dark matter. Antiparticles are redefined, without needing negative energy states and recently observed “anomalies” can be explained.展开更多
The underlying rules for a natural system describing cellular automata are simple, but produce highly complex behavior. A mathematical basis for the spectra of discrete coherent and non-coherent electromagnetic (EM) f...The underlying rules for a natural system describing cellular automata are simple, but produce highly complex behavior. A mathematical basis for the spectra of discrete coherent and non-coherent electromagnetic (EM) frequencies was derived, in which the algorithm exhibits an information distribution according to ratios of 2:3 in 1:2 at a semi-harmonic manner. This generalized music (GM) model shows that energy both in elementary particles and animate systems is semi-harmonic, quantized and discrete. A support for an ontological basis of the Standard Model was found, and indicates that the GM-model underlies the quantum field theory of subatomic particles. The present theory combines quantum mechanics and classical periodic systems, obeys to locality and solves the “hidden variable theory of Bohm”. The discovered pattern of electromagnetic field eigenvalues, within a broad range of discrete frequencies, points at a de Broglie/Bohm type of causal interpretation of quantum mechanics, implying an integral resonant pilot-wave/particle modality. The model has been substantiated by a meta-analysis of measured discrete energies of: 37 different Elementary Particles, 45 different EPR-measurements, zero-point energies of elements and about 450 electromagnetic wave frequencies of cells with a mean accuracy of 0.58%. It has been shown that the GM-scale is frequency-locked with zero-point oscillations, and thereby evidently implies involvement of entanglement.展开更多
The nature and origin of the photon and elementary rest masses are some of the challeng-ing problems that physics face. The approaches used to solve these problems are complex and time-consuming. Specifically, the pho...The nature and origin of the photon and elementary rest masses are some of the challeng-ing problems that physics face. The approaches used to solve these problems are complex and time-consuming. Specifically, the photon rest mass pays attention to theoretical physi-cists. Many experimental works show that the photon rest mass is non zero. This problem can be solved using generalized potential dependent special relativity, which has been de-rived using simple arguments, and Maxwell’s equations, besides the conventional Einstein energy-momentum relation. The results obtained show that the rest mass of photons and elementary particles are strongly dependent on the vacuum energy and a universal con-stant. This result conforms with the models that predict time decaying vacuum energy as-sociated with production of smaller rest mass particles followed by larger masses. The two potential dependent mass expressions conform with the cosmological models that suggest the photon is generated first by assuming the universe consisting of total constant vacuum with decaying cosmological part and mass generating part. Using Maxwell’s equations, beside plank and De Broglie hypothesis together with special relativity energy-momentum relation the photon rest mass is estimated. It was shown that the photon rest mass is ex-tremely small compared to the electron mass.展开更多
The equations of motion of physical bodies are given, the characteristic parameters of which become the basis for determining a fundamental property of all matter—“mass”. The equations of motion are characterized b...The equations of motion of physical bodies are given, the characteristic parameters of which become the basis for determining a fundamental property of all matter—“mass”. The equations of motion are characterized by two constants, the derivative of one of which is the fine structure constant. Using these constants, energy scales are compiled, which are the basis for classifying particles by mass.展开更多
This article presents the hypothesis that the vacuum is endowed with a quantum structure;the vacuum particles would be Friedmann-Planck micro-universes. For this, the article introduces a quantization of a closed Frie...This article presents the hypothesis that the vacuum is endowed with a quantum structure;the vacuum particles would be Friedmann-Planck micro-universes. For this, the article introduces a quantization of a closed Friedmann universe, then a quantization of the photon spheres filling this universe. This approach gives a numerical value consistent with cosmological measurements for the current dark energy density of our Universe. Next, the article takes the content of a model published in Physics Essays in 2013 [<a href="#ref1" target="_blank">1</a>], assuming that elementary particles are Schwarzschild photon spheres;these could be derived from the Friedmann photon spheres composing the vacuum particles. It is further recalled that the model presents a unified structure of elementary particles and allows us to calculate the value of the elementary electric charge as well as the mass of the elementary particles.展开更多
This paper is presented in two parts. The first part provides a glimpse of the long-awaited unified theory, which explains the parallel activation of different levels of the universe: intellectual (humans), psychologi...This paper is presented in two parts. The first part provides a glimpse of the long-awaited unified theory, which explains the parallel activation of different levels of the universe: intellectual (humans), psychological (animals), biological (vegetation), physical (matter), and cosmological (energies) levels, whereas in the conventional approach, the physical and cosmological levels are grouped into the same category. This paper explains the evolution and structure of elementary physical particles (EPPs) based on the evolution and structure of elementary biological particles (cells). The second part of the paper explains the structure and ingredients of the PPE, which are responsible for the creation of the following four fields, as suggested by the author: visibility, forcibility (magnetism), the fullness field, and the hollowness field. All these fields comprise different unknown cosmological substances. These cosmological fields are present in all physical entities and are responsible for all kinds of physical activations. Finally, the paper explains the evolution of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic fields, gravitation, and repulsion (repulsive gravitation). The theory is consistent with all previously conducted experiments and systematically unfolds several mysteries, thereby demonstrating the validity of the proposed theory.展开更多
We investigate the impact of inelastic collisions between dark matter(DM)and heavy cosmic ray(CR)nuclei on CR propagation.We approximate the fragmentation cross-sections for DM-CR collisions using collider-measured pr...We investigate the impact of inelastic collisions between dark matter(DM)and heavy cosmic ray(CR)nuclei on CR propagation.We approximate the fragmentation cross-sections for DM-CR collisions using collider-measured proton-nuclei scattering cross-sections,allowing us to assess how these collisions affect the spectra of CR boron and carbon.We derive new CR spectra from DM-CR collisions by incorporating their cross-sections into the source terms and solving the diffusion equation for the complete network of reactions involved in generating secondary species.In a specific example with a coupling strength of b_(χ)=0.1 and a DM mass of m_(χ)=0.1 GeV,considering a simplified scenario where DM interacts exclusively with oxygen,a notable modification in the boron-to-carbon spectrum due to the DM-CR interaction is observed.Particularly,the peak within the spectrum,spanning from 0.1 to 10 GeV,experiences an enhancement of approximately 1.5 times.However,in a more realistic scenario where DM particles interact with all CRs,this peak can be amplified to twice its original value.Utilizing the latest data from AMS-02 and DAMPE on the boron-to-carbon ratio,we estimate a 95%upper limit for the effective inelastic cross-section of DM-proton as a function of DM mass.Our findings reveal that at m_(χ)?2 MeV,the effective inelastic cross-section between DM and protons must be less than O(10^(-32))cm^(2).展开更多
This paper suggests explanations for otherwise seemingly unexplained data about elementary particles and cosmology. The explanations have bases in coordinate-based modeling and in integer-based characterizations for s...This paper suggests explanations for otherwise seemingly unexplained data about elementary particles and cosmology. The explanations have bases in coordinate-based modeling and in integer-based characterizations for some catalogs. One catalog features properties—including charge, mass, and angular momentum—of objects. Another catalog features all known and some possible elementary particles. Assumptions include that multipole-expansion mathematics has uses regarding long-range interactions, such as gravity, and that nature includes six isomers of all elementary particles other than long-range-interaction bosons. One isomer associates with ordinary matter. Five isomers are associated with dark matter. Multipole notions help explain large-scale aspects such as the rate of expansion of the universe.展开更多
Although the standard model provides a suitable pattern based on observable experimental data, it cannot explain dark matter, gravitation, the structural nature of the fundamental particles, and charges. In this paper...Although the standard model provides a suitable pattern based on observable experimental data, it cannot explain dark matter, gravitation, the structural nature of the fundamental particles, and charges. In this paper, a new theory about the nature of charges, particles and proposed structures for atoms were presented. This theory explains how an ideal quantum fluid (IQF) including hypothetical dark matter or fundamental elementary particles (FEPs) can produce the building blocks of matter. This theory describes quadruple blocks with two types of independent charges that can create different characteristics for these building blocks. Quadruple blocks have similarities and differences with the fundamental particles in standard model. This theory also explains the possible mechanism of creation the next generation of particles such as protons and neutrons.展开更多
This paper is an addendum to the article <span style="font-family:Verdana;">“</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">On the Evolution of Approaches to the Space- Time Symmetry&...This paper is an addendum to the article <span style="font-family:Verdana;">“</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">On the Evolution of Approaches to the Space- Time Symmetry</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">”</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, Natural Science, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 81-84, 2018. The analysis is based on the Galileo</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">’</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s postulate that all inertial reference frames are equal. The postulate results immediately in the absolute speed limit, which is identical for all bodies in all reference frames. Two kinds of elementary particles are admitted: unhurried and restless ones (ex-emplified, accordingly, with electrons and photons). Any particle may be treated as wave packet, the particle mass and momentum depending on the reference frame. Thus, space-time-sym- metry is the natural background for the relativistic and quantum theo-ries.</span>展开更多
When the electrically charged elementary particles of “normal” matter like protons and electrons mutually interact, their masses interact gravitationally and charge electrically. There is no interaction between the ...When the electrically charged elementary particles of “normal” matter like protons and electrons mutually interact, their masses interact gravitationally and charge electrically. There is no interaction between the mass of one and charge of other particle. In this paper, we describe a prediction of the existence of a “pseudo-charge” of the same size as the common elementary electric charge, which seems to be possessed by neutrinos. If the prediction is relevant to the reality, the pseudo-charge interacts with the mass of normal particle in the interaction between this particle and neutrino. Consequently, the cross-section in a collision between neutrino and particle of normal matter is many orders of magnitude lower than that in the mutual collisions of normal-matter particles. However, the pseudo-charge of one neutrino interacts with the pseudo-charge of other neutrino in a mutual interaction of neutrinos and, consequently, their collisional cross-section is predicted to be again relatively large, essentially the same as that in, e.g., electron-electron collisions. We propose an experimental verification of the possible existence of neutrinic pseudo-charge with the help of two mutually crossing neutrino beams.展开更多
The Standard Model is the theory of Physics that describes the elementary particles of matter and the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions, between them. The theory of the Standard Model does not include the ...The Standard Model is the theory of Physics that describes the elementary particles of matter and the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions, between them. The theory of the Standard Model does not include the description of the gravitational interactions. It is a very well founded theory that has predicted many experimental results, such as the existence of many particles and has withstood many experimental tests. The key missing piece of the theory to fill in was the Higgs boson, whose existence was reasonably suspected and confirmed by CERN’s ATLAS and CMS experiments in 2012. The current synthesis of the theory was completed in the mid-1970s, after the experimental confirmation of the existence of the quarks, and then confirmed, with the discovery of the Higgs boson, in 2012. All these, are according to the established views of science. But according to the opinions of many scientists, opinions with which I as the author of this paper agree, the theory of the Standard Model is a wrong theory because, while it makes some successful predictions, it does not answer to a number of many other questions that it should answer for its final establishment. Specifically and according to established views, the theory cannot explain the existence of dark matter and dark energy, the behavior of neutrinos and the existence of particles with very different masses. It is also questionable whether the Higgs boson, discovered in the ATLAS experiment is actually the particle that contributes to the creation of the mass of the elementary particles of matter, and whether the Higgs mechanism is theoretically a correct mechanism. There is doubt if the interactions, actually be created by the exchange of bosons? If bosons are really exist? And not any convincing explanation is given by the theory, for the case that, the bosons exist as particles, where were they found? And how do they work? For replace, or fill the void will be left by the theory of the Standard Model, which I believe sooner or later will be renewed or retired, I propose a New Model that more convincingly describes the elementary components of matter and the interactions between them. The New Model also addresses all the weak points of the theory of the Standard Model, including the interaction of gravity. But the main feature of the New Model, which will surprise you! Is its reliability, correctness, logic and simplicity. But this is something you will judge after studying the New Model.展开更多
This paper explains the absorption of an electromagnetic wave within a physical body. We provide a description of how an elementary physical particle absorbs electromagnetic waves within its structure and, after absor...This paper explains the absorption of an electromagnetic wave within a physical body. We provide a description of how an elementary physical particle absorbs electromagnetic waves within its structure and, after absorption, how this particle keeps it in memory and emits it. This absorption is like the eating of cosmological food by physical entities. This paper proposes that the universe is comprised of cosmological, physical, biological, psychological, and intellectual worlds that all follow parallel laws within their referred science. The paper creates a model of the elementary physical particle (EPP) using the parallel logic of the biological DNA model. This model is capable of explaining the emission, absorption, and memorization of physical signals. Several cosmological mysteries, like the interconvertibility of electric and magnetic fields, attraction, repulsion, space fabric, etc., unfold while disclosing the absorption and emission processes. The philosophical correctness of this paper is validated through the unification of multidisciplinary aspects, and its scientific correctness is validated by its logical consistency with the results of well-known experiments. The theory clarifies the “cause” within nature, and by analyzing the “effects”, we can reach new realities of the cosmological world.展开更多
The laws of conservation of energy, linear momentum. and angular momentum of a system form a closed unit according to Noether's theorem. A generalization of these laws (including spin) for elementary par- ticles ...The laws of conservation of energy, linear momentum. and angular momentum of a system form a closed unit according to Noether's theorem. A generalization of these laws (including spin) for elementary par- ticles taking into account the states of negative energies of the Dirac vacuum is given. A new interpretation of the β-decay of nuclei without neutrinos. using interactions with Dirac's anti-world is discussed, which ex- plains all characteristics of the β-continuum. A quantum-electrodynamic theory of β-decay is presented in which Fermi's constant g of weak interactions is determined from first principles (without neutrinos). The lat- ter is an expression of e, h, c, m, M, and R, i.e., g is not an independent constant of physics nor is it necessa- ry to measure it.展开更多
The work refers to the foundations of the material world, in particular—to the field of quantum physics associated with the initial level—his fundamental physical constants and elementary particles. The study of the...The work refers to the foundations of the material world, in particular—to the field of quantum physics associated with the initial level—his fundamental physical constants and elementary particles. The study of the initial levels of structuring of this formation is necessary for a better understanding of the foundations of the structure Universe. Therefore, the solution of these problems is an urgent and important task, to which the works of many scientists of the world are devoted, from ancient times to the present. However, these tasks have not yet been fully resolved. Their solution is the main goal and scientific novelty of the work performed. For this, <strong>research methods</strong> were used based on the general principles of deduction and movement from simple initial systems to more complex ones, which are substantiated by reliable physical laws. <strong>The research results</strong> are the choice and substantiation of the initial (zero) level of the material world and a system of fundamental physical constants and physical quantities found on their basis, which precede the 1st level—elementary particles. The problems of determining the wave parameters of the gravitational field and the unified of gravitational and electromagnetic fields of the Universe were solved only as a result of the transition to the zero level of the material world.展开更多
We calculate the properties of static strange stars using a quark model with chiral mass scaling. The results are characterized by a large maximum mass （-1.6 M⊙） and radius （-10km）. Together with a broad collecti...We calculate the properties of static strange stars using a quark model with chiral mass scaling. The results are characterized by a large maximum mass （-1.6 M⊙） and radius （-10km）. Together with a broad collection of modern neutron star models, we discuss some recent astrophysical observational data that could shed new light on the possible presence of strange quark matter in compact stars. We conclude that none of the present astrophysical observations can prove or confute the existence of strange stars.展开更多
One of the biggest unsolved problems in physics is the particle masses of all elementary particles which cannot be calculated accurately and predicted theoretically. In this paper, the unsolved problem of the particle...One of the biggest unsolved problems in physics is the particle masses of all elementary particles which cannot be calculated accurately and predicted theoretically. In this paper, the unsolved problem of the particle masses is solved by the accurate mass formulas which calculate accurately and predict theoretically the particle masses of all leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays (the knees-ankles-toe) by using only five known constants: the number (seven) of the extra spatial dimensions in the eleven-dimensional membrane, the mass of electron, the masses of Z and W bosons, and the fine structure constant. The calculated masses are in excellent agreements with the observed masses. For examples, the calculated masses of muon, top quark, pion, neutron, and the Higgs boson are 105.55 MeV, 175.4 GeV, 139.54 MeV, 939.43 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively, in excellent agreements with the observed 105.65 MeV, 173.3 GeV, 139.57 MeV, 939.27 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively. The mass formulas also calculate accurately the masses of the new particle at 750 GeV from the LHC and the new light boson at 17 MeV. The theoretical base of the accurate mass formulas is the periodic table of elementary particles. As the periodic table of elements is derived from atomic orbitals, the periodic table of elementary particles is derived from the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals. All elementary particles including leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays can be placed in the periodic table of elementary particles. The periodic table of elementary particles is based on the theory of everything as the computer simulation model of physical reality consisting of the mathematical computation, digital representation and selective retention components. The computer simulation model of physical reality provides the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals for the periodic table of elementary particles.展开更多
This research work is related to soliton solutions considered as models that can describe the complex configuration of elementary particles from the study of the interactions of their fields. It is interested in the i...This research work is related to soliton solutions considered as models that can describe the complex configuration of elementary particles from the study of the interactions of their fields. It is interested in the interaction of fields between two different elementary particles by expressing their physical properties. For that, we have obtained, exact static plane symmetric soliton-like solutions to the nonlinear equations of interacting electromagnetic and scalar fields taking into account the own gravitational field of elementary particles using the calibrated invariance function <i>P</i>(<i>I</i>). It has been proved that all solutions of the Einstein, nonlinear electromagnetic and scalar field equations are regular with the localized energy density. Moreover, the total charge of particles is finite and the total energy of the interaction fields is bounded. It have been emphasized the importance to the own gravitational field of elementary particles and the role of the nonlinearity of fields in the determination of these solutions. In flat space-time, soliton-like solutions exist but the total energy of the interaction fields is equal to zero. We have also shown that in the linear case, soliton-like solutions are absent.展开更多
文摘Present studies in physics assume that elementary particles are the building blocks of all matter, and that they are zero-dimensional objects which do not occupy space. The new I-Theory predicts that elementary particles do indeed have a substructure, three dimensions, and occupy space, being composed of fundamental particles called I-particles. In this article we identify the substructural pattern of elementary particles and define the quanta of energy that form each elementary particle. We demonstrate that the substructure comprises two classes of quanta which we call “attraction quanta” and “repulsion quanta”. We create a model that defines the rest-mass energy of each elementary particle and can predict new particles. Lastly, in order to incorporate this knowledge into the contemporary models of science, a revised periodic table is proposed.
文摘The uncertainty principle is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics, but its exact mathematical expression cannot obtain correct results when used to solve theoretical problems such as the energy levels of hydrogen atoms, one-dimensional deep potential wells, one-dimensional harmonic oscillators, and double-slit experiments. Even after approximate treatment, the results obtained are not completely consistent with those obtained by solving Schrödinger’s equation. This indicates that further research on the uncertainty principle is necessary. Therefore, using the de Broglie matter wave hypothesis, we quantize the action of an elementary particle in natural coordinates and obtain the quantization condition and a new deterministic relation. Using this quantization condition, we obtain the energy level formulas of an elementary particle in different conditions in a classical way that is completely consistent with the results obtained by solving Schrödinger’s equation. A new physical interpretation is given for the particle eigenfunction independence of probability for an elementary particle: an elementary particle is in a particle state at the space-time point where the action is quantized, and in a wave state in the rest of the space-time region. The space-time points of particle nature and the wave regions of particle motion constitute the continuous trajectory of particle motion. When an elementary particle is in a particle state, it is localized, whereas in the wave state region, it is nonlocalized.
文摘We justify and extend the standard model of elementary particle physics by generalizing the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. The usual assumption that space and time are continuous implies, indeed, that it should be possible to measure arbitrarily small intervals of space and time, but we ignore if that is true or not. It is thus more realistic to consider an extremely small “quantum of length” of yet unknown value <em>a</em>. It is only required to be a universal constant for all inertial frames, like<em> c</em> and <em>h</em>. This yields a logically consistent theory and accounts for elementary particles by means of four new quantum numbers. They define “particle states” in terms of modulations of wave functions at the smallest possible scale in space-time. The resulting classification of elementary particles accounts also for dark matter. Antiparticles are redefined, without needing negative energy states and recently observed “anomalies” can be explained.
文摘The underlying rules for a natural system describing cellular automata are simple, but produce highly complex behavior. A mathematical basis for the spectra of discrete coherent and non-coherent electromagnetic (EM) frequencies was derived, in which the algorithm exhibits an information distribution according to ratios of 2:3 in 1:2 at a semi-harmonic manner. This generalized music (GM) model shows that energy both in elementary particles and animate systems is semi-harmonic, quantized and discrete. A support for an ontological basis of the Standard Model was found, and indicates that the GM-model underlies the quantum field theory of subatomic particles. The present theory combines quantum mechanics and classical periodic systems, obeys to locality and solves the “hidden variable theory of Bohm”. The discovered pattern of electromagnetic field eigenvalues, within a broad range of discrete frequencies, points at a de Broglie/Bohm type of causal interpretation of quantum mechanics, implying an integral resonant pilot-wave/particle modality. The model has been substantiated by a meta-analysis of measured discrete energies of: 37 different Elementary Particles, 45 different EPR-measurements, zero-point energies of elements and about 450 electromagnetic wave frequencies of cells with a mean accuracy of 0.58%. It has been shown that the GM-scale is frequency-locked with zero-point oscillations, and thereby evidently implies involvement of entanglement.
文摘The nature and origin of the photon and elementary rest masses are some of the challeng-ing problems that physics face. The approaches used to solve these problems are complex and time-consuming. Specifically, the photon rest mass pays attention to theoretical physi-cists. Many experimental works show that the photon rest mass is non zero. This problem can be solved using generalized potential dependent special relativity, which has been de-rived using simple arguments, and Maxwell’s equations, besides the conventional Einstein energy-momentum relation. The results obtained show that the rest mass of photons and elementary particles are strongly dependent on the vacuum energy and a universal con-stant. This result conforms with the models that predict time decaying vacuum energy as-sociated with production of smaller rest mass particles followed by larger masses. The two potential dependent mass expressions conform with the cosmological models that suggest the photon is generated first by assuming the universe consisting of total constant vacuum with decaying cosmological part and mass generating part. Using Maxwell’s equations, beside plank and De Broglie hypothesis together with special relativity energy-momentum relation the photon rest mass is estimated. It was shown that the photon rest mass is ex-tremely small compared to the electron mass.
文摘The equations of motion of physical bodies are given, the characteristic parameters of which become the basis for determining a fundamental property of all matter—“mass”. The equations of motion are characterized by two constants, the derivative of one of which is the fine structure constant. Using these constants, energy scales are compiled, which are the basis for classifying particles by mass.
文摘This article presents the hypothesis that the vacuum is endowed with a quantum structure;the vacuum particles would be Friedmann-Planck micro-universes. For this, the article introduces a quantization of a closed Friedmann universe, then a quantization of the photon spheres filling this universe. This approach gives a numerical value consistent with cosmological measurements for the current dark energy density of our Universe. Next, the article takes the content of a model published in Physics Essays in 2013 [<a href="#ref1" target="_blank">1</a>], assuming that elementary particles are Schwarzschild photon spheres;these could be derived from the Friedmann photon spheres composing the vacuum particles. It is further recalled that the model presents a unified structure of elementary particles and allows us to calculate the value of the elementary electric charge as well as the mass of the elementary particles.
文摘This paper is presented in two parts. The first part provides a glimpse of the long-awaited unified theory, which explains the parallel activation of different levels of the universe: intellectual (humans), psychological (animals), biological (vegetation), physical (matter), and cosmological (energies) levels, whereas in the conventional approach, the physical and cosmological levels are grouped into the same category. This paper explains the evolution and structure of elementary physical particles (EPPs) based on the evolution and structure of elementary biological particles (cells). The second part of the paper explains the structure and ingredients of the PPE, which are responsible for the creation of the following four fields, as suggested by the author: visibility, forcibility (magnetism), the fullness field, and the hollowness field. All these fields comprise different unknown cosmological substances. These cosmological fields are present in all physical entities and are responsible for all kinds of physical activations. Finally, the paper explains the evolution of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic fields, gravitation, and repulsion (repulsive gravitation). The theory is consistent with all previously conducted experiments and systematically unfolds several mysteries, thereby demonstrating the validity of the proposed theory.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF0503304,2020YFC2201600,2018YFA0404504 and 2018YFA0404601)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2020SKA0110402,2020SKA0110401 and 2020SKA0110100)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11890691,12205388 and 12220101003)the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-061,YSBR-092)the China Manned Space Project with No.CMS-CSST-2021(A02,A03 and B01)the Major Key Project of PCLthe 111 project(B20019)。
文摘We investigate the impact of inelastic collisions between dark matter(DM)and heavy cosmic ray(CR)nuclei on CR propagation.We approximate the fragmentation cross-sections for DM-CR collisions using collider-measured proton-nuclei scattering cross-sections,allowing us to assess how these collisions affect the spectra of CR boron and carbon.We derive new CR spectra from DM-CR collisions by incorporating their cross-sections into the source terms and solving the diffusion equation for the complete network of reactions involved in generating secondary species.In a specific example with a coupling strength of b_(χ)=0.1 and a DM mass of m_(χ)=0.1 GeV,considering a simplified scenario where DM interacts exclusively with oxygen,a notable modification in the boron-to-carbon spectrum due to the DM-CR interaction is observed.Particularly,the peak within the spectrum,spanning from 0.1 to 10 GeV,experiences an enhancement of approximately 1.5 times.However,in a more realistic scenario where DM particles interact with all CRs,this peak can be amplified to twice its original value.Utilizing the latest data from AMS-02 and DAMPE on the boron-to-carbon ratio,we estimate a 95%upper limit for the effective inelastic cross-section of DM-proton as a function of DM mass.Our findings reveal that at m_(χ)?2 MeV,the effective inelastic cross-section between DM and protons must be less than O(10^(-32))cm^(2).
文摘This paper suggests explanations for otherwise seemingly unexplained data about elementary particles and cosmology. The explanations have bases in coordinate-based modeling and in integer-based characterizations for some catalogs. One catalog features properties—including charge, mass, and angular momentum—of objects. Another catalog features all known and some possible elementary particles. Assumptions include that multipole-expansion mathematics has uses regarding long-range interactions, such as gravity, and that nature includes six isomers of all elementary particles other than long-range-interaction bosons. One isomer associates with ordinary matter. Five isomers are associated with dark matter. Multipole notions help explain large-scale aspects such as the rate of expansion of the universe.
文摘Although the standard model provides a suitable pattern based on observable experimental data, it cannot explain dark matter, gravitation, the structural nature of the fundamental particles, and charges. In this paper, a new theory about the nature of charges, particles and proposed structures for atoms were presented. This theory explains how an ideal quantum fluid (IQF) including hypothetical dark matter or fundamental elementary particles (FEPs) can produce the building blocks of matter. This theory describes quadruple blocks with two types of independent charges that can create different characteristics for these building blocks. Quadruple blocks have similarities and differences with the fundamental particles in standard model. This theory also explains the possible mechanism of creation the next generation of particles such as protons and neutrons.
文摘This paper is an addendum to the article <span style="font-family:Verdana;">“</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">On the Evolution of Approaches to the Space- Time Symmetry</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">”</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, Natural Science, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 81-84, 2018. The analysis is based on the Galileo</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">’</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s postulate that all inertial reference frames are equal. The postulate results immediately in the absolute speed limit, which is identical for all bodies in all reference frames. Two kinds of elementary particles are admitted: unhurried and restless ones (ex-emplified, accordingly, with electrons and photons). Any particle may be treated as wave packet, the particle mass and momentum depending on the reference frame. Thus, space-time-sym- metry is the natural background for the relativistic and quantum theo-ries.</span>
基金supported,in part,by the VEGA—the Slovak Grant Agency for Science,grant No.2/0031/14by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No.APVV-0158-11.
文摘When the electrically charged elementary particles of “normal” matter like protons and electrons mutually interact, their masses interact gravitationally and charge electrically. There is no interaction between the mass of one and charge of other particle. In this paper, we describe a prediction of the existence of a “pseudo-charge” of the same size as the common elementary electric charge, which seems to be possessed by neutrinos. If the prediction is relevant to the reality, the pseudo-charge interacts with the mass of normal particle in the interaction between this particle and neutrino. Consequently, the cross-section in a collision between neutrino and particle of normal matter is many orders of magnitude lower than that in the mutual collisions of normal-matter particles. However, the pseudo-charge of one neutrino interacts with the pseudo-charge of other neutrino in a mutual interaction of neutrinos and, consequently, their collisional cross-section is predicted to be again relatively large, essentially the same as that in, e.g., electron-electron collisions. We propose an experimental verification of the possible existence of neutrinic pseudo-charge with the help of two mutually crossing neutrino beams.
文摘The Standard Model is the theory of Physics that describes the elementary particles of matter and the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions, between them. The theory of the Standard Model does not include the description of the gravitational interactions. It is a very well founded theory that has predicted many experimental results, such as the existence of many particles and has withstood many experimental tests. The key missing piece of the theory to fill in was the Higgs boson, whose existence was reasonably suspected and confirmed by CERN’s ATLAS and CMS experiments in 2012. The current synthesis of the theory was completed in the mid-1970s, after the experimental confirmation of the existence of the quarks, and then confirmed, with the discovery of the Higgs boson, in 2012. All these, are according to the established views of science. But according to the opinions of many scientists, opinions with which I as the author of this paper agree, the theory of the Standard Model is a wrong theory because, while it makes some successful predictions, it does not answer to a number of many other questions that it should answer for its final establishment. Specifically and according to established views, the theory cannot explain the existence of dark matter and dark energy, the behavior of neutrinos and the existence of particles with very different masses. It is also questionable whether the Higgs boson, discovered in the ATLAS experiment is actually the particle that contributes to the creation of the mass of the elementary particles of matter, and whether the Higgs mechanism is theoretically a correct mechanism. There is doubt if the interactions, actually be created by the exchange of bosons? If bosons are really exist? And not any convincing explanation is given by the theory, for the case that, the bosons exist as particles, where were they found? And how do they work? For replace, or fill the void will be left by the theory of the Standard Model, which I believe sooner or later will be renewed or retired, I propose a New Model that more convincingly describes the elementary components of matter and the interactions between them. The New Model also addresses all the weak points of the theory of the Standard Model, including the interaction of gravity. But the main feature of the New Model, which will surprise you! Is its reliability, correctness, logic and simplicity. But this is something you will judge after studying the New Model.
文摘This paper explains the absorption of an electromagnetic wave within a physical body. We provide a description of how an elementary physical particle absorbs electromagnetic waves within its structure and, after absorption, how this particle keeps it in memory and emits it. This absorption is like the eating of cosmological food by physical entities. This paper proposes that the universe is comprised of cosmological, physical, biological, psychological, and intellectual worlds that all follow parallel laws within their referred science. The paper creates a model of the elementary physical particle (EPP) using the parallel logic of the biological DNA model. This model is capable of explaining the emission, absorption, and memorization of physical signals. Several cosmological mysteries, like the interconvertibility of electric and magnetic fields, attraction, repulsion, space fabric, etc., unfold while disclosing the absorption and emission processes. The philosophical correctness of this paper is validated through the unification of multidisciplinary aspects, and its scientific correctness is validated by its logical consistency with the results of well-known experiments. The theory clarifies the “cause” within nature, and by analyzing the “effects”, we can reach new realities of the cosmological world.
文摘The laws of conservation of energy, linear momentum. and angular momentum of a system form a closed unit according to Noether's theorem. A generalization of these laws (including spin) for elementary par- ticles taking into account the states of negative energies of the Dirac vacuum is given. A new interpretation of the β-decay of nuclei without neutrinos. using interactions with Dirac's anti-world is discussed, which ex- plains all characteristics of the β-continuum. A quantum-electrodynamic theory of β-decay is presented in which Fermi's constant g of weak interactions is determined from first principles (without neutrinos). The lat- ter is an expression of e, h, c, m, M, and R, i.e., g is not an independent constant of physics nor is it necessa- ry to measure it.
文摘The work refers to the foundations of the material world, in particular—to the field of quantum physics associated with the initial level—his fundamental physical constants and elementary particles. The study of the initial levels of structuring of this formation is necessary for a better understanding of the foundations of the structure Universe. Therefore, the solution of these problems is an urgent and important task, to which the works of many scientists of the world are devoted, from ancient times to the present. However, these tasks have not yet been fully resolved. Their solution is the main goal and scientific novelty of the work performed. For this, <strong>research methods</strong> were used based on the general principles of deduction and movement from simple initial systems to more complex ones, which are substantiated by reliable physical laws. <strong>The research results</strong> are the choice and substantiation of the initial (zero) level of the material world and a system of fundamental physical constants and physical quantities found on their basis, which precede the 1st level—elementary particles. The problems of determining the wave parameters of the gravitational field and the unified of gravitational and electromagnetic fields of the Universe were solved only as a result of the transition to the zero level of the material world.
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB824800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10905048)the Youth Innovation Foundation of FujianProvince (Grant No. 2009J05013)
文摘We calculate the properties of static strange stars using a quark model with chiral mass scaling. The results are characterized by a large maximum mass （-1.6 M⊙） and radius （-10km）. Together with a broad collection of modern neutron star models, we discuss some recent astrophysical observational data that could shed new light on the possible presence of strange quark matter in compact stars. We conclude that none of the present astrophysical observations can prove or confute the existence of strange stars.
文摘One of the biggest unsolved problems in physics is the particle masses of all elementary particles which cannot be calculated accurately and predicted theoretically. In this paper, the unsolved problem of the particle masses is solved by the accurate mass formulas which calculate accurately and predict theoretically the particle masses of all leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays (the knees-ankles-toe) by using only five known constants: the number (seven) of the extra spatial dimensions in the eleven-dimensional membrane, the mass of electron, the masses of Z and W bosons, and the fine structure constant. The calculated masses are in excellent agreements with the observed masses. For examples, the calculated masses of muon, top quark, pion, neutron, and the Higgs boson are 105.55 MeV, 175.4 GeV, 139.54 MeV, 939.43 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively, in excellent agreements with the observed 105.65 MeV, 173.3 GeV, 139.57 MeV, 939.27 MeV, and 126 GeV, respectively. The mass formulas also calculate accurately the masses of the new particle at 750 GeV from the LHC and the new light boson at 17 MeV. The theoretical base of the accurate mass formulas is the periodic table of elementary particles. As the periodic table of elements is derived from atomic orbitals, the periodic table of elementary particles is derived from the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals. All elementary particles including leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and cosmic rays can be placed in the periodic table of elementary particles. The periodic table of elementary particles is based on the theory of everything as the computer simulation model of physical reality consisting of the mathematical computation, digital representation and selective retention components. The computer simulation model of physical reality provides the seven principal mass dimensional orbitals and seven auxiliary mass dimensional orbitals for the periodic table of elementary particles.
文摘This research work is related to soliton solutions considered as models that can describe the complex configuration of elementary particles from the study of the interactions of their fields. It is interested in the interaction of fields between two different elementary particles by expressing their physical properties. For that, we have obtained, exact static plane symmetric soliton-like solutions to the nonlinear equations of interacting electromagnetic and scalar fields taking into account the own gravitational field of elementary particles using the calibrated invariance function <i>P</i>(<i>I</i>). It has been proved that all solutions of the Einstein, nonlinear electromagnetic and scalar field equations are regular with the localized energy density. Moreover, the total charge of particles is finite and the total energy of the interaction fields is bounded. It have been emphasized the importance to the own gravitational field of elementary particles and the role of the nonlinearity of fields in the determination of these solutions. In flat space-time, soliton-like solutions exist but the total energy of the interaction fields is equal to zero. We have also shown that in the linear case, soliton-like solutions are absent.
