Objective:To evaluate the anticancer effect of ellagic acid on gastric cancer cells.Methods:MTT assay was used to evaluate the effect of ellagic acid at different concentrations(0.5-100μg/mL)on gastric cancer AGS cel...Objective:To evaluate the anticancer effect of ellagic acid on gastric cancer cells.Methods:MTT assay was used to evaluate the effect of ellagic acid at different concentrations(0.5-100μg/mL)on gastric cancer AGS cells.RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses were applied to assess apoptosis(BCL-2,CASP-3,and BAX)and autophagy(LC3,ATG5,and BECN1)in AGS cells treated with ellagic acid.The expression of invasion-related markers including TP53,CDKN2A,and PTEN was determined.In addition,cell cycle markers including cyclin A,B,D,and E were measured by ELISA.Oxidative stress markers were evaluated using spectrophotometry.Results:Ellagic acid inhibited the proliferation of AGS cells in a concentration-and time-dependent manner.The expression of BCL-2 was significantly decreased(P<0.05)and CASP-3 and BAX were markedly increased(P<0.01)in AGS cells treated with ellagic acid.However,this compound induced no significant changes in the expression levels of LC3,ATG5,and BECN1(P>0.05).Moreover,the oxidative stress markers including SOD,TAC,and MDA were increased by ellagic acid(P<0.01).Conclusions:Ellagic acid can inhibit cell proliferation,induce apoptosis,and modulate oxidative stress in AGS cells.However,further in vivo and molecular studies are needed to verify its anticancer efficacy.展开更多
Ellagic acid(EA)is a natural antioxidant,widely present in a lot of forms’soft fruits,nuts,and other plant tissues,and helpful for promoting human health;however,its protective effect on postharvest fruit and improvi...Ellagic acid(EA)is a natural antioxidant,widely present in a lot of forms’soft fruits,nuts,and other plant tissues,and helpful for promoting human health;however,its protective effect on postharvest fruit and improving the quality index of postharvest fruit have rarely been studied.In this experiment,the strawberries were soaked in 0,100,200,300,400,and 500 mg L^(−1) EA,respectively,and the influential EA on fruit quality and the antioxidant system of strawberries were studied.Compared with the control,EA treatment can reduce the browning degree and rotting rate of strawberry fruit during storage and augment the soluble solid content(SSC).EA treatment can also increase the content of related stuff and enzyme activity in antioxidant systems;the gene expression level of polyphenol oxidase(PPO)in strawberries treated with EA was always down-regulated,correspondingly,the expression of other antioxidant enzyme genes was enhanced.Among the strawberry fruits treated with EA of different concentrations,300 mg L^(−1) EA had the best effect in the process of strawberry preservation.The results suggested that the proper concentration of exogenous EA at 300 mg L−1 could maintain strawberries’quality and enhance the antioxidant system by improving the activities of antioxidative enzymes and the ascorbateglutathione(AsA-GSH)cycle during storage.展开更多
De spite cisplatin has been widely used in the treatment of various cancers,the noteworthy nephrotoxicity greatly constrained its clinical value.For this reason,finding novel targeted therapies to attenuate the nephro...De spite cisplatin has been widely used in the treatment of various cancers,the noteworthy nephrotoxicity greatly constrained its clinical value.For this reason,finding novel targeted therapies to attenuate the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin should be pretty significant.Our previous study found that histone deacetylase sirtuin 6(SIRT6)could be an ideal target for the treatment of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury.In this study,we explored the protective effects of ellagic acid,a natural polyphenol compound that activates SIRT6,on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.Pre-treatment of ellagic acid attenuated cytotoxicity of cisplatin in primary renal cells and TCMK-1 cells.Moreover,ellagic acid ameliorated renal dysfunction,apoptosis and fibrosis induced by cisplatin in mice.Furthermore,ellagic acid reduced nephrotoxicity-associated inflammatory factor interleukin(IL)-1βand IL-6 expression both in vitro and in vivo.Mechanistically,ellagic acid reversed cisplatin-reduced SIRT6 expression and diminished cisplatin-induced tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αexpression.And SIRT6 knockdown abrogated the protective effects of ellagic acid on cisplatin-induced cell apoptosis,indicating the renal-protective effects of ellagic acid are mainly dependent on ellagic acid-mediated SIRT6 activation.Our results provide preclinical rationale for using ellagic acid as a feasible and promising agent to ameliorate cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury,and support ellagic acid as a potential adjunctive therapy for future cancer treatment.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the optimal condition for extrac- tion of ellagic acid from pomegranate peels. [Method] With ellagic acid yield as an indicator, ultrasound extraction method was adopted to ...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the optimal condition for extrac- tion of ellagic acid from pomegranate peels. [Method] With ellagic acid yield as an indicator, ultrasound extraction method was adopted to extract the ellagic acid from pomegranate peels, and the concentration of ellagic acid was measured by using ul- traviolet spectrophotometry; L9（34） orthogonal experiment was designed with four fac- tors at three levels, to investigate the effect of extraction temperature, extraction du- ration, solid-liquid ratio and ultrasound power on extraction rate of ellagic acid. [Re- sult] The optimal extraction condition for ellagic acid is extraction temperature of 30 ~C, solid-liquid ratio of 1：200, extraction duration of 20 min, and ultrasound power of 50 W. The relationship between primary and secondary factors affecting experimental indicators was solid-liquid ratio 〉 extraction duration 〉 ultrasound power 〉 extraction temperature. [Conclusion] Solid-liquid ratio has the maximum effect on extraction rate of ellagic acid. The ellagic acid extraction technology identified in this study is rea- sonable and feasible.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the effect of allagic acid treatment on the cell viability of human prostate cancer cells.Methods:Ellagic acid(10-100 mol/L) treatment(48 h) of human prostate carcinoma PC3 cells was found to res...Objective:To evaluate the effect of allagic acid treatment on the cell viability of human prostate cancer cells.Methods:Ellagic acid(10-100 mol/L) treatment(48 h) of human prostate carcinoma PC3 cells was found to result in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth and apoptosis of PC3 cells as assessed by MTT assay,western blotting.flow cytometry and confocal microscopy.Results:We observed that ellagic acid treatment of PC3 cells resulted in a dose dependent inhibition of cell growth/cell viability.This ellagic acid caused cell growth inhibition was found to be accompanied by induction of apoptosis,as assessed by the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase(PARP) and morphological changes.Further,induction of apoptosis accompanied a decrease in the levels of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and increase in proapoptotic protein Bax.thus shifting the Bax:Bcl-2 ratio in favor of apoptosis.Ellagic acid treatment of PC3 cells was also found to result in significant activation of caspases,as shown by the dose dependent decrease in the protein expression of procaspase-3,-6.-8 and -9.This ellagic acid-mediated induction of apoptosis was significantly(80%-90%) inhibited by the caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone(Z-VAD-FMK).Thus these data suggested an essential role of caspases in ellagic acid-mediated apoptosis of PC3 cells.Conclusions:It is tempting to suggest that consumption of tropical pigmented fruits and vegetables could be an effective strategy to combat prostate cancer.展开更多
AIM： To determine the effect of ellagic acid on apoptosis and proliferation in pancreatic cancer cells and to determine the mechanism of the pro-survival effects of ellagic acid.METHODS： The effect of ellagic acid o...AIM： To determine the effect of ellagic acid on apoptosis and proliferation in pancreatic cancer cells and to determine the mechanism of the pro-survival effects of ellagic acid.METHODS： The effect of ellagic acid on apoptosis was assessed by measuring Phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA fragmentation; and proliferation by measuring DNA thymidine incorporation. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured in permeabilized cells, and in isolated mitochondria. Nuclear factor κB （NF-κB） activity was measured by electromobility shift assay （EMSA）. RESULTS： We show that ellagic acid, a polyphenolic compound in fruits and berries, at concentrations 10 to 50 mmol/L stimulates apoptosis in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Further, ellagic acid decreases proliferation by up to 20-fold at 50 mmol/L. Ellagic acid stimulates the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis associated with mitochondrial depolarization, cytochrome C release, and the downstream caspase activation. Ellagic acid does not directly affect mitochondria. Ellagic acid dose-dependently decreased NF-κB binding activity. Furthermore, inhibition of NF-κB activity using IkB wild type plasmid prevented the effect of ellagic acid on apoptosis. CONCLUSION： Our data indicate that ellagic acid stimulates apoptosis through inhibition of the prosurvival transcription factor NF-κB.展开更多
Pomegranates is abundant in polyphenols and is well-known for its antioxidant activity. Punicalagin （PG） is a major poly- phenolic compound in the pomegranate peel. In certain conditions, PG can be hydrolyzed to pun...Pomegranates is abundant in polyphenols and is well-known for its antioxidant activity. Punicalagin （PG） is a major poly- phenolic compound in the pomegranate peel. In certain conditions, PG can be hydrolyzed to punicallin （PL） and ellagic acid （EA）, and PL can be further hydrolyzed to EA. PG, PL, and EA all play important roles in the antioxidant activity of pomegranate peels. This study was conducted to compare the in vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo anti-oxidative stress effects of PG, PL, and EA. For the in vitro test, 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl radical （DPPH.） and superoxide anion （O2~） scavenging capacities, ferric-reducing antioxidant power （FRAP）, and lipid peroxidation （LPO） inhibition capacities of PG, PL, and EA were tested. For the in vivo test, oxidatively stressed mice, which were induced by oxidized fish oil, were administrated PG, PL or EA （10 mg kg-1 d-1） for 21 days. The results showed that the in vitro antioxidant activity trends were EA〉PG〉PL〉Trolox in scavenging DPPH., PG〉PL〉EA=Trolox in scavenging O2~, EA〉PG=PL〉Trolox in FRAP, and Trolox〉PG〉EA〉PL in LPO inhibition. In the in vivo test, the EAt＇reatment increased the average daily weight gain and total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC） in the plasma （P〈0.05）, liver （P〈0.05）, and intestine （P〈0.05） in oxidatively stressed mice. It increased the superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity in the liver （P〈0.05） and intestine （P〈0.05）. It increased the glutathi- one peroxidase （GSH-Px） activity in the intestine （P〈0.05） and the intestinal villus height to crypt depth ratio （P〈0.05）. EA treatment decreased the malondialdehyde （MDA） content in the plasma （P〈0.05）, liver （P〈0.05）, and intestine （P〈0.05） and the mRNA expressions of the pro-inflammatory factors, TNF-a （P〈0.05）, IFN-y （P〈0.05） and IL-6 （P〈0.05）. PL increased the SOD （P〈0.05） and GSH-Px activities （P〈0.05） in the intestine and decreased the MDA content （P〈0.05） and the mRNA expressions of TNF-a （P〈0.05） and IL-6 （P〈0.05） in the intestine. PG increased the SOD activity （P〈0.05） and GSH-Px activity （P〈0.05） in the intestine and decreased the MDA content in the intestine （P〈0.05） and IL-6 mRNA expression in the intestine （P〈0.05）. In summary, EA, PL, and PG all had powerful in vitro antioxidant capacities, and they had different antioxidant advantages in acting against different types of radicals; EA was more effective than PL and PG in protecting against oxidative injury in vivo, especially for intestinal injury. These findings suggest that multiple polyphenol compounds in pomegranate peel may exert superior antioxidant activity than single purified polyphenols; when using pomegranate peels as health-promoting additive in animal feed, raising EA content by methods of hydrolysis or fermentation in advance could achieve better effects.展开更多
BACKGROUND Aceclofenac(ACF),a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug,has been associated with a number of severe cases of clinical hepatotoxicity.Terminalia bellirica,an evergreen tree,is known to have severa...BACKGROUND Aceclofenac(ACF),a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug,has been associated with a number of severe cases of clinical hepatotoxicity.Terminalia bellirica,an evergreen tree,is known to have several ethnomedicinal uses including antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects.Hence T.bellirica fruit extracts and its phytoconstituent ellagic acid(EA)are expected to provide protection against oxidative stress and liver damage produced by long-term use of ACF.AIM To evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of T.bellirica fruit extracts and EA against ACF-induced toxicity in albino Wistar rats.METHODS The in vitro antioxidant activities of T.bellirica fruit ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts were measured by metal ion chelation and nitric oxide radical scavenging assays.The in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of T.bellirica extracts(200 mg/kg)and EA(40 mg/kg)in ACF-induced hepatotoxic rats were assessed in serum and liver tissue after oral administration for 21 d.Silymarin(40 mg/kg)was used as a standard control.Oxidative stress markers in the blood(ferric reducing ability of plasma and lipid peroxidation inhibition)and liver tissues(superoxide dismutase,catalase and malondialdehyde)were analyzed using standard protocols.Liver function markers such as alkaline phosphatase,glutamic pyruvic transaminase,glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase,lactate dehydrogenase,γ-glutamyl transferase,creatinine,total protein,and uric acid were evaluated in rat serum.RESULTS The T.bellirica fruit ethyl acetate extract exhibited superior metal ion chelating and nitric oxide radical scavenging abilities during in vitro antioxidant assays as compared to aqueous extracts.Oral administration of ACF in rats(15 mg/kg)for 21 d produced oxidative stress and adversely affected liver function suggesting liver injury.Treatment with extracts(ethyl acetate and aqueous),EA and silymarin accounted for a significant reduction in the adverse effects of ACF on oxidative stress and liver function markers in serum and hepatic tissue in rats.Histopathological evaluation of the liver indicated that the extracts and EA significantly decreased the degree of liver damage.The in vivo efficacy of EA was higher than T.bellirica fruit extracts.Of these extracts,ethyl acetate extract revealed comparatively better antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity.CONCLUSION Ellagic acid and T.bellirica fruit extracts exhibited considerable hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities in long-term ACF-treated rats.展开更多
Background: Subclinical necrotic enteritis(SNE), a common intestinal disease of broiler caused by Clostridium perfringens, could reduce production performance of broilers by chronic intestinal damage and poor absorpti...Background: Subclinical necrotic enteritis(SNE), a common intestinal disease of broiler caused by Clostridium perfringens, could reduce production performance of broilers by chronic intestinal damage and poor absorption of nutrients. Ellagic acid(EA) has been reported to present antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties on human and animals in many aspects. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect and mechanism of EA in relieving SNE in broilers induced by C. perfringens.Results: C. perfringens challenge decreased body weight(BW), average daily gain(ADG), jejunal villi height/crypt depth(V/C) ratio, the activity of catalase(CAT) and the mRNA expression of zonula occludens 1(ZO-1) in jejunal mucosa of broilers. While feed conversion ratios(FCR), jejunal crypt depth(CD), the activities of myeloperoxidase(MPO) and diamine oxidase(DAO), as well as the concentrations of interleukin 6(IL-6), C-reactive protein(CRP) and procalcitonin(PCT) in serum, the activities of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and lysozyme(LZM), the concentration of malondialdehyde(MDA), and the mRNA expressions of claudin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR-4, TLR-2, NF-κB,JAK3, STAT6 and iNOS in jejunal mucosa of broilers were increased by C. perfringens challenge. Dietary EA supplement relieved these adverse effects, and heightened jejunal villi height(VH), the concentration of D-xylose in plasma, activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), and the mRNA expression of occludin in jejunal mucosa of broilers.The alpha diversity of cecal microbiota indicated that dietary EA supplement increased observed species and Shannon index. C. perfringens challenge increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and decreased the relative abundance of Desulfobacterota in cecal microbiota. EA increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes in cecal microbiota. LEfSe analysis showed that C. perfringens challenge triggered the imbalance of cecal microbiota in broilers, dietary EA supplementation led to a small beneficial effect on microbiota, while the simultaneous effect of them seemed to stimulate the immune function of broilers by improving the microbiota balance.Conclusions: Dietary EA ameliorated C. perfringens-induced SNE in broilers via regulating jejunal inflammation signaling pathways TLR/NF-κB and JAK3/STAT6, relieving jejunal oxidative stress and balancing cecal microbiota to inhibit intestinal barrier damage, prevent systemic inflammatory response and improve nutrient absorption capacity,finally protect and enhance growth performance of broilers.展开更多
AIM：To compare the potential protective effects of epigallocatechin gallate（EGCG） and ellagic acid（EA） in an experimental cataract model.●METHODS：Twenty-eight Spraque-Dawley rat pups were assigned into four gro...AIM：To compare the potential protective effects of epigallocatechin gallate（EGCG） and ellagic acid（EA） in an experimental cataract model.●METHODS：Twenty-eight Spraque-Dawley rat pups were assigned into four groups.All the rats,except for those in the control group,were injected subcutaneously sodium selenite to induce experimental cataract on the postpartum ninth day,and between 10 th and 14 th days.Rats in the sham,EGCG,and EA groups were intraperitoneally administered 50 mg/（kg·d） saline solution,50 mg/（kg·d） EGCG and 200 mg/（kg·d） EA,respectively.The reduced glutathione（GSH） and malondialdehyde（MDA） levels,total antioxidant status（TAS） and total oxidant status（TOS） in lens supernatants were measured.RESULTS：The mean cataract gradings in EGCG and EA groups were found to be significantly lower than that in sham group（P〈0.001）.The mean GSH levels and TASs in EGCG and EA groups were significantly higher than that in sham group while mean MDA levels and TOSs in EGCG and EA groups were significantly lower than that in the sham group（P〈0.001）.CONCLUSION：EGCG and EA have protective effects on cataract development via the inhibition of oxidative stress.展开更多
Objective To establish and evaluate a hypercoagulable animal model for the assessment of anticoagulants. Methods Forty mice, thirty-two rats, and twenty-four rabbits were randomly and equally divided into control grou...Objective To establish and evaluate a hypercoagulable animal model for the assessment of anticoagulants. Methods Forty mice, thirty-two rats, and twenty-four rabbits were randomly and equally divided into control group (saline) and three ellagic acid (EA)-treated groups (low, middle, and high doses). In the mice, bleeding time (BT) was estimated with tail transaction, and clotting time (CT) with template method. Prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in rats and rabbits were measured by means of Quick's one-stage assay and modified APTT assay respectively. In addition, thrombin activity was estimated in rats with PT assay using a hemagglutination analyzer. The circulating platelet aggregates were de- tected in rabbits through platelet counting and presented as the circulating platelet aggregate ratio (CPAR). Results EA shortened BT and CT in mice, PT and APTT in rats, and increased thrombin activity and CPAR, all in a dose-dependent manner. EA also brought reduction of PT and APTT in rabbits in dose- and time-dependent manners. Conclusion EA could induce hypercoagulable state through activating coagulation system and platelets in mice, rats, and rabbits.展开更多
This study aimed to develop niosomes of ellagic acid(EA),a potent antioxidant phytochemical substance,for dermal delivery and to investigate the influence of chemical penetration enhancers on the physicochemical prope...This study aimed to develop niosomes of ellagic acid(EA),a potent antioxidant phytochemical substance,for dermal delivery and to investigate the influence of chemical penetration enhancers on the physicochemical properties of EA-loaded niosomes.The EA niosomes were prepared by reverse phase evaporation method using Span 60,Tween 60 and cholesterol as vesicle forming agents and Solulan C24 as a steric stabilizer.Polyethylene glycol 400(PEG)was used as a solubilizer while dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)or Nmethyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP)was used as a skin penetration enhancer.It was found that the mean particle sizes of EA-loaded niosomes were in the range of 312e402 nm with PI values of lower than 0.4.The niosomes were determined to be spherical multilamellar vesicles as observed by transmission electron microscope and optical microscopy.All niosomes were stable after 4 months storage at 4C.In vitro skin permeation through human epidermis revealed that the skin enhancers affected the penetration of EA from the niosomes at 24 h.The DMSO niosomes showed the highest EA amount in epidermis;whereas the NMP niosomes had the highest EA amount in the acceptor medium.Concomitantly,the skin distribution by confocal laser scanning microscopy showed the high fluorescence intensity of the DMSO niosomes and NMP niosomes at a penetration depth of between 30e90 mm(the epidermis layer)and 90e120 mm(the dermis layer)under the skin,respectively.From the results,it can be concluded that the DMSO niosomes are suitable for epidermis delivery of EA while the NMP niosomes can be used for dermis delivery of EA.展开更多
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Cancer treatments by chemotherapeutic agents, surgery, and radiation have not been highly effective in reducing the incidence of cancers and increasing the survival rate o...Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Cancer treatments by chemotherapeutic agents, surgery, and radiation have not been highly effective in reducing the incidence of cancers and increasing the survival rate of cancer patients. In recent years, plant-derived compounds have attracted considerable attention as alternative cancer remedies for enhancing cancer prevention and treatment because of their low toxicities, low costs, and low side effects. Ellagic acid(EA) is a natural phenolic constituent. Recent in vitro and in vivo experiments have revealed that EA elicits anticarcinogenic effects by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, breaking DNA binding to carcinogens, blocking virus infection, and disturbing inflammation, angiogenesis, and drug-resistance processes required for tumor growth and metastasis. This review enumerates the anticarcinogenic actions and mechanisms of EA. It also discusses future directions on the applications of EA.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Astroglia support neurons by providing substrates for neuronal metabolism, glutamate clearance and anti-oxidant protection. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2) is the main switch of intracellul...OBJECTIVE Astroglia support neurons by providing substrates for neuronal metabolism, glutamate clearance and anti-oxidant protection. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2) is the main switch of intracellular antioxidant defense system. Also, Nrf2 signaling is recognized to activate the neurotrophic pathway to replace/protect damaged organelles. Ellagic acid(EA), an excretion component of fruits and nuts, displays anti-oxidant, cardioprotective and antiinflammatory activities. However, few studies have been focused on the neurotrophic properties of EA. Our study investigated whether EA could enhance astroglia neurotrophic effects to support neurons and the underlying mechanisms as well. METHODS Primary neuron-enriched cultures, primary astroglia-enriched cultures and primary neuron-astroglia co-cultures were applied to detect whether pharmacological regulation of astroglia function by EA could be utilized to overcome neuronal death. RESULTS This study indicated that EA promoted neuronal survival. Furtherly, astroglia Nrf2 participate in EA-elicited neuronal survival with the following scenarios. First, EA induced astroglia proliferation, neurotrophic factors release and Nrf2 activation. Second, astroglia-targeted Nrf2 si RNA inhibited EA-mediated astrogliosis,neurotrophic factors excretion and neuronal survival. CONCLUSION EA mediated astroglia Nrf2 activation to enhanced neurotrophic effects on neurons, and these findings might provide new strategies for neurotrophic factor-based treatment of neurodegenerative disease.展开更多
Vidangadi churna is a popular Ayurvedic formulation described in the chapter Krimicikitsa of the Ayurvedic literature Cakradatta for the treatment of Krimiroga. The preparation is a composite mixture of the fine powde...Vidangadi churna is a popular Ayurvedic formulation described in the chapter Krimicikitsa of the Ayurvedic literature Cakradatta for the treatment of Krimiroga. The preparation is a composite mixture of the fine powder of fruits of Vidang （Embelia ribs）, glandular trichomes of the fruits of Kamala （Mallotus philippensis）, mature fruits of Harde （Terminalia chehula）, Saindhava and Yavakshara. The use of reversed phase C18 column eluted with gradient mobile phase of acetonitrile and water enabled the efficient separation of the chemical markers in 22 rain. Validation of the method was performed in order to demonstrate its selectivity, accuracy, precision, repeatability and recovery. All calibration curves showed good linear correlation coefficients （r2〉0.995） within the tested ranges. Three markers in Vidangadi churna were quantitied with respect to Embelin （0.647%, w/w）, Rottlerin （4.419%, w/w）, and Ellagic acid （0.459%, w/w）. lntraand inter-day RSDs of retention times and peak areas were less than 3.12%. The recoveries were between 99.66% and 102.33%. In conclusion, a method has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of three markers in Vidangadi churna. The RP-HPLC method was simple, precise and accurate and can be used for the quality control of the raw materials as well as formulations.展开更多
Ellagic acid （EA） has aroused great interest worldwide owing to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenetic properties. The EA content in pomegranate leaf was measured in this study using high perform...Ellagic acid （EA） has aroused great interest worldwide owing to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenetic properties. The EA content in pomegranate leaf was measured in this study using high performance liquid chromatography to investigate the effects of season, variety, and processing method on the EA level. The results show that the EA content in 11 varieties of pomegranate from the Zaozhuang region in China range from 1.30 mg · g^-1 to 6.46 mg · g^-1 of dry weight in five consecutive seasons from June to October. An analysis of variance （ANOVA） shows that the EA content is significantly dependent on the season （p〈0.05）. The EA content increases significantly during the growing season to the highest level in September and October. The effect of the leaf variety on the EA content is less significant than the season. The processing methods have different effects on the EA content. Soaking for 24 hours slightly increases the EA content （p〈0.05）. Heating at 80℃ or 100℃ for 1 h after soaking has little influence on the EA content, while slow-fired cooking at high temperature significantly elevates the EA content （p〈0.05）. To improve quality and stability, several parameters such as leaf collection time, slow-fired cooking, and cooking time should be strictly controlled during the processing of pomegranate leaf tea and its extract.展开更多
Intestinal oxidative stress triggers gut microbiota dysbiosis,which is involved in the etiology of postweaning diarrhea and enteric infections.Ellagic acid(EA)can potentially serve as an antioxidant supplement to faci...Intestinal oxidative stress triggers gut microbiota dysbiosis,which is involved in the etiology of postweaning diarrhea and enteric infections.Ellagic acid(EA)can potentially serve as an antioxidant supplement to facilitate weaning transition by improving intestinal oxidative stress and gut microbiota dysbiosis.Therefore,we aimed to investigate the effects of dietary EA supplementation on the attenuation of intestinal damage,oxidative stress,and dysbiosis of gut microbiota in weanling piglets.A total of126 piglets were randomly assigned into 3 groups and treated with a basal diet and 2 m L saline orally(Ctrl group),or the basal diet supplemented with 0.1%EA and 2 m L saline orally(EA group),or the basal diet and 2 m L fecal microbiota suspension from the EA group orally(FEA group),respectively,for 14 d.Compared with the Ctrl group,EA group improved growth performance by increasing average daily feed intake and average daily weight gain(P<0.05)and decreasing fecal scores(P<0.05).EA group also alleviated intestinal damage by increasing the tight junction protein occludin(P<0.05),villus height,and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio(P<0.05),while decreasing intestinal epithelial apoptosis(P<0.05).Additionally,EA group enhanced the jejunum antioxidant capacity by increasing the total antioxidant capacity(P<0.01),catalase(P<0.05),and glutathione/oxidized glutathione(P<0.05),but decreased the oxidative metabolite malondialdehyde(P<0.05)compared to the Ctrl group.Compared with the Ctrl group,EA and FEA groups increased alpha diversity(P<0.05),enriched beneficial bacteria(Ruminococcaceae and Clostridium ramosum),and increased metabolites short-chain fatty acids(P<0.05).Correspondingly,FEA group gained effects comparable to those of EA group on growth performance,intestinal damage,and intestinal antioxidant capacity.In addition,the relative abundance of bacteria shifted in EA and FEA groups was significantly related to the examined indices(P<0.05).Overall,dietary EA supplementation could improve growth performance and attenuate intestinal damage and oxidative stress by regulating the gut microbiota in weanling piglets.展开更多
Ellagic acid(EA)is one of the plant phenolics associated with human health benefits.It derives from ellagitannins found in some nuts,seeds,and fruits,especially berries.Strawberries are considered a functional food an...Ellagic acid(EA)is one of the plant phenolics associated with human health benefits.It derives from ellagitannins found in some nuts,seeds,and fruits,especially berries.Strawberries are considered a functional food and nutraceutical source,mainly because of their high concentration of EA and its precursors.This review presents the current state of knowledge regarding EA,focusing on its content in strawberry plants,stability during processing and storage of strawberry-based foods,production methods,and relevance to human health.As alternatives to acid-solvent extraction,fermentation-enzymatic bioprocesses hold great promises for more eco-efficient production of EA from plant materials.Strawberry fruits are generally rich in EA,with large variations depending on cultivar,growth conditions and maturity at harvest.High EA contents are also reported in strawberry achenes and leaves,and in wild strawberries.Strawberry postharvest storage,processing and subsequent storage can influence EA content.EA low concentration in strawberry juice and wine can be increased by incorporating pre-treated achenes.Widespread recognition of strawberries as functional foods is substantiated by evidence of EA biological effects,including antioxidant,antiinflammatory,antidiabetic,cardioprotective,neuroprotective,and prebiotic effects.The health benefits attributed to EA-rich foods are thought to involve various protective mechanisms at the cellular level.Dietary EA is converted by the intestinal microbiota to urolithins,which are better absorbed than EA and may contribute significantly to the health effects attributed to EA-rich foods.Based on the evidence available,strawberry EA shows strong promises for functional,nutraceutical,and pharmaceutical applications.Future research should be directed at quantifying EA in different parts of the strawberry plant and in their byproducts;optimizing EA production from byproducts;understanding the biological actions of EA-derived metabolites in vivo,including the interactions between EA metabolites,other substances and food/biological matrices;characterizing the conditions and microorganisms involved in urolithin production;and developing delivery systems that enhance EA functionality and bioactivity.展开更多
As one of fruit waste by-products,the pomegranate peel is rich in bioactive compounds such as ellagic acid.Ellagic acid and its main gut microbial metabolite urolithin B have been reported to exhibit numerous biologic...As one of fruit waste by-products,the pomegranate peel is rich in bioactive compounds such as ellagic acid.Ellagic acid and its main gut microbial metabolite urolithin B have been reported to exhibit numerous biological activities and widely used as dietary supplements in the past decades.Interaction of these two compounds to serum albumin(SA)might affect their metabolism,efficacy,and body distribution.The interaction of ellagic acid and urolithin B with SA was investigated and BSA interference on the anti-cancer activity of these two compounds was also evaluated.Results of spectra experiments showed that ellagic acid and urolithin B could form complexes with bovine serum albumin(BSA)and urolithin B has a higher binding force and number of binding sites than ellagic acid when forming a complex with BSA.The results of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations suggested that ellagic acid and urolithin B tended to bind in site I rather than site II.The MTT assay results indicated that the IC_(50) value of ellagic acid decreased from 123.58μM to 55.91μM,while the IC_(50) value of urolithin B decreased from 83.67μM to 47.40μM.Ellagic acid and urolithin B can form complexes with serum albumin and the anti-cancer activity of ellagic acid and urolithin B was enhanced when combined with BSA.展开更多
Glucolipotocixity induces IL-1βsecretion which impairs pancreaticβ-cell insulin secretion.Ellagic acid and urolithin A have strong anti-inflammatory effect on cells.Muscadine and amla are very good sources of ellagi...Glucolipotocixity induces IL-1βsecretion which impairs pancreaticβ-cell insulin secretion.Ellagic acid and urolithin A have strong anti-inflammatory effect on cells.Muscadine and amla are very good sources of ellagic acid.The present study examined the effect of ellagic acid,ellagic acid-rich muscadine or amla extract,or urolothin A on inflammation inβcells under glucolipotoxic conditions.Rat NIT-1βcells were incubated in glucolipotoxic conditions(33.3 mM glucose,250μM palmitic acid or 33.3 mM glucose+250μM palmitic acid with or without ellagic acid,ellagic acid-rich muscadine or amla extracts standardized to its ellagic acid content,or urolithin A).Inflammatory status was evidenced by ELISA analysis of insulin and IL-1βsecretion.Ellagic acid-rich muscadine or amla extracts dose-dependently stimulated insulin secretion and down-regulated IL-1βbetter than pure ellagic acid,or urolithin A.Urolithin A did not statistically stimulate insulin secretion and did not inhibit IL-1β.展开更多
基金supported by the Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LH2022H063).
文摘Objective:To evaluate the anticancer effect of ellagic acid on gastric cancer cells.Methods:MTT assay was used to evaluate the effect of ellagic acid at different concentrations(0.5-100μg/mL)on gastric cancer AGS cells.RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses were applied to assess apoptosis(BCL-2,CASP-3,and BAX)and autophagy(LC3,ATG5,and BECN1)in AGS cells treated with ellagic acid.The expression of invasion-related markers including TP53,CDKN2A,and PTEN was determined.In addition,cell cycle markers including cyclin A,B,D,and E were measured by ELISA.Oxidative stress markers were evaluated using spectrophotometry.Results:Ellagic acid inhibited the proliferation of AGS cells in a concentration-and time-dependent manner.The expression of BCL-2 was significantly decreased(P<0.05)and CASP-3 and BAX were markedly increased(P<0.01)in AGS cells treated with ellagic acid.However,this compound induced no significant changes in the expression levels of LC3,ATG5,and BECN1(P>0.05).Moreover,the oxidative stress markers including SOD,TAC,and MDA were increased by ellagic acid(P<0.01).Conclusions:Ellagic acid can inhibit cell proliferation,induce apoptosis,and modulate oxidative stress in AGS cells.However,further in vivo and molecular studies are needed to verify its anticancer efficacy.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant Number 31800581.
文摘Ellagic acid(EA)is a natural antioxidant,widely present in a lot of forms’soft fruits,nuts,and other plant tissues,and helpful for promoting human health;however,its protective effect on postharvest fruit and improving the quality index of postharvest fruit have rarely been studied.In this experiment,the strawberries were soaked in 0,100,200,300,400,and 500 mg L^(−1) EA,respectively,and the influential EA on fruit quality and the antioxidant system of strawberries were studied.Compared with the control,EA treatment can reduce the browning degree and rotting rate of strawberry fruit during storage and augment the soluble solid content(SSC).EA treatment can also increase the content of related stuff and enzyme activity in antioxidant systems;the gene expression level of polyphenol oxidase(PPO)in strawberries treated with EA was always down-regulated,correspondingly,the expression of other antioxidant enzyme genes was enhanced.Among the strawberry fruits treated with EA of different concentrations,300 mg L^(−1) EA had the best effect in the process of strawberry preservation.The results suggested that the proper concentration of exogenous EA at 300 mg L−1 could maintain strawberries’quality and enhance the antioxidant system by improving the activities of antioxidative enzymes and the ascorbateglutathione(AsA-GSH)cycle during storage.
基金financially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82170873,81871095)the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC2000304)+1 种基金the Tsinghua Precision Medicine Foundation(10001020132)the Tsinghua University Spring Breeze Fund(20211080005)。
文摘De spite cisplatin has been widely used in the treatment of various cancers,the noteworthy nephrotoxicity greatly constrained its clinical value.For this reason,finding novel targeted therapies to attenuate the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin should be pretty significant.Our previous study found that histone deacetylase sirtuin 6(SIRT6)could be an ideal target for the treatment of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury.In this study,we explored the protective effects of ellagic acid,a natural polyphenol compound that activates SIRT6,on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.Pre-treatment of ellagic acid attenuated cytotoxicity of cisplatin in primary renal cells and TCMK-1 cells.Moreover,ellagic acid ameliorated renal dysfunction,apoptosis and fibrosis induced by cisplatin in mice.Furthermore,ellagic acid reduced nephrotoxicity-associated inflammatory factor interleukin(IL)-1βand IL-6 expression both in vitro and in vivo.Mechanistically,ellagic acid reversed cisplatin-reduced SIRT6 expression and diminished cisplatin-induced tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αexpression.And SIRT6 knockdown abrogated the protective effects of ellagic acid on cisplatin-induced cell apoptosis,indicating the renal-protective effects of ellagic acid are mainly dependent on ellagic acid-mediated SIRT6 activation.Our results provide preclinical rationale for using ellagic acid as a feasible and promising agent to ameliorate cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury,and support ellagic acid as a potential adjunctive therapy for future cancer treatment.
基金Supported by College-level Special Fund of Sichuan Agricultural University(06070904)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the optimal condition for extrac- tion of ellagic acid from pomegranate peels. [Method] With ellagic acid yield as an indicator, ultrasound extraction method was adopted to extract the ellagic acid from pomegranate peels, and the concentration of ellagic acid was measured by using ul- traviolet spectrophotometry; L9（34） orthogonal experiment was designed with four fac- tors at three levels, to investigate the effect of extraction temperature, extraction du- ration, solid-liquid ratio and ultrasound power on extraction rate of ellagic acid. [Re- sult] The optimal extraction condition for ellagic acid is extraction temperature of 30 ~C, solid-liquid ratio of 1：200, extraction duration of 20 min, and ultrasound power of 50 W. The relationship between primary and secondary factors affecting experimental indicators was solid-liquid ratio 〉 extraction duration 〉 ultrasound power 〉 extraction temperature. [Conclusion] Solid-liquid ratio has the maximum effect on extraction rate of ellagic acid. The ellagic acid extraction technology identified in this study is rea- sonable and feasible.
基金the College of Medicine Research Center (CMRC), Abha, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for granting this study
文摘Objective:To evaluate the effect of allagic acid treatment on the cell viability of human prostate cancer cells.Methods:Ellagic acid(10-100 mol/L) treatment(48 h) of human prostate carcinoma PC3 cells was found to result in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth and apoptosis of PC3 cells as assessed by MTT assay,western blotting.flow cytometry and confocal microscopy.Results:We observed that ellagic acid treatment of PC3 cells resulted in a dose dependent inhibition of cell growth/cell viability.This ellagic acid caused cell growth inhibition was found to be accompanied by induction of apoptosis,as assessed by the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase(PARP) and morphological changes.Further,induction of apoptosis accompanied a decrease in the levels of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and increase in proapoptotic protein Bax.thus shifting the Bax:Bcl-2 ratio in favor of apoptosis.Ellagic acid treatment of PC3 cells was also found to result in significant activation of caspases,as shown by the dose dependent decrease in the protein expression of procaspase-3,-6.-8 and -9.This ellagic acid-mediated induction of apoptosis was significantly(80%-90%) inhibited by the caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone(Z-VAD-FMK).Thus these data suggested an essential role of caspases in ellagic acid-mediated apoptosis of PC3 cells.Conclusions:It is tempting to suggest that consumption of tropical pigmented fruits and vegetables could be an effective strategy to combat prostate cancer.
基金the Department of Veterans Affairs Merit Review (to A.S.G), the Hirshberg foundation and the NIH/NCCAM (1P01AT003960-01)
文摘AIM： To determine the effect of ellagic acid on apoptosis and proliferation in pancreatic cancer cells and to determine the mechanism of the pro-survival effects of ellagic acid.METHODS： The effect of ellagic acid on apoptosis was assessed by measuring Phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA fragmentation; and proliferation by measuring DNA thymidine incorporation. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured in permeabilized cells, and in isolated mitochondria. Nuclear factor κB （NF-κB） activity was measured by electromobility shift assay （EMSA）. RESULTS： We show that ellagic acid, a polyphenolic compound in fruits and berries, at concentrations 10 to 50 mmol/L stimulates apoptosis in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Further, ellagic acid decreases proliferation by up to 20-fold at 50 mmol/L. Ellagic acid stimulates the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis associated with mitochondrial depolarization, cytochrome C release, and the downstream caspase activation. Ellagic acid does not directly affect mitochondria. Ellagic acid dose-dependently decreased NF-κB binding activity. Furthermore, inhibition of NF-κB activity using IkB wild type plasmid prevented the effect of ellagic acid on apoptosis. CONCLUSION： Our data indicate that ellagic acid stimulates apoptosis through inhibition of the prosurvival transcription factor NF-κB.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province, China (2012C12906-4)the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of China (CARS-36)+1 种基金the National Key Technology R&D Program, China (2012BAD39B03-4)Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (201403047)
文摘Pomegranates is abundant in polyphenols and is well-known for its antioxidant activity. Punicalagin （PG） is a major poly- phenolic compound in the pomegranate peel. In certain conditions, PG can be hydrolyzed to punicallin （PL） and ellagic acid （EA）, and PL can be further hydrolyzed to EA. PG, PL, and EA all play important roles in the antioxidant activity of pomegranate peels. This study was conducted to compare the in vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo anti-oxidative stress effects of PG, PL, and EA. For the in vitro test, 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl radical （DPPH.） and superoxide anion （O2~） scavenging capacities, ferric-reducing antioxidant power （FRAP）, and lipid peroxidation （LPO） inhibition capacities of PG, PL, and EA were tested. For the in vivo test, oxidatively stressed mice, which were induced by oxidized fish oil, were administrated PG, PL or EA （10 mg kg-1 d-1） for 21 days. The results showed that the in vitro antioxidant activity trends were EA〉PG〉PL〉Trolox in scavenging DPPH., PG〉PL〉EA=Trolox in scavenging O2~, EA〉PG=PL〉Trolox in FRAP, and Trolox〉PG〉EA〉PL in LPO inhibition. In the in vivo test, the EAt＇reatment increased the average daily weight gain and total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC） in the plasma （P〈0.05）, liver （P〈0.05）, and intestine （P〈0.05） in oxidatively stressed mice. It increased the superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity in the liver （P〈0.05） and intestine （P〈0.05）. It increased the glutathi- one peroxidase （GSH-Px） activity in the intestine （P〈0.05） and the intestinal villus height to crypt depth ratio （P〈0.05）. EA treatment decreased the malondialdehyde （MDA） content in the plasma （P〈0.05）, liver （P〈0.05）, and intestine （P〈0.05） and the mRNA expressions of the pro-inflammatory factors, TNF-a （P〈0.05）, IFN-y （P〈0.05） and IL-6 （P〈0.05）. PL increased the SOD （P〈0.05） and GSH-Px activities （P〈0.05） in the intestine and decreased the MDA content （P〈0.05） and the mRNA expressions of TNF-a （P〈0.05） and IL-6 （P〈0.05） in the intestine. PG increased the SOD activity （P〈0.05） and GSH-Px activity （P〈0.05） in the intestine and decreased the MDA content in the intestine （P〈0.05） and IL-6 mRNA expression in the intestine （P〈0.05）. In summary, EA, PL, and PG all had powerful in vitro antioxidant capacities, and they had different antioxidant advantages in acting against different types of radicals; EA was more effective than PL and PG in protecting against oxidative injury in vivo, especially for intestinal injury. These findings suggest that multiple polyphenol compounds in pomegranate peel may exert superior antioxidant activity than single purified polyphenols; when using pomegranate peels as health-promoting additive in animal feed, raising EA content by methods of hydrolysis or fermentation in advance could achieve better effects.
文摘BACKGROUND Aceclofenac(ACF),a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug,has been associated with a number of severe cases of clinical hepatotoxicity.Terminalia bellirica,an evergreen tree,is known to have several ethnomedicinal uses including antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects.Hence T.bellirica fruit extracts and its phytoconstituent ellagic acid(EA)are expected to provide protection against oxidative stress and liver damage produced by long-term use of ACF.AIM To evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of T.bellirica fruit extracts and EA against ACF-induced toxicity in albino Wistar rats.METHODS The in vitro antioxidant activities of T.bellirica fruit ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts were measured by metal ion chelation and nitric oxide radical scavenging assays.The in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of T.bellirica extracts(200 mg/kg)and EA(40 mg/kg)in ACF-induced hepatotoxic rats were assessed in serum and liver tissue after oral administration for 21 d.Silymarin(40 mg/kg)was used as a standard control.Oxidative stress markers in the blood(ferric reducing ability of plasma and lipid peroxidation inhibition)and liver tissues(superoxide dismutase,catalase and malondialdehyde)were analyzed using standard protocols.Liver function markers such as alkaline phosphatase,glutamic pyruvic transaminase,glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase,lactate dehydrogenase,γ-glutamyl transferase,creatinine,total protein,and uric acid were evaluated in rat serum.RESULTS The T.bellirica fruit ethyl acetate extract exhibited superior metal ion chelating and nitric oxide radical scavenging abilities during in vitro antioxidant assays as compared to aqueous extracts.Oral administration of ACF in rats(15 mg/kg)for 21 d produced oxidative stress and adversely affected liver function suggesting liver injury.Treatment with extracts(ethyl acetate and aqueous),EA and silymarin accounted for a significant reduction in the adverse effects of ACF on oxidative stress and liver function markers in serum and hepatic tissue in rats.Histopathological evaluation of the liver indicated that the extracts and EA significantly decreased the degree of liver damage.The in vivo efficacy of EA was higher than T.bellirica fruit extracts.Of these extracts,ethyl acetate extract revealed comparatively better antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity.CONCLUSION Ellagic acid and T.bellirica fruit extracts exhibited considerable hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities in long-term ACF-treated rats.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFE0129900)Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team Program of China Agricultural Universitythe Youth Elite Development Program(Grade A)of College of Animal Science and Technology,China Agricultural University.
文摘Background: Subclinical necrotic enteritis(SNE), a common intestinal disease of broiler caused by Clostridium perfringens, could reduce production performance of broilers by chronic intestinal damage and poor absorption of nutrients. Ellagic acid(EA) has been reported to present antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties on human and animals in many aspects. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect and mechanism of EA in relieving SNE in broilers induced by C. perfringens.Results: C. perfringens challenge decreased body weight(BW), average daily gain(ADG), jejunal villi height/crypt depth(V/C) ratio, the activity of catalase(CAT) and the mRNA expression of zonula occludens 1(ZO-1) in jejunal mucosa of broilers. While feed conversion ratios(FCR), jejunal crypt depth(CD), the activities of myeloperoxidase(MPO) and diamine oxidase(DAO), as well as the concentrations of interleukin 6(IL-6), C-reactive protein(CRP) and procalcitonin(PCT) in serum, the activities of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and lysozyme(LZM), the concentration of malondialdehyde(MDA), and the mRNA expressions of claudin-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR-4, TLR-2, NF-κB,JAK3, STAT6 and iNOS in jejunal mucosa of broilers were increased by C. perfringens challenge. Dietary EA supplement relieved these adverse effects, and heightened jejunal villi height(VH), the concentration of D-xylose in plasma, activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), and the mRNA expression of occludin in jejunal mucosa of broilers.The alpha diversity of cecal microbiota indicated that dietary EA supplement increased observed species and Shannon index. C. perfringens challenge increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and decreased the relative abundance of Desulfobacterota in cecal microbiota. EA increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes in cecal microbiota. LEfSe analysis showed that C. perfringens challenge triggered the imbalance of cecal microbiota in broilers, dietary EA supplementation led to a small beneficial effect on microbiota, while the simultaneous effect of them seemed to stimulate the immune function of broilers by improving the microbiota balance.Conclusions: Dietary EA ameliorated C. perfringens-induced SNE in broilers via regulating jejunal inflammation signaling pathways TLR/NF-κB and JAK3/STAT6, relieving jejunal oxidative stress and balancing cecal microbiota to inhibit intestinal barrier damage, prevent systemic inflammatory response and improve nutrient absorption capacity,finally protect and enhance growth performance of broilers.
基金Funded by an unrestricted grant from Firat University Scientific Research Unit
文摘AIM：To compare the potential protective effects of epigallocatechin gallate（EGCG） and ellagic acid（EA） in an experimental cataract model.●METHODS：Twenty-eight Spraque-Dawley rat pups were assigned into four groups.All the rats,except for those in the control group,were injected subcutaneously sodium selenite to induce experimental cataract on the postpartum ninth day,and between 10 th and 14 th days.Rats in the sham,EGCG,and EA groups were intraperitoneally administered 50 mg/（kg·d） saline solution,50 mg/（kg·d） EGCG and 200 mg/（kg·d） EA,respectively.The reduced glutathione（GSH） and malondialdehyde（MDA） levels,total antioxidant status（TAS） and total oxidant status（TOS） in lens supernatants were measured.RESULTS：The mean cataract gradings in EGCG and EA groups were found to be significantly lower than that in sham group（P〈0.001）.The mean GSH levels and TASs in EGCG and EA groups were significantly higher than that in sham group while mean MDA levels and TOSs in EGCG and EA groups were significantly lower than that in the sham group（P〈0.001）.CONCLUSION：EGCG and EA have protective effects on cataract development via the inhibition of oxidative stress.
文摘Objective To establish and evaluate a hypercoagulable animal model for the assessment of anticoagulants. Methods Forty mice, thirty-two rats, and twenty-four rabbits were randomly and equally divided into control group (saline) and three ellagic acid (EA)-treated groups (low, middle, and high doses). In the mice, bleeding time (BT) was estimated with tail transaction, and clotting time (CT) with template method. Prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in rats and rabbits were measured by means of Quick's one-stage assay and modified APTT assay respectively. In addition, thrombin activity was estimated in rats with PT assay using a hemagglutination analyzer. The circulating platelet aggregates were de- tected in rabbits through platelet counting and presented as the circulating platelet aggregate ratio (CPAR). Results EA shortened BT and CT in mice, PT and APTT in rats, and increased thrombin activity and CPAR, all in a dose-dependent manner. EA also brought reduction of PT and APTT in rabbits in dose- and time-dependent manners. Conclusion EA could induce hypercoagulable state through activating coagulation system and platelets in mice, rats, and rabbits.
基金This project is supported by the Office of the High Education Commission and Mahidol University under the National Research Universities Initiative.
文摘This study aimed to develop niosomes of ellagic acid(EA),a potent antioxidant phytochemical substance,for dermal delivery and to investigate the influence of chemical penetration enhancers on the physicochemical properties of EA-loaded niosomes.The EA niosomes were prepared by reverse phase evaporation method using Span 60,Tween 60 and cholesterol as vesicle forming agents and Solulan C24 as a steric stabilizer.Polyethylene glycol 400(PEG)was used as a solubilizer while dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)or Nmethyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP)was used as a skin penetration enhancer.It was found that the mean particle sizes of EA-loaded niosomes were in the range of 312e402 nm with PI values of lower than 0.4.The niosomes were determined to be spherical multilamellar vesicles as observed by transmission electron microscope and optical microscopy.All niosomes were stable after 4 months storage at 4C.In vitro skin permeation through human epidermis revealed that the skin enhancers affected the penetration of EA from the niosomes at 24 h.The DMSO niosomes showed the highest EA amount in epidermis;whereas the NMP niosomes had the highest EA amount in the acceptor medium.Concomitantly,the skin distribution by confocal laser scanning microscopy showed the high fluorescence intensity of the DMSO niosomes and NMP niosomes at a penetration depth of between 30e90 mm(the epidermis layer)and 90e120 mm(the dermis layer)under the skin,respectively.From the results,it can be concluded that the DMSO niosomes are suitable for epidermis delivery of EA while the NMP niosomes can be used for dermis delivery of EA.
基金supported in part by grants from The National Science and Technology Foundation for Rural Development in China during the "12th Five-Year-Plan" (Grant No. 2011BAD33B02)The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81300323)
文摘Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Cancer treatments by chemotherapeutic agents, surgery, and radiation have not been highly effective in reducing the incidence of cancers and increasing the survival rate of cancer patients. In recent years, plant-derived compounds have attracted considerable attention as alternative cancer remedies for enhancing cancer prevention and treatment because of their low toxicities, low costs, and low side effects. Ellagic acid(EA) is a natural phenolic constituent. Recent in vitro and in vivo experiments have revealed that EA elicits anticarcinogenic effects by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, breaking DNA binding to carcinogens, blocking virus infection, and disturbing inflammation, angiogenesis, and drug-resistance processes required for tumor growth and metastasis. This review enumerates the anticarcinogenic actions and mechanisms of EA. It also discusses future directions on the applications of EA.
文摘OBJECTIVE Astroglia support neurons by providing substrates for neuronal metabolism, glutamate clearance and anti-oxidant protection. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2) is the main switch of intracellular antioxidant defense system. Also, Nrf2 signaling is recognized to activate the neurotrophic pathway to replace/protect damaged organelles. Ellagic acid(EA), an excretion component of fruits and nuts, displays anti-oxidant, cardioprotective and antiinflammatory activities. However, few studies have been focused on the neurotrophic properties of EA. Our study investigated whether EA could enhance astroglia neurotrophic effects to support neurons and the underlying mechanisms as well. METHODS Primary neuron-enriched cultures, primary astroglia-enriched cultures and primary neuron-astroglia co-cultures were applied to detect whether pharmacological regulation of astroglia function by EA could be utilized to overcome neuronal death. RESULTS This study indicated that EA promoted neuronal survival. Furtherly, astroglia Nrf2 participate in EA-elicited neuronal survival with the following scenarios. First, EA induced astroglia proliferation, neurotrophic factors release and Nrf2 activation. Second, astroglia-targeted Nrf2 si RNA inhibited EA-mediated astrogliosis,neurotrophic factors excretion and neuronal survival. CONCLUSION EA mediated astroglia Nrf2 activation to enhanced neurotrophic effects on neurons, and these findings might provide new strategies for neurotrophic factor-based treatment of neurodegenerative disease.
文摘Vidangadi churna is a popular Ayurvedic formulation described in the chapter Krimicikitsa of the Ayurvedic literature Cakradatta for the treatment of Krimiroga. The preparation is a composite mixture of the fine powder of fruits of Vidang （Embelia ribs）, glandular trichomes of the fruits of Kamala （Mallotus philippensis）, mature fruits of Harde （Terminalia chehula）, Saindhava and Yavakshara. The use of reversed phase C18 column eluted with gradient mobile phase of acetonitrile and water enabled the efficient separation of the chemical markers in 22 rain. Validation of the method was performed in order to demonstrate its selectivity, accuracy, precision, repeatability and recovery. All calibration curves showed good linear correlation coefficients （r2〉0.995） within the tested ranges. Three markers in Vidangadi churna were quantitied with respect to Embelin （0.647%, w/w）, Rottlerin （4.419%, w/w）, and Ellagic acid （0.459%, w/w）. lntraand inter-day RSDs of retention times and peak areas were less than 3.12%. The recoveries were between 99.66% and 102.33%. In conclusion, a method has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of three markers in Vidangadi churna. The RP-HPLC method was simple, precise and accurate and can be used for the quality control of the raw materials as well as formulations.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 30572340 and 30500651)the Fund of Technology Develop-ment of Tshinghua University (No. A2002162)the Doctoral Fund of the Education Ministry of China (No. 20060003072)
文摘Ellagic acid （EA） has aroused great interest worldwide owing to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenetic properties. The EA content in pomegranate leaf was measured in this study using high performance liquid chromatography to investigate the effects of season, variety, and processing method on the EA level. The results show that the EA content in 11 varieties of pomegranate from the Zaozhuang region in China range from 1.30 mg · g^-1 to 6.46 mg · g^-1 of dry weight in five consecutive seasons from June to October. An analysis of variance （ANOVA） shows that the EA content is significantly dependent on the season （p〈0.05）. The EA content increases significantly during the growing season to the highest level in September and October. The effect of the leaf variety on the EA content is less significant than the season. The processing methods have different effects on the EA content. Soaking for 24 hours slightly increases the EA content （p〈0.05）. Heating at 80℃ or 100℃ for 1 h after soaking has little influence on the EA content, while slow-fired cooking at high temperature significantly elevates the EA content （p〈0.05）. To improve quality and stability, several parameters such as leaf collection time, slow-fired cooking, and cooking time should be strictly controlled during the processing of pomegranate leaf tea and its extract.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund Project(U20A2055)Agricultural Microbiology of Large Research Infrastructures(463119009)。
文摘Intestinal oxidative stress triggers gut microbiota dysbiosis,which is involved in the etiology of postweaning diarrhea and enteric infections.Ellagic acid(EA)can potentially serve as an antioxidant supplement to facilitate weaning transition by improving intestinal oxidative stress and gut microbiota dysbiosis.Therefore,we aimed to investigate the effects of dietary EA supplementation on the attenuation of intestinal damage,oxidative stress,and dysbiosis of gut microbiota in weanling piglets.A total of126 piglets were randomly assigned into 3 groups and treated with a basal diet and 2 m L saline orally(Ctrl group),or the basal diet supplemented with 0.1%EA and 2 m L saline orally(EA group),or the basal diet and 2 m L fecal microbiota suspension from the EA group orally(FEA group),respectively,for 14 d.Compared with the Ctrl group,EA group improved growth performance by increasing average daily feed intake and average daily weight gain(P<0.05)and decreasing fecal scores(P<0.05).EA group also alleviated intestinal damage by increasing the tight junction protein occludin(P<0.05),villus height,and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio(P<0.05),while decreasing intestinal epithelial apoptosis(P<0.05).Additionally,EA group enhanced the jejunum antioxidant capacity by increasing the total antioxidant capacity(P<0.01),catalase(P<0.05),and glutathione/oxidized glutathione(P<0.05),but decreased the oxidative metabolite malondialdehyde(P<0.05)compared to the Ctrl group.Compared with the Ctrl group,EA and FEA groups increased alpha diversity(P<0.05),enriched beneficial bacteria(Ruminococcaceae and Clostridium ramosum),and increased metabolites short-chain fatty acids(P<0.05).Correspondingly,FEA group gained effects comparable to those of EA group on growth performance,intestinal damage,and intestinal antioxidant capacity.In addition,the relative abundance of bacteria shifted in EA and FEA groups was significantly related to the examined indices(P<0.05).Overall,dietary EA supplementation could improve growth performance and attenuate intestinal damage and oxidative stress by regulating the gut microbiota in weanling piglets.
文摘Ellagic acid(EA)is one of the plant phenolics associated with human health benefits.It derives from ellagitannins found in some nuts,seeds,and fruits,especially berries.Strawberries are considered a functional food and nutraceutical source,mainly because of their high concentration of EA and its precursors.This review presents the current state of knowledge regarding EA,focusing on its content in strawberry plants,stability during processing and storage of strawberry-based foods,production methods,and relevance to human health.As alternatives to acid-solvent extraction,fermentation-enzymatic bioprocesses hold great promises for more eco-efficient production of EA from plant materials.Strawberry fruits are generally rich in EA,with large variations depending on cultivar,growth conditions and maturity at harvest.High EA contents are also reported in strawberry achenes and leaves,and in wild strawberries.Strawberry postharvest storage,processing and subsequent storage can influence EA content.EA low concentration in strawberry juice and wine can be increased by incorporating pre-treated achenes.Widespread recognition of strawberries as functional foods is substantiated by evidence of EA biological effects,including antioxidant,antiinflammatory,antidiabetic,cardioprotective,neuroprotective,and prebiotic effects.The health benefits attributed to EA-rich foods are thought to involve various protective mechanisms at the cellular level.Dietary EA is converted by the intestinal microbiota to urolithins,which are better absorbed than EA and may contribute significantly to the health effects attributed to EA-rich foods.Based on the evidence available,strawberry EA shows strong promises for functional,nutraceutical,and pharmaceutical applications.Future research should be directed at quantifying EA in different parts of the strawberry plant and in their byproducts;optimizing EA production from byproducts;understanding the biological actions of EA-derived metabolites in vivo,including the interactions between EA metabolites,other substances and food/biological matrices;characterizing the conditions and microorganisms involved in urolithin production;and developing delivery systems that enhance EA functionality and bioactivity.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972160)the Scientific Research Fund for Doctoral Start-up Project of Anyang Institute of Technology(BSJ2020016 and BSJ2020014).
文摘As one of fruit waste by-products,the pomegranate peel is rich in bioactive compounds such as ellagic acid.Ellagic acid and its main gut microbial metabolite urolithin B have been reported to exhibit numerous biological activities and widely used as dietary supplements in the past decades.Interaction of these two compounds to serum albumin(SA)might affect their metabolism,efficacy,and body distribution.The interaction of ellagic acid and urolithin B with SA was investigated and BSA interference on the anti-cancer activity of these two compounds was also evaluated.Results of spectra experiments showed that ellagic acid and urolithin B could form complexes with bovine serum albumin(BSA)and urolithin B has a higher binding force and number of binding sites than ellagic acid when forming a complex with BSA.The results of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations suggested that ellagic acid and urolithin B tended to bind in site I rather than site II.The MTT assay results indicated that the IC_(50) value of ellagic acid decreased from 123.58μM to 55.91μM,while the IC_(50) value of urolithin B decreased from 83.67μM to 47.40μM.Ellagic acid and urolithin B can form complexes with serum albumin and the anti-cancer activity of ellagic acid and urolithin B was enhanced when combined with BSA.
文摘Glucolipotocixity induces IL-1βsecretion which impairs pancreaticβ-cell insulin secretion.Ellagic acid and urolithin A have strong anti-inflammatory effect on cells.Muscadine and amla are very good sources of ellagic acid.The present study examined the effect of ellagic acid,ellagic acid-rich muscadine or amla extract,or urolothin A on inflammation inβcells under glucolipotoxic conditions.Rat NIT-1βcells were incubated in glucolipotoxic conditions(33.3 mM glucose,250μM palmitic acid or 33.3 mM glucose+250μM palmitic acid with or without ellagic acid,ellagic acid-rich muscadine or amla extracts standardized to its ellagic acid content,or urolithin A).Inflammatory status was evidenced by ELISA analysis of insulin and IL-1βsecretion.Ellagic acid-rich muscadine or amla extracts dose-dependently stimulated insulin secretion and down-regulated IL-1βbetter than pure ellagic acid,or urolithin A.Urolithin A did not statistically stimulate insulin secretion and did not inhibit IL-1β.
