To date,the United States(U.S.)has been the most heavily impacted country by the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).By November 30,2020,when this paper was written,13.5 million cases were reported in the U.S.with over...To date,the United States(U.S.)has been the most heavily impacted country by the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).By November 30,2020,when this paper was written,13.5 million cases were reported in the U.S.with over 268000 deaths.Historically,vaccines have been one of the most effective and efficient technical tools for controlling a communicable disease.While the development of these vaccines has certainly been a challenge,it could be more challenging to achieve robust vaccine uptake because of many barriers.In this review,we focused on two types of barriers documented from long-term experience in the U.S.:structural and attitudinal.Structural barriers are systemic issues that impact one's ability to access a service,and they include time,transportation,cost,and clinic or outlet location;while attitudinal barriers are beliefs or perceptions that impact the willingness of at-risk individuals to seek out and/or accept a service.In the context of vaccination they include beliefs about the communicable disease,beliefs about vaccines,fear,and trust in healthcare and governmental agencies.Of the attitudinal barriers,public trust is a barrier that is of particular importance.In addition to affecting reception of vaccines,it may exacerbate disparities and reduce the likelihood of success of a vaccination program.Recommendations are made to overcome attitudinal barriers to help improve the effectiveness of vaccination programs for COVID-19 control in the U.S.,such as building public support through bipartisan endorsements and leveraging social media platforms to promote vaccination.展开更多
<strong>Introduction: </strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Female Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-...<strong>Introduction: </strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Female Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">related deaths in the U.S. While the incidence rate is lower in Hispanic-Black, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mortality rate is higher compared to Non-Hispanic White. This study investigates the trends of incidence and mortality rate of breast cancer in the U.S.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2000-2016. It further explores the racial disparities between these two races. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Method: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Data for four age groups (15</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">39</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs, 40</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">64</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs, 65</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">74</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs, 75+</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs) of Hispanic-Black and Non-Hispanic White women for breast cancer were extracted from SEER;age</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">adjusted rate (U.S. 2000 standard pop</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ulation). Primary trend analysis was done with PyCharm 2020.3.3. (line </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">charts) and regression models to check any significant increase or decrease over the years were done with JoinPoint 4.8.0.1 (APC, 95% CI, significant p-value: </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><0.05). </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Result: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Incidence rate is higher in Non-Hispanic White women, </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">whereas mortality rate is higher in Hispanic Black. The 40</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">64</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs age groups showed </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">an </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">increase in incidence rate for Hispanic Black women, whereas </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">an </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">decrease for White women. The least vulnerable group, 15</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">39</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs age</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> showed an increase in incidence rate in Non-Hispanic White women. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mortality rate was declining overall for both races. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Disparities in oncologic healthcare, insurance system and socio-economic factors </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">are</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> possi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">bly responsible for the higher mortality in Black American women. Im</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">provements in these factors may reduce racial differences.</span></span>展开更多
The objectives of this study were to investigate(1) gender and race differences in mental health and psychological wellbeing among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and(2) whether there were significant intera...The objectives of this study were to investigate(1) gender and race differences in mental health and psychological wellbeing among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and(2) whether there were significant interaction effects between gender and race. This study used the National Health and Aging Trends Study(NHATS) and COVID-19 public use data files. It focused on mental health and psychological well-being, including loneliness, no time to yourself, poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD). The sample consisted of 2465 older adults, and multivariate logistic and linear regression models were adopted for the analysis. The results show that approximately two out of five older people(43%) experienced poor sleep, followed by loneliness(35%), anxiety(30%), depression(23%), and no time to themselves(11%). The average PTSD score was 11. Mental health and psychological well-being varied by gender and race. There were significant interaction effects on anxiety and depression between females and Black older adults. Black females reported lower levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms than Black males, although the differences were not statistically significant. Black older adults were more likely to experience PTSD but less likely to feel lonely and have poorer sleep than their White counterparts. Female older adults reported poorer mental health and psychological well-being than males, except for Black females. Black females had the lowest levels of anxiety, depression, loneliness, and highest quality of sleep among all females of different ethnic and racial origins.展开更多
基金This article was supported by U.S.National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Grant T32AA025877.
文摘To date,the United States(U.S.)has been the most heavily impacted country by the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).By November 30,2020,when this paper was written,13.5 million cases were reported in the U.S.with over 268000 deaths.Historically,vaccines have been one of the most effective and efficient technical tools for controlling a communicable disease.While the development of these vaccines has certainly been a challenge,it could be more challenging to achieve robust vaccine uptake because of many barriers.In this review,we focused on two types of barriers documented from long-term experience in the U.S.:structural and attitudinal.Structural barriers are systemic issues that impact one's ability to access a service,and they include time,transportation,cost,and clinic or outlet location;while attitudinal barriers are beliefs or perceptions that impact the willingness of at-risk individuals to seek out and/or accept a service.In the context of vaccination they include beliefs about the communicable disease,beliefs about vaccines,fear,and trust in healthcare and governmental agencies.Of the attitudinal barriers,public trust is a barrier that is of particular importance.In addition to affecting reception of vaccines,it may exacerbate disparities and reduce the likelihood of success of a vaccination program.Recommendations are made to overcome attitudinal barriers to help improve the effectiveness of vaccination programs for COVID-19 control in the U.S.,such as building public support through bipartisan endorsements and leveraging social media platforms to promote vaccination.
文摘<strong>Introduction: </strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Female Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">related deaths in the U.S. While the incidence rate is lower in Hispanic-Black, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mortality rate is higher compared to Non-Hispanic White. This study investigates the trends of incidence and mortality rate of breast cancer in the U.S.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2000-2016. It further explores the racial disparities between these two races. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Method: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Data for four age groups (15</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">39</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs, 40</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">64</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs, 65</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">74</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs, 75+</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs) of Hispanic-Black and Non-Hispanic White women for breast cancer were extracted from SEER;age</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">adjusted rate (U.S. 2000 standard pop</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ulation). Primary trend analysis was done with PyCharm 2020.3.3. (line </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">charts) and regression models to check any significant increase or decrease over the years were done with JoinPoint 4.8.0.1 (APC, 95% CI, significant p-value: </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><0.05). </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Result: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Incidence rate is higher in Non-Hispanic White women, </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">whereas mortality rate is higher in Hispanic Black. The 40</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">64</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs age groups showed </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">an </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">increase in incidence rate for Hispanic Black women, whereas </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">an </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">decrease for White women. The least vulnerable group, 15</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">39</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">yrs age</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> showed an increase in incidence rate in Non-Hispanic White women. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mortality rate was declining overall for both races. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Disparities in oncologic healthcare, insurance system and socio-economic factors </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">are</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> possi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">bly responsible for the higher mortality in Black American women. Im</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">provements in these factors may reduce racial differences.</span></span>
文摘The objectives of this study were to investigate(1) gender and race differences in mental health and psychological wellbeing among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and(2) whether there were significant interaction effects between gender and race. This study used the National Health and Aging Trends Study(NHATS) and COVID-19 public use data files. It focused on mental health and psychological well-being, including loneliness, no time to yourself, poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD). The sample consisted of 2465 older adults, and multivariate logistic and linear regression models were adopted for the analysis. The results show that approximately two out of five older people(43%) experienced poor sleep, followed by loneliness(35%), anxiety(30%), depression(23%), and no time to themselves(11%). The average PTSD score was 11. Mental health and psychological well-being varied by gender and race. There were significant interaction effects on anxiety and depression between females and Black older adults. Black females reported lower levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms than Black males, although the differences were not statistically significant. Black older adults were more likely to experience PTSD but less likely to feel lonely and have poorer sleep than their White counterparts. Female older adults reported poorer mental health and psychological well-being than males, except for Black females. Black females had the lowest levels of anxiety, depression, loneliness, and highest quality of sleep among all females of different ethnic and racial origins.
