Using Euler’s first-order explicit(EE)method and the peridynamic differential operator(PDDO)to discretize the time and internal crystal-size derivatives,respectively,the Euler’s first-order explicit method–peridyna...Using Euler’s first-order explicit(EE)method and the peridynamic differential operator(PDDO)to discretize the time and internal crystal-size derivatives,respectively,the Euler’s first-order explicit method–peridynamic differential operator(EE–PDDO)was obtained for solving the one-dimensional population balance equation in crystallization.Four different conditions during crystallization were studied:size-independent growth,sizedependent growth in a batch process,nucleation and size-independent growth,and nucleation and size-dependent growth in a continuous process.The high accuracy of the EE–PDDO method was confirmed by comparing it with the numerical results obtained using the second-order upwind and HR-van methods.The method is characterized by non-oscillation and high accuracy,especially in the discontinuous and sharp crystal size distribution.The stability of the EE–PDDO method,choice of weight function in the PDDO method,and optimal time step are also discussed.展开更多
The Owen’s T function is presented in four new ways, one of them as a series similar to the Euler’s arctangent series divided by 2π, which is its majorant series. All possibilities enable numerically stable ...The Owen’s T function is presented in four new ways, one of them as a series similar to the Euler’s arctangent series divided by 2π, which is its majorant series. All possibilities enable numerically stable and fast convergent computation of the bivariate normal integral with simple recursion. When tested computation on a random sample of one million parameter triplets with uniformly distributed components and using double precision arithmetic, the maximum absolute error was 3.45 × 10<sup>-</sup><sup>16</sup>. In additional testing, focusing on cases with correlation coefficients close to one in absolute value, when the computation may be very sensitive to small rounding errors, the accuracy was retained. In rare potentially critical cases, a simple adjustment to the computation procedure was performed—one potentially critical computation was replaced with two equivalent non-critical ones. All new series are suitable for vector and high-precision computation, assuming they are supplemented with appropriate efficient and accurate computation of the arctangent and standard normal cumulative distribution functions. They are implemented by the R package Phi2rho, available on CRAN. Its functions allow vector arguments and are ready to work with the Rmpfr package, which enables the use of arbitrary precision instead of double precision numbers. A special test with up to 1024-bit precision computation is also presented.展开更多
In this paper,a fast algorithm for Euler’s elastica functional is proposed,in which the Euler’s elastica functional is reformulated as a constrained minimization problem.Combining the augmented Lagrangian method and...In this paper,a fast algorithm for Euler’s elastica functional is proposed,in which the Euler’s elastica functional is reformulated as a constrained minimization problem.Combining the augmented Lagrangian method and operator splitting techniques,the resulting saddle-point problem is solved by a serial of subproblems.To tackle the nonlinear constraints arising in the model,a novel fixed-point-based approach is proposed so that all the subproblems either is a linear problem or has a closed-form solution.We show the good performance of our approach in terms of speed and reliability using numerous numerical examples on synthetic,real-world and medical images for image denoising,image inpainting and image zooming problems.展开更多
Recently,many variational models involving high order derivatives have been widely used in image processing,because they can reduce staircase effects during noise elimination.However,it is very challenging to construc...Recently,many variational models involving high order derivatives have been widely used in image processing,because they can reduce staircase effects during noise elimination.However,it is very challenging to construct efficient algo-rithms to obtain the minimizers of original high order functionals.In this paper,we propose a new linearized augmented Lagrangian method for Euler’s elastica image denoising model.We detail the procedures of finding the saddle-points of the aug-mented Lagrangian functional.Instead of solving associated linear systems by FFTor linear iterative methods(e.g.,the Gauss-Seidel method),we adopt a linearized strat-egy to get an iteration sequence so as to reduce computational cost.In addition,we give some simple complexity analysis for the proposed method.Experimental results with comparison to the previous method are supplied to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method,and indicate that such a linearized augmented Lagrangian method is more suitable to deal with large-sized images.展开更多
In this paper, the definitons of both higher-order multivariable Euler’s numbersand polynomial. higher-order multivariable Bernoulli’s numbers and polynomial aregiven and some of their important properties are expou...In this paper, the definitons of both higher-order multivariable Euler’s numbersand polynomial. higher-order multivariable Bernoulli’s numbers and polynomial aregiven and some of their important properties are expounded. As a result, themathematical relationship between higher-order multivariable Euler’s polynomial(numbers) and higher-order higher -order Bernoulli’s polynomial (numbers) are thusobtained.展开更多
As is well known,the definitions of fractional sum and fractional difference of f(z)on non-uniform lattices x(z)=c1z^(2)+c2z+c3 or x(z)=c1q^(z)+c2q^(-z)+c3 are more difficult and complicated.In this article,for the fi...As is well known,the definitions of fractional sum and fractional difference of f(z)on non-uniform lattices x(z)=c1z^(2)+c2z+c3 or x(z)=c1q^(z)+c2q^(-z)+c3 are more difficult and complicated.In this article,for the first time we propose the definitions of the fractional sum and fractional difference on non-uniform lattices by two different ways.The analogue of Euler’s Beta formula,Cauchy’Beta formula on non-uniform lattices are established,and some fundamental theorems of fractional calculas,the solution of the generalized Abel equation on non-uniform lattices are obtained etc.展开更多
Laplace transform is one of the powerful tools for solving differential equations in engineering and other science subjects.Using the Laplace transform for solving differential equations,however,sometimes leads to sol...Laplace transform is one of the powerful tools for solving differential equations in engineering and other science subjects.Using the Laplace transform for solving differential equations,however,sometimes leads to solutions in the Laplace domain that are not readily invertible to the real domain by analyticalmeans.Thus,we need numerical inversionmethods to convert the obtained solution fromLaplace domain to a real domain.In this paper,we propose a numerical scheme based on Laplace transform and numerical inverse Laplace transform for the approximate solution of fractal-fractional differential equations with orderα,β.Our proposed numerical scheme is based on three main steps.First,we convert the given fractal-fractional differential equation to fractional-differential equation in Riemann-Liouville sense,and then into Caputo sense.Secondly,we transformthe fractional differential equation in Caputo sense to an equivalent equation in Laplace space.Then the solution of the transformed equation is obtained in Laplace domain.Finally,the solution is converted into the real domain using numerical inversion of Laplace transform.Three inversion methods are evaluated in this paper,and their convergence is also discussed.Three test problems are used to validate the inversion methods.We demonstrate our results with the help of tables and figures.The obtained results show that Euler’s and Talbot’s methods performed better than Stehfest’s method.展开更多
It is a fact that imaginary numbers do not have practical significance. But the role of imaginary numbers is very broad and enormous, due to the existence of Euler’s formula. Due to Euler’s formula, imaginary number...It is a fact that imaginary numbers do not have practical significance. But the role of imaginary numbers is very broad and enormous, due to the existence of Euler’s formula. Due to Euler’s formula, imaginary numbers have been applied in many theoretical theories. One of the biggest functions of imaginary numbers is to represent changes in phase, which is indispensable in signal analysis theory. The imaginary numbers in quantum mechanics pose a greater mystery: do the imaginary numbers really exist? This question still needs further scientific development to be answered.展开更多
If Goldbach’s conjecture is true, then for each prime number p there is at least one pair of primes symmetric with respect to p and whose sum is 2p. In the multiplicative number theory, covering the positive integers...If Goldbach’s conjecture is true, then for each prime number p there is at least one pair of primes symmetric with respect to p and whose sum is 2p. In the multiplicative number theory, covering the positive integers with primes, during the prime factorization, may be viewed as being the outcome of a parallel system which functions properly if and only if Euler’s formula of the product of the reciprocals of the primes is true. An exact formula for the number of primes less than or equal to an arbitrary bound is given. This formula may be implemented using Wolfram’s computer package Mathematica.展开更多
Helical equilibrium of a thin elastic rod has practical backgrounds,such as DNA,fiber,sub-ocean cable,and oil-well drill string.Kirchhoff’s kinetic analogy is an effective approach to the stability analysis of equili...Helical equilibrium of a thin elastic rod has practical backgrounds,such as DNA,fiber,sub-ocean cable,and oil-well drill string.Kirchhoff’s kinetic analogy is an effective approach to the stability analysis of equilibrium of a thin elastic rod.The main hypotheses of Kirchhoff’s theory without the extension of the centerline and the shear deformation of the cross section are not adoptable to real soft materials of biological fibers.In this paper,the dynamic equations of a rod with a circular cross section are established on the basis of the exact Cosserat model by considering the tension and the shear deformations.Euler’s angles are applied as the attitude representation of the cross section.The deviation of the normal axis of the cross section from the tangent of the centerline is considered as the result of the shear deformation.Lyapunov’s stability of the helical equilibrium is discussed in static category.Euler’s critical values of axial force and torque are obtained.Lyapunov’s and Euler’s stability conditions in the space domain are the necessary conditions of Lyapunov’s stability of the helical rod in the time domain.展开更多
Energy methods and the principle of virtual work are commonly used for obtaining solutions of boundary value problems (BVPs) and initial value problems (IVPs) associated with homogeneous, isotropic and non-homogeneous...Energy methods and the principle of virtual work are commonly used for obtaining solutions of boundary value problems (BVPs) and initial value problems (IVPs) associated with homogeneous, isotropic and non-homogeneous, non-isotropic matter without using (or in the absence of) the mathematical models of the BVPs and the IVPs. These methods are also used for deriving mathematical models for BVPs and IVPs associated with isotropic, homogeneous as well as non-homogeneous, non-isotropic continuous matter. In energy methods when applied to IVPs, one constructs energy functional (<i>I</i>) consisting of kinetic energy, strain energy and the potential energy of loads. The first variation of this energy functional (<em>δI</em>) set to zero is a necessary condition for an extremum of <i>I</i>. In this approach one could use <i>δI</i> = 0 directly in constructing computational processes such as the finite element method or could derive Euler’s equations (differential or partial differential equations) from <i>δI</i> = 0, which is also satisfied by a solution obtained from <i>δI</i> = 0. The Euler’s equations obtained from <i>δI</i> = 0 indeed are the mathematical model associated with the energy functional <i>I</i>. In case of BVPs we follow the same approach except in this case, the energy functional <i>I</i> consists of strain energy and the potential energy of loads. In using the principle of virtual work for BVPs and the IVPs, we can also accomplish the same as described above using energy methods. In this paper we investigate consistency and validity of the mathematical models for isotropic, homogeneous and non-isotropic, non-homogeneous continuous matter for BVPs that are derived using energy functional consisting of strain energy and the potential energy of loads. Similar investigation is also presented for IVPs using energy functional consisting of kinetic energy, strain energy and the potential energy of loads. The computational approaches for BVPs and the IVPs designed using energy functional and principle of virtual work, their consistency and validity are also investigated. Classical continuum mechanics (CCM) principles <i>i.e.</i> conservation and balance laws of CCM with consistent constitutive theories and the elements of calculus of variations are employed in the investigations presented in this paper.展开更多
We consider optimal control problems for the flow of gas in a pipe network. The equations of motions are taken to be represented by a semi-linear model derived from the fully nonlinear isothermal Euler gas equations. ...We consider optimal control problems for the flow of gas in a pipe network. The equations of motions are taken to be represented by a semi-linear model derived from the fully nonlinear isothermal Euler gas equations. We formulate an optimal control problem on a given network and introduce a time discretization thereof. We then study the well-posedness of the corresponding time-discrete optimal control problem. In order to further reduce the complexity, we consider an instantaneous control strategy. The main part of the paper is concerned with a non-overlapping domain decomposition of the semi-linear elliptic optimal control problem on the graph into local problems on a small part of the network, ultimately on a single edge.展开更多
The variational statement of synthesis problem is generalized in order to account the additional requirements to the synthesized radiation pattern (RP) and field distribution in the specified points of near zone. For ...The variational statement of synthesis problem is generalized in order to account the additional requirements to the synthesized radiation pattern (RP) and field distribution in the specified points of near zone. For this aim, the minimizing functional is supplemented by term providing the possibility to minimize the values of field in these points;creating the deep zeros in the RP for the certain angular coordinates is realized too. The approach foresees reduction of an explicit formula for field values in a near zone. The results of computational modeling testify the possibility to create zeros in the given RP and to minimize the values of field in a near zone of plane arrays in a great extent.展开更多
This article proves the existence of a hyper-precise global numerical meta-architecture unifying, structuring, binding and controlling the billion triplet codons constituting the sequence of single-stranded DNA of the...This article proves the existence of a hyper-precise global numerical meta-architecture unifying, structuring, binding and controlling the billion triplet codons constituting the sequence of single-stranded DNA of the entire human genome. Beyond the evolution and erratic mutations like transposons within the genome, it’s as if the memory of a fossil genome with multiple symmetries persists. This recalls the “intermingling” of information characterizing the fractal universe of chaos theory. The result leads to a balanced and perfect tuning between the masses of the two strands of the huge DNA molecule that constitute our genome. We show here how codon populations forming the single-stranded DNA sequences can constitute a critical approach to the understanding of junk DNA function. Then, we suggest revisiting certain methods published in our 2009 book “Codex Biogenesis”. In fact, we demonstrate here how the universal genetic code table is a powerful analytical filter to characterize single-stranded DNA sequences constituting chromosomes and genomes. We can then show that any genomic DNA sequence is featured by three numbers, which characterize it and its 64 codon populations with correlations greater than 99%. The number “1” is common to all sequences, expressing the second law of Chargaff. The other 2 numbers are related to each specific DNA sequence case characterizing life species. For example, the entire human genome is characterized by three remarkable numbers 1, 2, and Phi = 1.618 the golden ratio. Associated with each of these three numbers, we can match three axes of symmetry, then “imagine” a kind of hyperspace formed by these codon populations. Then we revisit the value (3-Phi)/2 which is probably universal and common to both the scale of quarks and atomic levels, balancing and tuning the whole human genome codon population. Finally, we demonstrate a new kind of duality between “form and substance” overlapping the whole human genome: we will show that—simultaneously with the duality between genes and junk DNA—there is a second layer of embedded hidden structure overlapping all the DNA of the whole human genome, dividing it into a second type of duality information/redundancy involving golden ratio proportions.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to establish, paralleling a well-known result for definite integrals, the conditional convergence of a family of trigonometric sine series. The fundamental idea is to group appropriately t...The purpose of this paper is to establish, paralleling a well-known result for definite integrals, the conditional convergence of a family of trigonometric sine series. The fundamental idea is to group appropriately the terms of the series in order to show absolute divergence of the series, given the well-established result that the series as it stands is convergent.展开更多
My previous work dealt finding numbers which relatively prime to factorial value of certain number, high exponents and also find the way for finding mod values on certain number’s exponents. Firstly, I retreat my pre...My previous work dealt finding numbers which relatively prime to factorial value of certain number, high exponents and also find the way for finding mod values on certain number’s exponents. Firstly, I retreat my previous works about Euler’s phi function and some works on Fermat’s little theorem. Next, I construct exponent parallelogram to find coherence numbers of Euler’s phi functioned numbers and apply to Fermat’s little theorem. Then, I test the primality of prime numbers on Pascal’s triangle and explore new ways to construct Pascal’s triangle. Finally, I find the factorial value for certain number by using exponent triangle.展开更多
Around 1637, Fermat wrote his Last Theorem in the margin of his copy “<em>It is impossible to separate a cube into two cubes, or a fourth power into two fourth powers, or in general, any power higher than the s...Around 1637, Fermat wrote his Last Theorem in the margin of his copy “<em>It is impossible to separate a cube into two cubes, or a fourth power into two fourth powers, or in general, any power higher than the second, into two like powers</em>”. With <em>n, x, y, z</em> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">∈</span> <strong>N</strong> (meaning that <em>n, x, y, z</em> are all positive numbers) and <em>n</em> > 2, the equation <em>x<sup>n</sup></em> + <em>y<sup>n</sup></em> = <em>z<sup>n</sup></em><sup> </sup>has no solutions. In this paper, I try to prove Fermat’s statement by reverse order, which means no two cubes forms cube, no two fourth power forms a fourth power, or in general no two like powers forms a single like power greater than the two. I used roots, powers and radicals to assert Fermat’s last theorem. Also I tried to generalize Fermat’s conjecture for negative integers, with the help of radical equivalents of Pythagorean triplets and Euler’s disproven conjecture.展开更多
Euler’s rotation theorem and tensor rotation technique are applied to develop a generalized mathematical model for determining photoelastic constants in arbitrary orientation of cubic crystal system. Two times rotati...Euler’s rotation theorem and tensor rotation technique are applied to develop a generalized mathematical model for determining photoelastic constants in arbitrary orientation of cubic crystal system. Two times rotations are utilized in the model relating to crystallographic coordinates with Cartesian coordinates. The symmetry of photoelastic constants is found to have strong dependence with rotation angle. Using the model, one can determine photoelastic constants in any orientation by selecting appropriate rotation angle. The outcome of this study helps to characterize spatial variation of residual strain in crystalline as well as polycrystalline materials having cubic structure using the experimental technique known as scanning infrared polariscope.展开更多
文摘Using Euler’s first-order explicit(EE)method and the peridynamic differential operator(PDDO)to discretize the time and internal crystal-size derivatives,respectively,the Euler’s first-order explicit method–peridynamic differential operator(EE–PDDO)was obtained for solving the one-dimensional population balance equation in crystallization.Four different conditions during crystallization were studied:size-independent growth,sizedependent growth in a batch process,nucleation and size-independent growth,and nucleation and size-dependent growth in a continuous process.The high accuracy of the EE–PDDO method was confirmed by comparing it with the numerical results obtained using the second-order upwind and HR-van methods.The method is characterized by non-oscillation and high accuracy,especially in the discontinuous and sharp crystal size distribution.The stability of the EE–PDDO method,choice of weight function in the PDDO method,and optimal time step are also discussed.
文摘The Owen’s T function is presented in four new ways, one of them as a series similar to the Euler’s arctangent series divided by 2π, which is its majorant series. All possibilities enable numerically stable and fast convergent computation of the bivariate normal integral with simple recursion. When tested computation on a random sample of one million parameter triplets with uniformly distributed components and using double precision arithmetic, the maximum absolute error was 3.45 × 10<sup>-</sup><sup>16</sup>. In additional testing, focusing on cases with correlation coefficients close to one in absolute value, when the computation may be very sensitive to small rounding errors, the accuracy was retained. In rare potentially critical cases, a simple adjustment to the computation procedure was performed—one potentially critical computation was replaced with two equivalent non-critical ones. All new series are suitable for vector and high-precision computation, assuming they are supplemented with appropriate efficient and accurate computation of the arctangent and standard normal cumulative distribution functions. They are implemented by the R package Phi2rho, available on CRAN. Its functions allow vector arguments and are ready to work with the Rmpfr package, which enables the use of arbitrary precision instead of double precision numbers. A special test with up to 1024-bit precision computation is also presented.
文摘In this paper,a fast algorithm for Euler’s elastica functional is proposed,in which the Euler’s elastica functional is reformulated as a constrained minimization problem.Combining the augmented Lagrangian method and operator splitting techniques,the resulting saddle-point problem is solved by a serial of subproblems.To tackle the nonlinear constraints arising in the model,a novel fixed-point-based approach is proposed so that all the subproblems either is a linear problem or has a closed-form solution.We show the good performance of our approach in terms of speed and reliability using numerous numerical examples on synthetic,real-world and medical images for image denoising,image inpainting and image zooming problems.
基金supported by the NNSF of China grants 11526110,11271069,61362036 and 61461032,the 863 Program of China grant 2015AA01A302the Open Research Fund of Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Water Information Cooperative Sensing and Intelligent Processing(2016WICSIP013)the Youth Foundation of Nanchang Institute of Technology(2014KJ021).
文摘Recently,many variational models involving high order derivatives have been widely used in image processing,because they can reduce staircase effects during noise elimination.However,it is very challenging to construct efficient algo-rithms to obtain the minimizers of original high order functionals.In this paper,we propose a new linearized augmented Lagrangian method for Euler’s elastica image denoising model.We detail the procedures of finding the saddle-points of the aug-mented Lagrangian functional.Instead of solving associated linear systems by FFTor linear iterative methods(e.g.,the Gauss-Seidel method),we adopt a linearized strat-egy to get an iteration sequence so as to reduce computational cost.In addition,we give some simple complexity analysis for the proposed method.Experimental results with comparison to the previous method are supplied to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method,and indicate that such a linearized augmented Lagrangian method is more suitable to deal with large-sized images.
文摘In this paper, the definitons of both higher-order multivariable Euler’s numbersand polynomial. higher-order multivariable Bernoulli’s numbers and polynomial aregiven and some of their important properties are expounded. As a result, themathematical relationship between higher-order multivariable Euler’s polynomial(numbers) and higher-order higher -order Bernoulli’s polynomial (numbers) are thusobtained.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Fujian province of China(2016J01032).
文摘As is well known,the definitions of fractional sum and fractional difference of f(z)on non-uniform lattices x(z)=c1z^(2)+c2z+c3 or x(z)=c1q^(z)+c2q^(-z)+c3 are more difficult and complicated.In this article,for the first time we propose the definitions of the fractional sum and fractional difference on non-uniform lattices by two different ways.The analogue of Euler’s Beta formula,Cauchy’Beta formula on non-uniform lattices are established,and some fundamental theorems of fractional calculas,the solution of the generalized Abel equation on non-uniform lattices are obtained etc.
文摘Laplace transform is one of the powerful tools for solving differential equations in engineering and other science subjects.Using the Laplace transform for solving differential equations,however,sometimes leads to solutions in the Laplace domain that are not readily invertible to the real domain by analyticalmeans.Thus,we need numerical inversionmethods to convert the obtained solution fromLaplace domain to a real domain.In this paper,we propose a numerical scheme based on Laplace transform and numerical inverse Laplace transform for the approximate solution of fractal-fractional differential equations with orderα,β.Our proposed numerical scheme is based on three main steps.First,we convert the given fractal-fractional differential equation to fractional-differential equation in Riemann-Liouville sense,and then into Caputo sense.Secondly,we transformthe fractional differential equation in Caputo sense to an equivalent equation in Laplace space.Then the solution of the transformed equation is obtained in Laplace domain.Finally,the solution is converted into the real domain using numerical inversion of Laplace transform.Three inversion methods are evaluated in this paper,and their convergence is also discussed.Three test problems are used to validate the inversion methods.We demonstrate our results with the help of tables and figures.The obtained results show that Euler’s and Talbot’s methods performed better than Stehfest’s method.
文摘It is a fact that imaginary numbers do not have practical significance. But the role of imaginary numbers is very broad and enormous, due to the existence of Euler’s formula. Due to Euler’s formula, imaginary numbers have been applied in many theoretical theories. One of the biggest functions of imaginary numbers is to represent changes in phase, which is indispensable in signal analysis theory. The imaginary numbers in quantum mechanics pose a greater mystery: do the imaginary numbers really exist? This question still needs further scientific development to be answered.
文摘If Goldbach’s conjecture is true, then for each prime number p there is at least one pair of primes symmetric with respect to p and whose sum is 2p. In the multiplicative number theory, covering the positive integers with primes, during the prime factorization, may be viewed as being the outcome of a parallel system which functions properly if and only if Euler’s formula of the product of the reciprocals of the primes is true. An exact formula for the number of primes less than or equal to an arbitrary bound is given. This formula may be implemented using Wolfram’s computer package Mathematica.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Fundation of China(No.10972143)
文摘Helical equilibrium of a thin elastic rod has practical backgrounds,such as DNA,fiber,sub-ocean cable,and oil-well drill string.Kirchhoff’s kinetic analogy is an effective approach to the stability analysis of equilibrium of a thin elastic rod.The main hypotheses of Kirchhoff’s theory without the extension of the centerline and the shear deformation of the cross section are not adoptable to real soft materials of biological fibers.In this paper,the dynamic equations of a rod with a circular cross section are established on the basis of the exact Cosserat model by considering the tension and the shear deformations.Euler’s angles are applied as the attitude representation of the cross section.The deviation of the normal axis of the cross section from the tangent of the centerline is considered as the result of the shear deformation.Lyapunov’s stability of the helical equilibrium is discussed in static category.Euler’s critical values of axial force and torque are obtained.Lyapunov’s and Euler’s stability conditions in the space domain are the necessary conditions of Lyapunov’s stability of the helical rod in the time domain.
文摘Energy methods and the principle of virtual work are commonly used for obtaining solutions of boundary value problems (BVPs) and initial value problems (IVPs) associated with homogeneous, isotropic and non-homogeneous, non-isotropic matter without using (or in the absence of) the mathematical models of the BVPs and the IVPs. These methods are also used for deriving mathematical models for BVPs and IVPs associated with isotropic, homogeneous as well as non-homogeneous, non-isotropic continuous matter. In energy methods when applied to IVPs, one constructs energy functional (<i>I</i>) consisting of kinetic energy, strain energy and the potential energy of loads. The first variation of this energy functional (<em>δI</em>) set to zero is a necessary condition for an extremum of <i>I</i>. In this approach one could use <i>δI</i> = 0 directly in constructing computational processes such as the finite element method or could derive Euler’s equations (differential or partial differential equations) from <i>δI</i> = 0, which is also satisfied by a solution obtained from <i>δI</i> = 0. The Euler’s equations obtained from <i>δI</i> = 0 indeed are the mathematical model associated with the energy functional <i>I</i>. In case of BVPs we follow the same approach except in this case, the energy functional <i>I</i> consists of strain energy and the potential energy of loads. In using the principle of virtual work for BVPs and the IVPs, we can also accomplish the same as described above using energy methods. In this paper we investigate consistency and validity of the mathematical models for isotropic, homogeneous and non-isotropic, non-homogeneous continuous matter for BVPs that are derived using energy functional consisting of strain energy and the potential energy of loads. Similar investigation is also presented for IVPs using energy functional consisting of kinetic energy, strain energy and the potential energy of loads. The computational approaches for BVPs and the IVPs designed using energy functional and principle of virtual work, their consistency and validity are also investigated. Classical continuum mechanics (CCM) principles <i>i.e.</i> conservation and balance laws of CCM with consistent constitutive theories and the elements of calculus of variations are employed in the investigations presented in this paper.
文摘We consider optimal control problems for the flow of gas in a pipe network. The equations of motions are taken to be represented by a semi-linear model derived from the fully nonlinear isothermal Euler gas equations. We formulate an optimal control problem on a given network and introduce a time discretization thereof. We then study the well-posedness of the corresponding time-discrete optimal control problem. In order to further reduce the complexity, we consider an instantaneous control strategy. The main part of the paper is concerned with a non-overlapping domain decomposition of the semi-linear elliptic optimal control problem on the graph into local problems on a small part of the network, ultimately on a single edge.
文摘The variational statement of synthesis problem is generalized in order to account the additional requirements to the synthesized radiation pattern (RP) and field distribution in the specified points of near zone. For this aim, the minimizing functional is supplemented by term providing the possibility to minimize the values of field in these points;creating the deep zeros in the RP for the certain angular coordinates is realized too. The approach foresees reduction of an explicit formula for field values in a near zone. The results of computational modeling testify the possibility to create zeros in the given RP and to minimize the values of field in a near zone of plane arrays in a great extent.
文摘This article proves the existence of a hyper-precise global numerical meta-architecture unifying, structuring, binding and controlling the billion triplet codons constituting the sequence of single-stranded DNA of the entire human genome. Beyond the evolution and erratic mutations like transposons within the genome, it’s as if the memory of a fossil genome with multiple symmetries persists. This recalls the “intermingling” of information characterizing the fractal universe of chaos theory. The result leads to a balanced and perfect tuning between the masses of the two strands of the huge DNA molecule that constitute our genome. We show here how codon populations forming the single-stranded DNA sequences can constitute a critical approach to the understanding of junk DNA function. Then, we suggest revisiting certain methods published in our 2009 book “Codex Biogenesis”. In fact, we demonstrate here how the universal genetic code table is a powerful analytical filter to characterize single-stranded DNA sequences constituting chromosomes and genomes. We can then show that any genomic DNA sequence is featured by three numbers, which characterize it and its 64 codon populations with correlations greater than 99%. The number “1” is common to all sequences, expressing the second law of Chargaff. The other 2 numbers are related to each specific DNA sequence case characterizing life species. For example, the entire human genome is characterized by three remarkable numbers 1, 2, and Phi = 1.618 the golden ratio. Associated with each of these three numbers, we can match three axes of symmetry, then “imagine” a kind of hyperspace formed by these codon populations. Then we revisit the value (3-Phi)/2 which is probably universal and common to both the scale of quarks and atomic levels, balancing and tuning the whole human genome codon population. Finally, we demonstrate a new kind of duality between “form and substance” overlapping the whole human genome: we will show that—simultaneously with the duality between genes and junk DNA—there is a second layer of embedded hidden structure overlapping all the DNA of the whole human genome, dividing it into a second type of duality information/redundancy involving golden ratio proportions.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to establish, paralleling a well-known result for definite integrals, the conditional convergence of a family of trigonometric sine series. The fundamental idea is to group appropriately the terms of the series in order to show absolute divergence of the series, given the well-established result that the series as it stands is convergent.
文摘My previous work dealt finding numbers which relatively prime to factorial value of certain number, high exponents and also find the way for finding mod values on certain number’s exponents. Firstly, I retreat my previous works about Euler’s phi function and some works on Fermat’s little theorem. Next, I construct exponent parallelogram to find coherence numbers of Euler’s phi functioned numbers and apply to Fermat’s little theorem. Then, I test the primality of prime numbers on Pascal’s triangle and explore new ways to construct Pascal’s triangle. Finally, I find the factorial value for certain number by using exponent triangle.
文摘Around 1637, Fermat wrote his Last Theorem in the margin of his copy “<em>It is impossible to separate a cube into two cubes, or a fourth power into two fourth powers, or in general, any power higher than the second, into two like powers</em>”. With <em>n, x, y, z</em> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">∈</span> <strong>N</strong> (meaning that <em>n, x, y, z</em> are all positive numbers) and <em>n</em> > 2, the equation <em>x<sup>n</sup></em> + <em>y<sup>n</sup></em> = <em>z<sup>n</sup></em><sup> </sup>has no solutions. In this paper, I try to prove Fermat’s statement by reverse order, which means no two cubes forms cube, no two fourth power forms a fourth power, or in general no two like powers forms a single like power greater than the two. I used roots, powers and radicals to assert Fermat’s last theorem. Also I tried to generalize Fermat’s conjecture for negative integers, with the help of radical equivalents of Pythagorean triplets and Euler’s disproven conjecture.
文摘Euler’s rotation theorem and tensor rotation technique are applied to develop a generalized mathematical model for determining photoelastic constants in arbitrary orientation of cubic crystal system. Two times rotations are utilized in the model relating to crystallographic coordinates with Cartesian coordinates. The symmetry of photoelastic constants is found to have strong dependence with rotation angle. Using the model, one can determine photoelastic constants in any orientation by selecting appropriate rotation angle. The outcome of this study helps to characterize spatial variation of residual strain in crystalline as well as polycrystalline materials having cubic structure using the experimental technique known as scanning infrared polariscope.
