To improve high quality and/or retain achieved high quality of an academic program, time to time evaluation for quality of each covered course is often an integrated aspect considered in reputed institutions, however,...To improve high quality and/or retain achieved high quality of an academic program, time to time evaluation for quality of each covered course is often an integrated aspect considered in reputed institutions, however, there has been little effort regarding humanities courses. This research article deals with analysis of evaluation data collected regarding humanities course from a College of Commerce & Economics, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, on Likert type items. Appropriateness of one parametric measure and three non-parametric measures are discussed and used in this regard which could provide useful clues for educational policy planners. Keeping in view of the analytical results using these four measures, regardless of the threshold regarding satisfaction among students, overall performance of almost every subject has been un-satisfactory. There is a need to make a focused approach to take every course at the level of high performance. The inconsistency noticed under every threshold further revealed that under such poorly performing subjects globally, one needs to analyze merely at the global level item. Once the global level analysis reveals high performance of a course, then only item specific analysis may need to be focused to find out the items requiring further improvements.展开更多
A benchmark experiment on^(238)U slab samples was conducted using a deuterium-tritium neutron source at the China Institute of Atomic Energy.The leakage neutron spectra within energy levels of 0.8-16 MeV at 60°an...A benchmark experiment on^(238)U slab samples was conducted using a deuterium-tritium neutron source at the China Institute of Atomic Energy.The leakage neutron spectra within energy levels of 0.8-16 MeV at 60°and 120°were measured using the time-of-flight method.The samples were prepared as rectangular slabs with a 30 cm square base and thicknesses of 3,6,and 9 cm.The leakage neutron spectra were also calculated using the MCNP-4C program based on the latest evaluated files of^(238)U evaluated neutron data from CENDL-3.2,ENDF/B-Ⅷ.0,JENDL-5.0,and JEFF-3.3.Based on the comparison,the deficiencies and improvements in^(238)U evaluated nuclear data were analyzed.The results showed the following.(1)The calculated results for CENDL-3.2 significantly overestimated the measurements in the energy interval of elastic scattering at 60°and 120°.(2)The calculated results of CENDL-3.2 overestimated the measurements in the energy interval of inelastic scattering at 120°.(3)The calculated results for CENDL-3.2 significantly overestimated the measurements in the 3-8.5 MeV energy interval at 60°and 120°.(4)The calculated results with JENDL-5.0 were generally consistent with the measurement results.展开更多
The development of Global Energy Interconnection(GEI)is essential for supporting a wide range of basic data resources.The Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization has established a compre...The development of Global Energy Interconnection(GEI)is essential for supporting a wide range of basic data resources.The Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization has established a comprehensive data center covering six major systems.However,methods for accurately describing and scientifically evaluating the credibility of the massive amount of GEI data remain underdeveloped.To address this lack of such methods,a GEI data credibility quantitative evaluation model is proposed here.An evaluation indicator system is established to evaluate data credibility from multiple perspectives and ensure the comprehensiveness and impartiality of evaluation results.The Cloud Model abandons the hard division of comments to ensure objectivity and accuracy in evaluation results.To evaluate the suitability of the proposed method,a case analysis is conducted,wherein the proposed method demonstrates sufficient validity and feasibility.展开更多
The present study evaluates spatial and temporal characteristics of the Fengyun-3 B(FY-3 B)’s outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)data based on NOAA OLR data and the GPCP(Global Precipitation Climatology Project)precipit...The present study evaluates spatial and temporal characteristics of the Fengyun-3 B(FY-3 B)’s outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)data based on NOAA OLR data and the GPCP(Global Precipitation Climatology Project)precipitation data over the Asian-Australian region during 2011-2019.In terms of climatological distribution patterns and interannual standard deviation,FY-3 BOLR are quite consistent with NOAA OLR,with annual and seasonal pattern correlation coefficients all exceeding 0.93.There are some discrepancies in the OLR magnitude between FY-3 B and NOAA,especially for the OLR climatology;the climatological OLR from FY-3 B are systematically larger than those from NOAA over the whole study region.In addition,examination of the temporal correlation coefficients between OLR and precipitation over the Asian-Australian monsoon(AAM)region reveals that both of the OLR datasets have captured the widespread negative correlation with precipitation,and FY-3 BOLR exhibits a stronger relationship to precipitation over land.Moreover,FY-3 BOLR exhibits better responses to the precipitation anomalies over India during the extreme El Nino and La Nina events.These results suggest that the FY-3 B OLR dataset is of high quality and worthy of further global application.展开更多
The present study compares the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO)in Fengyun-3B(FY-3B)polar-orbiting satellite reprocessed outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)data and NOAA OLR data ...The present study compares the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO)in Fengyun-3B(FY-3B)polar-orbiting satellite reprocessed outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)data and NOAA OLR data during 2011-2020.The spatial distributions of climatological mean and intraseasonal standard deviation of FY-3B OLR during boreal winter(November-April)and boreal summer(May-October)are highly consistent with those of NOAA OLR.The FY-3B and NOAA OLRs display highly consistent features in the wavenumber-frequency spectra,the occurrence frequency of MJO active days,the eastward propagation of MJO along the equator,and the interannual variability of MJO according to diagnoses using the all-season multivariate EOF analysis.These results indicate that the FY-3B OLR produced by the polar-orbiting satellites is of high quality and worthy of global application.展开更多
Collocated data of the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MO<span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">DIS) Collection 6.1 aerosol o...Collocated data of the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MO<span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">DIS) Collection 6.1 aerosol optical depths (AOD) at 3 km × 3 km north of 59.9</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">N over ocean were assessed at 550 nm by aerosol robotic network (AERONET) data from coastal sites and marine aerosol network (MAN) data from vessels during June to October 2006 to 2018. Typically, MODIS AOD w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">as</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> higher at low and lower at high values than the AERONET AOD. Discrepancies were largest for sites where the Earth’s surface around the site is very heterogeneous (Canadian Archipelago, coast of Greenland). Due to the higher likelihood for sea-ice, MAN and MODIS AOD differed stronger west of Greenland and over the Beaufort Sea than at location in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas and Atlantic. MODIS AOD well captured the inter-seasonal variability found in the AERONET AOD data (R = 0.933). At all sites, MO</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">DIS and AERONET AOD agreement improved as time progressed in the shipping season, hinting at errors in sea-ice vs. open water classification. Overall 75.3% of the MODIS AOD data fell within the limits of the error envelops of the AERONET/MAN AOD data with MAN ranging between 87.5% and 100%. Changes in both MODIS and AERONET mean AOD between two periods of same length (2006-2011, 2013-2018) were explainable by changes in emissions for all sites</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span>展开更多
The human-computer dialogue has recently attracted extensive attention from both academia and industry as an important branch in the field of artificial intelligence(AI).However,there are few studies on the evaluation...The human-computer dialogue has recently attracted extensive attention from both academia and industry as an important branch in the field of artificial intelligence(AI).However,there are few studies on the evaluation of large-scale Chinese human-computer dialogue systems.In this paper,we introduce the Second Evaluation of Chinese Human-Computer Dialogue Technology,which focuses on the identification of a user’s intents and intelligent processing of intent words.The Evaluation consists of user intent classification(Task 1)and online testing of task-oriented dialogues(Task 2),the data sets of which are provided by iFLYTEK Corporation.The evaluation tasks and data sets are introduced in detail,and meanwhile,the evaluation results and the existing problems in the evaluation are discussed.展开更多
There is a growing interest in developing human-computer dialogue systems which is an important branch in the field of artificial intelligence(AI).However,the evaluation of large-scale Chinese human-computer dialogues...There is a growing interest in developing human-computer dialogue systems which is an important branch in the field of artificial intelligence(AI).However,the evaluation of large-scale Chinese human-computer dialogues is still a challenging task.To attract more attention to dialogue evaluation work,we held the fourth Evaluation of Chinese Human-Computer Dialogue Technology(ECDT).It consists of few-shot learning in spoken language understanding(SLU)(Task 1)and knowledge-driven multi-turn dialogue competition(Task 2),the data sets of which are provided by Harbin Institute of Technology and Tsinghua University.In this paper,we will introduce the evaluation tasks and data sets in detail.Meanwhile,we will also analyze the evaluation results and the existing problems in the evaluation.展开更多
Federated Learning(FL)is a type of distributed deep learning framework in which multiple devices train a local model using local data,and the gradients of the local model are then sent to a central server that aggrega...Federated Learning(FL)is a type of distributed deep learning framework in which multiple devices train a local model using local data,and the gradients of the local model are then sent to a central server that aggregates them to create a global model.This type of framework is ideal where data privacy is of utmost importance because the data never leave the local device.However,a major concern in FL is ensuring the data quality of local training data.Since there is no control over the local training data,ensuring that the local model is trained on clean data becomes challenging.A model trained on poor-quality data can have a significant impact on its accuracy.In this paper,we propose a decentralized approach using blockchain to ensure local model data quality.We use miners to validate each local model by checking its accuracy against a secret testing dataset.This is done using a smart contract that the miners invoke during the mining process.The local model is aggregated with the global model only if it passes a preset accuracy threshold.We test our proposed method on two datasets:the Brain Tumor Classification dataset from Kaggle,comprised of 7000 MRI images divided into two classes(Tumor/No Tumor),and the Medical MNIST dataset,which includes 58,954 images classified into six different classes:AbdomenCT,BreastMRI,ChestCT,Chest X-ray,Hand X-ray,and HeadCT.Our results show that our method outperforms the original FL approach in all experiments.展开更多
The central and western Tibetan Plateau(CWTP)is characterized by harsh environment and strong interactions among the spheres of earth as well as significant changes in climate and water cycles over the past four decad...The central and western Tibetan Plateau(CWTP)is characterized by harsh environment and strong interactions among the spheres of earth as well as significant changes in climate and water cycles over the past four decades.The lack of precipitation observations is a bottleneck for the study of land surface processes in this region.Over the past six years,we have designed and established two observation transects across the south-north and the west-east in this region to obtain hourly rainfall data during the warm season(May-September).The south-north transect extends from Yadong Valley on the southern slope of the Himalayas to Shuanghu County in the hinterland of the plateau,with a total of 31stations;the west-east transect extends from Shiquanhe in the west to Naqu in the central TP,with a total of 22 stations.The observation dataset has been applied to clarify the spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation in the CWTP,to evaluate the quality of typical gridded precipitation products,to support the development of regional climate models,and to reveal the processes of summertime lake-air interactions.The observation dataset has been released in the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center.展开更多
文摘To improve high quality and/or retain achieved high quality of an academic program, time to time evaluation for quality of each covered course is often an integrated aspect considered in reputed institutions, however, there has been little effort regarding humanities courses. This research article deals with analysis of evaluation data collected regarding humanities course from a College of Commerce & Economics, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, on Likert type items. Appropriateness of one parametric measure and three non-parametric measures are discussed and used in this regard which could provide useful clues for educational policy planners. Keeping in view of the analytical results using these four measures, regardless of the threshold regarding satisfaction among students, overall performance of almost every subject has been un-satisfactory. There is a need to make a focused approach to take every course at the level of high performance. The inconsistency noticed under every threshold further revealed that under such poorly performing subjects globally, one needs to analyze merely at the global level item. Once the global level analysis reveals high performance of a course, then only item specific analysis may need to be focused to find out the items requiring further improvements.
基金This work was supported by the general program(No.1177531)joint funding(No.U2067205)from the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘A benchmark experiment on^(238)U slab samples was conducted using a deuterium-tritium neutron source at the China Institute of Atomic Energy.The leakage neutron spectra within energy levels of 0.8-16 MeV at 60°and 120°were measured using the time-of-flight method.The samples were prepared as rectangular slabs with a 30 cm square base and thicknesses of 3,6,and 9 cm.The leakage neutron spectra were also calculated using the MCNP-4C program based on the latest evaluated files of^(238)U evaluated neutron data from CENDL-3.2,ENDF/B-Ⅷ.0,JENDL-5.0,and JEFF-3.3.Based on the comparison,the deficiencies and improvements in^(238)U evaluated nuclear data were analyzed.The results showed the following.(1)The calculated results for CENDL-3.2 significantly overestimated the measurements in the energy interval of elastic scattering at 60°and 120°.(2)The calculated results of CENDL-3.2 overestimated the measurements in the energy interval of inelastic scattering at 120°.(3)The calculated results for CENDL-3.2 significantly overestimated the measurements in the 3-8.5 MeV energy interval at 60°and 120°.(4)The calculated results with JENDL-5.0 were generally consistent with the measurement results.
基金supported by the State Grid Science and Technology Project (No. 52450018000H)
文摘The development of Global Energy Interconnection(GEI)is essential for supporting a wide range of basic data resources.The Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization has established a comprehensive data center covering six major systems.However,methods for accurately describing and scientifically evaluating the credibility of the massive amount of GEI data remain underdeveloped.To address this lack of such methods,a GEI data credibility quantitative evaluation model is proposed here.An evaluation indicator system is established to evaluate data credibility from multiple perspectives and ensure the comprehensiveness and impartiality of evaluation results.The Cloud Model abandons the hard division of comments to ensure objectivity and accuracy in evaluation results.To evaluate the suitability of the proposed method,a case analysis is conducted,wherein the proposed method demonstrates sufficient validity and feasibility.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFA0600604,2018YFB0504900,and 2018YFB0504905)Basic Research Found of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2020Y014)。
文摘The present study evaluates spatial and temporal characteristics of the Fengyun-3 B(FY-3 B)’s outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)data based on NOAA OLR data and the GPCP(Global Precipitation Climatology Project)precipitation data over the Asian-Australian region during 2011-2019.In terms of climatological distribution patterns and interannual standard deviation,FY-3 BOLR are quite consistent with NOAA OLR,with annual and seasonal pattern correlation coefficients all exceeding 0.93.There are some discrepancies in the OLR magnitude between FY-3 B and NOAA,especially for the OLR climatology;the climatological OLR from FY-3 B are systematically larger than those from NOAA over the whole study region.In addition,examination of the temporal correlation coefficients between OLR and precipitation over the Asian-Australian monsoon(AAM)region reveals that both of the OLR datasets have captured the widespread negative correlation with precipitation,and FY-3 BOLR exhibits a stronger relationship to precipitation over land.Moreover,FY-3 BOLR exhibits better responses to the precipitation anomalies over India during the extreme El Nino and La Nina events.These results suggest that the FY-3 B OLR dataset is of high quality and worthy of further global application.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFB0504900 and 2018YFB0504905)。
文摘The present study compares the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO)in Fengyun-3B(FY-3B)polar-orbiting satellite reprocessed outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)data and NOAA OLR data during 2011-2020.The spatial distributions of climatological mean and intraseasonal standard deviation of FY-3B OLR during boreal winter(November-April)and boreal summer(May-October)are highly consistent with those of NOAA OLR.The FY-3B and NOAA OLRs display highly consistent features in the wavenumber-frequency spectra,the occurrence frequency of MJO active days,the eastward propagation of MJO along the equator,and the interannual variability of MJO according to diagnoses using the all-season multivariate EOF analysis.These results indicate that the FY-3B OLR produced by the polar-orbiting satellites is of high quality and worthy of global application.
文摘Collocated data of the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MO<span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">DIS) Collection 6.1 aerosol optical depths (AOD) at 3 km × 3 km north of 59.9</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">N over ocean were assessed at 550 nm by aerosol robotic network (AERONET) data from coastal sites and marine aerosol network (MAN) data from vessels during June to October 2006 to 2018. Typically, MODIS AOD w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">as</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> higher at low and lower at high values than the AERONET AOD. Discrepancies were largest for sites where the Earth’s surface around the site is very heterogeneous (Canadian Archipelago, coast of Greenland). Due to the higher likelihood for sea-ice, MAN and MODIS AOD differed stronger west of Greenland and over the Beaufort Sea than at location in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas and Atlantic. MODIS AOD well captured the inter-seasonal variability found in the AERONET AOD data (R = 0.933). At all sites, MO</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">DIS and AERONET AOD agreement improved as time progressed in the shipping season, hinting at errors in sea-ice vs. open water classification. Overall 75.3% of the MODIS AOD data fell within the limits of the error envelops of the AERONET/MAN AOD data with MAN ranging between 87.5% and 100%. Changes in both MODIS and AERONET mean AOD between two periods of same length (2006-2011, 2013-2018) were explainable by changes in emissions for all sites</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span>
文摘The human-computer dialogue has recently attracted extensive attention from both academia and industry as an important branch in the field of artificial intelligence(AI).However,there are few studies on the evaluation of large-scale Chinese human-computer dialogue systems.In this paper,we introduce the Second Evaluation of Chinese Human-Computer Dialogue Technology,which focuses on the identification of a user’s intents and intelligent processing of intent words.The Evaluation consists of user intent classification(Task 1)and online testing of task-oriented dialogues(Task 2),the data sets of which are provided by iFLYTEK Corporation.The evaluation tasks and data sets are introduced in detail,and meanwhile,the evaluation results and the existing problems in the evaluation are discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62076081,No.61772153,No.61936010).
文摘There is a growing interest in developing human-computer dialogue systems which is an important branch in the field of artificial intelligence(AI).However,the evaluation of large-scale Chinese human-computer dialogues is still a challenging task.To attract more attention to dialogue evaluation work,we held the fourth Evaluation of Chinese Human-Computer Dialogue Technology(ECDT).It consists of few-shot learning in spoken language understanding(SLU)(Task 1)and knowledge-driven multi-turn dialogue competition(Task 2),the data sets of which are provided by Harbin Institute of Technology and Tsinghua University.In this paper,we will introduce the evaluation tasks and data sets in detail.Meanwhile,we will also analyze the evaluation results and the existing problems in the evaluation.
文摘Federated Learning(FL)is a type of distributed deep learning framework in which multiple devices train a local model using local data,and the gradients of the local model are then sent to a central server that aggregates them to create a global model.This type of framework is ideal where data privacy is of utmost importance because the data never leave the local device.However,a major concern in FL is ensuring the data quality of local training data.Since there is no control over the local training data,ensuring that the local model is trained on clean data becomes challenging.A model trained on poor-quality data can have a significant impact on its accuracy.In this paper,we propose a decentralized approach using blockchain to ensure local model data quality.We use miners to validate each local model by checking its accuracy against a secret testing dataset.This is done using a smart contract that the miners invoke during the mining process.The local model is aggregated with the global model only if it passes a preset accuracy threshold.We test our proposed method on two datasets:the Brain Tumor Classification dataset from Kaggle,comprised of 7000 MRI images divided into two classes(Tumor/No Tumor),and the Medical MNIST dataset,which includes 58,954 images classified into six different classes:AbdomenCT,BreastMRI,ChestCT,Chest X-ray,Hand X-ray,and HeadCT.Our results show that our method outperforms the original FL approach in all experiments.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP)(Grants No.2019QZKK0206)the National Key Research and Development Project(Grants No.2018YFA0605400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.41975125)。
文摘The central and western Tibetan Plateau(CWTP)is characterized by harsh environment and strong interactions among the spheres of earth as well as significant changes in climate and water cycles over the past four decades.The lack of precipitation observations is a bottleneck for the study of land surface processes in this region.Over the past six years,we have designed and established two observation transects across the south-north and the west-east in this region to obtain hourly rainfall data during the warm season(May-September).The south-north transect extends from Yadong Valley on the southern slope of the Himalayas to Shuanghu County in the hinterland of the plateau,with a total of 31stations;the west-east transect extends from Shiquanhe in the west to Naqu in the central TP,with a total of 22 stations.The observation dataset has been applied to clarify the spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation in the CWTP,to evaluate the quality of typical gridded precipitation products,to support the development of regional climate models,and to reveal the processes of summertime lake-air interactions.The observation dataset has been released in the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center.
