Partnerships between U.S. universities and industries have existed for several decades and in recent years have become generally more varied, wider in scope, more aggressive and experimental and higher in public visib...Partnerships between U.S. universities and industries have existed for several decades and in recent years have become generally more varied, wider in scope, more aggressive and experimental and higher in public visibility. In addition, in the last few decades, public and private interests have advocated for government policies and laws to globally promote the commercialization of university science. This paper examines the persistence or convergence of the two cultures of science and the implications of this commercialization for university-industry relationships in agriculture biotechnology. The perceptions and values of over 200 U.S. university and industry scientists, managers and administrators who participate in or oversee research collaborations in agricultural biotechnology were analyzed. The findings revealed that the participants in these research relationships continue to perceive very distinct cultures of science and identify a wide range of concerns and disadvantages of these partnerships. Several actions were discussed to ensure that the two cultures serve complementary roles and that they maximize the public benefits from these increasing collaborations.展开更多
This article uses the case of the Sino-Albanian Friendship Trees to examine the significance and the limits of transnational scientific exchange in China during the 1960s and 1970s.In 1964,Albania gave ten thousand ol...This article uses the case of the Sino-Albanian Friendship Trees to examine the significance and the limits of transnational scientific exchange in China during the 1960s and 1970s.In 1964,Albania gave ten thousand olive trees to China as a symbol of the eternal friendship of the Chinese and Albanian people;it was then up to Chinese agricultural scientists and farmers to find suitable means to propagate and cultivate them.The author finds that,though the olive trees served as symbols of international friendship and scientific exchange,knowledge about olive trees produced and circulated in the PRC reflected science in context(that is,science within the national-level political context of 1960s–1970s China)more than knowledge in transit(that is,the transnational circulation of knowledge).The importation of olive trees from Albania ended up offering a new application for Chinese agricultural knowledge and for quintessentially“Cultural Revolution”-era systems of knowledge production and circulation.展开更多
基金part of the project Public Goods and the University-Industry Relationships in Agricultural Biotechnology funded by the Cooperative States Research,Education,and Extension Service of USDA under IFAFS Agreement 2001-52100-11217. Any opinions,findings,conclusions,or recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
文摘Partnerships between U.S. universities and industries have existed for several decades and in recent years have become generally more varied, wider in scope, more aggressive and experimental and higher in public visibility. In addition, in the last few decades, public and private interests have advocated for government policies and laws to globally promote the commercialization of university science. This paper examines the persistence or convergence of the two cultures of science and the implications of this commercialization for university-industry relationships in agriculture biotechnology. The perceptions and values of over 200 U.S. university and industry scientists, managers and administrators who participate in or oversee research collaborations in agricultural biotechnology were analyzed. The findings revealed that the participants in these research relationships continue to perceive very distinct cultures of science and identify a wide range of concerns and disadvantages of these partnerships. Several actions were discussed to ensure that the two cultures serve complementary roles and that they maximize the public benefits from these increasing collaborations.
文摘This article uses the case of the Sino-Albanian Friendship Trees to examine the significance and the limits of transnational scientific exchange in China during the 1960s and 1970s.In 1964,Albania gave ten thousand olive trees to China as a symbol of the eternal friendship of the Chinese and Albanian people;it was then up to Chinese agricultural scientists and farmers to find suitable means to propagate and cultivate them.The author finds that,though the olive trees served as symbols of international friendship and scientific exchange,knowledge about olive trees produced and circulated in the PRC reflected science in context(that is,science within the national-level political context of 1960s–1970s China)more than knowledge in transit(that is,the transnational circulation of knowledge).The importation of olive trees from Albania ended up offering a new application for Chinese agricultural knowledge and for quintessentially“Cultural Revolution”-era systems of knowledge production and circulation.
