In this paper,we introduce new stable mixed finite elements of any order on polytopal mesh for solving second-order elliptic problem.We establish optimal order error estimates for velocity and super convergence for pr...In this paper,we introduce new stable mixed finite elements of any order on polytopal mesh for solving second-order elliptic problem.We establish optimal order error estimates for velocity and super convergence for pressure.Numerical experiments are conducted for our mixed elements of different orders on 2D and 3D spaces that confirm the theory.展开更多
Soils are not necessarily uniform and may present linearly varied or layered characteristics,for example the backfilled soils behind rigid retaining walls.In the presence of large lateral thrust imposed by arch bridge...Soils are not necessarily uniform and may present linearly varied or layered characteristics,for example the backfilled soils behind rigid retaining walls.In the presence of large lateral thrust imposed by arch bridge,passive soil failure is possible.A reliable prediction of passive earth pressure for the design of such wall is challenging in complicated soil strata,when adopting the conventional limit analysis method.In order to overcome the challenge for generating a kinematically admissible velocity field and a statically allowable stress field,finite element method is incorporated into limit analysis,forming finiteelement upper-bound(FEUB)and finite-element lower-bound(FELB)methods.Pseudo-static,original and modified pseudo-dynamic approaches are adopted to represent seismic acceleration inputs.After generating feasible velocity and stress fields within discretized elements based on specific criteria,FEUB and FELB formulations of seismic passive earth pressure(coefficient K_(P))can be derived from work rate balance equation and stress equilibrium.Resorting to an interior point algorithm,optimal upper and lower bound solutions are obtained.The proposed FEUB and FELB procedures are well validated by limit equilibrium as well as lower-bound and kinematic analyses.Parametric studies are carried out to investigate the effects of influential factors on seismic K_(P).Notably,true solution of K_(P) is well estimated based on less than 5%difference between FEUB and FELB solutions under such complex scenarios.展开更多
Better torque performance and higher reliability have long been the focus of research for slotted limited-angle torque motors(LATMs),which are primarily used to position first-stage valves in electrohydraulic servosys...Better torque performance and higher reliability have long been the focus of research for slotted limited-angle torque motors(LATMs),which are primarily used to position first-stage valves in electrohydraulic servosystems.This paper presents a high reliability axial-flux slotted LATM with quasi-Halbach array for torque performance improvement including constant torque range(CTR)and output torque.Firstly,the structure with two sets of windings and the operation principle of the proposed slotted LATM is analyzed.Secondly,a brief design procedure is presented,the structure selections of open slot and double-stator single-rotor(DSSR)interior rotor with surface mounted quasi-Halbach permanent magnet(PM)array are illustrated,and the geometric parameters are optimized to obtain the optimal design of the proposed slotted LATM.Then,3-D finite-element method(FEM)is employed to compare the proposed slotted LATM with the conventional surface mounted PM slotted LATM in terms of cogging torque,no-load back EMF,and output torque,and the results show that the proposed LATM with quasi-Halbach array has a 10%improvement in output torque and a 25%improvement in CTR.Meanwhile,the flux linkages and torque performance of the two sets of windings under various conditions verify good magnetic isolation.Finally,prototypes of two different rotor types are manufactured and a series of experiments are performed to validate the analysis.展开更多
A constitutive model of unsaturated soils with coupling capillary hysteresis and skeleton deformation is developed and implemented in a fully coupled transient hydro-mechanical finite-element model(computer code U-DYS...A constitutive model of unsaturated soils with coupling capillary hysteresis and skeleton deformation is developed and implemented in a fully coupled transient hydro-mechanical finite-element model(computer code U-DYSAC2).The obtained results are compared with experimental results,showing that the proposed constitutive model can simulate the main mechanical and hydraulic behavior of unsaturated soils in a unified framework.The non-linearity of the soil-water characteristic relation is treated in a similar way of elastoplasticity.Two constitutive relations are integrated by an implicit return-mapping scheme similar to that developed for saturated soils.A consistent tangential modulus is derived to preserve the asymptotic rate of the quadratic convergence of Newton's iteration.Combined with the integration of the constitutive model,a complete finite-element formulation of coupling hydro-mechanical problems for unsaturated soils is presented.A number of practical problems with different given initial and boundary conditions are analyzed to illustrate the performance and capabilities of the finite-element model.展开更多
The accumulated large amount of satellite magnetic data strengthens our capability of resolving the electrical conductivity of Earth’s mantle.To invert these satellite magnetic data,accurate and efficient forward mod...The accumulated large amount of satellite magnetic data strengthens our capability of resolving the electrical conductivity of Earth’s mantle.To invert these satellite magnetic data,accurate and efficient forward modeling solvers are needed.In this study,a new finite-element based forward modeling solver is developed to accurately and efficiently compute the induced electromagnetic field for a realistic 3D Earth.Firstly,the nodal-based finite element method with linear shape function on tetrahedral grid is used to assemble the final system of linear equations for the magnetic vector potential and electric scalar potential.The FGMRES solver with algebraic multigrid(AMG)preconditioner is used to quickly solve the final system of linear equations.The weighted moving least-square method is employed to accurately recover the electromagnetic field from the numerical solutions of magnetic vector and electric scalar potentials.Furthermore,a local mesh refinement technique is employed to improve the accuracy of the estimated electromagnetic field.At the end,two synthetic models are used to verify the accuracy and efficiency of our newly developed forward modeling solver.A realistic 3D Earth model is used to simulate the induced magnetic field at 450 and 200 km altitudes which are the planned flying altitudes of Macao’s geomagnetic satellites.The simulation indicates that(1)the amplitude of the mantle-induced magnetic field can reach 10–30 nT at 450 km altitude,which is 10–30%of the primary magnetic field.The induced magnetic field at 200 km altitude has larger amplitudes.These mantleinduced magnetic fields can be measured by Macao geomagnetic satellites;(2)the amplitude of the ocean-induced magnetic field can reach 5–30 nT at satellite altitudes,which needs to be carefully considered in the interpretation of satellite magnetic data.We are confident that our newly developed forward modeling solver will become a key tool for interpreting satellite magnetic data.展开更多
Steel wire ropes have wide application in a variety of engineering fields such as ocean engineering and civil engineering.The stress calculation for steel wire ropes is of crucial importance when conducting strength a...Steel wire ropes have wide application in a variety of engineering fields such as ocean engineering and civil engineering.The stress calculation for steel wire ropes is of crucial importance when conducting strength and fatigue analyses.In this study,we performed a finite element analysis of single-strand steel wire ropes.For the geometric modeling,we used an analytic geometry of space method.We established helical line equations and used the coordinates of the contact points.The finite-element model was simplified using the periodic law.Periodic boundary conditions were used to simulate a wire strand of infinite length under tensile strain,for which we calculated the cross-sectional stresses and inner forces.The results showed that bending and torsion moments emerged when the wire strand was under tensile load.In some cases,the bending stress reached 18%of the tensile stress,and the torsion stress reached 29%of the tensile stress,which means that the total stress was higher than the nominal stress.Whereas in ear-lier studies,a conservative prediction of nominal stress was not possible,the results of our strength and fatigue analyses were more conservative.展开更多
In this paper,a new auxiliary teeth structure is proposed for fault-tolerant permanent magnet(PM)generators,which can reduce the short-circuit currents.Firstly,the short-circuit current and the phase to phase isolatio...In this paper,a new auxiliary teeth structure is proposed for fault-tolerant permanent magnet(PM)generators,which can reduce the short-circuit currents.Firstly,the short-circuit current and the phase to phase isolation of the fault-tolerant generator are analyzed briefly.Secondly,the auxiliary teeth structure is optimized to improve fault-tolerant capability.Then,the PM generators with different stator structures are compared to evaluate the proposed auxiliary teeth structure.Four critical generator parameters are investigated,i.e.back-electromotive forces,short-circuit currents,stator magneto motive force(MMF)harmonics,and torque performances.The results show that the proposed structure has better fault-tolerant capability than the conventional two-layer windings.Moreover,the stator MMF harmonics can be suppressed.Furthermore,the cogging torque and torque ripple can be suppressed by adopting the proposed structure.Finally,the simulated results are given to validate the theoretical analysis.展开更多
We investigate the thermal stresses for GaAs layers grown on V-groove patterned Si substrates by the finite-element method. The results show that the thermal stress distribution near the interface in a patterned subst...We investigate the thermal stresses for GaAs layers grown on V-groove patterned Si substrates by the finite-element method. The results show that the thermal stress distribution near the interface in a patterned substrate is nonuniform,which is far different from that in a planar substrate. Comparing with the planar substrate, the thermal stress is significantly reduced for the Ga As layer on the patterned substrate. The effects of the width of the V-groove, the thickness, and the width of the SiO_(2) mask on the thermal stress are studied. It is found that the SiO_(2) mask and V-groove play a crucial role in the stress of the Ga As layer on Si substrate. The results indicate that when the width of V-groove is 50 nm, the width and the thickness of the SiO_(2) mask are both 100 nm, the Ga As layer is subjected to the minimum stress. Furthermore,Comparing with the planar substrate, the average stress of the Ga As epitaxial layer in the growth window region of the patterned substrate is reduced by 90%. These findings are useful in the optimal designing of growing high-quality Ga As films on patterned Si substrates.展开更多
Accurate simulations of metamaterial devices are very important in the analysis of their electromagnetic properties.However,it is very difficult to make full-wave simulations of three-dimensional(3D)metamaterial devic...Accurate simulations of metamaterial devices are very important in the analysis of their electromagnetic properties.However,it is very difficult to make full-wave simulations of three-dimensional(3D)metamaterial devices due to the huge memory requirements and long computing time.In this paper,we present an efficient finiteelement method(FEM)to analyze 3D axisymmetric electromagnetic devices designed by the transformation-optics approach,such as invisibility cloaks and concentrators.In the proposed method,we use the edge-based vector basis functions to expand the transverse field components,and the node-based scalar basis functions to expand the angular component.The FEM mesh is truncated with a cylindrical perfectly matched layer.We have applied the method to investigate the scattering from spherical and ellipsoidal invisibility cloaks and circularly cylindrical concentrators,in which the permittivity and permeability are both inhomogeneous and anisotropic.Numerical results are presented to show the validity and efficiency of the method.展开更多
Phase-field models provide a way to model fluid interfaces as having finitethickness;the interface between two immiscible fluids is treated as a thin mixing layeracross which physical properties vary steeply but conti...Phase-field models provide a way to model fluid interfaces as having finitethickness;the interface between two immiscible fluids is treated as a thin mixing layeracross which physical properties vary steeply but continuously. One of the main chal-lenges of this approach is in resolving the sharp gradients at the interface. In this paper,moving finite-element methods are used to simulate interfacial dynamics of two-phaseviscoelastic flows. The finite-element scheme can easily accommodates complex flowgeometry and the moving mesh strategy can cluster more grid points near the thin in-terfacial areas where the solutions have large gradients. A diffused monitor function isused to ensure high quality meshes near the interface. Several numerical experimentsare carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the moving mesh strategy.展开更多
This work presents a novel highly adaptable flexible soft glove composed of multimode deformable three-jointed soft fingers.The soft fingers are assembled by soft actuators and plastic materials that can be driven and...This work presents a novel highly adaptable flexible soft glove composed of multimode deformable three-jointed soft fingers.The soft fingers are assembled by soft actuators and plastic materials that can be driven and controlled with single Degree of Freedom(DOF).A variety of different soft actuators are used as joint drive components to meet the motion requirements of fingers under different working conditions.We established a theoretical model to describe the deflection of the soft actuators based on reciprocal theorems.In addition,the finite-element method(FEM)was used to simulate the curvature change of the soft actuator and the soft finger,the soft actuators theoretical and simulation results were verified by experiments,and the multimode deformable soft fingers were simulated by FEM.Finally,a five-finger soft rehabilitation glove was prototyped and presented experimentally where the flexibility and functionality endowed by the soft fingers were demonstrated and highlighted.The versatility was also showcased in the applications.展开更多
The present study aims to determine the appropriate size of mesh or the number of the element(NoE)for flat-and curved plates,which is suggested to assess its safety subjected to axial compression based on the ultimate...The present study aims to determine the appropriate size of mesh or the number of the element(NoE)for flat-and curved plates,which is suggested to assess its safety subjected to axial compression based on the ultimate limit state(ULS)design and analysis concept.The unstiffened panel(=plate)and stiff-ened panel,considered primary members of ships and ship-shaped offshore structures,are subjected to repeated axial compression and tension caused by continued vertical bending moments applied to the hull girder.Plates are attached with stiffeners by welding,and 6,8 or 10 elements are generally rec-ommended to allocate in flat-plate’s breadth direction in between stiffeners for finite-element(FE)mod-elling,which enables the presentation of the shape of initial deflection applied to the plate.In the case of the load-shorting curve for curved plate,it is reported that the nonlinear behaviour characteristics,i.e.,snap-through,snap-back,secondary buckling and others,appear in typical flank angle.To take this into account,we investigated the preferred number of elements(6,8 or 10)generally applied to the flat plate whether it is an appropriate or more fine-sized element(or mesh)that should be considered.A useful guide is documented based on obtained outcomes which may help structural engineers select optimised mesh-size to predict ultimate strength and understand its characteristic of the flat and curved plates.展开更多
Plasmonic optical manipulation has emerged as an affordable alternative to manipulate single chemical and biological molecules in nanoscience.Although the theoretical models of sub-5 nm single-molecule trapping have b...Plasmonic optical manipulation has emerged as an affordable alternative to manipulate single chemical and biological molecules in nanoscience.Although the theoretical models of sub-5 nm single-molecule trapping have been considered promising,the experimental strategies remain a challenge due to the Brownian motions and weak optical gradient forces with significantly reduced molecular polarizability.Herein,we address direct trapping and in situ sensing of single molecules with unprecedented size,down to∼5Åin solution,by employing an adjustable plasmonic optical nanogap and single-molecule conductance measurement.The theoretical simulations demonstrate that local fields with a high enhancement factor,over 103,were generated at such small nanogaps,resulting in optical forces as large as several piconewtons to suppress the Brownian motion and trap a molecule of length sub-1 nm.This work demonstrates a strategy for directly manipulating the small molecule units,promising a vast multitude of applications in chemical,biological,and materials sciences at the single-molecule level.展开更多
This paper presents the development of a theoretical model of fully nonlinear and weakly dispersive(FNWD)waves and numerical techniques for simulating the propagation,interaction,and transformation of solitary waves.U...This paper presents the development of a theoretical model of fully nonlinear and weakly dispersive(FNWD)waves and numerical techniques for simulating the propagation,interaction,and transformation of solitary waves.Using the standard expansion method and without the limit of small nonlinear parameter defined as the ratio of the wave height versus water depth,a set of model equations describing the FNWD waves in a domain of moderately varying bottom topography are formulated.Exact solitary wave solutions satisfying the FNWD equations are also derived.Numerically,a time-accurate and stabilized finite-element code to solve the governing equations is developed for wave simulations.The solitary wave solutions of FNWD,weakly nonlinear and weakly dispersive(WNWD),and Laplace equations based models in terms of wave profile and phase speed are compared to examine their related features and differences.Investigations on the overtaking collision of two unidirectional solitary waves of different amplitudes,i.e.,ax and a2 where a1>a2,are carried out using both the FNWD and WNWD water wave models.Selected cases by running the FNWD and WNWD models are performed to identify the critical values of a1/a2 for forming a flattened merging wave peak,which is the condition used to determine if the stronger wave is to pass through the weaker one or both waves are to remain separated during the encountering process.It is interesting to note the critical values of a1/a2 obtained from the FNWD and WNWD models are found to be different and greater than the value of 3 proposed by Wu through the theoretical analysis of the Korteweg-de Vries(KdV)equations.Finally,the phenomena of wave splitting and nonlinear focusing of a solitary wave propagating over a three-dimensional semicircular shoal are simulated.The results obtained from both the FNWD and WNWD models showing the fission process of separating a main solitary wave into multiple waves of decreasing amplitudes are presented,compared,and discussed.展开更多
The present article considers the free-vibration analysis of plate structures with piezoelectric patches by means of a plate finite element with variable through-the-thickness layer-wise kinematic.The refined models u...The present article considers the free-vibration analysis of plate structures with piezoelectric patches by means of a plate finite element with variable through-the-thickness layer-wise kinematic.The refined models used are derived from Carrera’s Unified Formulation(CUF)and they permit the vibration modes along the thickness to be accurately described.The finite-element method is employed and the plate element implemented has nine nodes,and the mixed interpolation of tensorial component(MITC)method is used to contrast the membrane and shear locking phenomenon.The related governing equations are derived from the principle of virtual displacement,extended to the analysis of electromechanical problems.An isotropic plate with piezoelectric patches is analyzed,with clamped-free boundary conditions and subjected to open-and short-circuit configurations.The results,obtained with different theories,are compared with the higher-order type solutions given in the literature.The conclusion is reached that the plate element based on the CUF is more suitable and efficient compared to the classical models in the study of multilayered structures embedding piezo-patches.展开更多
F321 austenitic stainless steel,well known for its excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance,is widely used as a structural component in the pipelines and pumps of light water reactors(LWRs)and generation IV(GenlV)...F321 austenitic stainless steel,well known for its excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance,is widely used as a structural component in the pipelines and pumps of light water reactors(LWRs)and generation IV(GenlV)reactors.However,the material failure arising from the high-temperature softening of the 300 series austenitic stainless steels has recently received significant attention.In this study,we conducted uniaxial tensile tests on F321 stainless steel at different temperatures.P\irthermore,we developed a face-centered cubic(FCC)crystal plasticity method emphasizing the temperature factor of the evolution of dislocations inferred by the physical mechanisms at the microscopic level to simulate the polycrystalline mechanical response and model the high-temperature softening phenomenon of F321 austenitic stainless steel.Subsequently,this model was implemented using the ABAQUS finite-element platform.On this basis,the crystal plastic finite-element method(CPFEM)of F321 stainless steel was established.The calculated results were in good agreement with the experimental results,which validated the effectiveness of this numerical method.展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant DMS-1620016supported in parts by HKSAR grant Q81Q and JRI of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
文摘In this paper,we introduce new stable mixed finite elements of any order on polytopal mesh for solving second-order elliptic problem.We establish optimal order error estimates for velocity and super convergence for pressure.Numerical experiments are conducted for our mixed elements of different orders on 2D and 3D spaces that confirm the theory.
基金The research was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52108302 and 52009046)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Hua-qiao University(Grant No.ZQN-914).
文摘Soils are not necessarily uniform and may present linearly varied or layered characteristics,for example the backfilled soils behind rigid retaining walls.In the presence of large lateral thrust imposed by arch bridge,passive soil failure is possible.A reliable prediction of passive earth pressure for the design of such wall is challenging in complicated soil strata,when adopting the conventional limit analysis method.In order to overcome the challenge for generating a kinematically admissible velocity field and a statically allowable stress field,finite element method is incorporated into limit analysis,forming finiteelement upper-bound(FEUB)and finite-element lower-bound(FELB)methods.Pseudo-static,original and modified pseudo-dynamic approaches are adopted to represent seismic acceleration inputs.After generating feasible velocity and stress fields within discretized elements based on specific criteria,FEUB and FELB formulations of seismic passive earth pressure(coefficient K_(P))can be derived from work rate balance equation and stress equilibrium.Resorting to an interior point algorithm,optimal upper and lower bound solutions are obtained.The proposed FEUB and FELB procedures are well validated by limit equilibrium as well as lower-bound and kinematic analyses.Parametric studies are carried out to investigate the effects of influential factors on seismic K_(P).Notably,true solution of K_(P) is well estimated based on less than 5%difference between FEUB and FELB solutions under such complex scenarios.
基金supported in part by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Project 52122705。
文摘Better torque performance and higher reliability have long been the focus of research for slotted limited-angle torque motors(LATMs),which are primarily used to position first-stage valves in electrohydraulic servosystems.This paper presents a high reliability axial-flux slotted LATM with quasi-Halbach array for torque performance improvement including constant torque range(CTR)and output torque.Firstly,the structure with two sets of windings and the operation principle of the proposed slotted LATM is analyzed.Secondly,a brief design procedure is presented,the structure selections of open slot and double-stator single-rotor(DSSR)interior rotor with surface mounted quasi-Halbach permanent magnet(PM)array are illustrated,and the geometric parameters are optimized to obtain the optimal design of the proposed slotted LATM.Then,3-D finite-element method(FEM)is employed to compare the proposed slotted LATM with the conventional surface mounted PM slotted LATM in terms of cogging torque,no-load back EMF,and output torque,and the results show that the proposed LATM with quasi-Halbach array has a 10%improvement in output torque and a 25%improvement in CTR.Meanwhile,the flux linkages and torque performance of the two sets of windings under various conditions verify good magnetic isolation.Finally,prototypes of two different rotor types are manufactured and a series of experiments are performed to validate the analysis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11072255)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(No.2011GXNSFE018004)
文摘A constitutive model of unsaturated soils with coupling capillary hysteresis and skeleton deformation is developed and implemented in a fully coupled transient hydro-mechanical finite-element model(computer code U-DYSAC2).The obtained results are compared with experimental results,showing that the proposed constitutive model can simulate the main mechanical and hydraulic behavior of unsaturated soils in a unified framework.The non-linearity of the soil-water characteristic relation is treated in a similar way of elastoplasticity.Two constitutive relations are integrated by an implicit return-mapping scheme similar to that developed for saturated soils.A consistent tangential modulus is derived to preserve the asymptotic rate of the quadratic convergence of Newton's iteration.Combined with the integration of the constitutive model,a complete finite-element formulation of coupling hydro-mechanical problems for unsaturated soils is presented.A number of practical problems with different given initial and boundary conditions are analyzed to illustrate the performance and capabilities of the finite-element model.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.72088101,41922027,41830107,41811530010)Innovation-Driven Project of Central South University(Grant No.2020CX0012)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China(Grant No.2019JJ20032)Macao Foundation and the pre-research project on Civil Aerospace Technologies funded by China’s National Space Administration(Grant Nos.D020308,D020303).
文摘The accumulated large amount of satellite magnetic data strengthens our capability of resolving the electrical conductivity of Earth’s mantle.To invert these satellite magnetic data,accurate and efficient forward modeling solvers are needed.In this study,a new finite-element based forward modeling solver is developed to accurately and efficiently compute the induced electromagnetic field for a realistic 3D Earth.Firstly,the nodal-based finite element method with linear shape function on tetrahedral grid is used to assemble the final system of linear equations for the magnetic vector potential and electric scalar potential.The FGMRES solver with algebraic multigrid(AMG)preconditioner is used to quickly solve the final system of linear equations.The weighted moving least-square method is employed to accurately recover the electromagnetic field from the numerical solutions of magnetic vector and electric scalar potentials.Furthermore,a local mesh refinement technique is employed to improve the accuracy of the estimated electromagnetic field.At the end,two synthetic models are used to verify the accuracy and efficiency of our newly developed forward modeling solver.A realistic 3D Earth model is used to simulate the induced magnetic field at 450 and 200 km altitudes which are the planned flying altitudes of Macao’s geomagnetic satellites.The simulation indicates that(1)the amplitude of the mantle-induced magnetic field can reach 10–30 nT at 450 km altitude,which is 10–30%of the primary magnetic field.The induced magnetic field at 200 km altitude has larger amplitudes.These mantleinduced magnetic fields can be measured by Macao geomagnetic satellites;(2)the amplitude of the ocean-induced magnetic field can reach 5–30 nT at satellite altitudes,which needs to be carefully considered in the interpretation of satellite magnetic data.We are confident that our newly developed forward modeling solver will become a key tool for interpreting satellite magnetic data.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51879188)the Key R&D Project of Hebei Province(No.1827350D).
文摘Steel wire ropes have wide application in a variety of engineering fields such as ocean engineering and civil engineering.The stress calculation for steel wire ropes is of crucial importance when conducting strength and fatigue analyses.In this study,we performed a finite element analysis of single-strand steel wire ropes.For the geometric modeling,we used an analytic geometry of space method.We established helical line equations and used the coordinates of the contact points.The finite-element model was simplified using the periodic law.Periodic boundary conditions were used to simulate a wire strand of infinite length under tensile strain,for which we calculated the cross-sectional stresses and inner forces.The results showed that bending and torsion moments emerged when the wire strand was under tensile load.In some cases,the bending stress reached 18%of the tensile stress,and the torsion stress reached 29%of the tensile stress,which means that the total stress was higher than the nominal stress.Whereas in ear-lier studies,a conservative prediction of nominal stress was not possible,the results of our strength and fatigue analyses were more conservative.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2018107)by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20191225).
文摘In this paper,a new auxiliary teeth structure is proposed for fault-tolerant permanent magnet(PM)generators,which can reduce the short-circuit currents.Firstly,the short-circuit current and the phase to phase isolation of the fault-tolerant generator are analyzed briefly.Secondly,the auxiliary teeth structure is optimized to improve fault-tolerant capability.Then,the PM generators with different stator structures are compared to evaluate the proposed auxiliary teeth structure.Four critical generator parameters are investigated,i.e.back-electromotive forces,short-circuit currents,stator magneto motive force(MMF)harmonics,and torque performances.The results show that the proposed structure has better fault-tolerant capability than the conventional two-layer windings.Moreover,the stator MMF harmonics can be suppressed.Furthermore,the cogging torque and torque ripple can be suppressed by adopting the proposed structure.Finally,the simulated results are given to validate the theoretical analysis.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61874148,61974141,and 61674020)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.4192043)+1 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications(Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications),China(Grant No.IPOC2018ZT01)the 111 Project of China(Grant No.B07005)。
文摘We investigate the thermal stresses for GaAs layers grown on V-groove patterned Si substrates by the finite-element method. The results show that the thermal stress distribution near the interface in a patterned substrate is nonuniform,which is far different from that in a planar substrate. Comparing with the planar substrate, the thermal stress is significantly reduced for the Ga As layer on the patterned substrate. The effects of the width of the V-groove, the thickness, and the width of the SiO_(2) mask on the thermal stress are studied. It is found that the SiO_(2) mask and V-groove play a crucial role in the stress of the Ga As layer on Si substrate. The results indicate that when the width of V-groove is 50 nm, the width and the thickness of the SiO_(2) mask are both 100 nm, the Ga As layer is subjected to the minimum stress. Furthermore,Comparing with the planar substrate, the average stress of the Ga As epitaxial layer in the growth window region of the patterned substrate is reduced by 90%. These findings are useful in the optimal designing of growing high-quality Ga As films on patterned Si substrates.
基金supported in part by a Major Project of the National Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.60990320 and 60990324in part by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.60871016,60802001,60921063 and 60901011+1 种基金in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under Grant No.BK2008031in part by the 111 Project under Grant No.111-2-05.
文摘Accurate simulations of metamaterial devices are very important in the analysis of their electromagnetic properties.However,it is very difficult to make full-wave simulations of three-dimensional(3D)metamaterial devices due to the huge memory requirements and long computing time.In this paper,we present an efficient finiteelement method(FEM)to analyze 3D axisymmetric electromagnetic devices designed by the transformation-optics approach,such as invisibility cloaks and concentrators.In the proposed method,we use the edge-based vector basis functions to expand the transverse field components,and the node-based scalar basis functions to expand the angular component.The FEM mesh is truncated with a cylindrical perfectly matched layer.We have applied the method to investigate the scattering from spherical and ellipsoidal invisibility cloaks and circularly cylindrical concentrators,in which the permittivity and permeability are both inhomogeneous and anisotropic.Numerical results are presented to show the validity and efficiency of the method.
基金The research of the second author was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10801120).
文摘Phase-field models provide a way to model fluid interfaces as having finitethickness;the interface between two immiscible fluids is treated as a thin mixing layeracross which physical properties vary steeply but continuously. One of the main chal-lenges of this approach is in resolving the sharp gradients at the interface. In this paper,moving finite-element methods are used to simulate interfacial dynamics of two-phaseviscoelastic flows. The finite-element scheme can easily accommodates complex flowgeometry and the moving mesh strategy can cluster more grid points near the thin in-terfacial areas where the solutions have large gradients. A diffused monitor function isused to ensure high quality meshes near the interface. Several numerical experimentsare carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the moving mesh strategy.
基金supported by Scientific and technological breakthroughs in Henan Province (No.222102220101), (No.212102210067)National natural science foundation of China (Grant No.52075500).
文摘This work presents a novel highly adaptable flexible soft glove composed of multimode deformable three-jointed soft fingers.The soft fingers are assembled by soft actuators and plastic materials that can be driven and controlled with single Degree of Freedom(DOF).A variety of different soft actuators are used as joint drive components to meet the motion requirements of fingers under different working conditions.We established a theoretical model to describe the deflection of the soft actuators based on reciprocal theorems.In addition,the finite-element method(FEM)was used to simulate the curvature change of the soft actuator and the soft finger,the soft actuators theoretical and simulation results were verified by experiments,and the multimode deformable soft fingers were simulated by FEM.Finally,a five-finger soft rehabilitation glove was prototyped and presented experimentally where the flexibility and functionality endowed by the soft fingers were demonstrated and highlighted.The versatility was also showcased in the applications.
基金supported under the framework of international cooperation program managed by the National Research Founda-tion of Korea (NRF-2022K2A9A2A23000266).
文摘The present study aims to determine the appropriate size of mesh or the number of the element(NoE)for flat-and curved plates,which is suggested to assess its safety subjected to axial compression based on the ultimate limit state(ULS)design and analysis concept.The unstiffened panel(=plate)and stiff-ened panel,considered primary members of ships and ship-shaped offshore structures,are subjected to repeated axial compression and tension caused by continued vertical bending moments applied to the hull girder.Plates are attached with stiffeners by welding,and 6,8 or 10 elements are generally rec-ommended to allocate in flat-plate’s breadth direction in between stiffeners for finite-element(FE)mod-elling,which enables the presentation of the shape of initial deflection applied to the plate.In the case of the load-shorting curve for curved plate,it is reported that the nonlinear behaviour characteristics,i.e.,snap-through,snap-back,secondary buckling and others,appear in typical flank angle.To take this into account,we investigated the preferred number of elements(6,8 or 10)generally applied to the flat plate whether it is an appropriate or more fine-sized element(or mesh)that should be considered.A useful guide is documented based on obtained outcomes which may help structural engineers select optimised mesh-size to predict ultimate strength and understand its characteristic of the flat and curved plates.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.T2222002,21973079,22032004,92161118,12174324,21991130,and 21905238)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(grant no.2021YFA1201502)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(grant no.2021J06008).
文摘Plasmonic optical manipulation has emerged as an affordable alternative to manipulate single chemical and biological molecules in nanoscience.Although the theoretical models of sub-5 nm single-molecule trapping have been considered promising,the experimental strategies remain a challenge due to the Brownian motions and weak optical gradient forces with significantly reduced molecular polarizability.Herein,we address direct trapping and in situ sensing of single molecules with unprecedented size,down to∼5Åin solution,by employing an adjustable plasmonic optical nanogap and single-molecule conductance measurement.The theoretical simulations demonstrate that local fields with a high enhancement factor,over 103,were generated at such small nanogaps,resulting in optical forces as large as several piconewtons to suppress the Brownian motion and trap a molecule of length sub-1 nm.This work demonstrates a strategy for directly manipulating the small molecule units,promising a vast multitude of applications in chemical,biological,and materials sciences at the single-molecule level.
文摘This paper presents the development of a theoretical model of fully nonlinear and weakly dispersive(FNWD)waves and numerical techniques for simulating the propagation,interaction,and transformation of solitary waves.Using the standard expansion method and without the limit of small nonlinear parameter defined as the ratio of the wave height versus water depth,a set of model equations describing the FNWD waves in a domain of moderately varying bottom topography are formulated.Exact solitary wave solutions satisfying the FNWD equations are also derived.Numerically,a time-accurate and stabilized finite-element code to solve the governing equations is developed for wave simulations.The solitary wave solutions of FNWD,weakly nonlinear and weakly dispersive(WNWD),and Laplace equations based models in terms of wave profile and phase speed are compared to examine their related features and differences.Investigations on the overtaking collision of two unidirectional solitary waves of different amplitudes,i.e.,ax and a2 where a1>a2,are carried out using both the FNWD and WNWD water wave models.Selected cases by running the FNWD and WNWD models are performed to identify the critical values of a1/a2 for forming a flattened merging wave peak,which is the condition used to determine if the stronger wave is to pass through the weaker one or both waves are to remain separated during the encountering process.It is interesting to note the critical values of a1/a2 obtained from the FNWD and WNWD models are found to be different and greater than the value of 3 proposed by Wu through the theoretical analysis of the Korteweg-de Vries(KdV)equations.Finally,the phenomena of wave splitting and nonlinear focusing of a solitary wave propagating over a three-dimensional semicircular shoal are simulated.The results obtained from both the FNWD and WNWD models showing the fission process of separating a main solitary wave into multiple waves of decreasing amplitudes are presented,compared,and discussed.
文摘The present article considers the free-vibration analysis of plate structures with piezoelectric patches by means of a plate finite element with variable through-the-thickness layer-wise kinematic.The refined models used are derived from Carrera’s Unified Formulation(CUF)and they permit the vibration modes along the thickness to be accurately described.The finite-element method is employed and the plate element implemented has nine nodes,and the mixed interpolation of tensorial component(MITC)method is used to contrast the membrane and shear locking phenomenon.The related governing equations are derived from the principle of virtual displacement,extended to the analysis of electromechanical problems.An isotropic plate with piezoelectric patches is analyzed,with clamped-free boundary conditions and subjected to open-and short-circuit configurations.The results,obtained with different theories,are compared with the higher-order type solutions given in the literature.The conclusion is reached that the plate element based on the CUF is more suitable and efficient compared to the classical models in the study of multilayered structures embedding piezo-patches.
文摘F321 austenitic stainless steel,well known for its excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance,is widely used as a structural component in the pipelines and pumps of light water reactors(LWRs)and generation IV(GenlV)reactors.However,the material failure arising from the high-temperature softening of the 300 series austenitic stainless steels has recently received significant attention.In this study,we conducted uniaxial tensile tests on F321 stainless steel at different temperatures.P\irthermore,we developed a face-centered cubic(FCC)crystal plasticity method emphasizing the temperature factor of the evolution of dislocations inferred by the physical mechanisms at the microscopic level to simulate the polycrystalline mechanical response and model the high-temperature softening phenomenon of F321 austenitic stainless steel.Subsequently,this model was implemented using the ABAQUS finite-element platform.On this basis,the crystal plastic finite-element method(CPFEM)of F321 stainless steel was established.The calculated results were in good agreement with the experimental results,which validated the effectiveness of this numerical method.
