The juvenile-to-adult phase change with first flowering as the indicator plays a crucial role in the lifecycle of fruit trees. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying phase change in fruit trees remain largely un...The juvenile-to-adult phase change with first flowering as the indicator plays a crucial role in the lifecycle of fruit trees. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying phase change in fruit trees remain largely unknown. Shikimic acid (ShA) pathway is a main metabolic pathway closely related to the synthesis of hormones and many important secondary metabolites participating in plant phase change. So,whether ShA regulates phase change in plants is worth clarifying. Here, the distinct morphological characteristics and the underlying mechanisms of phase change in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), an important fruit tree native to China with nutritious fruit and outstanding tolerance abiotic stresses, were clarified. A combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis found that ShA is positively involved in jujube(Yuhong’×Xing 16’) phase change. The genes in the upstream of ShA synthesis pathway (ZjDAHPS, ZjDHQS and ZjSDH), the contents of ShA and the downstream secondary metabolites like phenols were significantly upregulated in the phase change period. Further, the treatment of spraying exogenous ShA verified that ShA at a very low concentration (60 mg·L^(-1)) can substantially speed up the phase change and flowering of jujube and other tested plants including Arabidopsis, tomato and wheat. The exogenous ShA (60 mg·L^(-1)) treatment in jujube seedlings could increase the accumulation of endogenous ShA, enhance leaf photosynthesis and the synthesis of phenols especially flavonoids and phenolic acids, and promote the expression of genes (ZjCOs, ZjNFYs and ZjPHYs) involved in flowering pathway. Basing on above results, we put forward a propose for the underlying mechanism of ShA regulating phase change, and a hypothesis that ShA could be considered a phytohormone-like substance because it is endogenous, ubiquitous, movable and highly efficient at very low concentrations. This study highlights the critical role of ShA in plant phase change and its phytohormone-like properties.展开更多
The timing of flowering is an important driver of species distribution and community assembly patterns.However,we still have much to learn about the factors that shape flowering diversity(i.e.,number of species flower...The timing of flowering is an important driver of species distribution and community assembly patterns.However,we still have much to learn about the factors that shape flowering diversity(i.e.,number of species flowering per period) in plant communities.One potential explanation of flowering diversity is the mid-domain effect,which states that geometric constraints on species ranges within a bounded domain(space or time) will yield a mid-domain peak in diversity regardless of ecological factors.Here,we determine whether the mid-domain effect explains peak flowering time(i.e.,when most species of communities are flowering) across China.We used phenological data of 16,267 herbaceous and woody species from the provincial Flora in China and species distribution data from the Chinese Vascular Plant Distribution Database to determine relationships between the observed number of species flowering and the number of species flowering as predicted by the mid-domain effect model,as well as between three climatic variables(mean minimum monthly temperature,mean monthly precipitation,and mean monthly sunshine duration).We found that the mid-domain effect explained a significant proportion of the temporal variation in flowering diversity across all species in China.Further,the mid-domain effect explained a greater proportion of variance in flowering diversity at higher latitudes than at lower latitudes.The patterns of flowering diversity for both herbaceous and woody species were related to both the mid-domain effect and environmental variables.Our findings indicate that including geometric constraints in conjunction with abiotic and biotic predictors will improve predictions of flowering diversity patterns.展开更多
Flowering time is important for adaptation of soybean(Glycine max)to different environments.Here,we conducted a genome-wide association study of flowering time using a panel of 1490 cultivated soybean accessions.We id...Flowering time is important for adaptation of soybean(Glycine max)to different environments.Here,we conducted a genome-wide association study of flowering time using a panel of 1490 cultivated soybean accessions.We identified three strong signals at the qFT02-2 locus(Chr02:12037319–12238569),which were associated with flowering time in three environments:Gongzhuling,Mengcheng,and Nanchang.By analyzing linkage disequilibrium,gene expression patterns,gene annotation,and the diversity of variants,we identified an AP1 homolog as the candidate gene for the qFT02-2 locus,which we named GmAP1d.Only one nonsynonymous polymorphism existed among 1490 soybean accessions at position Chr02:12087053.Accessions carrying the Chr02:12087053-T allele flowered significantly earlier than those carrying the Chr02:12087053-A allele.Thus,we developed a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence(CAPS)marker for the SNP at Chr02:12087053,which is suitable for marker-assisted breeding of flowering time.Knockout of GmAP1d in the‘Williams 82’background by gene editing promoted flowering under long-day conditions,confirming that GmAP1d is the causal gene for qFT02-2.An analysis of the region surrounding GmAP1d revealed that GmAP1d was artificially selected during the genetic improvement of soybean.Through stepwise selection,the proportion of modern cultivars carrying the Chr02:12087053-T allele has increased,and this allele has become nearly fixed(95%)in northern China.These findings provide a theoretical basis for better understanding the molecular regulatory mechanism of flowering time in soybean and a target gene that can be used for breeding modern soybean cultivars adapted to different latitudes.展开更多
Basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factor gene family in plants controls various growth and development aspects;however,the actual roles of these genes in flowering plants are not well known.In this study,a nov...Basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factor gene family in plants controls various growth and development aspects;however,the actual roles of these genes in flowering plants are not well known.In this study,a novel bHLH protein CmbHLH110 was found to interact with CmERF110 by in vitro and in vivo experiments,a chrysanthemum ERF110 homolog that acts as a positive flowering regulator.In addition,CmbHLH110 was also found to regulate the flowering of chrysanthemums,overexpression of CmbHLH110 causes chrysanthemums to flower earlier,and suppressed CmbHLH110 leads to delayed flowering.Furthermore,the loss-of-function Arabidopsis mutant of its homologue PERICYCLE FACTOR TYPE-A 5(PFA5)had a noticeable late flowering phenotype,and CmbHLH110 completely complemented the late flowering phenotype of the pfa5 mutant,whereas heterologous overexpression of CmbHLH110 in Arabidopsis Col-0 caused early flowering.Transcriptome sequencing revealed significant differential expression of flowering-related and circadian clock-related genes in transgenic chrysanthemum.Therefore,we concluded that CmbHLH110,as a novel flowering regulator,could interact with CmERF110 to regulate flowering in chrysanthemum.展开更多
Soybean(Glycine max)is a short-day crop whose flowering time is regulated by photoperiod.The longjuvenile trait extends its vegetative phase and increases yield under short-day conditions.Natural variation in J,the ma...Soybean(Glycine max)is a short-day crop whose flowering time is regulated by photoperiod.The longjuvenile trait extends its vegetative phase and increases yield under short-day conditions.Natural variation in J,the major locus controlling this trait,modulates flowering time.We report that the three J-family genes influence soybean flowering time,with the triple mutant Guangzhou Mammoth-2 flowering late under short days by inhibiting transcription of E1-family genes.J-family genes offer promising allelic combinations for breeding.展开更多
Properly regulated flowering time is pivotal for successful plant reproduction.The floral transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth is regulated by a complex gene regulatory network that integrates envi...Properly regulated flowering time is pivotal for successful plant reproduction.The floral transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth is regulated by a complex gene regulatory network that integrates environmental signals and internal conditions to ensure that flowering takes place under favorable conditions.Brassica rapa is a diploid Cruciferae species that includes several varieties that are cultivated as vegetable or oil crops.Flowering time is one of the most important agricultural traits of B.rapa crops because of its influence on yield and quality.The transition to flowering in B.rapa is regulated by several environmental and developmental cues,which are perceived by several signaling pathways,including the vernalization pathway,the autonomous pathway,the circadian clock,the thermosensory pathway,and gibberellin(GA)signaling.These signals are integrated to control the expression of floral integrators BrFTs and BrSOC1s to regulate flowering.In this review,we summarized current research advances on the molecular mechanisms that govern flowering time regulation in B.rapa and compare this to what is known in Arabidopsis.展开更多
The article presents the biology of flowering and the daily dynamics of flowering of two species from the Lamiaceae family: ph. anisochila va ph. sogdiana of the distribution out in the Nuratau Mountains range.
The application effect of 30 introduced flowering shrubs in landscape in Hefei City was comprehensively evaluated by the analytic hierarchy process(APH).A comprehensive evaluation model was established by using factor...The application effect of 30 introduced flowering shrubs in landscape in Hefei City was comprehensively evaluated by the analytic hierarchy process(APH).A comprehensive evaluation model was established by using factors such as plant type,resistance and drought tolerance of introduced flowering shrubs.The results show that the application effect of grade-I introduced flowering shrubs(including 12 kinds,e.g.Lantanacamara)was the best(j≥2.6),and that of grade-II introduced flowering shrubs(including 14 kinds,e.g.Abelia×grandiflora‘Francis Mason’)was better(2.2≤j<2.6),while that of grade-III introduced flowering shrubs(including 4 kinds,e.g.Ligustrum×vicaryi)was moderate(j<2.2).The evaluation results can provide reference for the application effect of introduced flowering shrubs in landscape in Hefei City.展开更多
Studying on the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of flowering cherry cultivars is extremely important for germplasm conservation, cultivar identification and breeding. Flowering cherry is widely cultivated a...Studying on the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of flowering cherry cultivars is extremely important for germplasm conservation, cultivar identification and breeding. Flowering cherry is widely cultivated as an important woody ornamental plant in worldwide, especially Japan, China. However, owning to the morphological similarity, many cultivars are distinguished hardly in non-flowering season. Here, we evaluated the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of 40 flowering cherry cultivars, which are mainly cultivated in China. We selected 13 polymorphicprimers to amplify to allele fragments with fluorescent-labeled capillary electrophoresis technology. The population structure analysis results show that these cultivars could be divided into 4 subpopulations. At the population level, N<sub>a</sub> and N<sub>e</sub> were 6.062, 4.326, respectively. H<sub>o</sub> and H<sub>e</sub> were 0.458 and 0.670, respectively. The Shannon’s information index (I) was 1.417. The Pop3, which originated from P. serrulata, had the highest H<sub>o</sub>, H<sub>e</sub>, and I among the 4 subpopulations. AMOVA showed that only 4% of genetic variation came from populations, the 39% variation came from individuals and 57% (p < 0.05) came from intra-individuals. 5 polymorphic SSR primers were selected to construct molecular ID code system of these cultivars. This analysis on the genetic diversity and relationship of the 40 flowering cherry cultivars will help to insight into the genetic background, relationship of these flowering cherry cultivars and promote to identify similar cultivars.展开更多
Flowering time is a key agronomic trait that directly affect the adaptation and yield of soybean.After whole genome duplications,about 75%of genes being represented by multiple copies in soybean.There are four TERMINA...Flowering time is a key agronomic trait that directly affect the adaptation and yield of soybean.After whole genome duplications,about 75%of genes being represented by multiple copies in soybean.There are four TERMINAL FLOWER 1(TFL1)genes in soybean,and the TFL1b(Dt1)has been characterized as the determinant of stem growth habit.The function of other TFL1 homologs in soybean is still unclear.Here,we generated knockout mutants by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology and found that the tfl1c/tfl1d double mutants flowered significantly earlier than wild-type plants.We investigated that TFL1c and TFL1d could physically interact with the b ZIP transcription factor FDc1 and bind to the promoter of APETALA1a(AP1a).RNA-seq and q RT-PCR analyses indicated that TFL1c and TFL1d repressed the expressions of the four AP1 homologs and delayed the flowering time in soybean.The two genes play important roles in the regulation of flowering time in soybean and mainly act as the flowering inhibitors under long-day conditions.Our results identify novel components in the flowering-time regulation network of soybean and will be invaluable for molecular breeding of improved soybean yield.展开更多
Glucosinolates(GSLs) and their hydrolytic products contribute to the quality traits of rapeseed flowering stalk tissues, such as taste, flavor and anticarcinogenic properties(Glucoraphanin). However, little is known a...Glucosinolates(GSLs) and their hydrolytic products contribute to the quality traits of rapeseed flowering stalk tissues, such as taste, flavor and anticarcinogenic properties(Glucoraphanin). However, little is known about the genetic mechanisms of GSL accumulation in rapeseed flowering stalks. In this study, the variation and genetic architecture of GSL metabolites in flowering stalk tissues were investigated for the first time among a panel of 107 accessions. All GSL compounds exhibited continuous and wide variations in the present population. Progoitrin,glucobrassicanapin and gluconapin were the most abundant GSL compounds. Five quantitative trait loci(QTL) significantly associated with three GSL compounds were identified by genome-wide association study. GRA_C04 was under selected during modern breeding, in which the ratio of lower GSL haplotype(HAP2) in the accessions bred before 1990(52.56%) was significantly lower than that after 1990(78.95%). Four candidate genes, BnaA01. SOT16, BnaA06. SOT17, Bna A06. MYB51a, and Bna A06. MYB51b, were identified in the GTL_A01 and 4OH_A06 regions.These findings provide new insights into GSL biosynthesis in flowering stalk tissues and facilitate quality improvement in rapeseed flowering stalks.展开更多
Vernalization is a process of acquiring or accelerating the flowering ability by prolonged cold exposure.VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3(VIN3)is induced by chilling and is extremely important for the vernalization response...Vernalization is a process of acquiring or accelerating the flowering ability by prolonged cold exposure.VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3(VIN3)is induced by chilling and is extremely important for the vernalization response in Arabidopsis thaliana.However,the issue of the induction of the VIN3-LIKE genes in wintersweet(Chimonanthus praecox)has been largely neglected.In the present study,we explored the molecular regulation of the PHD type finger protein-encoding gene CpVIL2 in relation to the growth and development of wintersweet in Arabidopsis.In wintersweet,quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)analysis showed that the relative expression of CpVIL2-As2i(intron-retained alternatively spliced in the second intron)was extremely higher in the pistils than in the other tissues.And the relative CpVIL2-As2i expression in flower buds(FBs)treated at 8°C was higher than that of FBs in December,2016 under natural conditions,which was not detected in non-flowering FBs at 16°C.In Arabidopsis,the expression patterns of the CpVIL2-As2i gene were detected at first in CpVIL2-As2i pro::GUS(β-glucuronidase)lines,with predominantly higher expression in flowers and inflorescence.Meanwhile,the hormone-induced expression profiles of the CpVIL2-As2i promoter were confirmed using exogenous induction by abscisic acid(ABA)and indole acetic acid(IAA)phytohormones,where the GUS enzyme activity obviously decreased compared with that of control.In comparison with Arabidopsis/Col-0,early flowering was detected in ectopic 35S::CpVIL2-As2i lines.Overall,these results demonstrated the function of the CpVIL2-As2i gene,at the same time,provided us with new insights into the molecular mechanisms of early flowering and complex regulatory networks of vernalization in wintersweet.展开更多
Flowering time is an important agronomic trait of Chinese cabbage with late flowering being a primary breeding objective.In our previous work,we obtained Chinese cabbage-cabbage translocation lines that contained seve...Flowering time is an important agronomic trait of Chinese cabbage with late flowering being a primary breeding objective.In our previous work,we obtained Chinese cabbage-cabbage translocation lines that contained several beneficial cabbage genes.Cabbage-specific molecular markers show that these genes were coming from chromosome C01 of cabbage.In this study,we investigated the inheritance of flowering time in a couple of translocation lines and analyzed the transmission rate of molecular markers in the offspring.Consequently,we obtained the late flowering Chinese cabbage-cabbage translocation line‘AT7–4’in which the flowering time was later than that of‘85–1’by about 7 days under 4-week vernalization.Based on previous studies of the genomes of Chinese cabbage and cabbage,we located the cabbage-specific molecular markers that were closely linked at the top of the chromosome A01 in the F2mapping population generated by self-crossing F1s derived from a cross between the translocation line‘AT7–4’and Chinese cabbage‘14–36’.Five flowering-related genes in the alien fragment were found by functional annotation and their molecular markers were developed.This study lays the foundation for the future improvement of Chinese cabbage varieties using A-C translocation lines.展开更多
Rose(Rosa chinensis),which is an economically valuable floral species worldwide,has three types,namely once-flowering(OF),occasional or re-blooming(OR),and recurrent or continuous flowering(CF).However,the mechanism u...Rose(Rosa chinensis),which is an economically valuable floral species worldwide,has three types,namely once-flowering(OF),occasional or re-blooming(OR),and recurrent or continuous flowering(CF).However,the mechanism underlying the effect of the age pathway on the duration of the CF or OF juvenile phase is largely unknown.In this study,we observed that the RcSPL1 transcript levels were substantially upregulated during the floral development period in CF and OF plants.Additionally,accumulation of RcSPL1 protein was controlled by rch-miR156.The ectopic expression of RcSPL1 in Arabidopsis thaliana accelerated the vegetative phase transition and flowering.Furthermore,the transient overexpression of RcSPL1 in rose plants accelerated flowering,whereas silencing of RcSPL1 had the opposite phenotype.Accordingly,the transcription levels of floral meristem identity genes(APETALA1,FRUITFULL,and LEAFY)were significantly affected by the changes in RcSPL1 expression.RcTAF15b protein,which is an autonomous pathway protein,was revealed to interact with RcSPL1.The silencing and overexpression of RcTAF15b in rose plants led to delayed and accelerated flowering,respectively.Collectively,the study findings imply that RcSPL1–RcTAF15b modulates the flowering time of rose plants.展开更多
Flowering time(FT) is a key maize domestication trait, variation in which allows maize to grow in a wide range of latitudes. Although previous studies have investigated the genetic control of FT-related traits per se,...Flowering time(FT) is a key maize domestication trait, variation in which allows maize to grow in a wide range of latitudes. Although previous studies have investigated the genetic control of FT-related traits per se, few studies of FT hybrid performance have been published. We characterized the genomic architecture associated with hybrid performance for FT in a hybrid panel by testcrossing Chang 7–2 with 328Ye478 × Qi319 recombinant inbred lines(RILs). We identified 11 quantitative trait loci(QTL) for hybrid performance in FT-related traits, including a major QTL qFH10 that controls hybrid performance and heterosis in a summer maize-growing region. However, this locus acts in regulating FT traits per se only in a spring maize-growing region. We validated ZmCCT10 as a candidate gene for qFH10 and found that differences between hybrids and their parental lines in DNA methylation in the differentially methylated region(DMR, –700 to –1520) of the ZmCCT10 promoter affected gene expression pattern and thereby FT in the summer maize-growing region.展开更多
Early flowering promotes early maturity, production, and the capacity to counteract biotic and abiotic stresses, making it an important agronomic trait in zucchini. The present study demonstrated that the zucchini inb...Early flowering promotes early maturity, production, and the capacity to counteract biotic and abiotic stresses, making it an important agronomic trait in zucchini. The present study demonstrated that the zucchini inbred line ‘19’ consistently flowered early, taking significantly fewer days to bloom the first female flower(DFF) than the inbred line ‘113’. Genetic analysis revealed that DFF, an inheritable quantitative trait, is controlled by multiple genes. Based on the strategy of quantitative trait locus(QTL) sequencing(QTL-seq) combined with linkage analysis, three QTLs for DFF were identified on chromosomes 4, 11, and 20. This study used additional F2 populations grown under different environmental conditions for QTL mapping analysis of DFF with insertion/deletion(InDel) markers to validate these results. Using the composite interval mapping(CIM) method of R/qtl software, we only identified one major locus under all environmental conditions, located in a 117-kb candidate region on chromosome 20. Based on gene annotation, gene sequence alignment, and qRT-PCR analysis, we found that the Cp4.1LG20g08050 gene encoding a RING finger protein may be a candidate gene for the opposite regulation of early flowering in zucchini. In summary, these results lay a foundation for a better understanding of early flowering and improving early flowering-based breeding strategies in zucchini.展开更多
Water insufficiency is the hampering feature of crop sustainability,especially in arid and semi-arid regions.So,the effectual usage of all water resources especially underground brackish water represents the core prio...Water insufficiency is the hampering feature of crop sustainability,especially in arid and semi-arid regions.So,the effectual usage of all water resources especially underground brackish water represents the core priority in Saudi Arabia.The present study aimed to recognize the influence of different types of water irrigation(tap water as a control,salinized well water,and magnetized salinized well water)with or without soil amendments(soil without any amendment as a control,peat-moss,ferrous sulfate,and peat-moss plus ferrous sulfate)on petunia plant growth and flowering as well as ion content.Irrigating Petunia plants with saline well water adversely affected growth and flowering as compared to tap water and magnetized saline well water.Additionally,plants irrigated with magnetized water showed a significant enhancement in all the studied vegetative and flowering growth parameters as compared to those irrigated with salinized well water.Furthermore,mineral contents and survival of Petunia plants irrigated with magnetized well water were higher than those irrigated with tap water.Irrigation with magnetized well water significantly reduced levels of Na+and Cl−ions in leaves of Petunia plants indicating the role of magnetization in alleviating harmful effects of salinity.In conclusion,we recommend the utilization of magnetized saline well water for irrigating Petunia plants either alone or in combination with soil amendments(peat moss plus ferrous sulfate).展开更多
In this study,newly sprouted shoots of Zanthoxylum armatum(Z.armatum),which were collected after the harvesting period,were used as the primary experimental specimens.A randomized block design and paraffin sectioning ...In this study,newly sprouted shoots of Zanthoxylum armatum(Z.armatum),which were collected after the harvesting period,were used as the primary experimental specimens.A randomized block design and paraffin sectioning method were used to investigate the flower bud differentiation process and the quantity and vitality of buds.Furthermore,the study examined the response of flowering and fruiting to cultivation methods for shoot growth,including layering and plant growth regulator application.The results showed that(a)layering and application of plant growth regulators for Z.armatum accelerated the process of flower bud differentiation by approximately 20 days compared to the control group.Additionally,both shoot control methods generated more and larger bud primordia and perianth primordia during the same differentiation phase.(b)The application of plant growth regulators resulted in well-developed buds,exhibiting higher levels of flower bud differentiation than the layering method.The quality of flower bud formation for both shoot control methods was superior to that of the control group.(c)The flowering phenological period was relatively consistent between the two cultivation methods,but the fruit maturity phase for shoot-controlled trees occurred 20 days earlier than the control group.(d)Both layering and the application of plant growth regulators significantly decreased the rates of unfertilized flower shedding and fruit shedding.However,no significant difference was noted in fruit setting per inflorescence and per flower between the two methods and the control.The effect of altitude for both methods on the fruit setting was not significant.Under both shoot control methods,the Z.armatum exhibited earlier morphological differentiation of flower buds,faster differentiation process,improved flower bud quality,and significantly decreased rates of flower and fruit shedding.Thus,these cultivation methods demonstrated the potential to promote flowering,improve fruit setting,and reduce fruit shedding in Z.armatum.展开更多
EARLY FLOWERING 3(ELF3),a light zeitnehmer(time-taker)gene,regulates circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis,rice,and barley.The three orthologs of ELF3(TaELF3-1AL,TaELF3-1BL,and TaELF3-1DL)have be...EARLY FLOWERING 3(ELF3),a light zeitnehmer(time-taker)gene,regulates circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis,rice,and barley.The three orthologs of ELF3(TaELF3-1AL,TaELF3-1BL,and TaELF3-1DL)have been identified in wheat too,and one gene,TaELF3-1DL,has been associated with heading date.However,the basic characteristics of these three genes and the roles of the other two genes,TaELF3-1BL and,TaELF3-1AL,remain unknown.Therefore,the present study obtained the coding sequences of the three orthologs(TaELF3-1AL,TaELF3-1BL,and TaELF3-1DL)of ELF3 from bread wheat and characterized them and investigated the role of TaELF3-1BL in Arabidopsis.Protein sequence comparison revealed similarities among the three TaELF3 genes of wheat;however,they were different from the Arabidopsis ELF3.Real-time quantitative PCR revealed TaELF3 expression in all wheat tissues tested,with the highest expression in young spikes;the three genes showed rhythmic expression patterns also.Furthermore,the overexpression of the TaELF3-1BL gene in Arabidopsis delayed flowering,indicating their importance in flowering.Subsequent overexpression of TaELF3-1BL in the Arabidopsis ELF3 nonfunctional mutant(elf3 mutant)eliminated its early flowering phenotype,and slightly delayed flowering.The wild-type Arabidopsis overexpressing TaELF3-1BL demonstrated reduced expression levels of flowering-related genes,such as CONSTANS(AtCO),FLOWERING LOCUS T(AtFT),and GIGANTEA(AtGI).Thus,the study characterized the three TaELF3 genes and associated TaELF3-1BL with flowering in Arabidopsis,suggesting a role in regulating flowering in wheat too.These findings provide a basis for further research on TaELF3 functions in wheat.展开更多
There are many varieties of vegetables in Cruciferae,which have a wide distribution and occupy an important position in the global vegetable industry.The bolting period is a crucial stage in the growth cycle of crucif...There are many varieties of vegetables in Cruciferae,which have a wide distribution and occupy an important position in the global vegetable industry.The bolting period is a crucial stage in the growth cycle of cruciferous plants,which directly affects the yield and quality of vegetable crops.This paper summarized the research progress on the physiological and biochemical characteristics,molecular genetic mechanisms and molecular markers of the flowering and bolting traits in cruciferous vegetables,in order to provide new ideas for revealing the regulatory mechanisms of flowering and bolting in cruciferous vegetables and to provide reference for the breeding of new varieties of cruciferous vegetables that are resistant to flowering.展开更多
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.31772285)the National Key R&D Program Project Funding (Grant No.2018YFD1000607)Foundation for 100 Innovative Talents of Hebei Province(Grant No.SLRC2019031)。
文摘The juvenile-to-adult phase change with first flowering as the indicator plays a crucial role in the lifecycle of fruit trees. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying phase change in fruit trees remain largely unknown. Shikimic acid (ShA) pathway is a main metabolic pathway closely related to the synthesis of hormones and many important secondary metabolites participating in plant phase change. So,whether ShA regulates phase change in plants is worth clarifying. Here, the distinct morphological characteristics and the underlying mechanisms of phase change in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), an important fruit tree native to China with nutritious fruit and outstanding tolerance abiotic stresses, were clarified. A combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis found that ShA is positively involved in jujube(Yuhong’×Xing 16’) phase change. The genes in the upstream of ShA synthesis pathway (ZjDAHPS, ZjDHQS and ZjSDH), the contents of ShA and the downstream secondary metabolites like phenols were significantly upregulated in the phase change period. Further, the treatment of spraying exogenous ShA verified that ShA at a very low concentration (60 mg·L^(-1)) can substantially speed up the phase change and flowering of jujube and other tested plants including Arabidopsis, tomato and wheat. The exogenous ShA (60 mg·L^(-1)) treatment in jujube seedlings could increase the accumulation of endogenous ShA, enhance leaf photosynthesis and the synthesis of phenols especially flavonoids and phenolic acids, and promote the expression of genes (ZjCOs, ZjNFYs and ZjPHYs) involved in flowering pathway. Basing on above results, we put forward a propose for the underlying mechanism of ShA regulating phase change, and a hypothesis that ShA could be considered a phytohormone-like substance because it is endogenous, ubiquitous, movable and highly efficient at very low concentrations. This study highlights the critical role of ShA in plant phase change and its phytohormone-like properties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant number 42261004)supported by the Jiangsu Social Development Project (BE2022792)。
文摘The timing of flowering is an important driver of species distribution and community assembly patterns.However,we still have much to learn about the factors that shape flowering diversity(i.e.,number of species flowering per period) in plant communities.One potential explanation of flowering diversity is the mid-domain effect,which states that geometric constraints on species ranges within a bounded domain(space or time) will yield a mid-domain peak in diversity regardless of ecological factors.Here,we determine whether the mid-domain effect explains peak flowering time(i.e.,when most species of communities are flowering) across China.We used phenological data of 16,267 herbaceous and woody species from the provincial Flora in China and species distribution data from the Chinese Vascular Plant Distribution Database to determine relationships between the observed number of species flowering and the number of species flowering as predicted by the mid-domain effect model,as well as between three climatic variables(mean minimum monthly temperature,mean monthly precipitation,and mean monthly sunshine duration).We found that the mid-domain effect explained a significant proportion of the temporal variation in flowering diversity across all species in China.Further,the mid-domain effect explained a greater proportion of variance in flowering diversity at higher latitudes than at lower latitudes.The patterns of flowering diversity for both herbaceous and woody species were related to both the mid-domain effect and environmental variables.Our findings indicate that including geometric constraints in conjunction with abiotic and biotic predictors will improve predictions of flowering diversity patterns.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20473)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1201600)+2 种基金the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-04-PS01)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP)of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Scientific Innovation 2030 Project(2022ZD0401703)the Platform of National Crop Germplasm Resources of China。
文摘Flowering time is important for adaptation of soybean(Glycine max)to different environments.Here,we conducted a genome-wide association study of flowering time using a panel of 1490 cultivated soybean accessions.We identified three strong signals at the qFT02-2 locus(Chr02:12037319–12238569),which were associated with flowering time in three environments:Gongzhuling,Mengcheng,and Nanchang.By analyzing linkage disequilibrium,gene expression patterns,gene annotation,and the diversity of variants,we identified an AP1 homolog as the candidate gene for the qFT02-2 locus,which we named GmAP1d.Only one nonsynonymous polymorphism existed among 1490 soybean accessions at position Chr02:12087053.Accessions carrying the Chr02:12087053-T allele flowered significantly earlier than those carrying the Chr02:12087053-A allele.Thus,we developed a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence(CAPS)marker for the SNP at Chr02:12087053,which is suitable for marker-assisted breeding of flowering time.Knockout of GmAP1d in the‘Williams 82’background by gene editing promoted flowering under long-day conditions,confirming that GmAP1d is the causal gene for qFT02-2.An analysis of the region surrounding GmAP1d revealed that GmAP1d was artificially selected during the genetic improvement of soybean.Through stepwise selection,the proportion of modern cultivars carrying the Chr02:12087053-T allele has increased,and this allele has become nearly fixed(95%)in northern China.These findings provide a theoretical basis for better understanding the molecular regulatory mechanism of flowering time in soybean and a target gene that can be used for breeding modern soybean cultivars adapted to different latitudes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32072609)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD1000400)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32002075)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2019M661871)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.KJQN202126)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘Basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factor gene family in plants controls various growth and development aspects;however,the actual roles of these genes in flowering plants are not well known.In this study,a novel bHLH protein CmbHLH110 was found to interact with CmERF110 by in vitro and in vivo experiments,a chrysanthemum ERF110 homolog that acts as a positive flowering regulator.In addition,CmbHLH110 was also found to regulate the flowering of chrysanthemums,overexpression of CmbHLH110 causes chrysanthemums to flower earlier,and suppressed CmbHLH110 leads to delayed flowering.Furthermore,the loss-of-function Arabidopsis mutant of its homologue PERICYCLE FACTOR TYPE-A 5(PFA5)had a noticeable late flowering phenotype,and CmbHLH110 completely complemented the late flowering phenotype of the pfa5 mutant,whereas heterologous overexpression of CmbHLH110 in Arabidopsis Col-0 caused early flowering.Transcriptome sequencing revealed significant differential expression of flowering-related and circadian clock-related genes in transgenic chrysanthemum.Therefore,we concluded that CmbHLH110,as a novel flowering regulator,could interact with CmERF110 to regulate flowering in chrysanthemum.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1200600 to Xiaoya Lin)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32090060 to Fanjiang Kong,32001568 to Xiaoya Lin,31930083 to Baohui Liu,and 31901500 to Tiantian Bu)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019 M652839 to Liyu Chen)。
文摘Soybean(Glycine max)is a short-day crop whose flowering time is regulated by photoperiod.The longjuvenile trait extends its vegetative phase and increases yield under short-day conditions.Natural variation in J,the major locus controlling this trait,modulates flowering time.We report that the three J-family genes influence soybean flowering time,with the triple mutant Guangzhou Mammoth-2 flowering late under short days by inhibiting transcription of E1-family genes.J-family genes offer promising allelic combinations for breeding.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32372733,32172594)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei(Grant No.C2020204111)+2 种基金S&T Program of Hebei(Grant No.21326344D)State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation(Grant No.NCCIR2023ZZ-1)the Starting Grant from Hebei Agricultural University(Grant No.YJ201920).
文摘Properly regulated flowering time is pivotal for successful plant reproduction.The floral transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth is regulated by a complex gene regulatory network that integrates environmental signals and internal conditions to ensure that flowering takes place under favorable conditions.Brassica rapa is a diploid Cruciferae species that includes several varieties that are cultivated as vegetable or oil crops.Flowering time is one of the most important agricultural traits of B.rapa crops because of its influence on yield and quality.The transition to flowering in B.rapa is regulated by several environmental and developmental cues,which are perceived by several signaling pathways,including the vernalization pathway,the autonomous pathway,the circadian clock,the thermosensory pathway,and gibberellin(GA)signaling.These signals are integrated to control the expression of floral integrators BrFTs and BrSOC1s to regulate flowering.In this review,we summarized current research advances on the molecular mechanisms that govern flowering time regulation in B.rapa and compare this to what is known in Arabidopsis.
文摘The article presents the biology of flowering and the daily dynamics of flowering of two species from the Lamiaceae family: ph. anisochila va ph. sogdiana of the distribution out in the Nuratau Mountains range.
基金Sponsored by the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Planning Project for University Students in Anhui Province(S202212216129)Key Research Project of Natural Science in Universities of Anhui Province(2023AH051816)General Teaching Research Project of Anhui Province(2022jyxm665).
文摘The application effect of 30 introduced flowering shrubs in landscape in Hefei City was comprehensively evaluated by the analytic hierarchy process(APH).A comprehensive evaluation model was established by using factors such as plant type,resistance and drought tolerance of introduced flowering shrubs.The results show that the application effect of grade-I introduced flowering shrubs(including 12 kinds,e.g.Lantanacamara)was the best(j≥2.6),and that of grade-II introduced flowering shrubs(including 14 kinds,e.g.Abelia×grandiflora‘Francis Mason’)was better(2.2≤j<2.6),while that of grade-III introduced flowering shrubs(including 4 kinds,e.g.Ligustrum×vicaryi)was moderate(j<2.2).The evaluation results can provide reference for the application effect of introduced flowering shrubs in landscape in Hefei City.
文摘Studying on the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of flowering cherry cultivars is extremely important for germplasm conservation, cultivar identification and breeding. Flowering cherry is widely cultivated as an important woody ornamental plant in worldwide, especially Japan, China. However, owning to the morphological similarity, many cultivars are distinguished hardly in non-flowering season. Here, we evaluated the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of 40 flowering cherry cultivars, which are mainly cultivated in China. We selected 13 polymorphicprimers to amplify to allele fragments with fluorescent-labeled capillary electrophoresis technology. The population structure analysis results show that these cultivars could be divided into 4 subpopulations. At the population level, N<sub>a</sub> and N<sub>e</sub> were 6.062, 4.326, respectively. H<sub>o</sub> and H<sub>e</sub> were 0.458 and 0.670, respectively. The Shannon’s information index (I) was 1.417. The Pop3, which originated from P. serrulata, had the highest H<sub>o</sub>, H<sub>e</sub>, and I among the 4 subpopulations. AMOVA showed that only 4% of genetic variation came from populations, the 39% variation came from individuals and 57% (p < 0.05) came from intra-individuals. 5 polymorphic SSR primers were selected to construct molecular ID code system of these cultivars. This analysis on the genetic diversity and relationship of the 40 flowering cherry cultivars will help to insight into the genetic background, relationship of these flowering cherry cultivars and promote to identify similar cultivars.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32022062,32001503)the Science and Technology Innovation Team of Soybean Modern Seed Industry in Hebei(21326313D)。
文摘Flowering time is a key agronomic trait that directly affect the adaptation and yield of soybean.After whole genome duplications,about 75%of genes being represented by multiple copies in soybean.There are four TERMINAL FLOWER 1(TFL1)genes in soybean,and the TFL1b(Dt1)has been characterized as the determinant of stem growth habit.The function of other TFL1 homologs in soybean is still unclear.Here,we generated knockout mutants by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology and found that the tfl1c/tfl1d double mutants flowered significantly earlier than wild-type plants.We investigated that TFL1c and TFL1d could physically interact with the b ZIP transcription factor FDc1 and bind to the promoter of APETALA1a(AP1a).RNA-seq and q RT-PCR analyses indicated that TFL1c and TFL1d repressed the expressions of the four AP1 homologs and delayed the flowering time in soybean.The two genes play important roles in the regulation of flowering time in soybean and mainly act as the flowering inhibitors under long-day conditions.Our results identify novel components in the flowering-time regulation network of soybean and will be invaluable for molecular breeding of improved soybean yield.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development project of Hubei Province (Grant Nos. 2020BBB083, 2021BBA097 and 2021BBA102)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFD0100202)。
文摘Glucosinolates(GSLs) and their hydrolytic products contribute to the quality traits of rapeseed flowering stalk tissues, such as taste, flavor and anticarcinogenic properties(Glucoraphanin). However, little is known about the genetic mechanisms of GSL accumulation in rapeseed flowering stalks. In this study, the variation and genetic architecture of GSL metabolites in flowering stalk tissues were investigated for the first time among a panel of 107 accessions. All GSL compounds exhibited continuous and wide variations in the present population. Progoitrin,glucobrassicanapin and gluconapin were the most abundant GSL compounds. Five quantitative trait loci(QTL) significantly associated with three GSL compounds were identified by genome-wide association study. GRA_C04 was under selected during modern breeding, in which the ratio of lower GSL haplotype(HAP2) in the accessions bred before 1990(52.56%) was significantly lower than that after 1990(78.95%). Four candidate genes, BnaA01. SOT16, BnaA06. SOT17, Bna A06. MYB51a, and Bna A06. MYB51b, were identified in the GTL_A01 and 4OH_A06 regions.These findings provide new insights into GSL biosynthesis in flowering stalk tissues and facilitate quality improvement in rapeseed flowering stalks.
基金supported by the Grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(No.cstc2020jcyj-msxmX1014)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.XDJK2020B059)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31971711).
文摘Vernalization is a process of acquiring or accelerating the flowering ability by prolonged cold exposure.VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE3(VIN3)is induced by chilling and is extremely important for the vernalization response in Arabidopsis thaliana.However,the issue of the induction of the VIN3-LIKE genes in wintersweet(Chimonanthus praecox)has been largely neglected.In the present study,we explored the molecular regulation of the PHD type finger protein-encoding gene CpVIL2 in relation to the growth and development of wintersweet in Arabidopsis.In wintersweet,quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)analysis showed that the relative expression of CpVIL2-As2i(intron-retained alternatively spliced in the second intron)was extremely higher in the pistils than in the other tissues.And the relative CpVIL2-As2i expression in flower buds(FBs)treated at 8°C was higher than that of FBs in December,2016 under natural conditions,which was not detected in non-flowering FBs at 16°C.In Arabidopsis,the expression patterns of the CpVIL2-As2i gene were detected at first in CpVIL2-As2i pro::GUS(β-glucuronidase)lines,with predominantly higher expression in flowers and inflorescence.Meanwhile,the hormone-induced expression profiles of the CpVIL2-As2i promoter were confirmed using exogenous induction by abscisic acid(ABA)and indole acetic acid(IAA)phytohormones,where the GUS enzyme activity obviously decreased compared with that of control.In comparison with Arabidopsis/Col-0,early flowering was detected in ectopic 35S::CpVIL2-As2i lines.Overall,these results demonstrated the function of the CpVIL2-As2i gene,at the same time,provided us with new insights into the molecular mechanisms of early flowering and complex regulatory networks of vernalization in wintersweet.
基金supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31930098,31772324)Hebei Provincial Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young(Grant No.C2020204063)+6 种基金Natural Science Foundation and basic research project in Hebei Province(Grant No.18966925D)the Innovative Research Group Project of Hebei Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.C2020204111)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS(Grant No.CAASXTCX2019025)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31672151)the Science and Technology Support Program of Hebei(Grant No.16226304D-2)Science and Technology Research Project of Universities in Hebei Province(BJ2019020)the International Science and Technology Cooperation base Special Project of Hebei(Grant No.20592901D)。
文摘Flowering time is an important agronomic trait of Chinese cabbage with late flowering being a primary breeding objective.In our previous work,we obtained Chinese cabbage-cabbage translocation lines that contained several beneficial cabbage genes.Cabbage-specific molecular markers show that these genes were coming from chromosome C01 of cabbage.In this study,we investigated the inheritance of flowering time in a couple of translocation lines and analyzed the transmission rate of molecular markers in the offspring.Consequently,we obtained the late flowering Chinese cabbage-cabbage translocation line‘AT7–4’in which the flowering time was later than that of‘85–1’by about 7 days under 4-week vernalization.Based on previous studies of the genomes of Chinese cabbage and cabbage,we located the cabbage-specific molecular markers that were closely linked at the top of the chromosome A01 in the F2mapping population generated by self-crossing F1s derived from a cross between the translocation line‘AT7–4’and Chinese cabbage‘14–36’.Five flowering-related genes in the alien fragment were found by functional annotation and their molecular markers were developed.This study lays the foundation for the future improvement of Chinese cabbage varieties using A-C translocation lines.
基金This work was funded by Guest Investigator Grant of the State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics,Institute of Microbiology,Chinese Academy of Science(SKLPG2016A-29)。
文摘Rose(Rosa chinensis),which is an economically valuable floral species worldwide,has three types,namely once-flowering(OF),occasional or re-blooming(OR),and recurrent or continuous flowering(CF).However,the mechanism underlying the effect of the age pathway on the duration of the CF or OF juvenile phase is largely unknown.In this study,we observed that the RcSPL1 transcript levels were substantially upregulated during the floral development period in CF and OF plants.Additionally,accumulation of RcSPL1 protein was controlled by rch-miR156.The ectopic expression of RcSPL1 in Arabidopsis thaliana accelerated the vegetative phase transition and flowering.Furthermore,the transient overexpression of RcSPL1 in rose plants accelerated flowering,whereas silencing of RcSPL1 had the opposite phenotype.Accordingly,the transcription levels of floral meristem identity genes(APETALA1,FRUITFULL,and LEAFY)were significantly affected by the changes in RcSPL1 expression.RcTAF15b protein,which is an autonomous pathway protein,was revealed to interact with RcSPL1.The silencing and overexpression of RcTAF15b in rose plants led to delayed and accelerated flowering,respectively.Collectively,the study findings imply that RcSPL1–RcTAF15b modulates the flowering time of rose plants.
基金jointly funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31971963)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS。
文摘Flowering time(FT) is a key maize domestication trait, variation in which allows maize to grow in a wide range of latitudes. Although previous studies have investigated the genetic control of FT-related traits per se, few studies of FT hybrid performance have been published. We characterized the genomic architecture associated with hybrid performance for FT in a hybrid panel by testcrossing Chang 7–2 with 328Ye478 × Qi319 recombinant inbred lines(RILs). We identified 11 quantitative trait loci(QTL) for hybrid performance in FT-related traits, including a major QTL qFH10 that controls hybrid performance and heterosis in a summer maize-growing region. However, this locus acts in regulating FT traits per se only in a spring maize-growing region. We validated ZmCCT10 as a candidate gene for qFH10 and found that differences between hybrids and their parental lines in DNA methylation in the differentially methylated region(DMR, –700 to –1520) of the ZmCCT10 promoter affected gene expression pattern and thereby FT in the summer maize-growing region.
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32072590 and 32002051)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2019M661244)the Academic Backbone Foundation of Northeast Agricultural University, China (20XG03)。
文摘Early flowering promotes early maturity, production, and the capacity to counteract biotic and abiotic stresses, making it an important agronomic trait in zucchini. The present study demonstrated that the zucchini inbred line ‘19’ consistently flowered early, taking significantly fewer days to bloom the first female flower(DFF) than the inbred line ‘113’. Genetic analysis revealed that DFF, an inheritable quantitative trait, is controlled by multiple genes. Based on the strategy of quantitative trait locus(QTL) sequencing(QTL-seq) combined with linkage analysis, three QTLs for DFF were identified on chromosomes 4, 11, and 20. This study used additional F2 populations grown under different environmental conditions for QTL mapping analysis of DFF with insertion/deletion(InDel) markers to validate these results. Using the composite interval mapping(CIM) method of R/qtl software, we only identified one major locus under all environmental conditions, located in a 117-kb candidate region on chromosome 20. Based on gene annotation, gene sequence alignment, and qRT-PCR analysis, we found that the Cp4.1LG20g08050 gene encoding a RING finger protein may be a candidate gene for the opposite regulation of early flowering in zucchini. In summary, these results lay a foundation for a better understanding of early flowering and improving early flowering-based breeding strategies in zucchini.
基金funded by Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology,Saudi Arabia(Grant Research No.1-17-04-001-0021).
文摘Water insufficiency is the hampering feature of crop sustainability,especially in arid and semi-arid regions.So,the effectual usage of all water resources especially underground brackish water represents the core priority in Saudi Arabia.The present study aimed to recognize the influence of different types of water irrigation(tap water as a control,salinized well water,and magnetized salinized well water)with or without soil amendments(soil without any amendment as a control,peat-moss,ferrous sulfate,and peat-moss plus ferrous sulfate)on petunia plant growth and flowering as well as ion content.Irrigating Petunia plants with saline well water adversely affected growth and flowering as compared to tap water and magnetized saline well water.Additionally,plants irrigated with magnetized water showed a significant enhancement in all the studied vegetative and flowering growth parameters as compared to those irrigated with salinized well water.Furthermore,mineral contents and survival of Petunia plants irrigated with magnetized well water were higher than those irrigated with tap water.Irrigation with magnetized well water significantly reduced levels of Na+and Cl−ions in leaves of Petunia plants indicating the role of magnetization in alleviating harmful effects of salinity.In conclusion,we recommend the utilization of magnetized saline well water for irrigating Petunia plants either alone or in combination with soil amendments(peat moss plus ferrous sulfate).
基金financially supported by the Southwest Forestry University Research Foundation (No.18210135)the Key Research and Development Program of Yunnan Province,Study and Demonstration on the Key Technology of Improving Quality and Efficiency of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Industry (No.202102AE090013).
文摘In this study,newly sprouted shoots of Zanthoxylum armatum(Z.armatum),which were collected after the harvesting period,were used as the primary experimental specimens.A randomized block design and paraffin sectioning method were used to investigate the flower bud differentiation process and the quantity and vitality of buds.Furthermore,the study examined the response of flowering and fruiting to cultivation methods for shoot growth,including layering and plant growth regulator application.The results showed that(a)layering and application of plant growth regulators for Z.armatum accelerated the process of flower bud differentiation by approximately 20 days compared to the control group.Additionally,both shoot control methods generated more and larger bud primordia and perianth primordia during the same differentiation phase.(b)The application of plant growth regulators resulted in well-developed buds,exhibiting higher levels of flower bud differentiation than the layering method.The quality of flower bud formation for both shoot control methods was superior to that of the control group.(c)The flowering phenological period was relatively consistent between the two cultivation methods,but the fruit maturity phase for shoot-controlled trees occurred 20 days earlier than the control group.(d)Both layering and the application of plant growth regulators significantly decreased the rates of unfertilized flower shedding and fruit shedding.However,no significant difference was noted in fruit setting per inflorescence and per flower between the two methods and the control.The effect of altitude for both methods on the fruit setting was not significant.Under both shoot control methods,the Z.armatum exhibited earlier morphological differentiation of flower buds,faster differentiation process,improved flower bud quality,and significantly decreased rates of flower and fruit shedding.Thus,these cultivation methods demonstrated the potential to promote flowering,improve fruit setting,and reduce fruit shedding in Z.armatum.
文摘EARLY FLOWERING 3(ELF3),a light zeitnehmer(time-taker)gene,regulates circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis,rice,and barley.The three orthologs of ELF3(TaELF3-1AL,TaELF3-1BL,and TaELF3-1DL)have been identified in wheat too,and one gene,TaELF3-1DL,has been associated with heading date.However,the basic characteristics of these three genes and the roles of the other two genes,TaELF3-1BL and,TaELF3-1AL,remain unknown.Therefore,the present study obtained the coding sequences of the three orthologs(TaELF3-1AL,TaELF3-1BL,and TaELF3-1DL)of ELF3 from bread wheat and characterized them and investigated the role of TaELF3-1BL in Arabidopsis.Protein sequence comparison revealed similarities among the three TaELF3 genes of wheat;however,they were different from the Arabidopsis ELF3.Real-time quantitative PCR revealed TaELF3 expression in all wheat tissues tested,with the highest expression in young spikes;the three genes showed rhythmic expression patterns also.Furthermore,the overexpression of the TaELF3-1BL gene in Arabidopsis delayed flowering,indicating their importance in flowering.Subsequent overexpression of TaELF3-1BL in the Arabidopsis ELF3 nonfunctional mutant(elf3 mutant)eliminated its early flowering phenotype,and slightly delayed flowering.The wild-type Arabidopsis overexpressing TaELF3-1BL demonstrated reduced expression levels of flowering-related genes,such as CONSTANS(AtCO),FLOWERING LOCUS T(AtFT),and GIGANTEA(AtGI).Thus,the study characterized the three TaELF3 genes and associated TaELF3-1BL with flowering in Arabidopsis,suggesting a role in regulating flowering in wheat too.These findings provide a basis for further research on TaELF3 functions in wheat.
基金Supported by Taishan Industrial Leader talent Project in Shandong Province(TSCX2023006156)Modern Agricultural Industry System in Beijing(BAIC01-2023).
文摘There are many varieties of vegetables in Cruciferae,which have a wide distribution and occupy an important position in the global vegetable industry.The bolting period is a crucial stage in the growth cycle of cruciferous plants,which directly affects the yield and quality of vegetable crops.This paper summarized the research progress on the physiological and biochemical characteristics,molecular genetic mechanisms and molecular markers of the flowering and bolting traits in cruciferous vegetables,in order to provide new ideas for revealing the regulatory mechanisms of flowering and bolting in cruciferous vegetables and to provide reference for the breeding of new varieties of cruciferous vegetables that are resistant to flowering.
