Environmental security remains a key challenge in the late 19th through to the 21st century,whose solution has attracted a number of initiatives.Sports diplomacy has achieved great strides in achieving international,r...Environmental security remains a key challenge in the late 19th through to the 21st century,whose solution has attracted a number of initiatives.Sports diplomacy has achieved great strides in achieving international,regional,and local unity.However,the use of sports diplomacy in achieving environmental security has received much less research attention.This research examines the role of sports in diplomacy in achieving environmental security in Kenya.This study was anchored on the soft power theory and Conservation of Resources(COR)theory which offer frameworks for explaining the role of sports diplomacy in advancing environmental security.The study adopted exploratory research design.The target population was diplomats,marathoners,coaches,environmentalists,conservationists and government officials,academia as well as Water Resources Authority(WRA).The primary data were obtained through open and closed structured questionnaire.The collected data were analyzed through the use of frequency distribution,and thematic analysis.The study established that sports diplomacy advanced environmental security in Kenya,which was better for athletics and volleyball.Environmental security was also enhanced through training,sensitization,conservation efforts,and environmental education.Sport events also allowed a contact-platform for interaction between various groups involved in environment and forest conservation.This study recommends that sports diplomacy should be used in most of the regions in Kenya experiencing environmental perturbations and the current strategies should be applied in the sports diplomacy and environmental conservation as well as security.Further,the government is also encouraged to appoint more sports ambassadors with proper environmental knowledge to help in environmental management.The role of academicians in sports diplomacy and environmental security was found to be minimal where academicians should be at the forefront as the 21st century diplomats are incorporated into sports to be local ambassadors.Perceiving the significance of sports diplomacy and environmental security,there is need for coordination between various county governments to coordinate their efforts and in the process they should bring on board even the non sports actors to boost the role of sports in diplomacy and environment.展开更多
This paper aims to analyze and evaluate a model of forest conservation and management of ethnic minority (or indigenous) people in central Vietnam, often referred to as the spiritual forest. These forests, called sacr...This paper aims to analyze and evaluate a model of forest conservation and management of ethnic minority (or indigenous) people in central Vietnam, often referred to as the spiritual forest. These forests, called sacred forest or ghost forests by the ethnic minority people in Thua Thien Hue province, have existed for a long time among forest residents. However, they have recently declined, both in quality and quantity, due to various factors, including changes in society, economy, environment, and perception, among other reasons. Based on research conducted in A Luoi district, Thua Thien Hue province with household interviews, group discussions, and field surveys, we find that spiritual forest retains religious and human significance. They are also often among the last remaining natural forests left due to deforestation by human activities. The research results indicate challenges that conservation of spiritual forest may face, while giving recommendations derived from communities for sustainable forest development and conservation in the region.展开更多
This article examines Islamic boarding schools(pesantren)as traditional Indonesian Islamic educational institutions,showing a new face as agents in nature conserva-tion,especially forest conservation and considering I...This article examines Islamic boarding schools(pesantren)as traditional Indonesian Islamic educational institutions,showing a new face as agents in nature conserva-tion,especially forest conservation and considering Indonesia as a country with the best tropical forest land in the world and pesantren as indigenous Islamic educa-tional institutions owned by Indonesia.This study finds pesantren as the landscape of a forest conservation movement started by the Al-Ittifaq pesantren and the Ecope-santren community.By focusing on the eco-centric paradigm where Islamic teach-ings teach the concept of forest conservation,this concept is rarely taught in tra-ditional Islamic educational institutions such as pesantren.The results found that the eco-pesantren model was created by integrating religious education and ecolog-ical conceptions of dialectical qauliyah and kauniyah verses through the involve-ment of community alliances.Kyai's leadership behaviour is a key factor where all three(meditation,mediation,and reflection)are formed based on the two powers of authority in Weber's tripartite(legal-formal and transformational).This study con-tributes that Islamic education is a religious institution that teaches forest conser-vation movements through an eco-pesantren format.This research contributes that pesantren can synergise religion and forest conservation movements through the eco-pesantrenformat.展开更多
High conservation value forest(HCVF) theory has aroused wide concerns among related forestry sectors in China,but the zoning and identification of HCVF only have been implemented in a few forest management units(FMUs)...High conservation value forest(HCVF) theory has aroused wide concerns among related forestry sectors in China,but the zoning and identification of HCVF only have been implemented in a few forest management units(FMUs). As there is no quantitative indicator for identifying and zoning HCVF in China,most FMUs are unable to have an exact zoning result. This paper introduced the concepts of HCVF and ecological forest,and compared their similarities and differences in terms of identification criteria,zoning methods and application scope. With four Chinese FMUs as case studies,some suggestions were proposed for establishing a zoning scheme of HCVF so as to promote the development of HCVF in China.展开更多
The core of"Long Forest"belief of the Dai nationality is to protect natural forests and forests for conservation of water supply as the home of ancestral gods of the nation and to maintain the ecological bal...The core of"Long Forest"belief of the Dai nationality is to protect natural forests and forests for conservation of water supply as the home of ancestral gods of the nation and to maintain the ecological balance by means of"Long Forest"worship,"Long Forest"taboo,the traditional customary law,and village regulation and non-governmental agreement.This paper takes Manjingchengzi Village in Xishuangbanna as an example to analyze the distribution of forest land in different periods over the past 60 years and explore the role of"Long Forest"belief in the conservation of local forest resources in a view to providing a frame of reference for regional ecological environment protection.展开更多
Background:Conceptual models of forest dynamics are powerful cognitive tools,which are indispensable for communicating ecological ideas and knowledge,and in developing strategic approaches and setting targets for fore...Background:Conceptual models of forest dynamics are powerful cognitive tools,which are indispensable for communicating ecological ideas and knowledge,and in developing strategic approaches and setting targets for forest conservation,restoration and sustainable management.Forest development through time is conventionally described as a directional,or "linear",and predictable sequence of stages from "bare ground" to old forest representing the "climax-state".However,this simple view is incompatible with the current knowledge and understanding of intrinsic variability of forest dynamics.Hypothesis:Overly simple conceptual models of forest dynamics easily become transformed into biased mental models of how forests naturally develop and what kind of structures they display.To be able to communicate the essential features and diversity of forest dynamics,comprehensive conceptual models are needed.For this end,Kuuluvainen(2009) suggested a relatively simple conceptual model of forest dynamics,which separates three major modes of forest dynamics,and incorporates state changes and transitions between the forest dynamics modes depending on changes in disturbance regime.Conclusions:Conceptual models of forest dynamics should be comprehensive enough to incorporate both longterm directional change and short-term cyclic forest dynamics,as well as transitions from one dynamics mode to another depending on changes in the driving disturbance regime type.Models that capture such essential features of forest dynamics are indispensable for educational purposes,in setting reference conditions and in developing methods in forest conservation,restoration and ecosystem management.展开更多
The biodiversity of natural or semi-natural native,old oak woodlands have high conservation importance,especially in landscapes of monocultural forest plantations and arable fields.With a wider variety of microhabitat...The biodiversity of natural or semi-natural native,old oak woodlands have high conservation importance,especially in landscapes of monocultural forest plantations and arable fields.With a wider variety of microhabitats and foraging sources,such old oak forests can provide essential habitat for native forest bird communities.We conducted a study using bird point counts to compare the forest bird communities of old pedunculate oak(Quercus robur)remnants with native and non-native plantations in central Hungary in a landscape of mostly arable fields,settlements,and monocultural plantations.Avian surveys were carried out in old oak forest remnants,middle-aged oak,white poplar(Populus alba),hybrid poplar(Populus×euramericana),black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia),and pine(Pinus spp.)plantations.Fieldwork has been carried out in nine study sites,where all six habitat types were represented(with a few exceptions),to determine total abundance,species richness,Shannon–Wiener diversity,species evenness,dominant and indicator species,and guild abundances.We found that old oak forest remnants were the most diverse habitats among the studied forest types,while hybrid poplar and pine plantations exhibited the lowest avian biodiversity.The avian guilds most sensitive to the loss of old oak forest remnants were ground foragers,bark foragers,cavity-nesters,residents,and Mediterranean migratory birds.Native habitats were more diverse than non-native plantations.Our results suggest that it is important to conserve all remaining high biodiversity old oak stands and to avoid clear-cutting of monocultural plantations in favour of practices such as mixed-species plantations,longer rotation lengths,or retention forestry.展开更多
Forests in the aridlands of Sudan are distinctive in nature and require special attention due to the great role they play as a first and last line of defense against southward desertification.Thus,to determine their c...Forests in the aridlands of Sudan are distinctive in nature and require special attention due to the great role they play as a first and last line of defense against southward desertification.Thus,to determine their conservative and protective needs based on current conditions in the Wad Al-Bashir Forest(WF),toward ensuring sustainable forest resources in these areas,we used a systematic field survey,existing and available documents review and key informant interviews(KII),to collect data from 08 December 2017 to 15 May 2018.A severe depletion and changes in the forest tree cover and composition were found during the field survey,where species such as Balanitis aegyptiaca is threatened and invasive species(e.g.,Acacia nubica)have started to dominate.Reviewed documents have credited illegal cutting and agricultural activities for the changes in the forest status,whereas the KII indicated that past and current forest conservative and protective practices(CPPs),where forest clearance for agricultural,grazing,pests and disease control,were not given a deserved consideration as they relate to tree cutting and reforestation practices.Likewise,negligence of the needs of those who depend on the forest and inadequate funds have constrained implementation of some CPPs.Accordingly,on the basis of the results of this study,we recommend that CPPs associated with agriculture,grazing,forest fire,pest and disease control should be a top priority concern of forest authorities.Better financial support,which could be enriched by involving governmental and non-governmental organizations,is also needed to boost CPPs in the WF.Invasive species also need to be cleared and replaced by trees such as A.senegal and B.aegyptiaca that are of economic and environmental value.展开更多
The Mau Forest has in the recent past elicited serious political and environmental debates regarding its conservation status, as the forest is fast dwindling and the repercussions felt widely across the country. The f...The Mau Forest has in the recent past elicited serious political and environmental debates regarding its conservation status, as the forest is fast dwindling and the repercussions felt widely across the country. The forest, regarded as the largest indigenous montane forest in east Africa, has been hard hit by land-use changes mainly extensive and ill-planned human settlements. To save the forest, the government has resorted to forced evictions of the settlers. We sought to understand the drivers and causes for the observed illegal settlements in the Mau Forest. To collect data, we conducted focus group discussions and administered household questionnaires on evictees in the South-West and Eastern Mau. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the binary logistic regression model indicate that Poverty (p = 0.000), Agricultural production (p = 0.000) and Land Given by Government (p = 0.018) contributed significantly to the prediction of people’s motivation of settling in the Mau Forest. In conclusion, population pressure, laxity in forest law enforcement and insecure land tenure and politics were identified as some of the factors that motivated the observed rise in illegal settlements in Mau Forest. Such information on the factors that led to the illegal settlements in Mau Forest would be useful for forest conservation policy makers and managers. It will be a basis upon which interventions can be undertaken to enhance sustainable forest management in Kenya and beyond.展开更多
Background:Conceptual clarity is important to attain precise communication of scientific knowledge and to implement appropriate technological and policy actions.Many concepts referring to forest management are widely ...Background:Conceptual clarity is important to attain precise communication of scientific knowledge and to implement appropriate technological and policy actions.Many concepts referring to forest management are widely used by decision-makers,regardless of their complexity.Although the scientific and methodological issues of forestry practices are frequently discussed in the literature,their normative dimensions are rarely treated.Thus,linguistic uncertainty increases when different environmentally ethical perspectives and ways of valuing forests are considered.The objective was to compare different conceptualizations on the silvicultural systems suggested for forest management and the implications they have for conservation.We have conceptually contrasted highintensity forestry practices with variable retention harvesting,considering different environmentally ethical perspectives and forest valuation alternatives.Results:Clear boundaries between clear-cutting,selective logging,and variable retention harvesting can be evidenced when different ethical points of view and alternatives in the human-nature relationships are considered.We have found a variety of definitions of variable retention harvesting that can be analyzed under different ethical positions.Sharply contrasting views on variable retention harvesting can be evidenced if nature is considered to be purely at human’s service or if it is conceptualized as humans co-inhabiting with nature.The latter position implies that the maintenance of ecological,evolutionary,and historical processes supported by unmanaged forest stands is a crucial step for forest management proposals based on variable retention harvesting.Conclusions:Forestry practices that are focused on forest yields and that misinterpret functional uncertainty of forest functioning would be risky.Moreover,forestry with variable retention harvesting could imply good yields with reasonable conservation management in some contexts,while it could be unacceptable in other socioecological contexts.The improvement of conceptual clarity on the different meanings of variable retention harvesting and the development of indicators for forest management based on the variations of this concept can reduce controversies.展开更多
文摘Environmental security remains a key challenge in the late 19th through to the 21st century,whose solution has attracted a number of initiatives.Sports diplomacy has achieved great strides in achieving international,regional,and local unity.However,the use of sports diplomacy in achieving environmental security has received much less research attention.This research examines the role of sports in diplomacy in achieving environmental security in Kenya.This study was anchored on the soft power theory and Conservation of Resources(COR)theory which offer frameworks for explaining the role of sports diplomacy in advancing environmental security.The study adopted exploratory research design.The target population was diplomats,marathoners,coaches,environmentalists,conservationists and government officials,academia as well as Water Resources Authority(WRA).The primary data were obtained through open and closed structured questionnaire.The collected data were analyzed through the use of frequency distribution,and thematic analysis.The study established that sports diplomacy advanced environmental security in Kenya,which was better for athletics and volleyball.Environmental security was also enhanced through training,sensitization,conservation efforts,and environmental education.Sport events also allowed a contact-platform for interaction between various groups involved in environment and forest conservation.This study recommends that sports diplomacy should be used in most of the regions in Kenya experiencing environmental perturbations and the current strategies should be applied in the sports diplomacy and environmental conservation as well as security.Further,the government is also encouraged to appoint more sports ambassadors with proper environmental knowledge to help in environmental management.The role of academicians in sports diplomacy and environmental security was found to be minimal where academicians should be at the forefront as the 21st century diplomats are incorporated into sports to be local ambassadors.Perceiving the significance of sports diplomacy and environmental security,there is need for coordination between various county governments to coordinate their efforts and in the process they should bring on board even the non sports actors to boost the role of sports in diplomacy and environment.
文摘This paper aims to analyze and evaluate a model of forest conservation and management of ethnic minority (or indigenous) people in central Vietnam, often referred to as the spiritual forest. These forests, called sacred forest or ghost forests by the ethnic minority people in Thua Thien Hue province, have existed for a long time among forest residents. However, they have recently declined, both in quality and quantity, due to various factors, including changes in society, economy, environment, and perception, among other reasons. Based on research conducted in A Luoi district, Thua Thien Hue province with household interviews, group discussions, and field surveys, we find that spiritual forest retains religious and human significance. They are also often among the last remaining natural forests left due to deforestation by human activities. The research results indicate challenges that conservation of spiritual forest may face, while giving recommendations derived from communities for sustainable forest development and conservation in the region.
文摘This article examines Islamic boarding schools(pesantren)as traditional Indonesian Islamic educational institutions,showing a new face as agents in nature conserva-tion,especially forest conservation and considering Indonesia as a country with the best tropical forest land in the world and pesantren as indigenous Islamic educa-tional institutions owned by Indonesia.This study finds pesantren as the landscape of a forest conservation movement started by the Al-Ittifaq pesantren and the Ecope-santren community.By focusing on the eco-centric paradigm where Islamic teach-ings teach the concept of forest conservation,this concept is rarely taught in tra-ditional Islamic educational institutions such as pesantren.The results found that the eco-pesantren model was created by integrating religious education and ecolog-ical conceptions of dialectical qauliyah and kauniyah verses through the involve-ment of community alliances.Kyai's leadership behaviour is a key factor where all three(meditation,mediation,and reflection)are formed based on the two powers of authority in Weber's tripartite(legal-formal and transformational).This study con-tributes that Islamic education is a religious institution that teaches forest conser-vation movements through an eco-pesantren format.This research contributes that pesantren can synergise religion and forest conservation movements through the eco-pesantrenformat.
基金Sponsored by Forest Certifi cation Key Technology and Certifi cation Mode Introduction-"948"Project of the State Forestry Administration
文摘High conservation value forest(HCVF) theory has aroused wide concerns among related forestry sectors in China,but the zoning and identification of HCVF only have been implemented in a few forest management units(FMUs). As there is no quantitative indicator for identifying and zoning HCVF in China,most FMUs are unable to have an exact zoning result. This paper introduced the concepts of HCVF and ecological forest,and compared their similarities and differences in terms of identification criteria,zoning methods and application scope. With four Chinese FMUs as case studies,some suggestions were proposed for establishing a zoning scheme of HCVF so as to promote the development of HCVF in China.
文摘The core of"Long Forest"belief of the Dai nationality is to protect natural forests and forests for conservation of water supply as the home of ancestral gods of the nation and to maintain the ecological balance by means of"Long Forest"worship,"Long Forest"taboo,the traditional customary law,and village regulation and non-governmental agreement.This paper takes Manjingchengzi Village in Xishuangbanna as an example to analyze the distribution of forest land in different periods over the past 60 years and explore the role of"Long Forest"belief in the conservation of local forest resources in a view to providing a frame of reference for regional ecological environment protection.
文摘Background:Conceptual models of forest dynamics are powerful cognitive tools,which are indispensable for communicating ecological ideas and knowledge,and in developing strategic approaches and setting targets for forest conservation,restoration and sustainable management.Forest development through time is conventionally described as a directional,or "linear",and predictable sequence of stages from "bare ground" to old forest representing the "climax-state".However,this simple view is incompatible with the current knowledge and understanding of intrinsic variability of forest dynamics.Hypothesis:Overly simple conceptual models of forest dynamics easily become transformed into biased mental models of how forests naturally develop and what kind of structures they display.To be able to communicate the essential features and diversity of forest dynamics,comprehensive conceptual models are needed.For this end,Kuuluvainen(2009) suggested a relatively simple conceptual model of forest dynamics,which separates three major modes of forest dynamics,and incorporates state changes and transitions between the forest dynamics modes depending on changes in disturbance regime.Conclusions:Conceptual models of forest dynamics should be comprehensive enough to incorporate both longterm directional change and short-term cyclic forest dynamics,as well as transitions from one dynamics mode to another depending on changes in the driving disturbance regime type.Models that capture such essential features of forest dynamics are indispensable for educational purposes,in setting reference conditions and in developing methods in forest conservation,restoration and ecosystem management.
基金supported financially by the projects(LIFE16NAT/IT/000245)(Oe AD-Gmb H-ICM-2020-00204)GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00019。
文摘The biodiversity of natural or semi-natural native,old oak woodlands have high conservation importance,especially in landscapes of monocultural forest plantations and arable fields.With a wider variety of microhabitats and foraging sources,such old oak forests can provide essential habitat for native forest bird communities.We conducted a study using bird point counts to compare the forest bird communities of old pedunculate oak(Quercus robur)remnants with native and non-native plantations in central Hungary in a landscape of mostly arable fields,settlements,and monocultural plantations.Avian surveys were carried out in old oak forest remnants,middle-aged oak,white poplar(Populus alba),hybrid poplar(Populus×euramericana),black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia),and pine(Pinus spp.)plantations.Fieldwork has been carried out in nine study sites,where all six habitat types were represented(with a few exceptions),to determine total abundance,species richness,Shannon–Wiener diversity,species evenness,dominant and indicator species,and guild abundances.We found that old oak forest remnants were the most diverse habitats among the studied forest types,while hybrid poplar and pine plantations exhibited the lowest avian biodiversity.The avian guilds most sensitive to the loss of old oak forest remnants were ground foragers,bark foragers,cavity-nesters,residents,and Mediterranean migratory birds.Native habitats were more diverse than non-native plantations.Our results suggest that it is important to conserve all remaining high biodiversity old oak stands and to avoid clear-cutting of monocultural plantations in favour of practices such as mixed-species plantations,longer rotation lengths,or retention forestry.
基金This study was supported by Ministry of Higher Education and Scientifi c Research of Sudan.
文摘Forests in the aridlands of Sudan are distinctive in nature and require special attention due to the great role they play as a first and last line of defense against southward desertification.Thus,to determine their conservative and protective needs based on current conditions in the Wad Al-Bashir Forest(WF),toward ensuring sustainable forest resources in these areas,we used a systematic field survey,existing and available documents review and key informant interviews(KII),to collect data from 08 December 2017 to 15 May 2018.A severe depletion and changes in the forest tree cover and composition were found during the field survey,where species such as Balanitis aegyptiaca is threatened and invasive species(e.g.,Acacia nubica)have started to dominate.Reviewed documents have credited illegal cutting and agricultural activities for the changes in the forest status,whereas the KII indicated that past and current forest conservative and protective practices(CPPs),where forest clearance for agricultural,grazing,pests and disease control,were not given a deserved consideration as they relate to tree cutting and reforestation practices.Likewise,negligence of the needs of those who depend on the forest and inadequate funds have constrained implementation of some CPPs.Accordingly,on the basis of the results of this study,we recommend that CPPs associated with agriculture,grazing,forest fire,pest and disease control should be a top priority concern of forest authorities.Better financial support,which could be enriched by involving governmental and non-governmental organizations,is also needed to boost CPPs in the WF.Invasive species also need to be cleared and replaced by trees such as A.senegal and B.aegyptiaca that are of economic and environmental value.
文摘The Mau Forest has in the recent past elicited serious political and environmental debates regarding its conservation status, as the forest is fast dwindling and the repercussions felt widely across the country. The forest, regarded as the largest indigenous montane forest in east Africa, has been hard hit by land-use changes mainly extensive and ill-planned human settlements. To save the forest, the government has resorted to forced evictions of the settlers. We sought to understand the drivers and causes for the observed illegal settlements in the Mau Forest. To collect data, we conducted focus group discussions and administered household questionnaires on evictees in the South-West and Eastern Mau. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the binary logistic regression model indicate that Poverty (p = 0.000), Agricultural production (p = 0.000) and Land Given by Government (p = 0.018) contributed significantly to the prediction of people’s motivation of settling in the Mau Forest. In conclusion, population pressure, laxity in forest law enforcement and insecure land tenure and politics were identified as some of the factors that motivated the observed rise in illegal settlements in Mau Forest. Such information on the factors that led to the illegal settlements in Mau Forest would be useful for forest conservation policy makers and managers. It will be a basis upon which interventions can be undertaken to enhance sustainable forest management in Kenya and beyond.
基金CONICET(11220120100055CO),SECyT(UNC,411/18)FONCyT(PICT 2015–0538)for the financial support。
文摘Background:Conceptual clarity is important to attain precise communication of scientific knowledge and to implement appropriate technological and policy actions.Many concepts referring to forest management are widely used by decision-makers,regardless of their complexity.Although the scientific and methodological issues of forestry practices are frequently discussed in the literature,their normative dimensions are rarely treated.Thus,linguistic uncertainty increases when different environmentally ethical perspectives and ways of valuing forests are considered.The objective was to compare different conceptualizations on the silvicultural systems suggested for forest management and the implications they have for conservation.We have conceptually contrasted highintensity forestry practices with variable retention harvesting,considering different environmentally ethical perspectives and forest valuation alternatives.Results:Clear boundaries between clear-cutting,selective logging,and variable retention harvesting can be evidenced when different ethical points of view and alternatives in the human-nature relationships are considered.We have found a variety of definitions of variable retention harvesting that can be analyzed under different ethical positions.Sharply contrasting views on variable retention harvesting can be evidenced if nature is considered to be purely at human’s service or if it is conceptualized as humans co-inhabiting with nature.The latter position implies that the maintenance of ecological,evolutionary,and historical processes supported by unmanaged forest stands is a crucial step for forest management proposals based on variable retention harvesting.Conclusions:Forestry practices that are focused on forest yields and that misinterpret functional uncertainty of forest functioning would be risky.Moreover,forestry with variable retention harvesting could imply good yields with reasonable conservation management in some contexts,while it could be unacceptable in other socioecological contexts.The improvement of conceptual clarity on the different meanings of variable retention harvesting and the development of indicators for forest management based on the variations of this concept can reduce controversies.
