Formal credit is critical in agricultural production,allowing more expenditure and productive input,thereby improving farmers'welfare.In pastoral China,formal financial institutions are gradually increasing.Howeve...Formal credit is critical in agricultural production,allowing more expenditure and productive input,thereby improving farmers'welfare.In pastoral China,formal financial institutions are gradually increasing.However,a limited understanding remains of how formal credit affects herders'household expenses.Based on a survey of 544 herders from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China,this study adopted the propensity score matching approach to identify the effect of formal credit on herders'total household expenses,daily expenses,and productive expenses.The results found that average age,grassland mortgage,and other variables significantly affected herders'participation in formal credit.Formal credit could significantly improve household expenses,especially productive expenses.A heterogeneity analysis showed that formal credit had a greater impact on the household total expense for those at higher levels of wealth;however,it significantly affected the productive expense of herders at lower wealth levels.Moreover,the mediating effect indicated that formal credit could affect herders'household income,thus influencing their household expenses.Finally,this study suggests that policies should improve herders'accessibility to formal credit.展开更多
Fair exchange protocols play a critical role in enabling two distrustful entities to conduct electronic data exchanges in a fair and secure manner.These protocols are widely used in electronic payment systems and elec...Fair exchange protocols play a critical role in enabling two distrustful entities to conduct electronic data exchanges in a fair and secure manner.These protocols are widely used in electronic payment systems and electronic contract signing,ensuring the reliability and security of network transactions.In order to address the limitations of current research methods and enhance the analytical capabilities for fair exchange protocols,this paper proposes a formal model for analyzing such protocols.The proposed model begins with a thorough analysis of fair exchange protocols,followed by the formal definition of fairness.This definition accurately captures the inherent requirements of fair exchange protocols.Building upon event logic,the model incorporates the time factor into predicates and introduces knowledge set axioms.This enhancement empowers the improved logic to effectively describe the state and knowledge of protocol participants at different time points,facilitating reasoning about their acquired knowledge.To maximize the intruder’s capabilities,channel errors are translated into the behaviors of the intruder.The participants are further categorized into honest participants and malicious participants,enabling a comprehensive evaluation of the intruder’s potential impact.By employing a typical fair exchange protocol as an illustrative example,this paper demonstrates the detailed steps of utilizing the proposed model for protocol analysis.The entire process of protocol execution under attack scenarios is presented,shedding light on the underlying reasons for the attacks and proposing corresponding countermeasures.The developedmodel enhances the ability to reason about and evaluate the security properties of fair exchange protocols,thereby contributing to the advancement of secure network transactions.展开更多
China’s financial system is characterized by the coexistence of both formal and informal finance,and informal finance appears to be more prevalent in the south of the country compared to the north.In this paper,we us...China’s financial system is characterized by the coexistence of both formal and informal finance,and informal finance appears to be more prevalent in the south of the country compared to the north.In this paper,we use the historical demarcation of rice-farming regions and the percentage area of rice sown to ascertain the regional distribution of rice farming in the south and wheat farming in the north in order to analyze the role of rice farming in the evolution of different types of financial institutions in China.We find that rice cultivation has a positive effect on informal financial development,though its impact on formal finance is insignificant.Unlike wheat farming,rice cultivation requires farmers to collaborate during busy farming seasons and necessitates the construction of irrigation systems.Such collaboration helped enhance an acquaintance society,in which both parties to transactions enforced the rules and contract terms of their own initiative,paving the way for informal finance.This paper not only demonstrates the cultural roots of the regional financial disparities in China but also expands the research on the ways in which farming practices from the past have shaped the development of China’s present financial markets.展开更多
The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the internal processes of Self-Organizing Systems represent a unique and singular process, characterized by their specific generativity. This process can be mode...The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the internal processes of Self-Organizing Systems represent a unique and singular process, characterized by their specific generativity. This process can be modeled using the Maximum Ordinality Principle and its associated formal language, known as the “Incipient” Differential Calculus (IDC).展开更多
A self-adaptive resource provisioning on demand is a critical factor in cloud computing.The selection of accurate amount of resources at run time is not easy due to dynamic nature of requests.Therefore,a self-adaptive...A self-adaptive resource provisioning on demand is a critical factor in cloud computing.The selection of accurate amount of resources at run time is not easy due to dynamic nature of requests.Therefore,a self-adaptive strategy of resources is required to deal with dynamic nature of requests based on run time change in workload.In this paper we proposed a Cloud-based Adaptive Resource Scheduling Strategy(CARSS)Framework that formally addresses these issues and is more expressive than traditional approaches.The decision making in CARSS is based on more than one factors.TheMAPE-K based framework determines the state of the resources based on their current utilization.Timed-Arc Petri Net(TAPN)is used to model system formally and behaviour is expressed in TCTL,while TAPAAL model checker verifies the underline properties of the system.展开更多
Moving-target-defense(MTD)fundamentally avoids an illegal initial compromise by asymmetrically increasing the uncertainty as the attack surface of the observable defender changes depending on spatial-temporal mutation...Moving-target-defense(MTD)fundamentally avoids an illegal initial compromise by asymmetrically increasing the uncertainty as the attack surface of the observable defender changes depending on spatial-temporal mutations.However,the existing naive MTD studies were conducted focusing only on wired network mutations.And these cases have also been no formal research on wireless aircraft domains with attributes that are extremely unfavorable to embedded system operations,such as hostility,mobility,and dependency.Therefore,to solve these conceptual limitations,this study proposes normalized drone-type MTD that maximizes defender superiority by mutating the unique fingerprints of wireless drones and that optimizes the period-based mutation principle to adaptively secure the sustainability of drone operations.In addition,this study also specifies MF2-DMTD(model-checkingbased formal framework for drone-type MTD),a formal framework that adopts model-checking and zero-sum game,for attack-defense simulation and performance evaluation of drone-type MTD.Subsequently,by applying the proposed models,the optimization of deceptive defense performance of drone-type MTD for each mutation period also additionally achieves through mixed-integer quadratic constrained programming(MIQCP)and multiobjective optimization-based Pareto frontier.As a result,the optimal mutation cycles in drone-type MTD were derived as(65,120,85)for each control-mobility,telecommunication,and payload component configured inside the drone.And the optimal MTD cycles for each swarming cluster,ground control station(GCS),and zone service provider(ZSP)deployed outside the drone were also additionally calculated as(70,60,85),respectively.To the best of these authors’knowledge,this study is the first to calculate the deceptive efficiency and functional continuity of the MTD against drones and to normalize the trade-off according to a sensitivity analysis with the optimum.展开更多
In order to realize a general-purpose automatic formal verification platform based on WebAssembly technology as a web service(FVPS),which aims to provide an automated report of vulnerability detections,this work build...In order to realize a general-purpose automatic formal verification platform based on WebAssembly technology as a web service(FVPS),which aims to provide an automated report of vulnerability detections,this work builds a Hyperledger Fabric blockchain runtime model.It proposes an optimized methodology of the functional equivalent translation from source program languages to formal languages.This methodology utilizes an external application programming interface(API)table to replace the source codes in compilation,thereby pruning the part of housekeeping codes to ease code inflation.Code inflation is a significant metric in formal language translation.Namely,minor code inflation enhances verification scale and performance efficiency.It determines the efficiency of formal verification,involving launching,running,and memory usage.For instance,path explosion increases exponentially,resulting in out-of-memory.The experimental results conclude that program languages like golang severely impact code inflation.FVPS reduces the wasm code size by over 90%,achieving two orders of optimization magnitude,from 2000 kilobyte(KB)to 90 KB.That means we can cope with golang applications up to 20 times larger than the original in scale.This work eliminates the gap between Hyperledger Fabric smart contracts and WebAssembly.Our approach is pragmatic,adaptable,extendable,and flexible.Nowadays,FVPS is successfully applied in a Railway-Port-Aviation blockchain transportation system.展开更多
Let U be a (B, A)-bimodule, A and B be rings, and be a formal triangular matrix ring. In this paper, we characterize the structure of relative Ding projective modules over T under some conditions. Furthermore, using t...Let U be a (B, A)-bimodule, A and B be rings, and be a formal triangular matrix ring. In this paper, we characterize the structure of relative Ding projective modules over T under some conditions. Furthermore, using the left global relative Ding projective dimensions of A and B, we estimate the relative Ding projective dimension of a left T-module.展开更多
The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO),a major project as part of China’s national scientific and technological infrastructure,passed the national acceptance assessment and formally went into operatio...The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO),a major project as part of China’s national scientific and technological infrastructure,passed the national acceptance assessment and formally went into operation on May 10.Dedicated to cosmic ray observation and research,the design of LHAASO was approved by the national authorities on December 31,2015.Jointly sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and the People’s Government of Sichuan Province,the construction of the principal part of the facility began in 2017 and was completed in 2021.展开更多
This work is about the progress of previous related work based on an experiment to improve the intelligence of robotic systems,with the aim of achieving more linguistic communication capabilities between humans and ro...This work is about the progress of previous related work based on an experiment to improve the intelligence of robotic systems,with the aim of achieving more linguistic communication capabilities between humans and robots.In this paper,the authors attempt an algorithmic approach to natural language generation through hole semantics and by applying the OMAS-III computational model as a grammatical formalism.In the original work,a technical language is used,while in the later works,this has been replaced by a limited Greek natural language dictionary.This particular effort was made to give the evolving system the ability to ask questions,as well as the authors developed an initial dialogue system using these techniques.The results show that the use of these techniques the authors apply can give us a more sophisticated dialogue system in the future.展开更多
The research purpose is invention (construction) of a formal logical inference of the Law of Conservation of Energy within a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma from a precisely defin...The research purpose is invention (construction) of a formal logical inference of the Law of Conservation of Energy within a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma from a precisely defined assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. For realizing this aim, the following work has been done: 1) a two-valued algebraic system of formal axiology has been defined precisely and applied to proper-philosophy of physics, namely, to an almost unknown (not-recognized) formal-axiological aspect of the physical law of conservation of energy;2) the formal axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma has been defined precisely and applied to proper-physics for realizing the above-indicated purpose. Thus, a discrete mathematical model of relationship between philosophy of physics and universal epistemology united with formal axiology has been constructed. Results: 1) By accurate computing relevant compositions of evaluation-functions within the discrete mathematical model, it is demonstrated that a formal-axiological analog of the great conservation law of proper physics is a formal-axiological law of two-valued algebra of metaphysics. (A precise algorithmic definition of the unhabitual (not-well-known) notion “formal-axiological law of algebra of metaphysics” is given.) 2) The hitherto never published significantly new nontrivial scientific result of investigation presented in this article is a formal logical inference of the law of conservation of energy within the formal axiomatic theory Sigma from conjunction of the formal-axiological analog of the law of conservation of energy and the assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge.展开更多
The article is devoted to hitherto never undertaken applying an almost unknown logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology system called “Sigma-V” to the Third Newton’s Law of mechanics. The author has...The article is devoted to hitherto never undertaken applying an almost unknown logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology system called “Sigma-V” to the Third Newton’s Law of mechanics. The author has continued investigating the extraordinary (paradigm-breaking) hypothesis of formal-axiological interpreting Newton’s mathematical principles of natural philosophy and, thus, has arrived to discrete mathematical modeling a system of formal axiology of nature by extracting and systematical studying its proper algebraic aspect. Along with the proper algebraic machinery, the axiomatic (hypothetic-deductive) method is exploited in this investigation systematically. The research results are the followings. 1) The Third Newton’s Law of mechanics has been modeled by a formal-axiological equation of two-valued algebraic system of metaphysics as formal axiology. (Precise defining the algebraic system is provided.) The formal-axiological equation has been established (and examined) in this algebraic system by accurate computing compositions of relevant evaluation-functions. Precise tabular definitions of the evaluation-functions are given. 2) The wonderful formula representing the Third Newton’s Law (in the relevant physical interpretation of the formal theory Sigma-V) has been derived logically in Sigma-V from the presumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. A precise axiomatic definition of the nontrivial notion “a-priori-ness of knowledge” is given. The formal derivation is implemented in strict accordance with the rigor standard of D. Hilbert’s formalism;hence, checking the formal derivation submitted in this article is not a difficult task. With respect to proper theoretical physics, the formal inference is a nontrivial scientific novelty which has not been discussed and published elsewhere yet.展开更多
The present paper submits a result of applying a hitherto unknown logically formalized axiomatic axiology-and-epistemology theory “Sigma+V” to the relativity principle formulated by Galileo Galilei. By this applicat...The present paper submits a result of applying a hitherto unknown logically formalized axiomatic axiology-and-epistemology theory “Sigma+V” to the relativity principle formulated by Galileo Galilei. By this application, the author has continued checking the remarkable (paradigm-breaking) hypothesis that formal-axiological interpreting strictly universal laws of classical theoretical mechanics could have a heuristic value for the theory proper. Along with systematical studying proper algebraic structure of formal axiology of nature, the axiomatic (hypothetic-deductive) method is used in this research as well. The investigation accomplishments are the followings. Galileo Galilei principle of relativity of motion has been represented in a two-valued algebraic system of formal axiology by a wonderful formal-axiological equation which could be called a “formal-axiological analog of Galileo relativity principle”. A precise definition of that algebraic system is given. The remarkable formal-axiological equation has been created (and checked) in that algebraic system by attentive computing relevant compositions of evaluation-functions. Precise definitions of the relevant evaluation-functions are accomplished by tables. The remarkable formula modeling Galileo Galilei principle of relativity of motion (given the appropriate interpretation of the formal theory) has been formally-logically inferred within Sigma+V from a couple of nontrivial assumptions, namely, 1) a precisely defined assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge, 2) the above-mentioned formal-axiological analog of the relativity principle by Galileo Galilei. A not-manifest but quite exact axiomatic definition of “a-priori-ness of knowledge” is provided. The formal-logical inference is performed in perfect accordance with the mathematical rigor norms formulated within the formalism doctrine by D. Hilbert, therefore, examining the formal deductive inference submitted in the paper can be accomplished easily. Being a nontrivial scientific novelty for proper theoretical physics, hitherto the formal-logical derivation has not been published and discussed elsewhere.展开更多
The <i>general purpose of the research</i>—systematical clarifying and explicating the too vague proper philosophical concepts of space, void, matter, motion, inertia, for making a logical harmony between...The <i>general purpose of the research</i>—systematical clarifying and explicating the too vague proper philosophical concepts of space, void, matter, motion, inertia, for making a logical harmony between them and the corresponding notions of proper physics. The <i>special purpose of the research</i>—invention (construction) of a <i>formal inference of the well-known Newton’s first law of mechanics</i> within a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology system from a set of precisely defined presumptions. For realizing this aim <i>the following work has been done</i>: a two-valued algebraic system of metaphysics as formal axiology has been applied to philosophical epistemology and philosophy of nature;a formal axiomatic theory called Sigma has been applied to physics for realizing the above-indicated special purpose of the research. Thus, constructing a discrete mathematical model of relationship between universal epistemology and philosophy of physics has been done. <i>Research results</i>: The main hitherto not published significantly new nontrivial scientific result of applied investigations presented in this article is a <i>formal inference of the well-known Newton’s first law of mechanics</i> within the formal axiomatic epistemology system Sigma from conjunction of the <i>formal-axiological analog</i> of the proper-law-of-mechanics (which <i>analog</i> is the <i>formal-axiological law</i> of two-valued algebra of metaphysics) and the assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. For obtaining this main research result, a set of accessory nontrivial novelties has been used, for instance;a precise algorithmic definition is given for the notion “<i>law of metaphysics</i>” in the algebraic system of metaphysics as formal axiology;a <i>formal-axiological equivalence</i> in the algebraic system is defined precisely. Precise tabular definitions are given for relevant evaluation-functions determined by evaluation-arguments, for example;“movement of (what, whom) <i>x</i>”;“speed of <i>x</i>”;“vector of <i>x</i>”;“velocity of <i>x</i>”;“magnitude of <i>x</i>”;“finiteness (definiteness) of <i>x</i>”;“dynamical closed-ness (isolated-ness) of <i>x</i>”;“constant-ness, immutability, conservation of <i>x</i>”.展开更多
This paper presents the views of 623 informal and formal small,medium,and micro enterprises(SMMEs)operating in the Gauteng Province of South Africa.The objective of the study was to identify challenges and benefits th...This paper presents the views of 623 informal and formal small,medium,and micro enterprises(SMMEs)operating in the Gauteng Province of South Africa.The objective of the study was to identify challenges and benefits that are experienced by SMMEs during and after the registration process leading to the transition from informal to formal business,the level of awareness by the SMMEs of the registration information,and the procedures in addition to the potential factors that inspire or discourage informal and prospective business registration.The reason for including both informal and formal SMMEs in the survey was to compare the perceptions of these groups of businesses regarding the triggers and/or barriers to register as a formal business.The results show that for both informal and formal businesses,the liability of paying taxes was a major challenge while improved workers’health and safety accrued as a major benefit.Own research emerged as the main source of access to business registration information and procedure.The costs involved in registration were highlighted as one of the major factors discouraging registration but the prospects of expanding the customer base and the ability to achieve a higher turnover as some of the main inspiring factors.The study recommends the development of policies that provide an enabling environment for sustainable enterprises but also to implement measures that improve productivity through access to finance,skills,infrastructure,markets,and technology transfers.展开更多
In this paper, it is emphasized that taking into consideration of imperfection of knowledge, of the team of the designers/developers, about the problem domains and environments is essential in order to develop robust ...In this paper, it is emphasized that taking into consideration of imperfection of knowledge, of the team of the designers/developers, about the problem domains and environments is essential in order to develop robust software metrics and systems. In this respect, first various possible types of imperfections in knowledge are discussed and then various available formal/mathematical models for representing and handling these imperfections are discussed. The discussion of knowledge classification & representation is from computational perspective and that also within the context of software development enterprise, and not necessarily from organizational management, from library & information science, or from psychological perspectives.展开更多
In our class,we have already learned some articles of Aesthetism.The famous aesthetes,such as Walter Pater,Oscar Wilde,Benedetto Croce,all give us huge impressions.And Russian Formalism is also very important school o...In our class,we have already learned some articles of Aesthetism.The famous aesthetes,such as Walter Pater,Oscar Wilde,Benedetto Croce,all give us huge impressions.And Russian Formalism is also very important school of thoughts.As they all study art,literature and form,I would like to know the relationship between them.In this paper,first I will show some of my own understandings on Both Aesthetism and Russian Formalism.Then I will compare them to find similarities and differences.At last,I will say something about my preference.展开更多
Geometrical diagnostic methods were often applied to distinguish the gravitational models. But it is scarce to investigate the differences between the different formalisms of modified gravitational theories (e.g. the ...Geometrical diagnostic methods were often applied to distinguish the gravitational models. But it is scarce to investigate the differences between the different formalisms of modified gravitational theories (e.g. the metric formalism and the Palatini formalism). In this paper, we discriminate the gravitational theory with the different formalisms by using the geometrical diagnostic methods. For a considered modified theory of gravity (e.g. the f(R) theory or GBD theory), we can see that the difference between the two formalisms is remarkable according to the diagnostic results. And relative to the ΛCDM model, there are more deviations in metric formalism than those in Palatini formalism, according to the {r, s} diagnostic. Given that the GBD (generalized Brans-Dicke theory) is a time-variable Newton gravitational constant (VG) theory, the differences between the VG theory and the constant-G theory are studied. It indicates that the variation of Newton’s gravitational constant could induce notable effects on geometrical quantities (e.g. r, s and q) in both metric formalism and Palatini formalism.展开更多
基金funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72303086)the Leading Scientist Project of Qinghai Province, China (2023-NK-147)+1 种基金the Consulting Project of Chinese Academy of Engineering (2023-XY-28,2022-XY-139)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (lzujbky-2022-sp13)
文摘Formal credit is critical in agricultural production,allowing more expenditure and productive input,thereby improving farmers'welfare.In pastoral China,formal financial institutions are gradually increasing.However,a limited understanding remains of how formal credit affects herders'household expenses.Based on a survey of 544 herders from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China,this study adopted the propensity score matching approach to identify the effect of formal credit on herders'total household expenses,daily expenses,and productive expenses.The results found that average age,grassland mortgage,and other variables significantly affected herders'participation in formal credit.Formal credit could significantly improve household expenses,especially productive expenses.A heterogeneity analysis showed that formal credit had a greater impact on the household total expense for those at higher levels of wealth;however,it significantly affected the productive expense of herders at lower wealth levels.Moreover,the mediating effect indicated that formal credit could affect herders'household income,thus influencing their household expenses.Finally,this study suggests that policies should improve herders'accessibility to formal credit.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61562026,61962020)Academic and Technical Leaders of Major Disciplines in Jiangxi Province(No.20172BCB22015)+1 种基金Special Fund Project for Postgraduate Innovation in Jiangxi Province(No.YC2020-B1141)Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.20224ACB202006).
文摘Fair exchange protocols play a critical role in enabling two distrustful entities to conduct electronic data exchanges in a fair and secure manner.These protocols are widely used in electronic payment systems and electronic contract signing,ensuring the reliability and security of network transactions.In order to address the limitations of current research methods and enhance the analytical capabilities for fair exchange protocols,this paper proposes a formal model for analyzing such protocols.The proposed model begins with a thorough analysis of fair exchange protocols,followed by the formal definition of fairness.This definition accurately captures the inherent requirements of fair exchange protocols.Building upon event logic,the model incorporates the time factor into predicates and introduces knowledge set axioms.This enhancement empowers the improved logic to effectively describe the state and knowledge of protocol participants at different time points,facilitating reasoning about their acquired knowledge.To maximize the intruder’s capabilities,channel errors are translated into the behaviors of the intruder.The participants are further categorized into honest participants and malicious participants,enabling a comprehensive evaluation of the intruder’s potential impact.By employing a typical fair exchange protocol as an illustrative example,this paper demonstrates the detailed steps of utilizing the proposed model for protocol analysis.The entire process of protocol execution under attack scenarios is presented,shedding light on the underlying reasons for the attacks and proposing corresponding countermeasures.The developedmodel enhances the ability to reason about and evaluate the security properties of fair exchange protocols,thereby contributing to the advancement of secure network transactions.
基金sponsorships from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.72273075,71703080)the MOE(Ministry of Education in China)Liberal Arts and Social Sciences Foundation(Grant No.21YJC790156)+2 种基金the Major Project of the Guangxi Academy for the Chinese National Community Awareness(Grant No.2020GXMGY0103)the General Project of the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2020MG063)the Qilu Young Scholars Program and Young Scholars Future Plan of Shandong University.
文摘China’s financial system is characterized by the coexistence of both formal and informal finance,and informal finance appears to be more prevalent in the south of the country compared to the north.In this paper,we use the historical demarcation of rice-farming regions and the percentage area of rice sown to ascertain the regional distribution of rice farming in the south and wheat farming in the north in order to analyze the role of rice farming in the evolution of different types of financial institutions in China.We find that rice cultivation has a positive effect on informal financial development,though its impact on formal finance is insignificant.Unlike wheat farming,rice cultivation requires farmers to collaborate during busy farming seasons and necessitates the construction of irrigation systems.Such collaboration helped enhance an acquaintance society,in which both parties to transactions enforced the rules and contract terms of their own initiative,paving the way for informal finance.This paper not only demonstrates the cultural roots of the regional financial disparities in China but also expands the research on the ways in which farming practices from the past have shaped the development of China’s present financial markets.
文摘The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the internal processes of Self-Organizing Systems represent a unique and singular process, characterized by their specific generativity. This process can be modeled using the Maximum Ordinality Principle and its associated formal language, known as the “Incipient” Differential Calculus (IDC).
文摘A self-adaptive resource provisioning on demand is a critical factor in cloud computing.The selection of accurate amount of resources at run time is not easy due to dynamic nature of requests.Therefore,a self-adaptive strategy of resources is required to deal with dynamic nature of requests based on run time change in workload.In this paper we proposed a Cloud-based Adaptive Resource Scheduling Strategy(CARSS)Framework that formally addresses these issues and is more expressive than traditional approaches.The decision making in CARSS is based on more than one factors.TheMAPE-K based framework determines the state of the resources based on their current utilization.Timed-Arc Petri Net(TAPN)is used to model system formally and behaviour is expressed in TCTL,while TAPAAL model checker verifies the underline properties of the system.
基金funding by the Challengeable Future Defense Technology Research and Development Program through the Agency For Defense Development(ADD)funded by the Defense Acquisition Program Administration(DAPA)in 2023(No.915024201).
文摘Moving-target-defense(MTD)fundamentally avoids an illegal initial compromise by asymmetrically increasing the uncertainty as the attack surface of the observable defender changes depending on spatial-temporal mutations.However,the existing naive MTD studies were conducted focusing only on wired network mutations.And these cases have also been no formal research on wireless aircraft domains with attributes that are extremely unfavorable to embedded system operations,such as hostility,mobility,and dependency.Therefore,to solve these conceptual limitations,this study proposes normalized drone-type MTD that maximizes defender superiority by mutating the unique fingerprints of wireless drones and that optimizes the period-based mutation principle to adaptively secure the sustainability of drone operations.In addition,this study also specifies MF2-DMTD(model-checkingbased formal framework for drone-type MTD),a formal framework that adopts model-checking and zero-sum game,for attack-defense simulation and performance evaluation of drone-type MTD.Subsequently,by applying the proposed models,the optimization of deceptive defense performance of drone-type MTD for each mutation period also additionally achieves through mixed-integer quadratic constrained programming(MIQCP)and multiobjective optimization-based Pareto frontier.As a result,the optimal mutation cycles in drone-type MTD were derived as(65,120,85)for each control-mobility,telecommunication,and payload component configured inside the drone.And the optimal MTD cycles for each swarming cluster,ground control station(GCS),and zone service provider(ZSP)deployed outside the drone were also additionally calculated as(70,60,85),respectively.To the best of these authors’knowledge,this study is the first to calculate the deceptive efficiency and functional continuity of the MTD against drones and to normalize the trade-off according to a sensitivity analysis with the optimum.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China,Grant No.2018YFA0306703.
文摘In order to realize a general-purpose automatic formal verification platform based on WebAssembly technology as a web service(FVPS),which aims to provide an automated report of vulnerability detections,this work builds a Hyperledger Fabric blockchain runtime model.It proposes an optimized methodology of the functional equivalent translation from source program languages to formal languages.This methodology utilizes an external application programming interface(API)table to replace the source codes in compilation,thereby pruning the part of housekeeping codes to ease code inflation.Code inflation is a significant metric in formal language translation.Namely,minor code inflation enhances verification scale and performance efficiency.It determines the efficiency of formal verification,involving launching,running,and memory usage.For instance,path explosion increases exponentially,resulting in out-of-memory.The experimental results conclude that program languages like golang severely impact code inflation.FVPS reduces the wasm code size by over 90%,achieving two orders of optimization magnitude,from 2000 kilobyte(KB)to 90 KB.That means we can cope with golang applications up to 20 times larger than the original in scale.This work eliminates the gap between Hyperledger Fabric smart contracts and WebAssembly.Our approach is pragmatic,adaptable,extendable,and flexible.Nowadays,FVPS is successfully applied in a Railway-Port-Aviation blockchain transportation system.
文摘Let U be a (B, A)-bimodule, A and B be rings, and be a formal triangular matrix ring. In this paper, we characterize the structure of relative Ding projective modules over T under some conditions. Furthermore, using the left global relative Ding projective dimensions of A and B, we estimate the relative Ding projective dimension of a left T-module.
文摘The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO),a major project as part of China’s national scientific and technological infrastructure,passed the national acceptance assessment and formally went into operation on May 10.Dedicated to cosmic ray observation and research,the design of LHAASO was approved by the national authorities on December 31,2015.Jointly sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and the People’s Government of Sichuan Province,the construction of the principal part of the facility began in 2017 and was completed in 2021.
文摘This work is about the progress of previous related work based on an experiment to improve the intelligence of robotic systems,with the aim of achieving more linguistic communication capabilities between humans and robots.In this paper,the authors attempt an algorithmic approach to natural language generation through hole semantics and by applying the OMAS-III computational model as a grammatical formalism.In the original work,a technical language is used,while in the later works,this has been replaced by a limited Greek natural language dictionary.This particular effort was made to give the evolving system the ability to ask questions,as well as the authors developed an initial dialogue system using these techniques.The results show that the use of these techniques the authors apply can give us a more sophisticated dialogue system in the future.
文摘The research purpose is invention (construction) of a formal logical inference of the Law of Conservation of Energy within a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma from a precisely defined assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. For realizing this aim, the following work has been done: 1) a two-valued algebraic system of formal axiology has been defined precisely and applied to proper-philosophy of physics, namely, to an almost unknown (not-recognized) formal-axiological aspect of the physical law of conservation of energy;2) the formal axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma has been defined precisely and applied to proper-physics for realizing the above-indicated purpose. Thus, a discrete mathematical model of relationship between philosophy of physics and universal epistemology united with formal axiology has been constructed. Results: 1) By accurate computing relevant compositions of evaluation-functions within the discrete mathematical model, it is demonstrated that a formal-axiological analog of the great conservation law of proper physics is a formal-axiological law of two-valued algebra of metaphysics. (A precise algorithmic definition of the unhabitual (not-well-known) notion “formal-axiological law of algebra of metaphysics” is given.) 2) The hitherto never published significantly new nontrivial scientific result of investigation presented in this article is a formal logical inference of the law of conservation of energy within the formal axiomatic theory Sigma from conjunction of the formal-axiological analog of the law of conservation of energy and the assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge.
文摘The article is devoted to hitherto never undertaken applying an almost unknown logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology system called “Sigma-V” to the Third Newton’s Law of mechanics. The author has continued investigating the extraordinary (paradigm-breaking) hypothesis of formal-axiological interpreting Newton’s mathematical principles of natural philosophy and, thus, has arrived to discrete mathematical modeling a system of formal axiology of nature by extracting and systematical studying its proper algebraic aspect. Along with the proper algebraic machinery, the axiomatic (hypothetic-deductive) method is exploited in this investigation systematically. The research results are the followings. 1) The Third Newton’s Law of mechanics has been modeled by a formal-axiological equation of two-valued algebraic system of metaphysics as formal axiology. (Precise defining the algebraic system is provided.) The formal-axiological equation has been established (and examined) in this algebraic system by accurate computing compositions of relevant evaluation-functions. Precise tabular definitions of the evaluation-functions are given. 2) The wonderful formula representing the Third Newton’s Law (in the relevant physical interpretation of the formal theory Sigma-V) has been derived logically in Sigma-V from the presumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. A precise axiomatic definition of the nontrivial notion “a-priori-ness of knowledge” is given. The formal derivation is implemented in strict accordance with the rigor standard of D. Hilbert’s formalism;hence, checking the formal derivation submitted in this article is not a difficult task. With respect to proper theoretical physics, the formal inference is a nontrivial scientific novelty which has not been discussed and published elsewhere yet.
文摘The present paper submits a result of applying a hitherto unknown logically formalized axiomatic axiology-and-epistemology theory “Sigma+V” to the relativity principle formulated by Galileo Galilei. By this application, the author has continued checking the remarkable (paradigm-breaking) hypothesis that formal-axiological interpreting strictly universal laws of classical theoretical mechanics could have a heuristic value for the theory proper. Along with systematical studying proper algebraic structure of formal axiology of nature, the axiomatic (hypothetic-deductive) method is used in this research as well. The investigation accomplishments are the followings. Galileo Galilei principle of relativity of motion has been represented in a two-valued algebraic system of formal axiology by a wonderful formal-axiological equation which could be called a “formal-axiological analog of Galileo relativity principle”. A precise definition of that algebraic system is given. The remarkable formal-axiological equation has been created (and checked) in that algebraic system by attentive computing relevant compositions of evaluation-functions. Precise definitions of the relevant evaluation-functions are accomplished by tables. The remarkable formula modeling Galileo Galilei principle of relativity of motion (given the appropriate interpretation of the formal theory) has been formally-logically inferred within Sigma+V from a couple of nontrivial assumptions, namely, 1) a precisely defined assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge, 2) the above-mentioned formal-axiological analog of the relativity principle by Galileo Galilei. A not-manifest but quite exact axiomatic definition of “a-priori-ness of knowledge” is provided. The formal-logical inference is performed in perfect accordance with the mathematical rigor norms formulated within the formalism doctrine by D. Hilbert, therefore, examining the formal deductive inference submitted in the paper can be accomplished easily. Being a nontrivial scientific novelty for proper theoretical physics, hitherto the formal-logical derivation has not been published and discussed elsewhere.
文摘The <i>general purpose of the research</i>—systematical clarifying and explicating the too vague proper philosophical concepts of space, void, matter, motion, inertia, for making a logical harmony between them and the corresponding notions of proper physics. The <i>special purpose of the research</i>—invention (construction) of a <i>formal inference of the well-known Newton’s first law of mechanics</i> within a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology system from a set of precisely defined presumptions. For realizing this aim <i>the following work has been done</i>: a two-valued algebraic system of metaphysics as formal axiology has been applied to philosophical epistemology and philosophy of nature;a formal axiomatic theory called Sigma has been applied to physics for realizing the above-indicated special purpose of the research. Thus, constructing a discrete mathematical model of relationship between universal epistemology and philosophy of physics has been done. <i>Research results</i>: The main hitherto not published significantly new nontrivial scientific result of applied investigations presented in this article is a <i>formal inference of the well-known Newton’s first law of mechanics</i> within the formal axiomatic epistemology system Sigma from conjunction of the <i>formal-axiological analog</i> of the proper-law-of-mechanics (which <i>analog</i> is the <i>formal-axiological law</i> of two-valued algebra of metaphysics) and the assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. For obtaining this main research result, a set of accessory nontrivial novelties has been used, for instance;a precise algorithmic definition is given for the notion “<i>law of metaphysics</i>” in the algebraic system of metaphysics as formal axiology;a <i>formal-axiological equivalence</i> in the algebraic system is defined precisely. Precise tabular definitions are given for relevant evaluation-functions determined by evaluation-arguments, for example;“movement of (what, whom) <i>x</i>”;“speed of <i>x</i>”;“vector of <i>x</i>”;“velocity of <i>x</i>”;“magnitude of <i>x</i>”;“finiteness (definiteness) of <i>x</i>”;“dynamical closed-ness (isolated-ness) of <i>x</i>”;“constant-ness, immutability, conservation of <i>x</i>”.
文摘This paper presents the views of 623 informal and formal small,medium,and micro enterprises(SMMEs)operating in the Gauteng Province of South Africa.The objective of the study was to identify challenges and benefits that are experienced by SMMEs during and after the registration process leading to the transition from informal to formal business,the level of awareness by the SMMEs of the registration information,and the procedures in addition to the potential factors that inspire or discourage informal and prospective business registration.The reason for including both informal and formal SMMEs in the survey was to compare the perceptions of these groups of businesses regarding the triggers and/or barriers to register as a formal business.The results show that for both informal and formal businesses,the liability of paying taxes was a major challenge while improved workers’health and safety accrued as a major benefit.Own research emerged as the main source of access to business registration information and procedure.The costs involved in registration were highlighted as one of the major factors discouraging registration but the prospects of expanding the customer base and the ability to achieve a higher turnover as some of the main inspiring factors.The study recommends the development of policies that provide an enabling environment for sustainable enterprises but also to implement measures that improve productivity through access to finance,skills,infrastructure,markets,and technology transfers.
文摘In this paper, it is emphasized that taking into consideration of imperfection of knowledge, of the team of the designers/developers, about the problem domains and environments is essential in order to develop robust software metrics and systems. In this respect, first various possible types of imperfections in knowledge are discussed and then various available formal/mathematical models for representing and handling these imperfections are discussed. The discussion of knowledge classification & representation is from computational perspective and that also within the context of software development enterprise, and not necessarily from organizational management, from library & information science, or from psychological perspectives.
文摘In our class,we have already learned some articles of Aesthetism.The famous aesthetes,such as Walter Pater,Oscar Wilde,Benedetto Croce,all give us huge impressions.And Russian Formalism is also very important school of thoughts.As they all study art,literature and form,I would like to know the relationship between them.In this paper,first I will show some of my own understandings on Both Aesthetism and Russian Formalism.Then I will compare them to find similarities and differences.At last,I will say something about my preference.
文摘Geometrical diagnostic methods were often applied to distinguish the gravitational models. But it is scarce to investigate the differences between the different formalisms of modified gravitational theories (e.g. the metric formalism and the Palatini formalism). In this paper, we discriminate the gravitational theory with the different formalisms by using the geometrical diagnostic methods. For a considered modified theory of gravity (e.g. the f(R) theory or GBD theory), we can see that the difference between the two formalisms is remarkable according to the diagnostic results. And relative to the ΛCDM model, there are more deviations in metric formalism than those in Palatini formalism, according to the {r, s} diagnostic. Given that the GBD (generalized Brans-Dicke theory) is a time-variable Newton gravitational constant (VG) theory, the differences between the VG theory and the constant-G theory are studied. It indicates that the variation of Newton’s gravitational constant could induce notable effects on geometrical quantities (e.g. r, s and q) in both metric formalism and Palatini formalism.
