BACKGROUND Amino-acid based medical foods have shown promise in alleviating symptoms of drug induced gastrointestinal side effects;particularly,diarrhea-predominant symptoms.Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a gastroint...BACKGROUND Amino-acid based medical foods have shown promise in alleviating symptoms of drug induced gastrointestinal side effects;particularly,diarrhea-predominant symptoms.Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a gastrointestinal disorder that affects up to 9% of people globally,with diarrhea predominant IBS(IBS-D)being the most prevalent subtype.Further trials are needed to explore potential added benefits when integrated into standard care for IBS-D.AIM To assess the effectiveness of an amino acid-based medical food as an adjunct to standard of care for adults with IBS-D.METHODS This is a pragmatic,real world,open label,single arm study comparing a 2-week baseline assessment to a 2-week intervention period.One hundred adults,aged 18 to 65 years,with IBS-D,according to Rome IV criteria,were enrolled after completing a 2-week baseline assessment period and received a 2-week supply of an amino acid based medical food which was consumed at home twice daily on top of their standard of care.The primary outcome was an assessment of tolerability after 2-weeks of consumption,while secondary outcomes included changes in stool consistency(Bristol Stool Form Scale),severity of abdominal pain&discomfort,symptoms of urgency,Global Improvement Survey(GIS),and the IBS severity scoring system(IBS-SSS).RESULTS The test product was well-tolerated as each participant successfully completed the full 14-day trial,and there were no instances of dropouts or discontinuation of the study product reported.Forty percent of participants achieved a 50% or more reduction in the number of days with type 6-7 bowel movements(IBS-D stool consistency responders).Fifty-three percent of participants achieved a clinically meaningful reduction of 30% in mean weekly pain scores,and 55%experienced the same for mean weekly discomfort scores(IBS-D pain and discomfort responders).Participants experienced a mean-109.4(95% confidence interval:-130.1,-88.8)point reduction on the IBS-SSS and 52% experienced a minimally clinically important difference of>95 points.An IBS-SSS category shift from severe to moderate or mild occurred in 69% of participants.For functional symptoms,76% of participants reported symptom relief on the GIS.CONCLUSION The amino acid-based medical food was well-tolerated,when added to the standard of care,and demonstrated improvements in both overall IBS symptom severity and IBS-D symptoms within just 2 wk.展开更多
Composite hollow shafts are used in power transmission applications due to their high specific stiffness and high specific strength.The dynamic characteristics of these shafts are important for transmission applicatio...Composite hollow shafts are used in power transmission applications due to their high specific stiffness and high specific strength.The dynamic characteristics of these shafts are important for transmission applications.Dynamic modelling of these shafts is generally carried out using Equivalent Modulus Beam Theory(EMBT)and Layerwise Beam Theory(LBT)formulations.The EMBT formulation is modified by considering stacking sequence,shear normal coupling,bending twisting coupling and bending stretching coupling.It is observed that modified EMBT formulation is underestimating the shafts stiffness at lower length/mean diameter(l/dm)ratios.In the present work,a new formulation is developed by adding shear deformation along the thickness direction to the existing modified EMBT formulation.The variation of shear deformation along the thickness direction is found using different shear deformation theories,i.e.,first-order shear deformation theory(FSDBT),parabolic shear deformation theory(PSDBT),trigonometric shear deformation theory(TSDBT),and hyperbolic shear deformation theory(HSDBT).The analysis is performed at l/d_(m) ratios of 5,10,15,20,25,30,35,and 40 for carbon/epoxy composites,E-glass/epoxy composites,and boron/epoxy composite shafts.The results show that new formulation has improved the bending natural frequency of the composite shafts for l/d_(m)<15 in comparison with modified EMBT.The effect of new formulation is more significant for the second and third bending modes of natural frequencies.展开更多
Liposome is one of the most widely used carriers for drug delivery because of the great biocompatibility and biodegradability.Due to the complex formulation components and preparation process,formulation screening mos...Liposome is one of the most widely used carriers for drug delivery because of the great biocompatibility and biodegradability.Due to the complex formulation components and preparation process,formulation screening mostly relies on trial-and-error process with low efficiency.Here liposome formulation prediction models have been built by machine learning(ML)approaches.The important parameters of liposomes,including size,polydispersity index(PDI),zeta potential and encapsulation,are predicted individually by optimal ML algorithm,while the formulation features are also ranked to provide important guidance for formulation design.The analysis of key parameter reveals that drug molecules with logS[-3,-6],molecular complexity[500,1000]and XLogP3(≥2)are priority for preparing liposome with higher encapsulation.In addition,naproxen(NAP)and palmatine HCl(PAL)represented the insoluble and water-soluble molecules are prepared as liposome formulations to validate prediction ability.The consistency between predicted and experimental value verifies the satisfied accuracy of ML models.As the drug properties are critical for liposome particles,the molecular interactions and dynamics of NAP and PAL liposome are further investigated by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations.The modeling structure reveals that NAP molecules could distribute into lipid layer,while most PAL molecules aggregate in the inner aqueous phase of liposome.The completely different physical state of NAP and PAL confirms the importance of drug properties for liposome formulations.In summary,the general prediction models are built to predict liposome formulations,and the impacts of key factors are analyzed by combing ML with molecular modeling.The availability and rationality of these intelligent prediction systems have been proved in this study,which could be applied for liposome formulation development in the future.展开更多
Polypropylene(PP)grease holds great potential for special industrial applications.In this study,synthetic conditions,thickener content,and the ratio of two different molecular weight PPs were investigated systematical...Polypropylene(PP)grease holds great potential for special industrial applications.In this study,synthetic conditions,thickener content,and the ratio of two different molecular weight PPs were investigated systematically using a rheometer,scanning electron microscope,X-ray diffraction,Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,oscillating tribometer,and 3D surface profiler measurements.The results showed that suitable synthetic conditions are two quenching cycles,and the synthetic temperature and time is 240℃for 12 h.The rheological analysis showed that thickener content and different proportions of the two PP molecular weights have a significant influence on the rheological properties of PP grease.High molecular weight PP(H-PP)has a stronger thickening ability than low molecular weight PP(L-PP).The higher the amount of H-PP in the fixed thickener content or the higher the thickener content with a specific proportion,the higher the viscoelasticity of PP grease.The tribological performance is related to the rheological properties.The proportion of two different molecular weight PPs in the thickener content should be appropriate;excessive H-PP content leads to lubrication failure.展开更多
Difenoconazole(DIF)is a representative variety of broad-spectrum triazole fungicides and liposoluble pesticides.However,the water solubility of DIF is so poor that its application is limited in plant protection.In add...Difenoconazole(DIF)is a representative variety of broad-spectrum triazole fungicides and liposoluble pesticides.However,the water solubility of DIF is so poor that its application is limited in plant protection.In addition,the conventional formulations of DIF always contain abundant organic solvents,which may cause pollution of the environment.In this study,two DIF/cyclodextrins(CDs)inclusion complexes(ICs)were successfully prepared,which were DIF/β-CD IC and DIF/hydroxypropyl-β-CD IC(DIF/HP-β-CD IC).The effect of cyclodextrins on the water solubility and the antifungal effect of liposoluble DIF pesticide were investigated.According to the phase solubility test,the molar ratio and apparent stability constant of ICs were obtained.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,thermal gravity analysis,X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used systematically to characterize the formation and characteristics of ICs.The results noted that DIF successfully entered the cavities of two CDs.In addition,the antifungal effect test proved the better performance of DIF/HP-β-CD IC,which exceeded that of DIF emulsifiable concentrate.Therefore,our study provides informative direction for the intelligent use of liposoluble pesticides with cyclodextrins to develop water-based environmentally friendly formulations.展开更多
Theaflavins(TFs),as the major polyphenolic components of fermented tea,possess beneficial effects on human health.In this study,the effervescent tablets based on theaflavins were developed.The optimal formulation of T...Theaflavins(TFs),as the major polyphenolic components of fermented tea,possess beneficial effects on human health.In this study,the effervescent tablets based on theaflavins were developed.The optimal formulation of TF effervescent tablets was obtained by response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken design.Then,the physiochemical properties were evaluated,including hardness,friability,effervescent time and pH of the solution.At last,the antioxidant ability of TF effervescent tablets was studied through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay.According to the results,the optimal formulation of the tablets contained TF powder 9.09%,disintegrating agent 43.80%(the weight ratio of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate was 1:1),aspartame 1.86%,PEG-6003%,and mannitol in balance.With the wet granulation method,the TF effervescent tablets displayed suitable hardness,fast disintegration time,good color,pleasant taste and high antioxidant activity.This study demonstrated that the TF effervescent tablets could be a valuable product for the supplement market and contribute to promoting practical application of TFs.展开更多
The management of diabetes mellitus is based on lifestyle and dietary measures suggesting the consumption of foods with a low glycemic index. The present study was conducted in order to propose food formulas based on ...The management of diabetes mellitus is based on lifestyle and dietary measures suggesting the consumption of foods with a low glycemic index. The present study was conducted in order to propose food formulas based on white rice and white beans resulting in a lower glycemic response. For this, food formulations based on these foods were first made, in particular the formulation [75% white rice + 25% white beans] and the formulation [50% rice + 50% white beans]. Then, the biochemical composition of white rice, white bean and these two formulations was determined by the usual methods. Finally, their glycemic responses over 120 minutes were studied by the FAO/ WHO 1998 method. The results showed that white rice [100% white rice] had the highest carbohydrate content (54.61%) followed respectively by the formulation [75% white rice + 25% white bean] (45.69%), the white bean [100% white bean] (29.1%) and the formulation [50% white rice + 50% white bean] (26.16%). In terms of glycemic responses, the formulation [50% white rice + 50% white beans] presented the best evolution with a lower peak (6.041 mmol/L) observed at T45<sub>min</sub> and a lower postprandial glycemia (4.872 mmol/ L) at T120<sub>min</sub>. An increase in the proportion of beans is therefore recommended as it may suggest a beneficial metabolic effect.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to optimize the Formulation Process of glucosamine chondroitin sulfate tablets. [Methods] The orthogonal design with three levels was carried out with microcrystalline cellulose, c...[Objectives]This study was conducted to optimize the Formulation Process of glucosamine chondroitin sulfate tablets. [Methods] The orthogonal design with three levels was carried out with microcrystalline cellulose, calcium hydrophosphate and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone as three factors to optimize the preparation process. [Results] When microcrystalline cellulose 200 mg/tablet, calcium hydrophosphate 150 mg/tablet, and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone 80 mg/tablet were added, the angle of repose could meet the requirements of tablet pressing, and the dissolution could reach more than 95% in 30 min. The results of the orthogonal test showed that the dissolution effect of self-made tablets was faster than that of commercial products. [Conclusions] The glucosamine hydrochloride chondroitin sulfate tablets prepared by this prescription have better quality.展开更多
In this note, we investigated existence and uniqueness of entropy solution for triply nonlinear degenerate parabolic problem with zero-flux boundary condition. Accordingly to the case of doubly nonlinear degenerate pa...In this note, we investigated existence and uniqueness of entropy solution for triply nonlinear degenerate parabolic problem with zero-flux boundary condition. Accordingly to the case of doubly nonlinear degenerate parabolic hyperbolic equation, we propose a generalization of entropy formulation and prove existence and uniqueness result without any structure condition.展开更多
Androgens have an intense consequence on the human scalp and body hair.Scalp hair sprouts fundamentally in awol of androgens whereas the body hair hike is vulnerable to the activity of androgens.Androgenetic alopecia(...Androgens have an intense consequence on the human scalp and body hair.Scalp hair sprouts fundamentally in awol of androgens whereas the body hair hike is vulnerable to the activity of androgens.Androgenetic alopecia(AGA)invoked as males emulate Alopecia due to the cause of the dynamic reduction of scalp hair.Androgens are medium of terminus growth of hair although the body.Local and system androgens convert the extensive terminal follicles into lesser vellus like structure.The out start of this type of alopecia is intensely irregular and the reason behind this existence of enough circulating steroidal hormones androgens and due to genetic predisposition.Effective treatments are available in the market as well as under clinical and preclinical testing.Many herbal formulations are also available but not FDA approved.Different conventional and NDDS formulations are already available in the market.To avoid various systemic side effects of both Finasteride and Minoxidil,topical formulations and natural products(nutrients,minerals,vitamins)now a days are being widely used to treat Androgenic alopecia.CAM(complementary and alternative medicine)provides the option to elect favorable,low-risk,adjuvant and alternative therapies.Herein,we offer a widespread review of topical marketed formulations,natural products,and CAM treatment options for AGA.展开更多
Formulation/pharmaceutical excipients play a major role in formulating drug candidates,with the objectives of ease of administration,targeted delivery and complete availability.Many excipients used in pharmaceutical f...Formulation/pharmaceutical excipients play a major role in formulating drug candidates,with the objectives of ease of administration,targeted delivery and complete availability.Many excipients used in pharmaceutical formulations are orphanized in preclinical drug discovery.These orphan excipients could enhance formulatability of highly lipophilic compounds.Additionally,they are safe in preclinical species when used below the LD50 values.However,when the excipients are used in formulating compounds with diverse physico-chemical properties,they pose challenges by modulating study results through their bioanalytical matrix effects.Excipients invariably present in study samples and not in the calibration curve standards cause over-/under-estimation of exposures.Thus,the mechanism by which excipients cause matrix effects and strategies to nullify these effects needs to be revisited.Furthermore,formulation excipients cause drug interactions by moderating the pathways of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transport proteins.Although it is not possible to get rid of excipient driven interactions,it is always advised to be aware of these interactions and apply the knowledge to draw meaningful conclusions from study results.In this review,we will comprehensively discuss a)orphan excipients that have wider applications in preclinical formulations,b)bioanalytical matrix effects and possible approaches to mitigating these effects,and c)excipient driven drug interactions and strategies to alleviate the impacts of drug interactions.展开更多
Objective:To compare effect of different formulation of Dang-Gui-Bu-Xu-Tang（DCBXT） on myelosuppression mouse.Methods:HPLC was used to measure active ingredients of two DGBXT formulations,Hemopoesic function of bone ...Objective:To compare effect of different formulation of Dang-Gui-Bu-Xu-Tang（DCBXT） on myelosuppression mouse.Methods:HPLC was used to measure active ingredients of two DGBXT formulations,Hemopoesic function of bone marrow was measured by hemopoietic progenitor cell culture and peipheral blood count.And hemopoietic factors in bone marrow were tested by ELISA.Results:The content level of astragaloside A in granule formulation was higher than that in decoction and the content ratio of active ingredient was close to 5:1.Two DGBXD formulations could significantly improve amount of peripheral blood cells,and bone marrow cells of bone marrow suppression mice（P【0.05）.DGBXD granule formulation significantly increased the colony quantity of all progenitor cell lines and amount of G<sub>2</sub>/M and S phase cells（P【0.05）. It also significantly decreased amount of G<sub>0</sub>/G<sub>1</sub> phase cells in the bone marrow and was more effective（P【0.05）.Conclusions:DGBXT decoction and the granule formulation all can improve the hematopoietic function of bone marrow suppression mouse.They can improve quantities of peripheral blood and nucleated bone marrow cells,and yield of the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in vitro colony;balance the expression of cytokine（EPO,TPO and GM-GSF） in bone marrow microenvirement.They can also facilitate hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to enter the cell cycle.And the effect of granule formulation is more satisfactory.展开更多
An axially variable-length solid element with eight nodes is proposed by integrating the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation and the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF). In addition to the nodal p...An axially variable-length solid element with eight nodes is proposed by integrating the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation and the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF). In addition to the nodal positions and slopes of eight nodes, two material coordinates in the axial direction are used as the generalized coordinates. As a consequence, the nodes in the ALE-ANCF are not associated with any specific material points and the axial length of the solid element can be varied over time. These two material coordinates give rise to a variable mass matrix and an additional inertial force vector. Computationally efficient formulae of the additional inertial forces and elastic forces, as well as their Jacobians, are also derived. The dynamic equation of a flexible multibody system (FMBS) with variable-length bodies is presented. The maximum and minimum lengths of the boundary elements of an FMBS have to be appropriately defined to ensure accuracy and non-singularity when solving the dynamic equation. Three numerical examples of static and dynamic problems are given to validate the variable-length solid elements of ALE-ANCF and show their capability.展开更多
3 D printing is a method of rapid prototyping and manufacturing in which materials are deposited onto one another in layers to produce a three-dimensional object. Although 3 D printing was developed in the 1980 s and ...3 D printing is a method of rapid prototyping and manufacturing in which materials are deposited onto one another in layers to produce a three-dimensional object. Although 3 D printing was developed in the 1980 s and the technology has found widespread industrial applications for production from automotive parts to machine tools,its application in pharmaceutical area is still limited. However,the potential of 3 D printing in the pharmaceutical industry is now being recognized. The ability of 3 D printing to produce medications to exact specifications tailored to the needs of individual patients has indicated the possibility of developing personalized medicines. The technology allows dosage forms to be precisely printed in various shapes,sizes and textures that are difficult to produce using traditional techniques. However,there are various challenges associated with the proper application of3 D printing in the pharmaceutical sector which should be overcome to exploit the scope of this technology. In this review,an overview is provided on the various 3 D printing technologies used in fabrication of complex dosage forms along with their feasibility and limitations.展开更多
The control volume formulation with the QUICK finite difference scheme is used to solveincompressible liquid flow past a solid sphere in terms of stream function and vorticity.Several tech-nical points are addressed o...The control volume formulation with the QUICK finite difference scheme is used to solveincompressible liquid flow past a solid sphere in terms of stream function and vorticity.Several tech-nical points are addressed on improving the accuracy and efficiency of numerical simulation of similarproblems of fluid flow.In particular,the importance of suitable specification of the distortion func-tion to enforcing the far field boundarv conditions is emphasized.展开更多
Four isolates of Bacillus subtilis coded,B4,B7,B8 and B10 were examined as biocontrol agents for their abilities and antagonistic effect on the in vitro growth of certain phytopathogenic fungi of peanut,Rhizoctonia so...Four isolates of Bacillus subtilis coded,B4,B7,B8 and B10 were examined as biocontrol agents for their abilities and antagonistic effect on the in vitro growth of certain phytopathogenic fungi of peanut,Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii.Bacillus subtilis isolate B4(GenBank accession no.EF150884)was the highly effective one for inhibiting the fungal mycelial growth.Batch fermentation of B.subtilis isolate B4 was carried out and the maximum biomass achieved was 4.53 g L-1 at 11 h.Bacillus subtilis isolate B4 was formulated and evaluated as a biofungicide to reduce peanut soil-borne diseases under greenhouse and field conditions at the side of Rizolex-T(fungicide)as standard.Treatments by formulated plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)B.subtilis B4 and Rizolex-T in a soil infested with R.solani,S.rolfsii and mixture of them were more effective in decreasing percentage of damping-off,root and pod rot disease incidence(%)in greenhouse and open field environment during the two seasons 2015 and 2016.Treatments by PGPR gave highly dry weight and number of healthy pods compared to control of fungi treatment which was nearby to dry weights of healthy pods achieved by treatments by Rizolex-T in a soil infested with S.rolfsii,R.solani and mixture of them.Formulated PGPR B.subtilis B4 gave higher increasing of yield percentage than treatment by Rizolex-T in the two evaluated seasons 2015 and 2016.It can conclude that the produced bioforumlated agent was more efficient as fungicide when compared with the other chemical synthesized fungicides,safe for human and the environment and economy.展开更多
In this paper, a tailored four-step Adams-Bashforth-Moulton (ABM) algorithm is applied to a semirecursive formulation to perform a real-time simulation of a semitrailer truck. In the ABM algorithm, each integration st...In this paper, a tailored four-step Adams-Bashforth-Moulton (ABM) algorithm is applied to a semirecursive formulation to perform a real-time simulation of a semitrailer truck. In the ABM algorithm, each integration step involves two function evaluations, namely predictor and corrector. This is fundamentally different when compared to the classic fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK) integrator approach that contains four function evaluations. A semitrailer truck under investigation is modeled in term of a semirecursive method and simulated by using the presented ABM algorithm. The results show that the four-step ABM method can reduce CPU time almost 50% for solving the truck dynamics with very similar accuracy, in comparison to the fourth-order RK method. The presented ABM algorithm could be used in the semirecursive formulation to carry out accurate real-time simulation of medium-large vehicle systems.展开更多
Liposome is one of the most successful drug delivery systems applying nanotechnology topotentiate the therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxicities of conventional medicines. Sincethe first doxorubicin-loaded liposome re...Liposome is one of the most successful drug delivery systems applying nanotechnology topotentiate the therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxicities of conventional medicines. Sincethe first doxorubicin-loaded liposome reached the market, numerous researches have beencarried out to develop new liposomal formulations over the past decade and have givenbirth to a series of commercial products. Therapeutic agents, most of which are anti-cancerdrugs, are encapsulated in the aqueous core or lipid bilayers of liposomes to improve theirdelivery to the targeted tissue. There are several liposomal formulations, such as EndoTAG-1 (paclitaxel-loaded cationic liposomes), Lipoplatin (cisplatin-loaded long circulating liposomes) and Stimuvax (a cancer vaccine), showing promising therapeutic value in clinicalstudies. Besides, new designs including environmentally sensitive liposomes, liposomaldrug combinations and liposomal vaccines are now tested in clinical trials.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Amino-acid based medical foods have shown promise in alleviating symptoms of drug induced gastrointestinal side effects;particularly,diarrhea-predominant symptoms.Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a gastrointestinal disorder that affects up to 9% of people globally,with diarrhea predominant IBS(IBS-D)being the most prevalent subtype.Further trials are needed to explore potential added benefits when integrated into standard care for IBS-D.AIM To assess the effectiveness of an amino acid-based medical food as an adjunct to standard of care for adults with IBS-D.METHODS This is a pragmatic,real world,open label,single arm study comparing a 2-week baseline assessment to a 2-week intervention period.One hundred adults,aged 18 to 65 years,with IBS-D,according to Rome IV criteria,were enrolled after completing a 2-week baseline assessment period and received a 2-week supply of an amino acid based medical food which was consumed at home twice daily on top of their standard of care.The primary outcome was an assessment of tolerability after 2-weeks of consumption,while secondary outcomes included changes in stool consistency(Bristol Stool Form Scale),severity of abdominal pain&discomfort,symptoms of urgency,Global Improvement Survey(GIS),and the IBS severity scoring system(IBS-SSS).RESULTS The test product was well-tolerated as each participant successfully completed the full 14-day trial,and there were no instances of dropouts or discontinuation of the study product reported.Forty percent of participants achieved a 50% or more reduction in the number of days with type 6-7 bowel movements(IBS-D stool consistency responders).Fifty-three percent of participants achieved a clinically meaningful reduction of 30% in mean weekly pain scores,and 55%experienced the same for mean weekly discomfort scores(IBS-D pain and discomfort responders).Participants experienced a mean-109.4(95% confidence interval:-130.1,-88.8)point reduction on the IBS-SSS and 52% experienced a minimally clinically important difference of>95 points.An IBS-SSS category shift from severe to moderate or mild occurred in 69% of participants.For functional symptoms,76% of participants reported symptom relief on the GIS.CONCLUSION The amino acid-based medical food was well-tolerated,when added to the standard of care,and demonstrated improvements in both overall IBS symptom severity and IBS-D symptoms within just 2 wk.
文摘Composite hollow shafts are used in power transmission applications due to their high specific stiffness and high specific strength.The dynamic characteristics of these shafts are important for transmission applications.Dynamic modelling of these shafts is generally carried out using Equivalent Modulus Beam Theory(EMBT)and Layerwise Beam Theory(LBT)formulations.The EMBT formulation is modified by considering stacking sequence,shear normal coupling,bending twisting coupling and bending stretching coupling.It is observed that modified EMBT formulation is underestimating the shafts stiffness at lower length/mean diameter(l/dm)ratios.In the present work,a new formulation is developed by adding shear deformation along the thickness direction to the existing modified EMBT formulation.The variation of shear deformation along the thickness direction is found using different shear deformation theories,i.e.,first-order shear deformation theory(FSDBT),parabolic shear deformation theory(PSDBT),trigonometric shear deformation theory(TSDBT),and hyperbolic shear deformation theory(HSDBT).The analysis is performed at l/d_(m) ratios of 5,10,15,20,25,30,35,and 40 for carbon/epoxy composites,E-glass/epoxy composites,and boron/epoxy composite shafts.The results show that new formulation has improved the bending natural frequency of the composite shafts for l/d_(m)<15 in comparison with modified EMBT.The effect of new formulation is more significant for the second and third bending modes of natural frequencies.
基金supported by the Multi-Year Research Grants from the University of Macao(MYRG2019-00032-ICMS and MYRG2020-00113-ICMS)the Macao FDCT research grant(0108/2021/A)Molecular modeling was performed at the High-Performance Computing Cluster(HPCC),which is supported by the Information and Communication Technology Office(ICTO)of the University of Macao.
文摘Liposome is one of the most widely used carriers for drug delivery because of the great biocompatibility and biodegradability.Due to the complex formulation components and preparation process,formulation screening mostly relies on trial-and-error process with low efficiency.Here liposome formulation prediction models have been built by machine learning(ML)approaches.The important parameters of liposomes,including size,polydispersity index(PDI),zeta potential and encapsulation,are predicted individually by optimal ML algorithm,while the formulation features are also ranked to provide important guidance for formulation design.The analysis of key parameter reveals that drug molecules with logS[-3,-6],molecular complexity[500,1000]and XLogP3(≥2)are priority for preparing liposome with higher encapsulation.In addition,naproxen(NAP)and palmatine HCl(PAL)represented the insoluble and water-soluble molecules are prepared as liposome formulations to validate prediction ability.The consistency between predicted and experimental value verifies the satisfied accuracy of ML models.As the drug properties are critical for liposome particles,the molecular interactions and dynamics of NAP and PAL liposome are further investigated by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations.The modeling structure reveals that NAP molecules could distribute into lipid layer,while most PAL molecules aggregate in the inner aqueous phase of liposome.The completely different physical state of NAP and PAL confirms the importance of drug properties for liposome formulations.In summary,the general prediction models are built to predict liposome formulations,and the impacts of key factors are analyzed by combing ML with molecular modeling.The availability and rationality of these intelligent prediction systems have been proved in this study,which could be applied for liposome formulation development in the future.
基金the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Project (U21A20315,21978186)the Fund for Shanxi“1331 Project” (1331)。
文摘Polypropylene(PP)grease holds great potential for special industrial applications.In this study,synthetic conditions,thickener content,and the ratio of two different molecular weight PPs were investigated systematically using a rheometer,scanning electron microscope,X-ray diffraction,Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,oscillating tribometer,and 3D surface profiler measurements.The results showed that suitable synthetic conditions are two quenching cycles,and the synthetic temperature and time is 240℃for 12 h.The rheological analysis showed that thickener content and different proportions of the two PP molecular weights have a significant influence on the rheological properties of PP grease.High molecular weight PP(H-PP)has a stronger thickening ability than low molecular weight PP(L-PP).The higher the amount of H-PP in the fixed thickener content or the higher the thickener content with a specific proportion,the higher the viscoelasticity of PP grease.The tribological performance is related to the rheological properties.The proportion of two different molecular weight PPs in the thickener content should be appropriate;excessive H-PP content leads to lubrication failure.
文摘Difenoconazole(DIF)is a representative variety of broad-spectrum triazole fungicides and liposoluble pesticides.However,the water solubility of DIF is so poor that its application is limited in plant protection.In addition,the conventional formulations of DIF always contain abundant organic solvents,which may cause pollution of the environment.In this study,two DIF/cyclodextrins(CDs)inclusion complexes(ICs)were successfully prepared,which were DIF/β-CD IC and DIF/hydroxypropyl-β-CD IC(DIF/HP-β-CD IC).The effect of cyclodextrins on the water solubility and the antifungal effect of liposoluble DIF pesticide were investigated.According to the phase solubility test,the molar ratio and apparent stability constant of ICs were obtained.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,thermal gravity analysis,X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used systematically to characterize the formation and characteristics of ICs.The results noted that DIF successfully entered the cavities of two CDs.In addition,the antifungal effect test proved the better performance of DIF/HP-β-CD IC,which exceeded that of DIF emulsifiable concentrate.Therefore,our study provides informative direction for the intelligent use of liposoluble pesticides with cyclodextrins to develop water-based environmentally friendly formulations.
基金Supported by Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains Fund(2021CX06)。
文摘Theaflavins(TFs),as the major polyphenolic components of fermented tea,possess beneficial effects on human health.In this study,the effervescent tablets based on theaflavins were developed.The optimal formulation of TF effervescent tablets was obtained by response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken design.Then,the physiochemical properties were evaluated,including hardness,friability,effervescent time and pH of the solution.At last,the antioxidant ability of TF effervescent tablets was studied through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay.According to the results,the optimal formulation of the tablets contained TF powder 9.09%,disintegrating agent 43.80%(the weight ratio of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate was 1:1),aspartame 1.86%,PEG-6003%,and mannitol in balance.With the wet granulation method,the TF effervescent tablets displayed suitable hardness,fast disintegration time,good color,pleasant taste and high antioxidant activity.This study demonstrated that the TF effervescent tablets could be a valuable product for the supplement market and contribute to promoting practical application of TFs.
文摘The management of diabetes mellitus is based on lifestyle and dietary measures suggesting the consumption of foods with a low glycemic index. The present study was conducted in order to propose food formulas based on white rice and white beans resulting in a lower glycemic response. For this, food formulations based on these foods were first made, in particular the formulation [75% white rice + 25% white beans] and the formulation [50% rice + 50% white beans]. Then, the biochemical composition of white rice, white bean and these two formulations was determined by the usual methods. Finally, their glycemic responses over 120 minutes were studied by the FAO/ WHO 1998 method. The results showed that white rice [100% white rice] had the highest carbohydrate content (54.61%) followed respectively by the formulation [75% white rice + 25% white bean] (45.69%), the white bean [100% white bean] (29.1%) and the formulation [50% white rice + 50% white bean] (26.16%). In terms of glycemic responses, the formulation [50% white rice + 50% white beans] presented the best evolution with a lower peak (6.041 mmol/L) observed at T45<sub>min</sub> and a lower postprandial glycemia (4.872 mmol/ L) at T120<sub>min</sub>. An increase in the proportion of beans is therefore recommended as it may suggest a beneficial metabolic effect.
基金Supported by School-level High-level Talent Project (XGY2021A022)Doctoral Research Startup Fund of Department of Science&Technology of Liaoning Province (2021-BS-252)。
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to optimize the Formulation Process of glucosamine chondroitin sulfate tablets. [Methods] The orthogonal design with three levels was carried out with microcrystalline cellulose, calcium hydrophosphate and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone as three factors to optimize the preparation process. [Results] When microcrystalline cellulose 200 mg/tablet, calcium hydrophosphate 150 mg/tablet, and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone 80 mg/tablet were added, the angle of repose could meet the requirements of tablet pressing, and the dissolution could reach more than 95% in 30 min. The results of the orthogonal test showed that the dissolution effect of self-made tablets was faster than that of commercial products. [Conclusions] The glucosamine hydrochloride chondroitin sulfate tablets prepared by this prescription have better quality.
文摘In this note, we investigated existence and uniqueness of entropy solution for triply nonlinear degenerate parabolic problem with zero-flux boundary condition. Accordingly to the case of doubly nonlinear degenerate parabolic hyperbolic equation, we propose a generalization of entropy formulation and prove existence and uniqueness result without any structure condition.
文摘Androgens have an intense consequence on the human scalp and body hair.Scalp hair sprouts fundamentally in awol of androgens whereas the body hair hike is vulnerable to the activity of androgens.Androgenetic alopecia(AGA)invoked as males emulate Alopecia due to the cause of the dynamic reduction of scalp hair.Androgens are medium of terminus growth of hair although the body.Local and system androgens convert the extensive terminal follicles into lesser vellus like structure.The out start of this type of alopecia is intensely irregular and the reason behind this existence of enough circulating steroidal hormones androgens and due to genetic predisposition.Effective treatments are available in the market as well as under clinical and preclinical testing.Many herbal formulations are also available but not FDA approved.Different conventional and NDDS formulations are already available in the market.To avoid various systemic side effects of both Finasteride and Minoxidil,topical formulations and natural products(nutrients,minerals,vitamins)now a days are being widely used to treat Androgenic alopecia.CAM(complementary and alternative medicine)provides the option to elect favorable,low-risk,adjuvant and alternative therapies.Herein,we offer a widespread review of topical marketed formulations,natural products,and CAM treatment options for AGA.
文摘Formulation/pharmaceutical excipients play a major role in formulating drug candidates,with the objectives of ease of administration,targeted delivery and complete availability.Many excipients used in pharmaceutical formulations are orphanized in preclinical drug discovery.These orphan excipients could enhance formulatability of highly lipophilic compounds.Additionally,they are safe in preclinical species when used below the LD50 values.However,when the excipients are used in formulating compounds with diverse physico-chemical properties,they pose challenges by modulating study results through their bioanalytical matrix effects.Excipients invariably present in study samples and not in the calibration curve standards cause over-/under-estimation of exposures.Thus,the mechanism by which excipients cause matrix effects and strategies to nullify these effects needs to be revisited.Furthermore,formulation excipients cause drug interactions by moderating the pathways of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transport proteins.Although it is not possible to get rid of excipient driven interactions,it is always advised to be aware of these interactions and apply the knowledge to draw meaningful conclusions from study results.In this review,we will comprehensively discuss a)orphan excipients that have wider applications in preclinical formulations,b)bioanalytical matrix effects and possible approaches to mitigating these effects,and c)excipient driven drug interactions and strategies to alleviate the impacts of drug interactions.
基金the Sanjiu Modern Medicine Ltd.for providing fund and DGBXT granule formula
文摘Objective:To compare effect of different formulation of Dang-Gui-Bu-Xu-Tang（DCBXT） on myelosuppression mouse.Methods:HPLC was used to measure active ingredients of two DGBXT formulations,Hemopoesic function of bone marrow was measured by hemopoietic progenitor cell culture and peipheral blood count.And hemopoietic factors in bone marrow were tested by ELISA.Results:The content level of astragaloside A in granule formulation was higher than that in decoction and the content ratio of active ingredient was close to 5:1.Two DGBXD formulations could significantly improve amount of peripheral blood cells,and bone marrow cells of bone marrow suppression mice（P【0.05）.DGBXD granule formulation significantly increased the colony quantity of all progenitor cell lines and amount of G<sub>2</sub>/M and S phase cells（P【0.05）. It also significantly decreased amount of G<sub>0</sub>/G<sub>1</sub> phase cells in the bone marrow and was more effective（P【0.05）.Conclusions:DGBXT decoction and the granule formulation all can improve the hematopoietic function of bone marrow suppression mouse.They can improve quantities of peripheral blood and nucleated bone marrow cells,and yield of the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in vitro colony;balance the expression of cytokine（EPO,TPO and GM-GSF） in bone marrow microenvirement.They can also facilitate hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to enter the cell cycle.And the effect of granule formulation is more satisfactory.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 11521062, 11722216)the 111 China Project (Grant B16003)+1 种基金Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (Grant KYCX17_0226)China Scholarship Council.
文摘An axially variable-length solid element with eight nodes is proposed by integrating the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation and the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF). In addition to the nodal positions and slopes of eight nodes, two material coordinates in the axial direction are used as the generalized coordinates. As a consequence, the nodes in the ALE-ANCF are not associated with any specific material points and the axial length of the solid element can be varied over time. These two material coordinates give rise to a variable mass matrix and an additional inertial force vector. Computationally efficient formulae of the additional inertial forces and elastic forces, as well as their Jacobians, are also derived. The dynamic equation of a flexible multibody system (FMBS) with variable-length bodies is presented. The maximum and minimum lengths of the boundary elements of an FMBS have to be appropriately defined to ensure accuracy and non-singularity when solving the dynamic equation. Three numerical examples of static and dynamic problems are given to validate the variable-length solid elements of ALE-ANCF and show their capability.
基金supported by Keimyung University Research Grant of 2017
文摘3 D printing is a method of rapid prototyping and manufacturing in which materials are deposited onto one another in layers to produce a three-dimensional object. Although 3 D printing was developed in the 1980 s and the technology has found widespread industrial applications for production from automotive parts to machine tools,its application in pharmaceutical area is still limited. However,the potential of 3 D printing in the pharmaceutical industry is now being recognized. The ability of 3 D printing to produce medications to exact specifications tailored to the needs of individual patients has indicated the possibility of developing personalized medicines. The technology allows dosage forms to be precisely printed in various shapes,sizes and textures that are difficult to produce using traditional techniques. However,there are various challenges associated with the proper application of3 D printing in the pharmaceutical sector which should be overcome to exploit the scope of this technology. In this review,an overview is provided on the various 3 D printing technologies used in fabrication of complex dosage forms along with their feasibility and limitations.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘The control volume formulation with the QUICK finite difference scheme is used to solveincompressible liquid flow past a solid sphere in terms of stream function and vorticity.Several tech-nical points are addressed on improving the accuracy and efficiency of numerical simulation of similarproblems of fluid flow.In particular,the importance of suitable specification of the distortion func-tion to enforcing the far field boundarv conditions is emphasized.
文摘Four isolates of Bacillus subtilis coded,B4,B7,B8 and B10 were examined as biocontrol agents for their abilities and antagonistic effect on the in vitro growth of certain phytopathogenic fungi of peanut,Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii.Bacillus subtilis isolate B4(GenBank accession no.EF150884)was the highly effective one for inhibiting the fungal mycelial growth.Batch fermentation of B.subtilis isolate B4 was carried out and the maximum biomass achieved was 4.53 g L-1 at 11 h.Bacillus subtilis isolate B4 was formulated and evaluated as a biofungicide to reduce peanut soil-borne diseases under greenhouse and field conditions at the side of Rizolex-T(fungicide)as standard.Treatments by formulated plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)B.subtilis B4 and Rizolex-T in a soil infested with R.solani,S.rolfsii and mixture of them were more effective in decreasing percentage of damping-off,root and pod rot disease incidence(%)in greenhouse and open field environment during the two seasons 2015 and 2016.Treatments by PGPR gave highly dry weight and number of healthy pods compared to control of fungi treatment which was nearby to dry weights of healthy pods achieved by treatments by Rizolex-T in a soil infested with S.rolfsii,R.solani and mixture of them.Formulated PGPR B.subtilis B4 gave higher increasing of yield percentage than treatment by Rizolex-T in the two evaluated seasons 2015 and 2016.It can conclude that the produced bioforumlated agent was more efficient as fungicide when compared with the other chemical synthesized fungicides,safe for human and the environment and economy.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 11702039)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Grant 106112017CDJXY330002).
文摘In this paper, a tailored four-step Adams-Bashforth-Moulton (ABM) algorithm is applied to a semirecursive formulation to perform a real-time simulation of a semitrailer truck. In the ABM algorithm, each integration step involves two function evaluations, namely predictor and corrector. This is fundamentally different when compared to the classic fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK) integrator approach that contains four function evaluations. A semitrailer truck under investigation is modeled in term of a semirecursive method and simulated by using the presented ABM algorithm. The results show that the four-step ABM method can reduce CPU time almost 50% for solving the truck dynamics with very similar accuracy, in comparison to the fourth-order RK method. The presented ABM algorithm could be used in the semirecursive formulation to carry out accurate real-time simulation of medium-large vehicle systems.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81130059).
文摘Liposome is one of the most successful drug delivery systems applying nanotechnology topotentiate the therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxicities of conventional medicines. Sincethe first doxorubicin-loaded liposome reached the market, numerous researches have beencarried out to develop new liposomal formulations over the past decade and have givenbirth to a series of commercial products. Therapeutic agents, most of which are anti-cancerdrugs, are encapsulated in the aqueous core or lipid bilayers of liposomes to improve theirdelivery to the targeted tissue. There are several liposomal formulations, such as EndoTAG-1 (paclitaxel-loaded cationic liposomes), Lipoplatin (cisplatin-loaded long circulating liposomes) and Stimuvax (a cancer vaccine), showing promising therapeutic value in clinicalstudies. Besides, new designs including environmentally sensitive liposomes, liposomaldrug combinations and liposomal vaccines are now tested in clinical trials.
