In the common theory of the Universe, the redshift of the light wavelength from distant stars indicates the speed of the star. In this study, the model of the Universe is the surface volume of the four-dimensional sph...In the common theory of the Universe, the redshift of the light wavelength from distant stars indicates the speed of the star. In this study, the model of the Universe is the surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere, and the shape of the Universe results in the most of the redshift of light wavelength. Therefore, there is no dark energy accelerating the Universe. The surface of the four-dimensional sphere is a volume, and this volume is a good model for the Universe. The surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere has been explained by a model of four-dimensional cube, within which the forming of surface volume can be easily shown. The model of four-dimensional cube containing six side cubes is ingenious for explaining the structure of the four-dimensional Universe, but it is not enough because the four-dimensional cube has not six side cubes, but eight side cubes. Therefore, in this study a better method has been created to construct the four-dimensional cube. Our three-dimensional Universe is the surface of the four-dimensional sphere Universe. The volume of our three-dimensional Universe is finite, and beneath it is the infinite volume four-dimensional Super Universe. Two important basic formulae have been derived: The surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere is π<sup>3</sup>R<sup>3</sup> in which R is the radius of the sphere, and the fourth-power volume of the four-dimensional sphere is 1/4 π<sup>3</sup>R<sup>4</sup>. The volume of the Universe has been calculated π<sup>3</sup>R<sup>3</sup> = 62 × 10<sup>30</sup> ly<sup>3</sup>. Time as the fourth dimension of the space takes effect only near the speed of light, and therefore it has been ignored in this study.展开更多
This paper studies the four-character frame in the subtitle of the documentary Daming Palace, aiming to provide a reference for the translation of the documentary four-character case as well as better spread Chinese c...This paper studies the four-character frame in the subtitle of the documentary Daming Palace, aiming to provide a reference for the translation of the documentary four-character case as well as better spread Chinese culture. By analyzing, researching and summarizing the subtitle of Daming Palace and reading a lot of literature, the author has found that in Daming Palace the four-character frame is characterized by the use of the absolute four-character frames and the recurrence of some four-character frames, and that C-E translation methods of the four-character frame are mainly literal translation, free translation, provincial translation and concise translation.展开更多
Ghana, renowned for its abundant gold reserves, plays a significant role in the global mining industry. Effective management and accurate forecasting of these reserves are vital for sustainable resource utilization an...Ghana, renowned for its abundant gold reserves, plays a significant role in the global mining industry. Effective management and accurate forecasting of these reserves are vital for sustainable resource utilization and economic planning. Forecasting gold reserves and estimating their production lifespan are complex tasks that require robust statistical models capable of capturing the underlying dynamics of gold deposit accumulation and extraction. To this end, the four-parameter Beta distribution function emerges as a promising candidate due to its flexibility and ability to handle non-negative data. This research aims to investigate the fitness and applicability of the four-parameter Beta distribution function for forecasting Ghana’s gold reserves and estimating the production lifespan of this precious resource. The empirical paper relied mainly on quarterly secondary datasets on gold reserve between the years 2009 and 2022 secured from the Minerals Commission of Ghana, Accra. Several known statistical distributions including Beta, Weibull, Normal, Logistic and Gamma were explored with Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and evaluated using model selection criteria as AIC and BIC. Goodness of Fits were evaluated using Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test (K-S), Cramer-Von Mises Statistic and Anderson-Darling Statistic. Based on the analysis conducted, the four-parameter Beta distribution provided the best fit for gold reserve in Ghana. At a 99.9% confidence level and considering the current annual average gold production estimate of 3,700,031.248 to 4,302,647.888 ounces, the projected lifespan of gold production in Ghana extends to the year 1,953,765. This astounding estimate suggests that the country’s gold reserves are expected to sustain production for an extended period, providing a critical resource for economic development and supporting the mining industry well into the distant future.展开更多
Ghana, renowned for its abundant gold reserves, plays a significant role in the global mining industry. Effective management and accurate forecasting of these reserves are vital for sustainable resource utilization an...Ghana, renowned for its abundant gold reserves, plays a significant role in the global mining industry. Effective management and accurate forecasting of these reserves are vital for sustainable resource utilization and economic planning. Forecasting gold reserves and estimating their production lifespan are complex tasks that require robust statistical models capable of capturing the underlying dynamics of gold deposit accumulation and extraction. To this end, the four-parameter Beta distribution function emerges as a promising candidate due to its flexibility and ability to handle non-negative data. This research aims to investigate the fitness and applicability of the four-parameter Beta distribution function for forecasting Ghana’s gold reserves and estimating the production lifespan of this precious resource. The empirical paper relied mainly on quarterly secondary datasets on gold reserve between the years 2009 and 2022 secured from the Minerals Commission of Ghana, Accra. Several known statistical distributions including Beta, Weibull, Normal, Logistic and Gamma were explored with Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and evaluated using model selection criteria as AIC and BIC. Goodness of Fits were evaluated using Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test (K-S), Cramer-Von Mises Statistic and Anderson-Darling Statistic. Based on the analysis conducted, the four-parameter Beta distribution provided the best fit for gold reserve in Ghana. At a 99.9% confidence level and considering the current annual average gold production estimate of 3,700,031.248 to 4,302,647.888 ounces, the projected lifespan of gold production in Ghana extends to the year 1,953,765. This astounding estimate suggests that the country’s gold reserves are expected to sustain production for an extended period, providing a critical resource for economic development and supporting the mining industry well into the distant future.展开更多
Four-color theorem has only been proved by computer since it was proposed, many people have proposed their mathematical proof of four-color theorem, but their proof is disputed then, what lead to a situation that the ...Four-color theorem has only been proved by computer since it was proposed, many people have proposed their mathematical proof of four-color theorem, but their proof is disputed then, what lead to a situation that the mathematical proof of four-color theorem has been lacking to this day. In this article, we have summarized some laws based on previous researches, and proposed a mathematical proof of four-color theorem by using these laws trough a recursive method.展开更多
We consider an energy operator of four-electron system in the Impurity Hubbard model with a coupling between nearest-neighbors. The spectrum of the systems in the second triplet state in a ν-dimensional lattice is in...We consider an energy operator of four-electron system in the Impurity Hubbard model with a coupling between nearest-neighbors. The spectrum of the systems in the second triplet state in a ν-dimensional lattice is investigated. For investigation the structure of essential spectra and discrete spectrum of the energy operator of four-electron systems in an impurity Hubbard model, for which the momentum representation is convenient. In addition, we used the tensor products of Hilbert spaces and tensor products of operators in Hilbert spaces and described the structure of essential spectrum and discrete spectrum of the energy operator of four-electron systems in an impurity Hubbard model for the second triplet state of the system. The investigations show that the essential spectrum of the system consists of the union of no more than sixteen segments, and the discrete spectrum of the system consists of no more than eleven eigenvalues.展开更多
In the current era of rapid development, excellent culture needs to be inherited and spread to the world. Therefore, it is essential to consider the translation of the 24 solar terms. China persists in the principle o...In the current era of rapid development, excellent culture needs to be inherited and spread to the world. Therefore, it is essential to consider the translation of the 24 solar terms. China persists in the principle of the Belt and Road Initiative, adheres to the guidance of Chinese traditional excellent culture goes global, and enhances the influence of Chinese culture on the words, the culture of the words communicating and developing constantly. This paper analyzes and compares translations of different versions, explores the necessity of translation strategies for translation, then summaries the translation strategy, ultimately figures out the development space, ted texts and promote the exchange of Chinese and foreign cultures.展开更多
The enhancement of vehicle handling stability and maneuverability through active and independent rear wheels control is presented. Firstly, the configuration of four-wheel independent steering prototype vehicle is int...The enhancement of vehicle handling stability and maneuverability through active and independent rear wheels control is presented. Firstly, the configuration of four-wheel independent steering prototype vehicle is introduced briefly. Then the concrete overall design of the electronic controllers of four wheel independent steering system (4WIS) is formulated in details. Under the control strategy of zero sideslip angle at mass center, the mathematical model of 4WIS is established to deduce the equations of separated rear wheel steering angles. According to these equations, simulation analysis for 4WIS vehicle performances is finished to show that 4WIS vehicle can improve the maneuverability greatly at low speed and increase the handling stability at high speed. Finally, the road test of 4WIS vehicle has performed to verify the correctness of simulation and show that compared with the conventional four wheel steering (4WS) vehicle, the 4WIS vehicle not only improves the kinematical harmony but also decreases steering resistance and lighten abrasion of tires.展开更多
In two previous papers <a href="#ref1">[1]</a> and <a href="#ref2">[2]</a>, a structure for vector products in <em>n</em> dimensions was presented, and at the sa...In two previous papers <a href="#ref1">[1]</a> and <a href="#ref2">[2]</a>, a structure for vector products in <em>n</em> dimensions was presented, and at the same time it was possible to propose the existence of a vector analogous to the curl of a vector field, for a space of four dimensions. In continuation of these works, the objective is to develop, through dimensional analogy, the idea of a hypothetical vector field, associated with the classical electromagnetic wave. This hypothetical field has a possible mathematical existence only when considering a space of four dimensions. The properties of the electromagnetic wave are preserved and equations with mathematical forms analogous to those of Maxwell’s equations are presented.展开更多
This article attempts to apply skopos theory and make a comparative study of the translation compensation methods of two English versions of Hong Lou Meng in terms of four-character chengyu from the linguistic perspec...This article attempts to apply skopos theory and make a comparative study of the translation compensation methods of two English versions of Hong Lou Meng in terms of four-character chengyu from the linguistic perspective.展开更多
This study is a continuation of the solution to the dark matter mystery in the earlier study. In that study, the theoretical four-dimensional mass generates similar galaxy rotations as were measured. This proves that ...This study is a continuation of the solution to the dark matter mystery in the earlier study. In that study, the theoretical four-dimensional mass generates similar galaxy rotations as were measured. This proves that the theory of four-dimensional mass is correct, especially as all the calculations are basic mechanics and easy to understand. Most of the mass and energy in the Universe is unknown. The common knowledge is that the ordinary mass is only about 5%, the dark matter that rotates the galaxies comprises 26%, and dark energy that expands the Universe at an accelerating speed is 69%. This study solves the mystery of dark energy by using the structure of the four-dimensional Universe. The theory of the Universe expanding at an accelerating speed has been based on the redshift measurements, in which the redshift of light from distant galaxies increases at an accelerating rate. Therefore, it has been inferred that the whole Universe expands at an accelerating speed. In this study, the model of the Universe is the surface volume of the four-dimensional spherical Universe. This type of structure of the Universe creates the same kind of an accelerating redshift increase which has been measured. In order to prove this theory, the model of the surface volume of the four-dimensional Universe was constructed, the equation of the redshift caused by this Universe was solved, and the theoretical equation was shown to be the same as the measured redshift in the Universe. The measured redshift in the Universe was obtained from the derivative of the model of the expanding Universe. A similar model of the Universe has been published by NASA. The four-dimensional model of the Universe in this study yielded the Universe that was found to have decelerating expansion at this point of time, and a Big Bang that was not very big.展开更多
This article attempts to successfully fill Kempe proof loophole, namely 4-staining of “staining dilemma configuration”. Our method is as follows: 1) Discovered and proved the existence theorem of the quadrilateral w...This article attempts to successfully fill Kempe proof loophole, namely 4-staining of “staining dilemma configuration”. Our method is as follows: 1) Discovered and proved the existence theorem of the quadrilateral with four-color vertices and its properties theorems, namely theorems 1 and 2. From this, the non-10-fold symmetry transformation rule of the geometric structure of Errera configuration is generated, and using this rule, according to whether the “staining dilemma configuration” is 10-fold symmetry, they are divided into two categories;2) Using this rule, combining the different research results of several mathematicians on Errera graphs, and using four different classifications of propositional truth and falsehood, a new Theorem 3 is established;3) Using Theorem 3, the theoretical proof that the non-10-fold symmetric “ staining dilemma configuration” can be 4-staining;4) Through 4-staining of the four configurations of Errera, Obtained the Z-staining program (also called Theorem 4), and using this program and mathematical induction, gave the 10-fold symmetric “staining dilemma configuration” 4-staining proof. Completed the complete and concise manual proof of the four-color conjecture.展开更多
A Chebyshev fitting way for a propeller atlas across four quadrants is discussed. As an example, Chebyshev polynomialfitting results and its error analysis are given. Because it’s difficult generally to get a propell...A Chebyshev fitting way for a propeller atlas across four quadrants is discussed. As an example, Chebyshev polynomialfitting results and its error analysis are given. Because it’s difficult generally to get a propeller atlas across four quadrants,a wayis used to construct an alternative with higher accuracy based on the properties. As an application example, an alternative forthe propeller property of a Deep Submergence Vebicle across four quadrants is given practically and a simulation model of展开更多
文摘In the common theory of the Universe, the redshift of the light wavelength from distant stars indicates the speed of the star. In this study, the model of the Universe is the surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere, and the shape of the Universe results in the most of the redshift of light wavelength. Therefore, there is no dark energy accelerating the Universe. The surface of the four-dimensional sphere is a volume, and this volume is a good model for the Universe. The surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere has been explained by a model of four-dimensional cube, within which the forming of surface volume can be easily shown. The model of four-dimensional cube containing six side cubes is ingenious for explaining the structure of the four-dimensional Universe, but it is not enough because the four-dimensional cube has not six side cubes, but eight side cubes. Therefore, in this study a better method has been created to construct the four-dimensional cube. Our three-dimensional Universe is the surface of the four-dimensional sphere Universe. The volume of our three-dimensional Universe is finite, and beneath it is the infinite volume four-dimensional Super Universe. Two important basic formulae have been derived: The surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere is π<sup>3</sup>R<sup>3</sup> in which R is the radius of the sphere, and the fourth-power volume of the four-dimensional sphere is 1/4 π<sup>3</sup>R<sup>4</sup>. The volume of the Universe has been calculated π<sup>3</sup>R<sup>3</sup> = 62 × 10<sup>30</sup> ly<sup>3</sup>. Time as the fourth dimension of the space takes effect only near the speed of light, and therefore it has been ignored in this study.
文摘This paper studies the four-character frame in the subtitle of the documentary Daming Palace, aiming to provide a reference for the translation of the documentary four-character case as well as better spread Chinese culture. By analyzing, researching and summarizing the subtitle of Daming Palace and reading a lot of literature, the author has found that in Daming Palace the four-character frame is characterized by the use of the absolute four-character frames and the recurrence of some four-character frames, and that C-E translation methods of the four-character frame are mainly literal translation, free translation, provincial translation and concise translation.
文摘Ghana, renowned for its abundant gold reserves, plays a significant role in the global mining industry. Effective management and accurate forecasting of these reserves are vital for sustainable resource utilization and economic planning. Forecasting gold reserves and estimating their production lifespan are complex tasks that require robust statistical models capable of capturing the underlying dynamics of gold deposit accumulation and extraction. To this end, the four-parameter Beta distribution function emerges as a promising candidate due to its flexibility and ability to handle non-negative data. This research aims to investigate the fitness and applicability of the four-parameter Beta distribution function for forecasting Ghana’s gold reserves and estimating the production lifespan of this precious resource. The empirical paper relied mainly on quarterly secondary datasets on gold reserve between the years 2009 and 2022 secured from the Minerals Commission of Ghana, Accra. Several known statistical distributions including Beta, Weibull, Normal, Logistic and Gamma were explored with Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and evaluated using model selection criteria as AIC and BIC. Goodness of Fits were evaluated using Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test (K-S), Cramer-Von Mises Statistic and Anderson-Darling Statistic. Based on the analysis conducted, the four-parameter Beta distribution provided the best fit for gold reserve in Ghana. At a 99.9% confidence level and considering the current annual average gold production estimate of 3,700,031.248 to 4,302,647.888 ounces, the projected lifespan of gold production in Ghana extends to the year 1,953,765. This astounding estimate suggests that the country’s gold reserves are expected to sustain production for an extended period, providing a critical resource for economic development and supporting the mining industry well into the distant future.
文摘Ghana, renowned for its abundant gold reserves, plays a significant role in the global mining industry. Effective management and accurate forecasting of these reserves are vital for sustainable resource utilization and economic planning. Forecasting gold reserves and estimating their production lifespan are complex tasks that require robust statistical models capable of capturing the underlying dynamics of gold deposit accumulation and extraction. To this end, the four-parameter Beta distribution function emerges as a promising candidate due to its flexibility and ability to handle non-negative data. This research aims to investigate the fitness and applicability of the four-parameter Beta distribution function for forecasting Ghana’s gold reserves and estimating the production lifespan of this precious resource. The empirical paper relied mainly on quarterly secondary datasets on gold reserve between the years 2009 and 2022 secured from the Minerals Commission of Ghana, Accra. Several known statistical distributions including Beta, Weibull, Normal, Logistic and Gamma were explored with Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and evaluated using model selection criteria as AIC and BIC. Goodness of Fits were evaluated using Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test (K-S), Cramer-Von Mises Statistic and Anderson-Darling Statistic. Based on the analysis conducted, the four-parameter Beta distribution provided the best fit for gold reserve in Ghana. At a 99.9% confidence level and considering the current annual average gold production estimate of 3,700,031.248 to 4,302,647.888 ounces, the projected lifespan of gold production in Ghana extends to the year 1,953,765. This astounding estimate suggests that the country’s gold reserves are expected to sustain production for an extended period, providing a critical resource for economic development and supporting the mining industry well into the distant future.
文摘Four-color theorem has only been proved by computer since it was proposed, many people have proposed their mathematical proof of four-color theorem, but their proof is disputed then, what lead to a situation that the mathematical proof of four-color theorem has been lacking to this day. In this article, we have summarized some laws based on previous researches, and proposed a mathematical proof of four-color theorem by using these laws trough a recursive method.
文摘We consider an energy operator of four-electron system in the Impurity Hubbard model with a coupling between nearest-neighbors. The spectrum of the systems in the second triplet state in a ν-dimensional lattice is investigated. For investigation the structure of essential spectra and discrete spectrum of the energy operator of four-electron systems in an impurity Hubbard model, for which the momentum representation is convenient. In addition, we used the tensor products of Hilbert spaces and tensor products of operators in Hilbert spaces and described the structure of essential spectrum and discrete spectrum of the energy operator of four-electron systems in an impurity Hubbard model for the second triplet state of the system. The investigations show that the essential spectrum of the system consists of the union of no more than sixteen segments, and the discrete spectrum of the system consists of no more than eleven eigenvalues.
文摘In the current era of rapid development, excellent culture needs to be inherited and spread to the world. Therefore, it is essential to consider the translation of the 24 solar terms. China persists in the principle of the Belt and Road Initiative, adheres to the guidance of Chinese traditional excellent culture goes global, and enhances the influence of Chinese culture on the words, the culture of the words communicating and developing constantly. This paper analyzes and compares translations of different versions, explores the necessity of translation strategies for translation, then summaries the translation strategy, ultimately figures out the development space, ted texts and promote the exchange of Chinese and foreign cultures.
文摘The enhancement of vehicle handling stability and maneuverability through active and independent rear wheels control is presented. Firstly, the configuration of four-wheel independent steering prototype vehicle is introduced briefly. Then the concrete overall design of the electronic controllers of four wheel independent steering system (4WIS) is formulated in details. Under the control strategy of zero sideslip angle at mass center, the mathematical model of 4WIS is established to deduce the equations of separated rear wheel steering angles. According to these equations, simulation analysis for 4WIS vehicle performances is finished to show that 4WIS vehicle can improve the maneuverability greatly at low speed and increase the handling stability at high speed. Finally, the road test of 4WIS vehicle has performed to verify the correctness of simulation and show that compared with the conventional four wheel steering (4WS) vehicle, the 4WIS vehicle not only improves the kinematical harmony but also decreases steering resistance and lighten abrasion of tires.
文摘In two previous papers <a href="#ref1">[1]</a> and <a href="#ref2">[2]</a>, a structure for vector products in <em>n</em> dimensions was presented, and at the same time it was possible to propose the existence of a vector analogous to the curl of a vector field, for a space of four dimensions. In continuation of these works, the objective is to develop, through dimensional analogy, the idea of a hypothetical vector field, associated with the classical electromagnetic wave. This hypothetical field has a possible mathematical existence only when considering a space of four dimensions. The properties of the electromagnetic wave are preserved and equations with mathematical forms analogous to those of Maxwell’s equations are presented.
文摘This article attempts to apply skopos theory and make a comparative study of the translation compensation methods of two English versions of Hong Lou Meng in terms of four-character chengyu from the linguistic perspective.
文摘This study is a continuation of the solution to the dark matter mystery in the earlier study. In that study, the theoretical four-dimensional mass generates similar galaxy rotations as were measured. This proves that the theory of four-dimensional mass is correct, especially as all the calculations are basic mechanics and easy to understand. Most of the mass and energy in the Universe is unknown. The common knowledge is that the ordinary mass is only about 5%, the dark matter that rotates the galaxies comprises 26%, and dark energy that expands the Universe at an accelerating speed is 69%. This study solves the mystery of dark energy by using the structure of the four-dimensional Universe. The theory of the Universe expanding at an accelerating speed has been based on the redshift measurements, in which the redshift of light from distant galaxies increases at an accelerating rate. Therefore, it has been inferred that the whole Universe expands at an accelerating speed. In this study, the model of the Universe is the surface volume of the four-dimensional spherical Universe. This type of structure of the Universe creates the same kind of an accelerating redshift increase which has been measured. In order to prove this theory, the model of the surface volume of the four-dimensional Universe was constructed, the equation of the redshift caused by this Universe was solved, and the theoretical equation was shown to be the same as the measured redshift in the Universe. The measured redshift in the Universe was obtained from the derivative of the model of the expanding Universe. A similar model of the Universe has been published by NASA. The four-dimensional model of the Universe in this study yielded the Universe that was found to have decelerating expansion at this point of time, and a Big Bang that was not very big.
文摘This article attempts to successfully fill Kempe proof loophole, namely 4-staining of “staining dilemma configuration”. Our method is as follows: 1) Discovered and proved the existence theorem of the quadrilateral with four-color vertices and its properties theorems, namely theorems 1 and 2. From this, the non-10-fold symmetry transformation rule of the geometric structure of Errera configuration is generated, and using this rule, according to whether the “staining dilemma configuration” is 10-fold symmetry, they are divided into two categories;2) Using this rule, combining the different research results of several mathematicians on Errera graphs, and using four different classifications of propositional truth and falsehood, a new Theorem 3 is established;3) Using Theorem 3, the theoretical proof that the non-10-fold symmetric “ staining dilemma configuration” can be 4-staining;4) Through 4-staining of the four configurations of Errera, Obtained the Z-staining program (also called Theorem 4), and using this program and mathematical induction, gave the 10-fold symmetric “staining dilemma configuration” 4-staining proof. Completed the complete and concise manual proof of the four-color conjecture.
文摘A Chebyshev fitting way for a propeller atlas across four quadrants is discussed. As an example, Chebyshev polynomialfitting results and its error analysis are given. Because it’s difficult generally to get a propeller atlas across four quadrants,a wayis used to construct an alternative with higher accuracy based on the properties. As an application example, an alternative forthe propeller property of a Deep Submergence Vebicle across four quadrants is given practically and a simulation model of
