为探究麦田前茬作物玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆上中国小麦赤霉病菌的两个优势种Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto(F.graminearum)和F.asiaticum子囊壳形成和发育成熟过程的差异,分别选择3株F.graminearum菌株(SE81,3-ADON型;LcA-2,15-ADON型...为探究麦田前茬作物玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆上中国小麦赤霉病菌的两个优势种Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto(F.graminearum)和F.asiaticum子囊壳形成和发育成熟过程的差异,分别选择3株F.graminearum菌株(SE81,3-ADON型;LcA-2,15-ADON型;HX5-1,NIV型)和2株F.asiaticum菌株(M4A,3-ADON型;M31-2,NIV型),用其孢子悬浮液接种玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆,放置于花泥和地表两种环境条件下,比较接种不同菌株秸秆上子囊壳的形成和发育成熟情况及5个菌株对‘郑麦366’(高感小麦赤霉病品种)的致病力。结果表明:花泥环境下产生子囊壳的速度要快于地表,以玉米秸秆为载体子囊壳产生速度比水稻秸秆快且多数密度大,3个F.graminearum菌株(SE81、LcA-2和HX5-1)在同种秸秆相同环境下比2个F.asiaticum菌株(M4A和M31-2)产生子囊壳的速度快且子囊壳密度大。5个菌株在不同环境的不同秸秆上产生的子囊壳的成熟度均无规律,接种‘郑麦366’后其病情指数间有极显著差异(P<0.01),在花泥和地表的玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆上3次调查的子囊壳密度与‘郑麦366’的病情指数呈显著正相关,不同环境条件下的子囊壳产生速度(AUPGC)与‘郑麦366’的病情指数呈极显著正相关。本研究将为阐明F.graminearum和F.asiaticum在中国小麦赤霉病上表现区域性地理分布的原因提供参考依据。展开更多
Fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogenic fungus that causes disease and yield reduction in many cereal crops, such as wheat and barley. Gyp8 stimulates GTP hydrolysis on Ypt1 in yeast. However, the functi...Fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogenic fungus that causes disease and yield reduction in many cereal crops, such as wheat and barley. Gyp8 stimulates GTP hydrolysis on Ypt1 in yeast. However, the functions of Gyp8 in plant pathogenic fungi are still unknown. In this study, we investigated the roles of Fg Gyp8 in F. graminearum by genetic and pathological analyses. Through gene knockout and phenotypic analyses, we found that Fg Gyp8 is required for vegetative growth in F. graminearum. The conidiation, conidial size and number of septa per conidium of ΔFggyp8 mutant are significantly reduced when compared to the wild type PH-1. Furthermore, Fg Gyp8 is crucial for pathogenicity on wheat coleoptiles and wheat heads. Fg Gyp8 contains a conserved TBC domain. Domain deletion analysis showed that the TBC domain, C-and N-terminal regions of Fg Gyp8 are all important for its biological functions in F. graminearum. Moreover, we showed that Fg Gyp8 catalyzes the hydrolysis of the GTP on Fg Rab1 to GDP in vitro, indicating that Fg Gyp8 is a GTPase-activating protein(GAP) for Fg Rab1. In addition, we demonstrated that Fg Gyp8 is required for Fg Snc1-mediated fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane in F. graminearum. Finally, we showed that Fg Gyp8 has functional redundancy with another Fg Rab1 GAP, Fg Gyp1, in F. graminearum. Taken together, we conclude that Fg Gyp8 is required for vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, pathogenicity and acts as a GAP for Fg Rab1 in F. graminearum.展开更多
Fusarium head blight(FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is a devastating fungal disease on small grain cereal crops,because it reduces yield and quality and causes the mycotoxin contamination to the grain.Dynamins an...Fusarium head blight(FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is a devastating fungal disease on small grain cereal crops,because it reduces yield and quality and causes the mycotoxin contamination to the grain.Dynamins and dynamin-related proteins(DRPs) are large GTPase superfamily members,which are typically involved in the budding and division of vesicles in eukaryotic cells,but their roles in Fusarium spp.remain unexplored.Here,we found that FgDnm1,a DRP and homolog to Dnm1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,contributes to the normal fungal growth,sexual reproduction and sensitivity to fungicides.In addition,we found FgDnm1 co-localizes with mitochondria and is involved in toxisome formation and deoxynivalenol(DON) production.Several quinone outside inhibitors(QoIs) and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors(SDHIs) cause fragmentated morphology of mitochondria.Importantly,the deletion of FgDnm1displays filamentous mitochondria and blocks the mitochondrial fragmentation induced by QoIs and SDHIs.Taken together,our studies uncover the effect of mitochondrial dynamics in fungal normal growth and how such events link to fungicides sensitivity and toxisome formation.Thus,we concluded that altered mitochondrial morphology induced by QoIs and SDHIs depends on FgDnm1.展开更多
The jasmonic acid(JA)signaling pathway is involved in plant growth,development,and response to abiotic or biotic stresses.MYC2,a bHLH transcription factor,is a regulatory hub in the pathway.The function of ZmMYC7,a pu...The jasmonic acid(JA)signaling pathway is involved in plant growth,development,and response to abiotic or biotic stresses.MYC2,a bHLH transcription factor,is a regulatory hub in the pathway.The function of ZmMYC7,a putative MYC2 ortholog,in jasmonate-signaled defense responses of maize has not been reported.In this study,we found that ZmMYC7 possesses JID,TAD,bHLH and Zip domains and essential characteristics of transcription factors:a nuclear location and transactivation activity.The ZmMYC7mutants showed markedly increased sensitivity to Fusarium graminearum and Setosphaeria turcica.The expression levels of the defense-associated genes ZmPR1,ZmPR2,ZmPR3,ZmPR5,ZmPR6,and ZmPR7 in response to F.graminearum infection were downregulated in ZmMYC7 mutants,while ZmPR4 and ZmPR10 were up-regulated.ZmMYC7 interacted with members of the ZmJAZ family,including ZmJAZ8,ZmJAZ11,and ZmJAZ12.ZmMYC7 physically interacted with G-box cis-elements in the ZmERF147 promoter in vitro and transcriptional activation of ZmERF147 by ZmMYC7 was inhibited by ZmJAZ11 and ZmJAZ12.ZmERF147 mutants were more susceptible to F.graminearum infection than inbred line B73with concomitant down-regulation of all defense-associated ZmPRs except ZmPR4.These findings indicate that ZmMYC7 functions in maize resistance to F.graminearum and sheds light on maize defense responses to pathogenic fungi via the JA signaling pathway.展开更多
Twenty-two nitrate nonutilizing （nit） mutants were recovered from five wild-type isolates of Fusarium graminearum and fifty nit mutants were recovered from three JS399-19-resistant mutants of F. graminearum cultured...Twenty-two nitrate nonutilizing （nit） mutants were recovered from five wild-type isolates of Fusarium graminearum and fifty nit mutants were recovered from three JS399-19-resistant mutants of F. graminearum cultured on MMC medium. Some biological properties were compared between nit mutants and their parental isolates. The results showed that there were no significant differences in growth rate, cultural characters or pathogenicity between JS399-19-resistant nit mutants and their parental isolates. But the conidial production and the sexual reproduction ability changed to some extent. There was no cross resistance toward chlorate and JS399-19 in F. graminearum and the resistance could be stable through 20-time subcultures. Therefore, the nit could be used as a genetic marker for studying the genetics of JS399-19 resistance in E graminearum, which was used to study JS399-19 resistance transferability in hyphal fusion. Resistance in JS399-19 could not be transferred by hyphal fusion or could be transferred with low chance between two compatible isolates, which would delay the development of JS399-19 resistance in the field.展开更多
[ Objective ] The paper was to study the effect of sea brine on the growth of Fusarium graminearum. [ Method] The inhibition rate of sea brine against F. gram/nearum was measured using mycelial growth rate method. The...[ Objective ] The paper was to study the effect of sea brine on the growth of Fusarium graminearum. [ Method] The inhibition rate of sea brine against F. gram/nearum was measured using mycelial growth rate method. The inhibition effect of sea brine against infection of F. gram/nearum on maize was measured through leaf culture method in vitro. [Result] With the decrease of sea brine concentration, its inhibition against F. gram/nearum had no remarkable regulation, which first decreased, then increased, and finally decreased. It had the best inhibition effect as the concentration was 0.005 0% with the inhibition rate of 31.2%. 0.050 0% sea brine had the best inhibition effect against the infection of F. graminearum with the inhibition rate of 44.3%. [ Conclusion] The results provided theoretical basis for the application of sea brine in the aspects of plant diseases and vests control展开更多
Histone lysine acetylation is catalyzed by acetyltransferases(HATs), which is important in regulating gene expression and physiological function in eukaryotic cells. HATs can be classified into two main types: A-and B...Histone lysine acetylation is catalyzed by acetyltransferases(HATs), which is important in regulating gene expression and physiological function in eukaryotic cells. HATs can be classified into two main types: A-and B-type HATs. Recently, in Fusarium graminearum, it has been reported that A-type HATs are involved in hyphal development, conidiation, sexual reproduction and virulence. However, the biological roles of B-type HATs are unknown. Here we report the identification and characterization of two B-type HATs(FgHat1 and FgHat2) in F. graminearum. Targeted deletion of FgHAT1 did not result in any detectable phenotypes. However, ΔFghat2 mutants were severely defective in vegetative growth, conidia production and morphogenesis, deoxynivalenol(DON) biosynthesis and virulence. Interestingly, deletion of Fg HAT2 resulted in significantly increased sensitivity to the DNA-damaging agent methyl methanesulfonate(MMS). Furthermore, double deletion mutants(ΔFghat1ΔFghat2) displayed similar phenotypes to the ΔFghat2 mutants. Taken together, we conclude that FgHat2 but not FgHat1 plays essential roles in regulating morphogenesis, DNA damage repair, DON production and virulence in F. graminearum.展开更多
Gibberella ear rot(GER)caused by Fusarium graminearum(teleomorph Gibberella zeae)is a common maize disease that not only severely reduces grain yield but also contaminates maize grain with mycotoxins.We investigated t...Gibberella ear rot(GER)caused by Fusarium graminearum(teleomorph Gibberella zeae)is a common maize disease that not only severely reduces grain yield but also contaminates maize grain with mycotoxins.We investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the host defense responses against pathogen infection using comparative transcriptomic analysis.We injected F.graminearum spore suspensions into plants of resistant(IBM-81)and a susceptible(IBM-85)maize inbred line after pollination and performed RNA-seq 48,72,and 96 h after inoculation.Respectively 487 and 410 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were induced in the resistant and susceptible lines across three time points,indicating that a stronger defense response was activated in the resistant than in the susceptible line.Among them,198 genes commonly induced in the two lines were subjected to pathway analysis,revealing that most of the DEGs were closely associated with defense and a wide range of metabolic activities.DEGs associated with pathogenesis-related protein 1(PR1)and regulation of salicylic acid were significantly enriched during F.graminearum infection,suggesting that these DEGs play dominant roles in maize resistance to GER.Our results provide a resource for future gene discovery and facilitate elucidation of the complex defense mechanisms involved in resistance to GER.展开更多
[ Objective] The paper was to understand the resistance of Fusarium graminearum to carbendazim and prochloraz in the main wheat producing areas in Hubei Province. [ Method] Totally 350 F. graminearum strains isolated ...[ Objective] The paper was to understand the resistance of Fusarium graminearum to carbendazim and prochloraz in the main wheat producing areas in Hubei Province. [ Method] Totally 350 F. graminearum strains isolated in 2014 were determined to clear their sensitivity to carbendazim and prochloraz. [ Result] ALl isolates were sensitive to carbendazim and procidoraz in Hubei Province, and carbendazim was still valuable in controlling Fusarium head blight. The control effect of prochloraz was better than that of carbendazim, and the combination of prochloraz and carbendazim at the proportion of 1：7 received the best control effect. [ Conclusion ] Combination of chemical agents will occupy a more and more important position in future prevention and control against Fusarium head blight.展开更多
Nutrient and stress factor 1(Nsf1),a transcription factor containing the classical Cys2-His2(C_(2)H_(2))zinc finger motif,is expressed under non-fermentable carbon conditions and in response to salt stress in Saccharo...Nutrient and stress factor 1(Nsf1),a transcription factor containing the classical Cys2-His2(C_(2)H_(2))zinc finger motif,is expressed under non-fermentable carbon conditions and in response to salt stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.However,the role of Nsf1 in filamentous fungi is not well understood.In this study,the orthologue of Nsf1 was investigated in Fusarium graminearum(named FgNsf1),a causal agent of Fusarium head blight(FHB).The functions of FgNsf1 were evaluated by constructing a FgNSF1 deletion mutant,designated asΔFgNsf1,and its functional complementation mutantΔFgNsf1-C.Gene deletion experiments showed that the mycelial growth rate,asexual and sexual reproduction ofΔFgNsf1 were significantly reduced,but the pigment production ofΔFgNsf1 was remarkably increased compared with the PH-1 andΔFgNsf1-C.In addition,the tolerance ofΔFgNsf1 to osmotic pressures,cell wall-damaging agents and oxidative stress increased significantly.Sensitivity tests to different fungicides revealed thatΔFgNsf1 exhibited increased sensitivity to carbendazim(MBC)and tebuconazole,and enhanced tolerance to fludioxonil and iprodione than PH-1 andΔFgNsf1-C.The virulence ofΔFgNsf1 to wheat coleoptiles and flowering wheat heads were dramatically decreased,which was consistent with the decrease in the yield of deoxynivalenol(DON).All of these defects were restored by target gene complementation.These results indicated that FgNsf1 plays a crucial role in vegetative growth,asexual and sexual reproduction,stress responses,fungicide sensitivity,and full virulence in F.graminearum.展开更多
Barley Fusarium head blight(FHB),caused by species of the Fusarium fungus,is a devastating disease that is reemerging worldwide in recent years.In this study,a novel gene,HvORG4,was cloned from barley by using cDNA li...Barley Fusarium head blight(FHB),caused by species of the Fusarium fungus,is a devastating disease that is reemerging worldwide in recent years.In this study,a novel gene,HvORG4,was cloned from barley by using cDNA library and suppression subtractive hybridization(SSH) library strategies.The SSH library and cDNA library were constructed from the Chinese barley cultivar Jing02-461(resistance to FHB) infected by Fusarium graminearum isolate Huanggang-1.For the SSH analysis,more than 120 differentially expressed cDNAs were identified and sequenced.One of them showed high homology to the AtORG4 gene and was used as a probe to screen the cDNA library of Jing02-461.Six positive clones were identified and one of them contained a full-length cDNA,which was named HvORG4.Sequence analysis showed that HvORG4 encoded a deduced basic protein of 197 amino acids.Northern blotting analysis showed that HvORG4 was constitutively expressed in root and stalk,not in leaf or spike,and strongly induced in barley spikelets in response to infection with F.graminearum isolate Huanggang-1.Its homology and expression profile suggest that the HvORG4 might function as a transcription factor,playing an important role in signal transduction pathway for defense against FHB in barley.展开更多
The aim of this work was to verify if the wheat susceptibility/tolerance phenotype to Fusarium head blight （FHB） into the field could be related to the ability of the re-activated seeds to hamper deoxynivalenol （DO...The aim of this work was to verify if the wheat susceptibility/tolerance phenotype to Fusarium head blight （FHB） into the field could be related to the ability of the re-activated seeds to hamper deoxynivalenol （DON） synthesis by Fusarium graminearum into non optimal （i.e. high humidity） storage conditions. On this purpose, two Fusariurn graminearum strains, Fg126 and Fg8308, were separately inoculated on active but not germinating kernels of Triticum aestivum L. cv ＂Sagittario＂ （FHB-susceptible） and cv ＂Blasco＂ （FHB-tolerant）, The growth of the fungal strains on wheat kernels was monitored from 0 to 15 days post inoculation through a quantitative SYBR green real-time PCR, as well as ergosterol content through HPLC for comparison. DON biosynthesis into the contaminated wheat seeds was quantified by HPLC method in the same time intervals as above. Significant differences in the ability to grow and synthesize DON, acetylated and glucosylated forms, emerged between the strains also in relation to the wheat variety on which the pathogen developed. The results obtained indicated that the wheat variety which from the epidemiological studies carried out into the field is FHB-tolerant, i.e. Blasco, resulted as the more efficient in hampering DON synthesis in both F. graminearum strains. Thus, this preliminary study could represent a contribution to find out less time consuming methods for screening the wheat varieties tolerant to DON accumulation in non optimal storage conditions.展开更多
Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto和F.asiaticum是中国主要的禾谷镰刀菌复合种(FGSC)成员,为了提高这2个种的鉴定效率,选取48个引起小麦赤霉病和玉米茎腐病的FGSC菌株,比较了系统发育谱系分析、PCR-RFLP(聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段...Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto和F.asiaticum是中国主要的禾谷镰刀菌复合种(FGSC)成员,为了提高这2个种的鉴定效率,选取48个引起小麦赤霉病和玉米茎腐病的FGSC菌株,比较了系统发育谱系分析、PCR-RFLP(聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性)和多重PCR 3种分子鉴定方法。系统发育谱系分析首先扩增菌株的EF-1α和Tri101两个基因的部分序列,测序之后利用MEGA 6.06软件构建系统发育树,结果表明,有11个菌株与F.asiaticum聚在一起,37个菌株与F.graminearum sensu stricto聚为一枝,此法繁琐、复杂、成本高,但鉴定结果准确。PCR-RFLP基于组蛋白H3基因特殊的酶切位点,设计引物H3d StyⅠ/H3R1,通过PCR和酶切反应进行鉴定,电泳检测发现,有11个菌株为F.asiaticum,37个菌株为F.graminearum sensu stricto,该法工作量大且对操作过程要求高。多重PCR基于CYP51A基因设计特异引物Fa F/FaR和Fg F/FgR进行鉴定,电泳检测结果表明,有11个菌株为F.asiaticum,37个菌株为F.graminearum sensu stricto,此法操作简单、效率高。以上3种分子鉴定方法结果一致,但多重PCR方法具有快速、准确、高效的特点。展开更多
Of diseases affecting maize(Zea mays), Fusarium graminearum is one of the most common pathogenic fungi that cause stalk rot. In the present study, the Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009 strain was shown to be an effectiv...Of diseases affecting maize(Zea mays), Fusarium graminearum is one of the most common pathogenic fungi that cause stalk rot. In the present study, the Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009 strain was shown to be an effective biocontrol agent against stalk rot. In a confrontation culture test, Trichoderma strain displayed an approximately 60% inhibition rate on the mycelial growth of F. graminearum. In pot trials, the application of 2 g/pot of T. asperellum GDFS1009 granules had the best control effect on stalk rot at the seedling stage(up to 53.7%), while the average plant height and fresh weight were also significantly improved. Additionally when fertilizer was added at 8 g/pot, the application of 3 g/pot of Trichoderma granules had the best control effect on maize stalk rot(40.95%). In field trials, when inoculating F. graminearum alone, the disease index for inoculating was 62.45, but only 31.43 after treatment with T. asperellum GDFS1009 granules, suggesting a control efficiency of 49.67%. Furthermore, in a naturally F. graminearum-infected field, Trichoderma granules, when applied for 3 consecutive years, showed significant control of stalk rot and increased yields.展开更多
Wheat scab caused by Fusarium graminearum is increasingly severe in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region. With long-term use of single chemical pesticide,the drug resistance of F. graminearum is gr...Wheat scab caused by Fusarium graminearum is increasingly severe in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region. With long-term use of single chemical pesticide,the drug resistance of F. graminearum is growing day by day. In order to reveal the inhibition effect and synergistic effect of prochloraz and tebuconazole and their mixture on F. graminearum,new compound agents for controlling wheat scab were developed. The inhibition effect and synergistic effect of prochloraz and tebuconazole mixed at seven different ratios on F. graminearum were studied. The results showed that the efficiency of the mixture was the best when the proportion of prochloraz and tebuconazole was 1:7; the EC50 was 0.145 36 and the synergistic coefficient was 1.853 9. The results provide a theoretical basis for development of new compound agents and effective control of wheat scab.展开更多
文摘为探究麦田前茬作物玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆上中国小麦赤霉病菌的两个优势种Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto(F.graminearum)和F.asiaticum子囊壳形成和发育成熟过程的差异,分别选择3株F.graminearum菌株(SE81,3-ADON型;LcA-2,15-ADON型;HX5-1,NIV型)和2株F.asiaticum菌株(M4A,3-ADON型;M31-2,NIV型),用其孢子悬浮液接种玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆,放置于花泥和地表两种环境条件下,比较接种不同菌株秸秆上子囊壳的形成和发育成熟情况及5个菌株对‘郑麦366’(高感小麦赤霉病品种)的致病力。结果表明:花泥环境下产生子囊壳的速度要快于地表,以玉米秸秆为载体子囊壳产生速度比水稻秸秆快且多数密度大,3个F.graminearum菌株(SE81、LcA-2和HX5-1)在同种秸秆相同环境下比2个F.asiaticum菌株(M4A和M31-2)产生子囊壳的速度快且子囊壳密度大。5个菌株在不同环境的不同秸秆上产生的子囊壳的成熟度均无规律,接种‘郑麦366’后其病情指数间有极显著差异(P<0.01),在花泥和地表的玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆上3次调查的子囊壳密度与‘郑麦366’的病情指数呈显著正相关,不同环境条件下的子囊壳产生速度(AUPGC)与‘郑麦366’的病情指数呈极显著正相关。本研究将为阐明F.graminearum和F.asiaticum在中国小麦赤霉病上表现区域性地理分布的原因提供参考依据。
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (31970141)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China (2020J06047)+1 种基金the Foundation of Minjiang University, China (MJY19019)the Foundation of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China (KFb22050XA)。
文摘Fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogenic fungus that causes disease and yield reduction in many cereal crops, such as wheat and barley. Gyp8 stimulates GTP hydrolysis on Ypt1 in yeast. However, the functions of Gyp8 in plant pathogenic fungi are still unknown. In this study, we investigated the roles of Fg Gyp8 in F. graminearum by genetic and pathological analyses. Through gene knockout and phenotypic analyses, we found that Fg Gyp8 is required for vegetative growth in F. graminearum. The conidiation, conidial size and number of septa per conidium of ΔFggyp8 mutant are significantly reduced when compared to the wild type PH-1. Furthermore, Fg Gyp8 is crucial for pathogenicity on wheat coleoptiles and wheat heads. Fg Gyp8 contains a conserved TBC domain. Domain deletion analysis showed that the TBC domain, C-and N-terminal regions of Fg Gyp8 are all important for its biological functions in F. graminearum. Moreover, we showed that Fg Gyp8 catalyzes the hydrolysis of the GTP on Fg Rab1 to GDP in vitro, indicating that Fg Gyp8 is a GTPase-activating protein(GAP) for Fg Rab1. In addition, we demonstrated that Fg Gyp8 is required for Fg Snc1-mediated fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane in F. graminearum. Finally, we showed that Fg Gyp8 has functional redundancy with another Fg Rab1 GAP, Fg Gyp1, in F. graminearum. Taken together, we conclude that Fg Gyp8 is required for vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, pathogenicity and acts as a GAP for Fg Rab1 in F. graminearum.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772190)the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund, China (JASTIF) (CX(21)2037)the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, China (KYCX21_0631)。
文摘Fusarium head blight(FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is a devastating fungal disease on small grain cereal crops,because it reduces yield and quality and causes the mycotoxin contamination to the grain.Dynamins and dynamin-related proteins(DRPs) are large GTPase superfamily members,which are typically involved in the budding and division of vesicles in eukaryotic cells,but their roles in Fusarium spp.remain unexplored.Here,we found that FgDnm1,a DRP and homolog to Dnm1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,contributes to the normal fungal growth,sexual reproduction and sensitivity to fungicides.In addition,we found FgDnm1 co-localizes with mitochondria and is involved in toxisome formation and deoxynivalenol(DON) production.Several quinone outside inhibitors(QoIs) and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors(SDHIs) cause fragmentated morphology of mitochondria.Importantly,the deletion of FgDnm1displays filamentous mitochondria and blocks the mitochondrial fragmentation induced by QoIs and SDHIs.Taken together,our studies uncover the effect of mitochondrial dynamics in fungal normal growth and how such events link to fungicides sensitivity and toxisome formation.Thus,we concluded that altered mitochondrial morphology induced by QoIs and SDHIs depends on FgDnm1.
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation(NCCIR2021ZZ-14)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(C2019204246,C2019204141)+2 种基金the Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Projects(216Z6501G,216Z6502G)the Research Project of Basic Scientific Research Business Fees in Provincial Universities of Hebei Province(KY2021043,KY2021044)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02)。
文摘The jasmonic acid(JA)signaling pathway is involved in plant growth,development,and response to abiotic or biotic stresses.MYC2,a bHLH transcription factor,is a regulatory hub in the pathway.The function of ZmMYC7,a putative MYC2 ortholog,in jasmonate-signaled defense responses of maize has not been reported.In this study,we found that ZmMYC7 possesses JID,TAD,bHLH and Zip domains and essential characteristics of transcription factors:a nuclear location and transactivation activity.The ZmMYC7mutants showed markedly increased sensitivity to Fusarium graminearum and Setosphaeria turcica.The expression levels of the defense-associated genes ZmPR1,ZmPR2,ZmPR3,ZmPR5,ZmPR6,and ZmPR7 in response to F.graminearum infection were downregulated in ZmMYC7 mutants,while ZmPR4 and ZmPR10 were up-regulated.ZmMYC7 interacted with members of the ZmJAZ family,including ZmJAZ8,ZmJAZ11,and ZmJAZ12.ZmMYC7 physically interacted with G-box cis-elements in the ZmERF147 promoter in vitro and transcriptional activation of ZmERF147 by ZmMYC7 was inhibited by ZmJAZ11 and ZmJAZ12.ZmERF147 mutants were more susceptible to F.graminearum infection than inbred line B73with concomitant down-regulation of all defense-associated ZmPRs except ZmPR4.These findings indicate that ZmMYC7 functions in maize resistance to F.graminearum and sheds light on maize defense responses to pathogenic fungi via the JA signaling pathway.
基金This work was supported by the State "973" Programs from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2006CB101900)Technology and the Project (No. 20050307028)+3 种基金from the Ministry of Education of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30671048 & No. 30671384)Jiangsu Provincial Program for Tackling Key Problems of Science and Technology (No. BG2006328)the Key Technology R & D program from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2006BAE01A04-08)the state "863" programs from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2006AA10A211).
文摘Twenty-two nitrate nonutilizing （nit） mutants were recovered from five wild-type isolates of Fusarium graminearum and fifty nit mutants were recovered from three JS399-19-resistant mutants of F. graminearum cultured on MMC medium. Some biological properties were compared between nit mutants and their parental isolates. The results showed that there were no significant differences in growth rate, cultural characters or pathogenicity between JS399-19-resistant nit mutants and their parental isolates. But the conidial production and the sexual reproduction ability changed to some extent. There was no cross resistance toward chlorate and JS399-19 in F. graminearum and the resistance could be stable through 20-time subcultures. Therefore, the nit could be used as a genetic marker for studying the genetics of JS399-19 resistance in E graminearum, which was used to study JS399-19 resistance transferability in hyphal fusion. Resistance in JS399-19 could not be transferred by hyphal fusion or could be transferred with low chance between two compatible isolates, which would delay the development of JS399-19 resistance in the field.
基金Supported by Key Projects in Social Development Field of Guangdong Province,Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province "Green Using Technology of Waste Brine"(A2009011-007(c))~~
文摘[ Objective ] The paper was to study the effect of sea brine on the growth of Fusarium graminearum. [ Method] The inhibition rate of sea brine against F. gram/nearum was measured using mycelial growth rate method. The inhibition effect of sea brine against infection of F. gram/nearum on maize was measured through leaf culture method in vitro. [Result] With the decrease of sea brine concentration, its inhibition against F. gram/nearum had no remarkable regulation, which first decreased, then increased, and finally decreased. It had the best inhibition effect as the concentration was 0.005 0% with the inhibition rate of 31.2%. 0.050 0% sea brine had the best inhibition effect against the infection of F. graminearum with the inhibition rate of 44.3%. [ Conclusion] The results provided theoretical basis for the application of sea brine in the aspects of plant diseases and vests control
基金This work was supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China(2013 CB127802).
文摘Histone lysine acetylation is catalyzed by acetyltransferases(HATs), which is important in regulating gene expression and physiological function in eukaryotic cells. HATs can be classified into two main types: A-and B-type HATs. Recently, in Fusarium graminearum, it has been reported that A-type HATs are involved in hyphal development, conidiation, sexual reproduction and virulence. However, the biological roles of B-type HATs are unknown. Here we report the identification and characterization of two B-type HATs(FgHat1 and FgHat2) in F. graminearum. Targeted deletion of FgHAT1 did not result in any detectable phenotypes. However, ΔFghat2 mutants were severely defective in vegetative growth, conidia production and morphogenesis, deoxynivalenol(DON) biosynthesis and virulence. Interestingly, deletion of Fg HAT2 resulted in significantly increased sensitivity to the DNA-damaging agent methyl methanesulfonate(MMS). Furthermore, double deletion mutants(ΔFghat1ΔFghat2) displayed similar phenotypes to the ΔFghat2 mutants. Taken together, we conclude that FgHat2 but not FgHat1 plays essential roles in regulating morphogenesis, DNA damage repair, DON production and virulence in F. graminearum.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31471513,31601316)Innovation Training Program of Sichuan Agricultural University(201710626050)
文摘Gibberella ear rot(GER)caused by Fusarium graminearum(teleomorph Gibberella zeae)is a common maize disease that not only severely reduces grain yield but also contaminates maize grain with mycotoxins.We investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the host defense responses against pathogen infection using comparative transcriptomic analysis.We injected F.graminearum spore suspensions into plants of resistant(IBM-81)and a susceptible(IBM-85)maize inbred line after pollination and performed RNA-seq 48,72,and 96 h after inoculation.Respectively 487 and 410 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were induced in the resistant and susceptible lines across three time points,indicating that a stronger defense response was activated in the resistant than in the susceptible line.Among them,198 genes commonly induced in the two lines were subjected to pathway analysis,revealing that most of the DEGs were closely associated with defense and a wide range of metabolic activities.DEGs associated with pathogenesis-related protein 1(PR1)and regulation of salicylic acid were significantly enriched during F.graminearum infection,suggesting that these DEGs play dominant roles in maize resistance to GER.Our results provide a resource for future gene discovery and facilitate elucidation of the complex defense mechanisms involved in resistance to GER.
基金Supported by Key Technologies R&D Program of Hubei(2015BBA152)Innovative Experiment Project of College Students(20150086)Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2014CFB367)
文摘[ Objective] The paper was to understand the resistance of Fusarium graminearum to carbendazim and prochloraz in the main wheat producing areas in Hubei Province. [ Method] Totally 350 F. graminearum strains isolated in 2014 were determined to clear their sensitivity to carbendazim and prochloraz. [ Result] ALl isolates were sensitive to carbendazim and procidoraz in Hubei Province, and carbendazim was still valuable in controlling Fusarium head blight. The control effect of prochloraz was better than that of carbendazim, and the combination of prochloraz and carbendazim at the proportion of 1：7 received the best control effect. [ Conclusion ] Combination of chemical agents will occupy a more and more important position in future prevention and control against Fusarium head blight.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2016YED0201007,2018YFD0201201 and 2018YFD0201000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31672065)+1 种基金the Agricultural Science and Technology Projects of Jiangsu Province,China(BE2018378,BA2018039,PZCZ201715,CX(19)3003,and CX(18)2005)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,China(KYCX18_0670).
文摘Nutrient and stress factor 1(Nsf1),a transcription factor containing the classical Cys2-His2(C_(2)H_(2))zinc finger motif,is expressed under non-fermentable carbon conditions and in response to salt stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.However,the role of Nsf1 in filamentous fungi is not well understood.In this study,the orthologue of Nsf1 was investigated in Fusarium graminearum(named FgNsf1),a causal agent of Fusarium head blight(FHB).The functions of FgNsf1 were evaluated by constructing a FgNSF1 deletion mutant,designated asΔFgNsf1,and its functional complementation mutantΔFgNsf1-C.Gene deletion experiments showed that the mycelial growth rate,asexual and sexual reproduction ofΔFgNsf1 were significantly reduced,but the pigment production ofΔFgNsf1 was remarkably increased compared with the PH-1 andΔFgNsf1-C.In addition,the tolerance ofΔFgNsf1 to osmotic pressures,cell wall-damaging agents and oxidative stress increased significantly.Sensitivity tests to different fungicides revealed thatΔFgNsf1 exhibited increased sensitivity to carbendazim(MBC)and tebuconazole,and enhanced tolerance to fludioxonil and iprodione than PH-1 andΔFgNsf1-C.The virulence ofΔFgNsf1 to wheat coleoptiles and flowering wheat heads were dramatically decreased,which was consistent with the decrease in the yield of deoxynivalenol(DON).All of these defects were restored by target gene complementation.These results indicated that FgNsf1 plays a crucial role in vegetative growth,asexual and sexual reproduction,stress responses,fungicide sensitivity,and full virulence in F.graminearum.
文摘Barley Fusarium head blight(FHB),caused by species of the Fusarium fungus,is a devastating disease that is reemerging worldwide in recent years.In this study,a novel gene,HvORG4,was cloned from barley by using cDNA library and suppression subtractive hybridization(SSH) library strategies.The SSH library and cDNA library were constructed from the Chinese barley cultivar Jing02-461(resistance to FHB) infected by Fusarium graminearum isolate Huanggang-1.For the SSH analysis,more than 120 differentially expressed cDNAs were identified and sequenced.One of them showed high homology to the AtORG4 gene and was used as a probe to screen the cDNA library of Jing02-461.Six positive clones were identified and one of them contained a full-length cDNA,which was named HvORG4.Sequence analysis showed that HvORG4 encoded a deduced basic protein of 197 amino acids.Northern blotting analysis showed that HvORG4 was constitutively expressed in root and stalk,not in leaf or spike,and strongly induced in barley spikelets in response to infection with F.graminearum isolate Huanggang-1.Its homology and expression profile suggest that the HvORG4 might function as a transcription factor,playing an important role in signal transduction pathway for defense against FHB in barley.
文摘The aim of this work was to verify if the wheat susceptibility/tolerance phenotype to Fusarium head blight （FHB） into the field could be related to the ability of the re-activated seeds to hamper deoxynivalenol （DON） synthesis by Fusarium graminearum into non optimal （i.e. high humidity） storage conditions. On this purpose, two Fusariurn graminearum strains, Fg126 and Fg8308, were separately inoculated on active but not germinating kernels of Triticum aestivum L. cv ＂Sagittario＂ （FHB-susceptible） and cv ＂Blasco＂ （FHB-tolerant）, The growth of the fungal strains on wheat kernels was monitored from 0 to 15 days post inoculation through a quantitative SYBR green real-time PCR, as well as ergosterol content through HPLC for comparison. DON biosynthesis into the contaminated wheat seeds was quantified by HPLC method in the same time intervals as above. Significant differences in the ability to grow and synthesize DON, acetylated and glucosylated forms, emerged between the strains also in relation to the wheat variety on which the pathogen developed. The results obtained indicated that the wheat variety which from the epidemiological studies carried out into the field is FHB-tolerant, i.e. Blasco, resulted as the more efficient in hampering DON synthesis in both F. graminearum strains. Thus, this preliminary study could represent a contribution to find out less time consuming methods for screening the wheat varieties tolerant to DON accumulation in non optimal storage conditions.
文摘Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto和F.asiaticum是中国主要的禾谷镰刀菌复合种(FGSC)成员,为了提高这2个种的鉴定效率,选取48个引起小麦赤霉病和玉米茎腐病的FGSC菌株,比较了系统发育谱系分析、PCR-RFLP(聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性)和多重PCR 3种分子鉴定方法。系统发育谱系分析首先扩增菌株的EF-1α和Tri101两个基因的部分序列,测序之后利用MEGA 6.06软件构建系统发育树,结果表明,有11个菌株与F.asiaticum聚在一起,37个菌株与F.graminearum sensu stricto聚为一枝,此法繁琐、复杂、成本高,但鉴定结果准确。PCR-RFLP基于组蛋白H3基因特殊的酶切位点,设计引物H3d StyⅠ/H3R1,通过PCR和酶切反应进行鉴定,电泳检测发现,有11个菌株为F.asiaticum,37个菌株为F.graminearum sensu stricto,该法工作量大且对操作过程要求高。多重PCR基于CYP51A基因设计特异引物Fa F/FaR和Fg F/FgR进行鉴定,电泳检测结果表明,有11个菌株为F.asiaticum,37个菌株为F.graminearum sensu stricto,此法操作简单、效率高。以上3种分子鉴定方法结果一致,但多重PCR方法具有快速、准确、高效的特点。
基金supported by the grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0200403, 2017YFD0201108, and 2017YFE0104900)the "948" Project of China (2016-X48)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31750110455, 31872015)the earmarked fund for China Agricultural Research System (CARS-02-26)
文摘Of diseases affecting maize(Zea mays), Fusarium graminearum is one of the most common pathogenic fungi that cause stalk rot. In the present study, the Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009 strain was shown to be an effective biocontrol agent against stalk rot. In a confrontation culture test, Trichoderma strain displayed an approximately 60% inhibition rate on the mycelial growth of F. graminearum. In pot trials, the application of 2 g/pot of T. asperellum GDFS1009 granules had the best control effect on stalk rot at the seedling stage(up to 53.7%), while the average plant height and fresh weight were also significantly improved. Additionally when fertilizer was added at 8 g/pot, the application of 3 g/pot of Trichoderma granules had the best control effect on maize stalk rot(40.95%). In field trials, when inoculating F. graminearum alone, the disease index for inoculating was 62.45, but only 31.43 after treatment with T. asperellum GDFS1009 granules, suggesting a control efficiency of 49.67%. Furthermore, in a naturally F. graminearum-infected field, Trichoderma granules, when applied for 3 consecutive years, showed significant control of stalk rot and increased yields.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2016CFB478)Youth Talent Program of Hubei Department of Education(D200712004)
文摘Wheat scab caused by Fusarium graminearum is increasingly severe in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region. With long-term use of single chemical pesticide,the drug resistance of F. graminearum is growing day by day. In order to reveal the inhibition effect and synergistic effect of prochloraz and tebuconazole and their mixture on F. graminearum,new compound agents for controlling wheat scab were developed. The inhibition effect and synergistic effect of prochloraz and tebuconazole mixed at seven different ratios on F. graminearum were studied. The results showed that the efficiency of the mixture was the best when the proportion of prochloraz and tebuconazole was 1:7; the EC50 was 0.145 36 and the synergistic coefficient was 1.853 9. The results provide a theoretical basis for development of new compound agents and effective control of wheat scab.
