The electron g-factor relates the magnetic moment to the spin angular momentum. It was originally theoretically calculated to have a value of exactly 2. Experiments yielded a value of 2 plus a very small fraction, ref...The electron g-factor relates the magnetic moment to the spin angular momentum. It was originally theoretically calculated to have a value of exactly 2. Experiments yielded a value of 2 plus a very small fraction, referred to as the g-factor anomaly. This anomaly has been calculated theoretically as a power series of the fine structure constant. This document shows that the anomaly is the result of the electron charge thickness. If the thickness were to be zero, g = 2 exactly, and there would be no anomaly. As the thickness increases, the anomaly increases. An equation relating the g-factor and the surface charge thickness is presented. The thickness is calculated to be 0.23% of the electron radius. The cause of the anomaly is very clear, but why is the charge thickness greater than zero? Using the model of the interior structure of the electron previously proposed by the author, it is shown that the non-zero thickness, and thus the g-factor anomaly, are due to the proposed positive charge at the electron center and compressibility of the electron material. The author’s previous publication proposes a theory for splitting the electron into three equal charges when subjected to a strong external magnetic field. That theory is revised in this document, and the result is an error reduced to 0.4% in the polar angle where the splits occur and a reduced magnetic field required to cause the splits.展开更多
The study of magnetic field effects on the clock transition of Mg and Cd optical lattice clocks is scarce.In this work,the hyperfine-induced Landég-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients of the nsnp ^(3)...The study of magnetic field effects on the clock transition of Mg and Cd optical lattice clocks is scarce.In this work,the hyperfine-induced Landég-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients of the nsnp ^(3)P_(0)^(o) clock states for ^(111,113)Cd and ^(25)Mg were calculated by using the multi-configuration Dirac–Hartree–Fock theory.To obtain accurate values of these parameters,the impact of electron correlations and furthermore the Breit interaction and quantum electrodynamical effects on the Zeeman and hyperfine interaction matrix elements,and energy separations were investigated in detail.We also estimated the contributions from perturbing states to the Landég-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients concerned so as to truncate the summation over the perturbing states without loss of accuracy.Our calculations provide important data for estimating the first-and second-order Zeeman shifts of the clock transition for the Cd and Mg optical lattice clocks.展开更多
When analyzing an Electron’s orbit’s and movements, a “classical” bare g-factor of “1” must be used, but when analyzing just the Electron itself, a bare g-factor and gyromagnetic ratio of twice the “classical”...When analyzing an Electron’s orbit’s and movements, a “classical” bare g-factor of “1” must be used, but when analyzing just the Electron itself, a bare g-factor and gyromagnetic ratio of twice the “classical” value is needed to fit reality. Nobody has fully explained this yet. By examining the electromagnetic wave nature of the electron, it is possible to show a simple reason why its bare g-factor must be 2, without resorting to superluminal velocities or dismissing it as mystically intrinsic. A simple charged electromagnetic wave loop (CEWL) model of the electron that maintains the same electromagnetic wave nature as the high-energy photons from which electron-positron pairs form, will have exactly half of its energy in the form of magnetic energy who’s field lines are perpendicular to the direction of the charge rotation, which leads to the conclusion that only half of the electron’s electromagnetic mass is rotational mass, from which it is easy to calculate a bare g-factor of 2 using Feynman’s equation for the electron’s g-factor.展开更多
The g-factors of the intra-band states 12,13,14,15 in a magnetic-rotational band built on the 11 state in 82 Rb are measured for the first time by using a transient magnetic field-ion implantation perturbed angular di...The g-factors of the intra-band states 12,13,14,15 in a magnetic-rotational band built on the 11 state in 82 Rb are measured for the first time by using a transient magnetic field-ion implantation perturbed angular distribution (TMF-IMPAD) method.The magnetic-rotational band in 82 Rb is populated by the 60 Ni(27 Al,4pn) 82 Rb reaction,and the time-integral Larmor precessions are measured after recoil implantation into a polarized Fe foil.The calculation of g-factors is also carried out in terms of a semi-classical model of independent particle angular momentum coupling on the basis of the four-quasiparticle configuration π(g 9/2) 2 π(p 3/2,f 5/2) ν (g 9/2).The measured and calculated g-factors are in good agreement with each other.The g-factors and deduced shear angles decrease with the increase of spin along the band.This clearly illustrates the shear effect of a step-by-step alignment of the valence protons and neutrons in magnetic rotation.The semi-classical calculation also shows that the alignment of the valence neutron angular momentum is faster than that of the valence protons,which results in a decrease of g-factors with increasing spin.The present results provide solid evidence of the shear mechanism of magnetic rotation.展开更多
Highly charged nickel ions have been suggested as candidates for the ultra-precise optical clock, meanwhile the relevant experiment has been carried out. In the framework of the multiconfiguration Dirac–Hartree–Fock...Highly charged nickel ions have been suggested as candidates for the ultra-precise optical clock, meanwhile the relevant experiment has been carried out. In the framework of the multiconfiguration Dirac–Hartree–Fock(MCDHF)method, we calculated the hyperfine interaction constants, the Landég-factors, and the electric quadrupole moments for the low-lying states in the 61Ni11+,61Ni12+,61Ni14+, and61Ni15+ ions. These states are clock states of the selected clock transitions in highly charged nickel ions(see Fig. 1). Based on discussing the effects of the electron correlations, the Breit interaction, and quantum electrodynamics(QED) effect on these physical quantities, reasonable uncertainties were obtained for our calculated results. In addition, the electric quadrupole frequency shifts and the Zeeman frequency shifts of the clock transitions concerned were analyzed.展开更多
Crystal-phase low-dimensional structures offer great potential for the implementation of photonic devices of interest for quantum information processing.In this context,unveiling the fundamental parameters of the crys...Crystal-phase low-dimensional structures offer great potential for the implementation of photonic devices of interest for quantum information processing.In this context,unveiling the fundamental parameters of the crystal phase structure is of much relevance for several applications.Here,we report on the anisotropy of the g-factor tensor and diamagnetic coefficient in wurtzite/zincblende(WZ/ZB)crystal-phase quantum dots(QDs)realized in single InP nanowires.The WZ and ZB alternating axial sections in the NWs are identified by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy.The electron(hole)g-factor tensor and the exciton diamagnetic coefficients in WZ/ZB crystal-phase QDs are determined through micro-photoluminescence measurements at low temperature(4.2 K)with different magnetic field configurations,and rationalized by invoking the spin-correlated orbital current model.Our work provides key parameters for band gap engineering and spin states control in crystal-phase low-dimensional structures in nanowires.展开更多
Magnetic rotation in 82Rb has been investigated for the first time by g-factor measurement of intra-band states of the magnetic-rotational band built on the 11- state. The g-factors were measured by a TMF-IMPAD method...Magnetic rotation in 82Rb has been investigated for the first time by g-factor measurement of intra-band states of the magnetic-rotational band built on the 11- state. The g-factors were measured by a TMF-IMPAD method and calculated by a semi-classical model of independent particle angular momentum coupling assumption. The g-factors and deduced shears angles decrease with the increasing of spin along the band, illustrating a step-by-step alignment of the valence protons and neutrons. The rapid alignment of the valence neutrons leads to a decrease of g-factors. The present results vividly reveal the shears mechanism of magnetic rotation.展开更多
The proton alignment in 82Sr has been investigated by the g-factor measurements of the ground state rotational band levels up to spin I = 8+. The g-factors were measured by a transient-magnetic-field ion implantation ...The proton alignment in 82Sr has been investigated by the g-factor measurements of the ground state rotational band levels up to spin I = 8+. The g-factors were measured by a transient-magnetic-field ion implantation perturbed angular distribution method. The obtained g-factors increase with the increasing of spin along the band and clearly show the g9/2 proton alignment that starts at I =6+.展开更多
The renormalization of the orbital g-factor in nuclei is discussed on the basis of gauge invariance.The relation of the orbital g-factor to the integrated E1 photoabsorption cross section is reviewed,and its relation ...The renormalization of the orbital g-factor in nuclei is discussed on the basis of gauge invariance.The relation of the orbital g-factor to the integrated E1 photoabsorption cross section is reviewed,and its relation to the M1 sum rule for the scissors mode of deformed nuclei is examined.展开更多
The ground-state magnetic moment, g K factor and quenching spin gyromagnetic ratio have been calculated using the microscopic method based on the Quasiparticle Phonon Nuclear Model(QPNM) for155-169 Ho nuclei for the f...The ground-state magnetic moment, g K factor and quenching spin gyromagnetic ratio have been calculated using the microscopic method based on the Quasiparticle Phonon Nuclear Model(QPNM) for155-169 Ho nuclei for the first time. It is shown that the residual spin-spin interactions are responsible for the core polarization,and because of the core polarization the spin gyromagnetic factors are quenched. By considering the core polarization effects, a satisfactory agreement is obtained for the computed ground state g K factor, which gives an intrinsic contribution to the magnetic moments. In order to assess the collective contribution to the magnetic moments, the rotational gyromagnetic factors g R have been also calculated within the cranking approximation using the single particle wave function of the axially symmetric Woods-Saxon potential. For the ground-state magnetic moments of odd-proton155-165 Ho nuclei, a good description of the experimental data is obtained with an accuracy of 0.01–0.1μN. From systematic trends, the quenching spin gyromagnetic factor, g K factor and magnetic moment have also been theoretically predicted for167,169 Ho where there is no existing experimental data.展开更多
目的:探讨结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)中非染色体结构维持蛋白凝缩蛋白复合体I亚单位H(non-SMC condensin I complex subunit H,NCAPH)、G补缀FHA域血管新生因子1(angiogenic factor with G and FHA domains 1,AGGF1)及跨膜4L六家...目的:探讨结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)中非染色体结构维持蛋白凝缩蛋白复合体I亚单位H(non-SMC condensin I complex subunit H,NCAPH)、G补缀FHA域血管新生因子1(angiogenic factor with G and FHA domains 1,AGGF1)及跨膜4L六家族成员1(transmembrane-4-L-six-family-1,TM4SF1)蛋白质表达之间的关系及临床意义。方法:收集145例CRC术后标本和30例癌旁正常黏膜组织标本,采用免疫组织化学法检测CRC和癌旁正常黏膜组织中NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1蛋白质的表达情况,分析其表达与各种临床病理因素的关系以及三者之间的相关性。结果:在CRC和癌旁组织中,NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1的阳性表达率分别为55.2%、53.1%、60.7%和3.3%、6.6%、0,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。3种蛋白质的表达均与CRC的组织学分化和TNM分期有关(均P<0.001);NCAPH和TM4SF1的表达均与CRC的淋巴结转移有关(均P<0.05);NCAPH和AGGF1的表达均与CRC组织脉管侵犯有关(均P<0.05);AGGF1和TM4SF1的表达均与CRC的肿瘤浸润深度有关(均P<0.01)。TM4SF1的表达分别与NCAPH和AGGF1的表达呈正相关(r值分别为0.311和0.517,均P<0.001);同时,AGGF1与NCAPH的表达亦呈正相关(r=0.291,P=0.001)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析表明:NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1的表达上调均与患者的生存率有关,NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1阳性的患者生存率明显低于三者阴性患者(均P<0.05)。多因素分析表明:TNM分期、NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1的表达和肿瘤脉管侵犯均是影响CRC根治术后患者预后的独立因素(均P<0.05)。结论:CRC组织中NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1的表达上调与CRC的分化程度、转移和预后等因素相关,这些指标的联合检测可能作为判断CRC进展及患者预后的重要指标。展开更多
文摘The electron g-factor relates the magnetic moment to the spin angular momentum. It was originally theoretically calculated to have a value of exactly 2. Experiments yielded a value of 2 plus a very small fraction, referred to as the g-factor anomaly. This anomaly has been calculated theoretically as a power series of the fine structure constant. This document shows that the anomaly is the result of the electron charge thickness. If the thickness were to be zero, g = 2 exactly, and there would be no anomaly. As the thickness increases, the anomaly increases. An equation relating the g-factor and the surface charge thickness is presented. The thickness is calculated to be 0.23% of the electron radius. The cause of the anomaly is very clear, but why is the charge thickness greater than zero? Using the model of the interior structure of the electron previously proposed by the author, it is shown that the non-zero thickness, and thus the g-factor anomaly, are due to the proposed positive charge at the electron center and compressibility of the electron material. The author’s previous publication proposes a theory for splitting the electron into three equal charges when subjected to a strong external magnetic field. That theory is revised in this document, and the result is an error reduced to 0.4% in the polar angle where the splits occur and a reduced magnetic field required to cause the splits.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.61775220)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.XDB21030100)the Key Research Project of Frontier Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.QYZDB-SSW-JSC004)。
文摘The study of magnetic field effects on the clock transition of Mg and Cd optical lattice clocks is scarce.In this work,the hyperfine-induced Landég-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients of the nsnp ^(3)P_(0)^(o) clock states for ^(111,113)Cd and ^(25)Mg were calculated by using the multi-configuration Dirac–Hartree–Fock theory.To obtain accurate values of these parameters,the impact of electron correlations and furthermore the Breit interaction and quantum electrodynamical effects on the Zeeman and hyperfine interaction matrix elements,and energy separations were investigated in detail.We also estimated the contributions from perturbing states to the Landég-factors and quadratic Zeeman shift coefficients concerned so as to truncate the summation over the perturbing states without loss of accuracy.Our calculations provide important data for estimating the first-and second-order Zeeman shifts of the clock transition for the Cd and Mg optical lattice clocks.
文摘When analyzing an Electron’s orbit’s and movements, a “classical” bare g-factor of “1” must be used, but when analyzing just the Electron itself, a bare g-factor and gyromagnetic ratio of twice the “classical” value is needed to fit reality. Nobody has fully explained this yet. By examining the electromagnetic wave nature of the electron, it is possible to show a simple reason why its bare g-factor must be 2, without resorting to superluminal velocities or dismissing it as mystically intrinsic. A simple charged electromagnetic wave loop (CEWL) model of the electron that maintains the same electromagnetic wave nature as the high-energy photons from which electron-positron pairs form, will have exactly half of its energy in the form of magnetic energy who’s field lines are perpendicular to the direction of the charge rotation, which leads to the conclusion that only half of the electron’s electromagnetic mass is rotational mass, from which it is easy to calculate a bare g-factor of 2 using Feynman’s equation for the electron’s g-factor.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.10435010 and 10375093)
文摘The g-factors of the intra-band states 12,13,14,15 in a magnetic-rotational band built on the 11 state in 82 Rb are measured for the first time by using a transient magnetic field-ion implantation perturbed angular distribution (TMF-IMPAD) method.The magnetic-rotational band in 82 Rb is populated by the 60 Ni(27 Al,4pn) 82 Rb reaction,and the time-integral Larmor precessions are measured after recoil implantation into a polarized Fe foil.The calculation of g-factors is also carried out in terms of a semi-classical model of independent particle angular momentum coupling on the basis of the four-quasiparticle configuration π(g 9/2) 2 π(p 3/2,f 5/2) ν (g 9/2).The measured and calculated g-factors are in good agreement with each other.The g-factors and deduced shear angles decrease with the increase of spin along the band.This clearly illustrates the shear effect of a step-by-step alignment of the valence protons and neutrons in magnetic rotation.The semi-classical calculation also shows that the alignment of the valence neutron angular momentum is faster than that of the valence protons,which results in a decrease of g-factors with increasing spin.The present results provide solid evidence of the shear mechanism of magnetic rotation.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11704398 and 11934014)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFA0304402)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB21030300)。
文摘Highly charged nickel ions have been suggested as candidates for the ultra-precise optical clock, meanwhile the relevant experiment has been carried out. In the framework of the multiconfiguration Dirac–Hartree–Fock(MCDHF)method, we calculated the hyperfine interaction constants, the Landég-factors, and the electric quadrupole moments for the low-lying states in the 61Ni11+,61Ni12+,61Ni14+, and61Ni15+ ions. These states are clock states of the selected clock transitions in highly charged nickel ions(see Fig. 1). Based on discussing the effects of the electron correlations, the Breit interaction, and quantum electrodynamics(QED) effect on these physical quantities, reasonable uncertainties were obtained for our calculated results. In addition, the electric quadrupole frequency shifts and the Zeeman frequency shifts of the clock transitions concerned were analyzed.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11934019,61675228,11721404,51761145104,and 11874419)the Strategic Priority Research Program,the Instrument Developing Project and the Interdisciplinary Innovation Team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.XDB28000000 and YJKYYQ20180036)+2 种基金the Key RD Program of Guangdong Province(No.2018B030329001)the Key Laboratory Fund(No.614280303051701)We acknowledge financial support from the SUPERTOP project,QUANTERA ERA-NET Cofund in Quantum Technologies.
文摘Crystal-phase low-dimensional structures offer great potential for the implementation of photonic devices of interest for quantum information processing.In this context,unveiling the fundamental parameters of the crystal phase structure is of much relevance for several applications.Here,we report on the anisotropy of the g-factor tensor and diamagnetic coefficient in wurtzite/zincblende(WZ/ZB)crystal-phase quantum dots(QDs)realized in single InP nanowires.The WZ and ZB alternating axial sections in the NWs are identified by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy.The electron(hole)g-factor tensor and the exciton diamagnetic coefficients in WZ/ZB crystal-phase QDs are determined through micro-photoluminescence measurements at low temperature(4.2 K)with different magnetic field configurations,and rationalized by invoking the spin-correlated orbital current model.Our work provides key parameters for band gap engineering and spin states control in crystal-phase low-dimensional structures in nanowires.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (10435010, 10375093)
文摘Magnetic rotation in 82Rb has been investigated for the first time by g-factor measurement of intra-band states of the magnetic-rotational band built on the 11- state. The g-factors were measured by a TMF-IMPAD method and calculated by a semi-classical model of independent particle angular momentum coupling assumption. The g-factors and deduced shears angles decrease with the increasing of spin along the band, illustrating a step-by-step alignment of the valence protons and neutrons. The rapid alignment of the valence neutrons leads to a decrease of g-factors. The present results vividly reveal the shears mechanism of magnetic rotation.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (10435010, 10375093)
文摘The proton alignment in 82Sr has been investigated by the g-factor measurements of the ground state rotational band levels up to spin I = 8+. The g-factors were measured by a transient-magnetic-field ion implantation perturbed angular distribution method. The obtained g-factors increase with the increasing of spin along the band and clearly show the g9/2 proton alignment that starts at I =6+.
文摘The renormalization of the orbital g-factor in nuclei is discussed on the basis of gauge invariance.The relation of the orbital g-factor to the integrated E1 photoabsorption cross section is reviewed,and its relation to the M1 sum rule for the scissors mode of deformed nuclei is examined.
基金Supported by Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey(TUBITAK)(115F564)
文摘The ground-state magnetic moment, g K factor and quenching spin gyromagnetic ratio have been calculated using the microscopic method based on the Quasiparticle Phonon Nuclear Model(QPNM) for155-169 Ho nuclei for the first time. It is shown that the residual spin-spin interactions are responsible for the core polarization,and because of the core polarization the spin gyromagnetic factors are quenched. By considering the core polarization effects, a satisfactory agreement is obtained for the computed ground state g K factor, which gives an intrinsic contribution to the magnetic moments. In order to assess the collective contribution to the magnetic moments, the rotational gyromagnetic factors g R have been also calculated within the cranking approximation using the single particle wave function of the axially symmetric Woods-Saxon potential. For the ground-state magnetic moments of odd-proton155-165 Ho nuclei, a good description of the experimental data is obtained with an accuracy of 0.01–0.1μN. From systematic trends, the quenching spin gyromagnetic factor, g K factor and magnetic moment have also been theoretically predicted for167,169 Ho where there is no existing experimental data.
文摘目的:探讨结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)中非染色体结构维持蛋白凝缩蛋白复合体I亚单位H(non-SMC condensin I complex subunit H,NCAPH)、G补缀FHA域血管新生因子1(angiogenic factor with G and FHA domains 1,AGGF1)及跨膜4L六家族成员1(transmembrane-4-L-six-family-1,TM4SF1)蛋白质表达之间的关系及临床意义。方法:收集145例CRC术后标本和30例癌旁正常黏膜组织标本,采用免疫组织化学法检测CRC和癌旁正常黏膜组织中NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1蛋白质的表达情况,分析其表达与各种临床病理因素的关系以及三者之间的相关性。结果:在CRC和癌旁组织中,NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1的阳性表达率分别为55.2%、53.1%、60.7%和3.3%、6.6%、0,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。3种蛋白质的表达均与CRC的组织学分化和TNM分期有关(均P<0.001);NCAPH和TM4SF1的表达均与CRC的淋巴结转移有关(均P<0.05);NCAPH和AGGF1的表达均与CRC组织脉管侵犯有关(均P<0.05);AGGF1和TM4SF1的表达均与CRC的肿瘤浸润深度有关(均P<0.01)。TM4SF1的表达分别与NCAPH和AGGF1的表达呈正相关(r值分别为0.311和0.517,均P<0.001);同时,AGGF1与NCAPH的表达亦呈正相关(r=0.291,P=0.001)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析表明:NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1的表达上调均与患者的生存率有关,NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1阳性的患者生存率明显低于三者阴性患者(均P<0.05)。多因素分析表明:TNM分期、NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1的表达和肿瘤脉管侵犯均是影响CRC根治术后患者预后的独立因素(均P<0.05)。结论:CRC组织中NCAPH、AGGF1及TM4SF1的表达上调与CRC的分化程度、转移和预后等因素相关,这些指标的联合检测可能作为判断CRC进展及患者预后的重要指标。
