GMP即为《药品生产质量管理规范》(Good Manufacturing Practice of Medical Products),是药品生产和质量管理的基本准则。传统《药品生产GMP实务》课程教学中存在教学内容与企业人才需求脱节、教学方法导致学生学习兴趣不高、单一评价...GMP即为《药品生产质量管理规范》(Good Manufacturing Practice of Medical Products),是药品生产和质量管理的基本准则。传统《药品生产GMP实务》课程教学中存在教学内容与企业人才需求脱节、教学方法导致学生学习兴趣不高、单一评价模式无法体现学生岗位能力水平等问题。《药品生产GMP实务》课程以质控岗位职业能力培养为实施导向,以基于工作过程的项目化教学、药物制剂生产1+X证书培训和三大结构化项目互融合为实施载体,以线上教学和线下教学相互联动、思政教育与专业教学有机结合为实施手段,推行“三对接、十路径、三全赋能”模式,创设“探查引测编验评改结拓”十步路径教学法,着眼于学生的持续进步和终身成长,实施全员全程全方位精技赋能,实现“立德树人”目标。展开更多
Nitric oxide(NO)/cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate(cGMP) signaling has been shown to act as a mediator involved in pain transmission and processing. In this review, we summarize and discuss the mechanisms of the ...Nitric oxide(NO)/cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate(cGMP) signaling has been shown to act as a mediator involved in pain transmission and processing. In this review, we summarize and discuss the mechanisms of the NO/cGMP signaling pathway involved in chronic pain, including neuropathic pain, bone cancer pain, inflammatory pain, and morphine tolerance. The main process in the NO/cGMP signaling pathway in cells involves NO activating soluble guanylate cyclase, which leads to subsequent production of cGMP. cGMP then activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase(PKG), resulting in the activation of multiple targets such as the opening of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. The activation of NO/cGMP signaling in the spinal cord evidently induces upregulation of downstream molecules, as well as reactive astrogliosis and microglial polarization which participate in the process of chronic pain. In dorsal root ganglion neurons, natriuretic peptide binds to particulate guanylyl cyclase, generating and further activating the cGMP/PKG pathway, and it also contributes to the development of chronic pain. Upregulation of multiple receptors is involved in activation of the NO/cGMP signaling pathway in various pain models. Notably the NO/cGMP signaling pathway induces expression of downstream effectors, exerting both algesic and analgesic effects in neuropathic pain and inflammatory pain. These findings suggest that activation of NO/cGMP signaling plays a constituent role in the development of chronic pain, and this signaling pathway with dual effects is an interesting and promising target for chronic pain therapy.展开更多
文摘GMP即为《药品生产质量管理规范》(Good Manufacturing Practice of Medical Products),是药品生产和质量管理的基本准则。传统《药品生产GMP实务》课程教学中存在教学内容与企业人才需求脱节、教学方法导致学生学习兴趣不高、单一评价模式无法体现学生岗位能力水平等问题。《药品生产GMP实务》课程以质控岗位职业能力培养为实施导向,以基于工作过程的项目化教学、药物制剂生产1+X证书培训和三大结构化项目互融合为实施载体,以线上教学和线下教学相互联动、思政教育与专业教学有机结合为实施手段,推行“三对接、十路径、三全赋能”模式,创设“探查引测编验评改结拓”十步路径教学法,着眼于学生的持续进步和终身成长,实施全员全程全方位精技赋能,实现“立德树人”目标。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos. 82071556 (to WM), 81873793 (to WM), 82001198 (to YQZ), 82101310 (to DQL)the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No. 2020YFC2005300 (to WM)。
文摘Nitric oxide(NO)/cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate(cGMP) signaling has been shown to act as a mediator involved in pain transmission and processing. In this review, we summarize and discuss the mechanisms of the NO/cGMP signaling pathway involved in chronic pain, including neuropathic pain, bone cancer pain, inflammatory pain, and morphine tolerance. The main process in the NO/cGMP signaling pathway in cells involves NO activating soluble guanylate cyclase, which leads to subsequent production of cGMP. cGMP then activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase(PKG), resulting in the activation of multiple targets such as the opening of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. The activation of NO/cGMP signaling in the spinal cord evidently induces upregulation of downstream molecules, as well as reactive astrogliosis and microglial polarization which participate in the process of chronic pain. In dorsal root ganglion neurons, natriuretic peptide binds to particulate guanylyl cyclase, generating and further activating the cGMP/PKG pathway, and it also contributes to the development of chronic pain. Upregulation of multiple receptors is involved in activation of the NO/cGMP signaling pathway in various pain models. Notably the NO/cGMP signaling pathway induces expression of downstream effectors, exerting both algesic and analgesic effects in neuropathic pain and inflammatory pain. These findings suggest that activation of NO/cGMP signaling plays a constituent role in the development of chronic pain, and this signaling pathway with dual effects is an interesting and promising target for chronic pain therapy.
