Based on grey neural network and particle swarm optimization algorithm,an automated stereo garage decision model is proposed to solve the problems of long waiting queue and low efficiency of automated parking garage.T...Based on grey neural network and particle swarm optimization algorithm,an automated stereo garage decision model is proposed to solve the problems of long waiting queue and low efficiency of automated parking garage.The gray neural network is used to forecast the stay time of the vehicle and particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to allocate the parking spaces in the stereo garage.The proposed stereo garage mathematical model is established on condition that vehicle arrival interval obeys Poisson distribution.The performance of stereo garage is evaluated by the average waiting time,average waiting queue length,average service time and average energy consumption of the customers.By comparing the efficiency indexes of the existing model based on near-distribution principle and the proposed model based on gray neural network and particle swarm algorithm,it is proved that the proposed model based on gray neural network and particle swarm algorithm is effective in improving the efficiency of garage operation and reducing the energy consumption of garage.展开更多
With the reduction of urban land, the three-dimensional garage is increasingly built with its advantages of saving land. But the current three-dimensional garage is built for the car. It is hardly stereo parking garag...With the reduction of urban land, the three-dimensional garage is increasingly built with its advantages of saving land. But the current three-dimensional garage is built for the car. It is hardly stereo parking garage for electric bicycles. This paper designed a hollow tower electric bicycle stereo parking garage with fork comb structure, based on the analysis of the characteristics of electric bicycles and the characteristics of existing three-dimensional garages. A fixed comb is mounted on the garage frame. The movable comb is mounted on the middle lift mechanism of the garage. The access of the vehicle is achieved by the exchange of the comb. The key comb structure was modeled using SolidWorks software and the stress distribution of the structure was analyzed. It was optimized by MATLAB software. The result shows that this structure can improve access efficiency. The quality of the comb structure can be minimized under the constraints of strength requirements.展开更多
With the increase of car share in the city,the scale of underground garage construction is expanding,and the importance of underground garage space in people’s daily life is also increasing.However,the closed and dar...With the increase of car share in the city,the scale of underground garage construction is expanding,and the importance of underground garage space in people’s daily life is also increasing.However,the closed and dark space of the traditional underground garage obviously can not meet the modern life in the city,and landscape environment optimization of underground garage gradually enters people’s vision.In this study,the natural elements that can be introduced into the underground garage for landscape design were classifi ed and sorted,and the design methods were discussed with examples.Finally,the development of landscape environment design of underground garage was prospected.展开更多
With the development of new urbanization,high-rise buildings stand tall,and all kinds of roads are busy,and the garage has become an indispensable necessity for people.The rise of the garage has also made the market d...With the development of new urbanization,high-rise buildings stand tall,and all kinds of roads are busy,and the garage has become an indispensable necessity for people.The rise of the garage has also made the market demand for it.The ordinary flat garage is no longer enough to meet the demand for parking.Therefore,the modem mechanical three-dimensional garage has become the darling of the society,many large shopping malls,commercial buildings,A variety of mechanical three-dimensional garages have been commonly used in hotels and guesthouses.However,due to the late start of the mechanical three-dimensional garage,there are still many problems,such as slow operation of mechanical equipment,noisy mechanical noise,slow parking and other significant problems.Therefore,the contemporary mechanical three-dimensional garage is in urgent need of improvement.In this paper,the improvement analysis of the single-arm rotary vertical lifting type is carried out,and the mechanical principle knowledge is used to analyze the existing problems,so as to propose an improved solution.展开更多
Background: Occupational dermatoses, also called occupational dermatitis or occupational dermatitis, are very common in the workplace and are still a topical subject. All over the world, especially in developed countr...Background: Occupational dermatoses, also called occupational dermatitis or occupational dermatitis, are very common in the workplace and are still a topical subject. All over the world, especially in developed countries. They handicap the professional activities of the workers. Purpose: To determine the epidemiological profile of dermatosis among automobile repair and maintenance garages in Parakou. Methods: It was a cross-sectional and descriptive study carried out from 20 April to 17 May 2020. The sampling method was non-probabilistic. Data collected from a questionnaire, clinical examination and worksite observation were analyzed with Epi Info 7.2.2.1 software. Results: The participation rate was 98.08%. The sex ratio (male/female) was 178. The mean age of the respondents was 25.80 ± 10.22 years. Respondents with less than 5 years of experience in the field were 61.22%. Mechanics were the most numerous. In the sample, 95.81% had frequent skin contact with fuels, 84.08% had contact with motor oils and 15.92% had contact with dilute battery electrolyte solutions. The frequency of dermatosis was 73.46%. Hands and wrists were the most affected seats (47.35%). Some (33.84%) wore them before the start of the activity in the garage but in 66.22% of them, the dermatosis had occurred because of their arrival in the garage. Among these skin diseases, keratoderma predominated at 80.01%. Conclusion: Dermatosis is very common among garage owners in Parakou.展开更多
Enclosed parking garages require mechanical ventilation fans to dilute concentrations of pollutants emitted from vehicles,which contributes to energy use and peak electricity demand.This study develops and applies a s...Enclosed parking garages require mechanical ventilation fans to dilute concentrations of pollutants emitted from vehicles,which contributes to energy use and peak electricity demand.This study develops and applies a simulation framework combining multi-zone airflow and contaminant transport modeling,fan affinity laws,and realistic assumptions for vehicle traffic patterns and carbon monoxide(CO)emissions to improve our ability to predict the impacts of various ventilation control strategies on indoor air quality and fan energy use in parking garages.The simulation approach is validated using measured data from a parking garage case study and then applied to investigate fan energy use,peak power demand,and resulting CO concentrations for four different ventilation control strategies in a model underground parking garage under a variety of assumptions for model inputs.The four ventilation control strategies evaluated include one simplistic schedule(i.e.,Always-On)and three demand-based strategies in which fan speed is a function of CO concentrations in the spaces,including Linear-Demand Control Ventilation(DCV),Standardized Variable Flow(SVF),and a simple On-Off strategy.The estimated annual average fan energy consumption was consistently lowest with the Linear-DCV strategy,resulting in average(±standard deviation)energy savings across all modeled scenarios of 84.3%±0.4%,72.8%±3.6%,and 97.9%±0.1%compared to SVF,On-Off,and Always-On strategies,respectively.The utility of the framework described herein is that it can be used to model energy and indoor air quality impacts of other parking garage configurations and control scenarios.展开更多
A garbage incineration power plant is proposed to be built somewhere. Due to local environmental capacity and local policy,the demand on the flue gas emission indicators of the project is high,but the conventional pur...A garbage incineration power plant is proposed to be built somewhere. Due to local environmental capacity and local policy,the demand on the flue gas emission indicators of the project is high,but the conventional purification process of flue gas produced during waste incineration（ SNCR denitrification ＋dry/semi-dry deacidification ＋ adsorption of dioxins and heavy metals by activated carbon ＋ bag dusting） has been unable to meet this requirement,and the newly added wet deacidification and SCR denitrification processes can meet this requirement. The flue gas purification process was optimized,and two feasible schemes were compared to choose the better one.展开更多
The better management of resources and the potential improvement in trafc congestion via reducing the orbiting time for parking spaces is crucial in a smart city,particularly those with an uneven correlation between t...The better management of resources and the potential improvement in trafc congestion via reducing the orbiting time for parking spaces is crucial in a smart city,particularly those with an uneven correlation between the increase in vehicles and infrastructure.This paper proposes and analyses a novel green IoT-based Pay-As-You-Go(PAYG)smart parking system by utilizing unused garage parking spaces.The article also presents an intelligent system that offers the most favorable prices to its users by matching private garages’pricing portfolio with a garage’s current demand.Malta,the world’s fourth-most densely populated country,is considered as a case of a smart city for the implementation of the proposed approach.The results obtained conrm that apart from having a high potential system in such countries,the pricing generated correctly forecasts the demand for a particular garage at a specic time of the day and year.The proposed PAYG smart parking system can effectively contribute to the macro solution to trafc congestion by encouraging potential users to use the system’s services and reducing the orbiting time for parking.展开更多
The United States has an enormous supply of parking and with the appropriation of Autonomous vehicles,the interest for these spaces could change drastically.Parking is among the most pervasive land utilizes involving ...The United States has an enormous supply of parking and with the appropriation of Autonomous vehicles,the interest for these spaces could change drastically.Parking is among the most pervasive land utilizes involving up to 31%of urban territory.With completely automated vehicles expected on the customer advertise by 2020,the$30 billion leaving industry will encounter gigantic changes as autos develop.The purpose of this paper is to analyse how the parking and garage spaces can be utilized after the implementation of automated vehicles in every household.Analysis has been conducted about different households in Ypsilanti Township using Zillow application which includes the address,area of the house,parking area and year in which it is built.Results are based on the analysis conducted on the houses and the impact of the autonomous vehicles on their parking space.展开更多
Sustainable building design is now mainstream.The United States Green Building Council(USGBC)and the LEED Ratings Systems have moved the market,proving that“a rising tide lifts all boats.”Consumers now factor enviro...Sustainable building design is now mainstream.The United States Green Building Council(USGBC)and the LEED Ratings Systems have moved the market,proving that“a rising tide lifts all boats.”Consumers now factor environmental effect into their buying decisions,a trend that looks to continue and intensify with the millennial generation.Renters and homeowners are willing to pay more for high-performing and better quality housing based on environmental standards.Companies recognize that indoor air quality and daylighting improve employee performance and boost retention rates.And even bottom-line businesses are investing in benchmarking and efficiency projects that have the right return on investment rates.The Urban Land Institute’s Greenprint Center for Building Performance serves as a prime example of the ways developers implement benchmarking,energy efficiency,and high-performance standards in the major real estate sectors:office,retail,industrial,multifamily,and hotel.Energy efficiency gains and higher-quality buildings in each of these sectors will be essential to reducing emissions and energy use.While the transportation sector implements its own standards and benchmarking tools to achieve greater levels of sustainability across all modes of transportation,one industry that stands at the nexus of every building type and the transportation modes used to access them is parking.There is a key consideration that links land use and transportation:Parking is often the connection between where we are and where we want to go.Parking may not have been at the forefront of the sustainability discussion or the media surrounding it in previous years,but the professionals who work in the world of parking know exactly how important the role of their industry is to the success of our cities,towns,institutions,and businesses.Parking is big business;it is conservatively estimated to be a$30 billion industry.It directly contributes to the economic vitality and accessibility of where we live,work,and play。展开更多
Hydrogen safety is one of the most important safety indicators in fuel cell vehicles(FCVs)(unlike in other types of alternative energy vehicles).This indicator in FCVs is directly related to the user’s personal safet...Hydrogen safety is one of the most important safety indicators in fuel cell vehicles(FCVs)(unlike in other types of alternative energy vehicles).This indicator in FCVs is directly related to the user’s personal safety in daily vehicle usage.This paper analyzes the safety standards of FCVs in confined spaces.A sealed test chamber and an appropriate test method are devel-oped to evaluate vehicle safety based on specific test requirements.Two FCVs are subjected to static hydrogen leakage and hydrogen emission testing performed in a confined space.The results reveal that the hydrogen concentration in the vicinity of the vehicles approximates 0.0004%which is much lower than 1%while parked for 8 h during the hydrogen leakage test.In the hydrogen emission test under operating conditions,the concentration of the hydrogen gas emitted from the vehicles exceeds 2300 ppm in the vicinity,which requires careful consideration.Based on experiment and analysis,recommendations for the hydrogen safety standards of FCVs in confined spaces are proposed.展开更多
基金Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(No.1506RJZA073)Construction Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province(No.JK2016-1021605)
文摘Based on grey neural network and particle swarm optimization algorithm,an automated stereo garage decision model is proposed to solve the problems of long waiting queue and low efficiency of automated parking garage.The gray neural network is used to forecast the stay time of the vehicle and particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to allocate the parking spaces in the stereo garage.The proposed stereo garage mathematical model is established on condition that vehicle arrival interval obeys Poisson distribution.The performance of stereo garage is evaluated by the average waiting time,average waiting queue length,average service time and average energy consumption of the customers.By comparing the efficiency indexes of the existing model based on near-distribution principle and the proposed model based on gray neural network and particle swarm algorithm,it is proved that the proposed model based on gray neural network and particle swarm algorithm is effective in improving the efficiency of garage operation and reducing the energy consumption of garage.
基金supported by Supported by National Natural Science Fund(U1704156)
文摘With the reduction of urban land, the three-dimensional garage is increasingly built with its advantages of saving land. But the current three-dimensional garage is built for the car. It is hardly stereo parking garage for electric bicycles. This paper designed a hollow tower electric bicycle stereo parking garage with fork comb structure, based on the analysis of the characteristics of electric bicycles and the characteristics of existing three-dimensional garages. A fixed comb is mounted on the garage frame. The movable comb is mounted on the middle lift mechanism of the garage. The access of the vehicle is achieved by the exchange of the comb. The key comb structure was modeled using SolidWorks software and the stress distribution of the structure was analyzed. It was optimized by MATLAB software. The result shows that this structure can improve access efficiency. The quality of the comb structure can be minimized under the constraints of strength requirements.
基金General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(51778611).
文摘With the increase of car share in the city,the scale of underground garage construction is expanding,and the importance of underground garage space in people’s daily life is also increasing.However,the closed and dark space of the traditional underground garage obviously can not meet the modern life in the city,and landscape environment optimization of underground garage gradually enters people’s vision.In this study,the natural elements that can be introduced into the underground garage for landscape design were classifi ed and sorted,and the design methods were discussed with examples.Finally,the development of landscape environment design of underground garage was prospected.
文摘With the development of new urbanization,high-rise buildings stand tall,and all kinds of roads are busy,and the garage has become an indispensable necessity for people.The rise of the garage has also made the market demand for it.The ordinary flat garage is no longer enough to meet the demand for parking.Therefore,the modem mechanical three-dimensional garage has become the darling of the society,many large shopping malls,commercial buildings,A variety of mechanical three-dimensional garages have been commonly used in hotels and guesthouses.However,due to the late start of the mechanical three-dimensional garage,there are still many problems,such as slow operation of mechanical equipment,noisy mechanical noise,slow parking and other significant problems.Therefore,the contemporary mechanical three-dimensional garage is in urgent need of improvement.In this paper,the improvement analysis of the single-arm rotary vertical lifting type is carried out,and the mechanical principle knowledge is used to analyze the existing problems,so as to propose an improved solution.
文摘Background: Occupational dermatoses, also called occupational dermatitis or occupational dermatitis, are very common in the workplace and are still a topical subject. All over the world, especially in developed countries. They handicap the professional activities of the workers. Purpose: To determine the epidemiological profile of dermatosis among automobile repair and maintenance garages in Parakou. Methods: It was a cross-sectional and descriptive study carried out from 20 April to 17 May 2020. The sampling method was non-probabilistic. Data collected from a questionnaire, clinical examination and worksite observation were analyzed with Epi Info 7.2.2.1 software. Results: The participation rate was 98.08%. The sex ratio (male/female) was 178. The mean age of the respondents was 25.80 ± 10.22 years. Respondents with less than 5 years of experience in the field were 61.22%. Mechanics were the most numerous. In the sample, 95.81% had frequent skin contact with fuels, 84.08% had contact with motor oils and 15.92% had contact with dilute battery electrolyte solutions. The frequency of dermatosis was 73.46%. Hands and wrists were the most affected seats (47.35%). Some (33.84%) wore them before the start of the activity in the garage but in 66.22% of them, the dermatosis had occurred because of their arrival in the garage. Among these skin diseases, keratoderma predominated at 80.01%. Conclusion: Dermatosis is very common among garage owners in Parakou.
基金This work was supported by Nagle Energy Solutions,LLC,which provided empirical data utilized in this studyThis study was funded in part by an ASHRAE New Investigator Award to Mohammad Heidarinejad and an ASHRAE Graduate Grant-In-Aid to Afshin Faramarzi.
文摘Enclosed parking garages require mechanical ventilation fans to dilute concentrations of pollutants emitted from vehicles,which contributes to energy use and peak electricity demand.This study develops and applies a simulation framework combining multi-zone airflow and contaminant transport modeling,fan affinity laws,and realistic assumptions for vehicle traffic patterns and carbon monoxide(CO)emissions to improve our ability to predict the impacts of various ventilation control strategies on indoor air quality and fan energy use in parking garages.The simulation approach is validated using measured data from a parking garage case study and then applied to investigate fan energy use,peak power demand,and resulting CO concentrations for four different ventilation control strategies in a model underground parking garage under a variety of assumptions for model inputs.The four ventilation control strategies evaluated include one simplistic schedule(i.e.,Always-On)and three demand-based strategies in which fan speed is a function of CO concentrations in the spaces,including Linear-Demand Control Ventilation(DCV),Standardized Variable Flow(SVF),and a simple On-Off strategy.The estimated annual average fan energy consumption was consistently lowest with the Linear-DCV strategy,resulting in average(±standard deviation)energy savings across all modeled scenarios of 84.3%±0.4%,72.8%±3.6%,and 97.9%±0.1%compared to SVF,On-Off,and Always-On strategies,respectively.The utility of the framework described herein is that it can be used to model energy and indoor air quality impacts of other parking garage configurations and control scenarios.
文摘A garbage incineration power plant is proposed to be built somewhere. Due to local environmental capacity and local policy,the demand on the flue gas emission indicators of the project is high,but the conventional purification process of flue gas produced during waste incineration（ SNCR denitrification ＋dry/semi-dry deacidification ＋ adsorption of dioxins and heavy metals by activated carbon ＋ bag dusting） has been unable to meet this requirement,and the newly added wet deacidification and SCR denitrification processes can meet this requirement. The flue gas purification process was optimized,and two feasible schemes were compared to choose the better one.
基金funding by the University of Malta’s Internal Research Grants.
文摘The better management of resources and the potential improvement in trafc congestion via reducing the orbiting time for parking spaces is crucial in a smart city,particularly those with an uneven correlation between the increase in vehicles and infrastructure.This paper proposes and analyses a novel green IoT-based Pay-As-You-Go(PAYG)smart parking system by utilizing unused garage parking spaces.The article also presents an intelligent system that offers the most favorable prices to its users by matching private garages’pricing portfolio with a garage’s current demand.Malta,the world’s fourth-most densely populated country,is considered as a case of a smart city for the implementation of the proposed approach.The results obtained conrm that apart from having a high potential system in such countries,the pricing generated correctly forecasts the demand for a particular garage at a specic time of the day and year.The proposed PAYG smart parking system can effectively contribute to the macro solution to trafc congestion by encouraging potential users to use the system’s services and reducing the orbiting time for parking.
文摘The United States has an enormous supply of parking and with the appropriation of Autonomous vehicles,the interest for these spaces could change drastically.Parking is among the most pervasive land utilizes involving up to 31%of urban territory.With completely automated vehicles expected on the customer advertise by 2020,the$30 billion leaving industry will encounter gigantic changes as autos develop.The purpose of this paper is to analyse how the parking and garage spaces can be utilized after the implementation of automated vehicles in every household.Analysis has been conducted about different households in Ypsilanti Township using Zillow application which includes the address,area of the house,parking area and year in which it is built.Results are based on the analysis conducted on the houses and the impact of the autonomous vehicles on their parking space.
文摘Sustainable building design is now mainstream.The United States Green Building Council(USGBC)and the LEED Ratings Systems have moved the market,proving that“a rising tide lifts all boats.”Consumers now factor environmental effect into their buying decisions,a trend that looks to continue and intensify with the millennial generation.Renters and homeowners are willing to pay more for high-performing and better quality housing based on environmental standards.Companies recognize that indoor air quality and daylighting improve employee performance and boost retention rates.And even bottom-line businesses are investing in benchmarking and efficiency projects that have the right return on investment rates.The Urban Land Institute’s Greenprint Center for Building Performance serves as a prime example of the ways developers implement benchmarking,energy efficiency,and high-performance standards in the major real estate sectors:office,retail,industrial,multifamily,and hotel.Energy efficiency gains and higher-quality buildings in each of these sectors will be essential to reducing emissions and energy use.While the transportation sector implements its own standards and benchmarking tools to achieve greater levels of sustainability across all modes of transportation,one industry that stands at the nexus of every building type and the transportation modes used to access them is parking.There is a key consideration that links land use and transportation:Parking is often the connection between where we are and where we want to go.Parking may not have been at the forefront of the sustainability discussion or the media surrounding it in previous years,but the professionals who work in the world of parking know exactly how important the role of their industry is to the success of our cities,towns,institutions,and businesses.Parking is big business;it is conservatively estimated to be a$30 billion industry.It directly contributes to the economic vitality and accessibility of where we live,work,and play。
基金supported by the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST and China SAE,the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFB0103100)Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission Program(Grant No.17ZXFWGX00040).
文摘Hydrogen safety is one of the most important safety indicators in fuel cell vehicles(FCVs)(unlike in other types of alternative energy vehicles).This indicator in FCVs is directly related to the user’s personal safety in daily vehicle usage.This paper analyzes the safety standards of FCVs in confined spaces.A sealed test chamber and an appropriate test method are devel-oped to evaluate vehicle safety based on specific test requirements.Two FCVs are subjected to static hydrogen leakage and hydrogen emission testing performed in a confined space.The results reveal that the hydrogen concentration in the vicinity of the vehicles approximates 0.0004%which is much lower than 1%while parked for 8 h during the hydrogen leakage test.In the hydrogen emission test under operating conditions,the concentration of the hydrogen gas emitted from the vehicles exceeds 2300 ppm in the vicinity,which requires careful consideration.Based on experiment and analysis,recommendations for the hydrogen safety standards of FCVs in confined spaces are proposed.
