Plant-based antimicrobial agents are readily available, cost-effective, and exhibit low toxicity, making them promising alternatives in combatting microbial infections. Among these plants, garlic (Allium sativum) stan...Plant-based antimicrobial agents are readily available, cost-effective, and exhibit low toxicity, making them promising alternatives in combatting microbial infections. Among these plants, garlic (Allium sativum) stands out for its traditional medicinal use in effectively combating various microorganisms. In the poultry industry, preventing avian virus and bacterial infections is paramount for chicken husbandry. However, using conventional drugs poses potential risks to human health. Garlic, a widely used Asian plant in traditional medicine for various pathologies, has shown potential as an herbal prophylactic remedy against viral and bacterial infections. Recently, researchers explored garlic and its derivatives as a scientific strategy in veterinary practices for diverse purposes, such as improving poultry production characteristics and acting as antibiotic growth promoters. This comprehensive review delves into garlic and its derivatives as preventive and corrective treatments for viral diseases in laying hens and broilers. The paper highlights their potential effectiveness and safety as a natural means to enhance poultry health and welfare while mitigating the risks associated with conventional drug usage in the food industry.展开更多
Allicin, an antioxidant, is known for providing garlic with its unique fragrance and taste, as well as for its antimicrobial properties. Black garlic, a fermented form of garlic, contains higher levels of antioxidants...Allicin, an antioxidant, is known for providing garlic with its unique fragrance and taste, as well as for its antimicrobial properties. Black garlic, a fermented form of garlic, contains higher levels of antioxidants than fresh garlic. Antioxidants play a vital role in alleviating cellular stress during viral infections. Viral infections result in oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS). A prolonged state of oxidative stress can result in cell death, DNA damage, and disease progression. In this study, black garlic extract (BGE) is evaluated for its ability to mitigate cytopathic effects and oxidative stress caused by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infections in vitro. Antiviral assays were performed to determine the percent of viral inhibition resulting from treatment with the BGE. ROS-Glo<sup>TM</sup> H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> assays were then completed to measure the post-infection ROS levels of BGE-treated virus and cells. The results thus far suggest that BGE may inhibit viral infection and decrease levels of oxidative stress.展开更多
The rise of automation with Machine-Type Communication(MTC)holds great potential in developing Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)-based applications such as smart cities,Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS),supply...The rise of automation with Machine-Type Communication(MTC)holds great potential in developing Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)-based applications such as smart cities,Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS),supply chains,and smart industries without any human intervention.However,MTC has to cope with significant security challenges due to heterogeneous data,public network connectivity,and inadequate security mechanism.To overcome the aforementioned issues,we have proposed a blockchain and garlic-routing-based secure data exchange framework,i.e.,GRADE,which alleviates the security constraints and maintains the stable connection in MTC.First,the Long-Short-Term Memory(LSTM)-based Nadam optimizer efficiently predicts the class label,i.e.,malicious and non-malicious,and forwards the non-malicious data requests of MTC to the Garlic Routing(GR)network.The GR network assigns a unique ElGamal encrypted session tag to each machine partaking in MTC.Then,an Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)is applied to encrypt the MTC data requests.Further,the InterPlanetary File System(IPFS)-based blockchain is employed to store the machine's session tags,which increases the scalability of the proposed GRADE framework.Additionally,the proposed framework has utilized the indispensable benefits of the 6G network to enhance the network performance of MTC.Lastly,the proposed GRADE framework is evaluated against different performance metrics such as scalability,packet loss,accuracy,and compromised rate of the MTC data request.The results show that the GRADE framework outperforms the baseline methods in terms of accuracy,i.e.,98.9%,compromised rate,i.e.,18.5%,scalability,i.e.,47.2%,and packet loss ratio,i.e.,24.3%.展开更多
Heat and drought are prominent abiotic stressors that limit crop productivity and yield,particularly concerning climate change;therefore,understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying plant stress responses is cruc...Heat and drought are prominent abiotic stressors that limit crop productivity and yield,particularly concerning climate change;therefore,understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying plant stress responses is crucial for stress-tolerant crop production.This study conducted a transcriptomic analysis to elucidate how garlic(Allium sativum L.)responds to drought and heat stress conditions.Transcriptome libraries were generated to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)induced by drought and heat stresses.Functional classification and clustering analysis of DEGs revealed stress-specific gene expression patterns.Notably,cell wall-related genes were implicated in the drought response,whereas heat stress was associated with heat stress transcription factors and heat shock proteins.Our results provide essential information for future studies on stress tolerances in garlic.展开更多
Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is an emerging technique to improve the soil and most studies are carried out at room temperature. However, considering some foundations are in high-temperature environmen...Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is an emerging technique to improve the soil and most studies are carried out at room temperature. However, considering some foundations are in high-temperature environments (>40 ℃), the higher urease activity at high temperature results in the solidification inhomogeneity, limiting the application of EICP. The higher urease activity at high temperature hampers the application of EICP because of solidification inhomogeneity. The garlic extract has been used as a type of urease inhibitor in medical science and food engineering. Here, we propose to use it to control urease activity for sand solidification at high temperature. The effects of garlic extract addition on urease activity and precipitation rates for calcium carbonate (CaCO_(3)) were studied. Extra tests were conducted to study the effect of garlic extract addition on the solidification homogeneity. The results showed that the garlic extract addition significantly decreased urease activity. To reduce the rate of CaCO3 precipitation at different temperatures, a suitable concentration of garlic extract was necessary to obtain a suitable urease activity. In the sand solidification test, garlic extract addition resulted in a smaller difference in sonic time values or CaCO_(3) contents at different parts of samples. The improved solidification homogeneity can achieve higher strength. The correlation between sonic time values and CaCO_(3) content was higher than that between CaCO3 content and strength. Appropriate concentrations of garlic extract were obtained at 35 ℃, 40℃, 45 ℃, 50 ℃, and 55 ℃. The proposed garlic extract addition method was significant to improve the homogeneity of solidified soil in practical engineering applications.展开更多
Garlic is a most important medicinal herb belonging to the family Liliaceae. Both its leaves and bulb are edible. The current study was based on evaluating the growth promoting potential of plant growth promoting rhiz...Garlic is a most important medicinal herb belonging to the family Liliaceae. Both its leaves and bulb are edible. The current study was based on evaluating the growth promoting potential of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on garlic (Allium sativum L.) growth and biochemical contents. Garlic cloves were inoculated with 3 kinds of PGPRs, Pseudomonas putida (KX574857), Pseudomonas stutzeri (Kx574858) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC14579) at 10<sup>8</sup> cells/mL prior to sowing. Under natural conditions, plants were grown in the net house. The PGPR significantly enhanced % germination, leaf and root growth and their biomass also increased the diameter of bulb and fresh and dry weight. The flavonoids, phenolics, chlorophyll, protein and sugar content were also significantly increased due to PGPR inoculation. The Pseudomonas stutzeri was found most effective for producing longer leaves with moderate sugar, high flavonoids (129%) and phenolics (263%) in bulb over control (Tap). The Pseudomonas putida exhibited a maximum increase in bulb diameter and bulb biomass with maximum phenolics and flavonoid contents.展开更多
In order to increase the productivity of the local cavies as a meat animal, a study was carried out between November 2021 and March 2022 at the Research and Experimental Farm, Animal Nutrition and Production Research ...In order to increase the productivity of the local cavies as a meat animal, a study was carried out between November 2021 and March 2022 at the Research and Experimental Farm, Animal Nutrition and Production Research Unit of the Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences (FAAS) and the Microbiology and Anti-Microbial Research Unite of the University of Dschang on 72 cavies aged between 4 and 5 months and weighing an average of 450 ± 50 g produced on the farm, including 60 females and 12 males. The females were distributed according to a completely randomized factorial design in twelve (12) rearing boxes numbered G1 to G12, with 15 females per group distributed in 03 boxes and receiving iso-nitrogenated experimental diet (18% protein) R0 enriched with 20% of Stylosanthes guianensis (0% garlic powder), R0.25 (0.25% garlic powder), R0.50 (0.50% garlic powder) and R0.75 (0.75% garlic powder). Females were identified by numbered ear tags and mated with a sex ratio of 5 females for 1 male. Drinking water enriched with vitamin C (01 tablet of 240 mg in 1.5 liters of water) was served ad libitum and renewed daily. The males were removed after 31 days. A form was established to record the weight of each pregnant female, any abortions during gestation, the date of parturition and the date of birth of each newborn, as well as the number of live-born or stillborn pups. After parturition, the weights of female and newborn cavies were recorded weekly until the 3<sup>rd</sup> week. The number of cavies that died before weaning and the number of live weaned cavies were also recorded. Reproductive performance significantly increased (p 0.05) fertility rate and net fertility rate, litter size, birth viability rate, and pre-weaning viability rate with rations containing garlic powder, compared to the control ration, especially with the R0.50 ration. In addition, birth mortality and pre-weaning mortality were significantly lower (p 0.05) with rations containing the additive, compared to those of the control ration (R0). However, the R0.50 ration showed the lowest rates, followed by the R0.25 ration, and finally the R0.75 ration. Weight development of young cavies increased with all rations but was more marked with the R0.50 ration. Only total weight gain (TG) and average daily weight gain (ADG) in the pre-weaning phase were significantly increased (p < 0.05) with rations R0.25 and R0.50.展开更多
AIM:To conduct an updated meta-analysis of prospective studies addressing the association between garlic consumption and colorectal cancer.METHODS:Eligible cohort studies were identified by searching MEDLINE(PubMed) a...AIM:To conduct an updated meta-analysis of prospective studies addressing the association between garlic consumption and colorectal cancer.METHODS:Eligible cohort studies were identified by searching MEDLINE(PubMed) and screening the references of related articles published up to October 2013.Meta-analyses were conducted for colorectal cancer in relation to consumption of raw and cooked(RC) garlic and garlic supplements,separately.The summary relative risks(RR) with 95%CI were calculated using fixedeffects or random-effects model depending on the heterogeneity among studies.RESULTS:A total of 5 prospective cohort studies were identified.In contrast to the previous meta-analysis,no significant associations were found between consumption of RC garlic(RR:1.06; 95%CI:0.95-1.19) or garlic supplements(RR:1.12; 95%CI:0.96-1.31) and risk of colorectal cancer.A non-significant protective effect of garlic supplement intake against colorectal cancer was observed in females(RR:0.84; 95%CI:0.64-1.11),but the opposite was the case in males(RR:1.24; 95%CI:0.96-1.59).CONCLUSION:Consumption of RC garlic or garlic supplements is not significantly associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the synergic antibacterial activity of garlic and tazma honey against standard and clinical pathogenic bacteria.Methods:Antimicrobial activity of tazma honey,garlic and mixture of them against...Objective:To investigate the synergic antibacterial activity of garlic and tazma honey against standard and clinical pathogenic bacteria.Methods:Antimicrobial activity of tazma honey,garlic and mixture of them against pathogenic bacteria were determined.Chloramphenicol and water were used as positive and negative controls,respectively.Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimum bactericidal concentration of antimicrobial samples were determined using standard methods.Results:Inhibition zone of mixture of garlic and tazma honey against all tested pathogens was significantly(P≤0.05)greater than garlic and tazma honey alone.The diameter zone of inhibition ranged from(18±1)to(35±1)mm for mixture of garlic and tazma honey,(12±1)to(20±1)nun for tazma honey and(14±1)to(22±1)mm for garlic as compared with(10±1)to(30±1)mm for chloramphenicol.The combination of garlic and tazma honey(30-35 mm)was more significantly(P≤0.05)effective against Salmonella(NCTC 8385),Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 25923),Lyesria moncytogenes(ATCC 19116)and Streptococcus pneumonia(ATCC 63).Results also showed considerable antimicrobial activity of garlic and tazma honey.MIC of mixture of garlic and tazma honey at 6.25%against total test bacteria was 88.9%.MIC of mixture of garlic and tazma honey at6.25%against Gram positive and negative were 100%and 83.33%,respectively.The bactericidal activities of garlic,tazma honey,and mixture of garlic and tazma honey against all pathogenic bacteria at 6.25%concentration were 66.6%,55.6%and 55.6%,respectively.Conclusions:This finding strongly supports the claim of the local community to use the combination of tazma honey and garlic for the treatment of different pathogenic bacterial infections.Therefore,garlic in combination with tazma honey can serve as an alternative natural antimicrobial drug for the treatment of pathogenic bacterial infections.Further in vivo study is recommended to come up with a comprehensive conclusion.展开更多
Garlic prices fluctuate dramatically in recent years and it is very difficult to predict garlic prices.The autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA)model is currently the most important method for predicting gar...Garlic prices fluctuate dramatically in recent years and it is very difficult to predict garlic prices.The autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA)model is currently the most important method for predicting garlic prices.However,the ARIMA model can only predict the linear part of the garlic prices,and cannot predict its nonlinear part.Therefore,it is urgent to adopt a method to analyze the nonlinear characteristics of garlic prices.After comparing the advantages and disadvantages of several major prediction models which used to forecast nonlinear time series,using support vector machine(SVM)model to predict the nonlinear part of garlic prices and establish ARIMA-SVM hybrid forecast model to predict garlic prices.The monthly average price data of garlic in 2010-2017 was used to test the effect of ARIMA model,SVM model and ARIMA-SVM model.The experimental results show that:(1)Garlic price is affected by many factors but the most is the supply and demand relationship;(2)The SVM model has a good effect in dealing with the nonlinear relationship of garlic prices;(3)The ARIMA-SVM hybrid model is better than the single ARIMA model and SVM model on the accuracy of garlic price prediction,it can be used as an effective method to predict the short-term price of garlic.展开更多
Garlic(Allium sativum),an asexually propagated vegetable and medicinal crop,has abundant genetic variation.Genetic diversity evaluation based on molecular markers has apparent advantages since their genomic abundance,...Garlic(Allium sativum),an asexually propagated vegetable and medicinal crop,has abundant genetic variation.Genetic diversity evaluation based on molecular markers has apparent advantages since their genomic abundance,environment insensitivity,and non-tissue specific features.However,the limited number of available DNA markers,especially SSR markers,are insufficient to conduct related genetic diversity assessment studies in garlic.In this study,4372 EST-SSR markers were newly developed,and 12 polymorphic markers together with other 17 garlic SSR markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 127 garlic accessions.The averaged polymorphism information content(PIC)of these 29 SSR markers was 0.36,ranging from 0.22 to 0.49.Seventy-nine polymorphic loci were detected among these accessions,with an average of 3.48 polymorphic loci per SSR.Both the clustering analyses based on either the genotype data of SSR markers or the phenotypic data of morphological traits obtained genetic distance divided the 127 garlic accessions into three clusters.Moreover,the Mantel test showed that genetic distance had no significant correlations with geographic distance,and weak correlations were found between genetic distance and the phenotypic traits.AMOVA analysis showed that the main genetic variation of this garlic germplasm collection existed in the within-population or cluster.Results of this study will be of great value for the genetic/breeding studies in garlic and enhance the utilization of these garlic germplasms.展开更多
Objective:To assess the effect potency,and the immunomodulatory response of garlic oil extract in enhancing the host's immune system against the disorders caused by Schistosoma mamoni(S.mamoni) in mice at differen...Objective:To assess the effect potency,and the immunomodulatory response of garlic oil extract in enhancing the host's immune system against the disorders caused by Schistosoma mamoni(S.mamoni) in mice at different stages of worm maturation.Methods:A total of 70 male CD-I Swiss albino mice were divided into 7 groups.Group Ⅰ:healthy control.Group Ⅱ:garlic oil group orally administrating 100 mg garlic oil extract /kg b.wt.3 d a week for 6 weeks.Group Ⅲ:infected with S.inansoni cercariae and left untreated for 42 d.Group Ⅳ:treated with garlic oil extract from day 1 to day 7 post infection(PI).Group Ⅴ:treated with garlic oil extract from day 14 till day 21 PI.Group Ⅵ:administrating garlic oil extract from day 35 until day 42 PI.Group Ⅶ received oil extract from the first day of infection for 42 d.Results:Garlic oil extract showed changes in the parasite tegument with a significant decrease in worm burden,hepatic and intestinal ova count with a decline in granuloma number and diameter.These alterations were accompanied with a reduction in serum TNF- α,ICAM-1,IgG and IgM after 7 and 42 d post S.mamoni cercarial infection.Conclusions:Results obtained confirmed the effect of garlic oil extract on the larval and mature stage of the parasite and in enhancing the host's immune system against the disorders caused by 5.mansoni in mice.展开更多
Objective:To investigate die ameliorative effect of dietary inclusion of garlic(Allium sativum)on gentamycin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Methods:Adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups with sis anima...Objective:To investigate die ameliorative effect of dietary inclusion of garlic(Allium sativum)on gentamycin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Methods:Adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups with sis animals in each group.Groups 1 and 2 were fed basal diet while Groups 3 and 4 were fed diets containing 2%and 4%garlic respeetively for 27 d prior to gentamycin administration.Hepatotoxicity was induced by the intraperitoneal administration at gentamycin(100 mg/kg body weight)for 3 d.The liver and plasma were studied for hepatotoxicity and antioxidant indices.Results:Gentamycin induces hepatic damage as revealed by significant(P<0.05)elevation of liver damage marker enzymes(aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase)and reduction in plasma albumin level.Gentamycin also eaused a significant(P<0.05)alteration in plasma and liver enzymatic(catalase,glutathione and super oxygen dehydrogenises)and non-enzymatic(glutathione and vitamin C)antioxidant indices with concomitant increase in the malondialdehyde content;however,there was a significant(P<0.05)restoration of the antioxidant status coupled with significant(P<0.05)decrease in the tissues malondialdehyde content,following consumption of diets containing garlic.Conclusions:These results suggest that dietary inclusion of garlic powder could protect against gentamycin-induced hepatotoxicity,improve antioxidant status and modulate oxidative stress;a function attributed to their phenolic constituents.展开更多
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding garlic powder (GP) on the performance, digestibility, digestive organs, carcass cuts and lipid profile of broilers. A total of 270 day-old Cobb-500 ch...This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding garlic powder (GP) on the performance, digestibility, digestive organs, carcass cuts and lipid profile of broilers. A total of 270 day-old Cobb-500 chicks were used in the experiment. Birds were partitioned into three experimental groups of 90 birds in each. Each treatment was composed of 6 replicates with 15 birds in each. The control group was fed with a commercial starter and finisher diet. The second and third groups were supplemented with GP at the rate of 0.2% and 0.4% respectively. In the last week of experiment, 18 birds from each experimental group (3 birds per replicate) were used in a metabolic trial. At the time of termination of the experiment, the same number of birds were killed for digestive organs and carcass components measurements. Blood samples from 3 birds per replicate were collected on 3rd, 5th and 6th week post feeding from wing vein for blood lipid profile determination. Total cholesterol (COL), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were determined. Results of this study showed that GP had no significant effects on broilers weight gain, feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass cuts, visceral organs. However, GP decreased (P < 0.05) COL, TG, LDL and increased HDL levels compared to control birds. The dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) digestibility were improved by feeding GP. It can be concluded that GP could provide positive advantages in broilers performance.展开更多
The volatile flavor compounds of Jin Xiang garlic and Tai’an garlic in chemical composition were detected and analyzed and the contents of them were compared and determinated. The volatile constituents of Jin Xiang g...The volatile flavor compounds of Jin Xiang garlic and Tai’an garlic in chemical composition were detected and analyzed and the contents of them were compared and determinated. The volatile constituents of Jin Xiang garlic and Tai’an garlic were compared and analyzed by automatic static headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Qualitative analysis of samples was made through the analysis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and NIST mass spectral library computer retrieval, and quantitative analysis was made by using area normalization method. The analysis results show that the slight difference of the volatile flavor compounds was detected in different places of origin garlic and Jin Xiang garlic was detected more total sulfur-containing compounds than Tai’an garlic. Meanwhile, the contents of sulfur compounds of the fresh garlic were more than the stored garlic and there were significant differences between them. The tests results indicated that flavor substances’ types were slightly different between Jin Xiang garlic and Tai’an garlic, and regional differences cannot affect the garlic flavor substances type. Jin Xiang garlic has more obvious flavor substances than Tai’an garlic which play a decisive role in the garlic flavor, such as 1,3-dithiane, and allyl trisulfide and allyl disulfide and diallyl tetrasulphide. The result of this research indicates that Automatic static headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a fast, easy, efficient and accurate method to analyze and identify the volatile flavor components of garlic.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of dietary doses of garlic(Allium sativum L.) peel on the hematological and disease resistance of African catfish[Glorias gariepinus(C.gariepinus)] fingerlings against the infections...Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of dietary doses of garlic(Allium sativum L.) peel on the hematological and disease resistance of African catfish[Glorias gariepinus(C.gariepinus)] fingerlings against the infections caused by opportunistic bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.Methods:Powdered garlic peel was incorporated into the diets at(0%,0.5%,1.0% and 1.5%) and fed to catfish fingerlings for 20 days.After the feeding trial,biochemical(serum total protein,albumin and globulin),hematological parameters(white blood cells and red blood cells) of the fish were examined.Fish were challenged with Aeromona hydrophila(A.hydrophila) after 20 days of post feeding and percentage mortalities were recorded up to 10 days after post challenge.Results:Enhanced serum protein,albumin and globulin in fish fed with all the dosages of garlic peel when compared to control group.Significantly highest red blood cell and white blood cell counts were recorded in garlic peel incorporated diet fed groups compared to control group.The results also demonstrate that low survival rate(55.5±11.0)%in control groups and significantly higher survival rates were recorded in all the garlic peel fed groups after challenging with A.hydrophila.However no significant impact was noticed with regard to body weight gain,specific growth rate and food conversion ratio of fish fed with different levels of garlic peel inclusion and control group.Conclusions:These results indicate that garlic peel enhances the hematological parameters even at a low level(0.5%) incorporation and makes C. gariepinus highly immunopotent and more resistant to infection by A.hydrophila.展开更多
Gibberellins(GAs) are important phytohormones that regulate many developmental processes in plants. Clove, as the reproductive organ of garlic, dramatically affected garlic bulb development. Considering the potential ...Gibberellins(GAs) are important phytohormones that regulate many developmental processes in plants. Clove, as the reproductive organ of garlic, dramatically affected garlic bulb development. Considering the potential of gibberellins in plant development and our previous studies, we investigated the effect of soaking two types of seed cloves(seed clove-I: without root/shoot sprouting;seed clove-II: with root/shoot sprouting) in GA3 solution on axillary bud development and examined the effect of soaking seed cloves in GA3 solution on bulb development, phytohormone level and sugar content in this study.Results indicated seed clove types, soaking liquids and their interaction significantly affected the number of cloves per bulb and the rate of single-clove bulb. Moreover, soaking seed cloves in 1 mmol L^-1 GA3 solution for 24 h not only promoted axillary bud formation and secondary plant growth(equal to tillering or branching), but also slightly increased the number of cloves per bulb and changed bulb structure with a low yield and marketable quality. On the 40 th day after GA3 treatment(at axillary bud outgrowth stage), zeatin riboside(ZR) and soluble protein in stem were sharply increased with the increase of GA3, sucrose, fructose and soluble protein in leaf. However, GA3, indole-3-acetic acid(IAA), soluble sugar and sucrose in stem(3.52 ng g^-1 fresh weight(FW), 19.88 ng g^-1 FW, 237.3 mg g^-1 FW, and 8.24 mg g^-1 FW, respectively) were significantly decreased on the 40 th day after GA3 treatment, compared to the control of water treatment(5.56 ng g^-1 FW, 32.96 ng g^-1 FW, 263.6 mg g^-1 FW, and 10.37 mg g^-1 FW, respectively). To our knowledge, these novel results indicate seed cloves soaked in GA3 solution promotes axillary bud formation and outgrowth that caused the changes in plant architecture and bulb structure. Meanwhile, our findings suggest that the level of endogenous plant hormone(GA3, IAA and ZR) cooperates with the content of sugar(sucrose and fructose) in leaf and stem to regulate axillary bud outgrowth in garlic.展开更多
文摘Plant-based antimicrobial agents are readily available, cost-effective, and exhibit low toxicity, making them promising alternatives in combatting microbial infections. Among these plants, garlic (Allium sativum) stands out for its traditional medicinal use in effectively combating various microorganisms. In the poultry industry, preventing avian virus and bacterial infections is paramount for chicken husbandry. However, using conventional drugs poses potential risks to human health. Garlic, a widely used Asian plant in traditional medicine for various pathologies, has shown potential as an herbal prophylactic remedy against viral and bacterial infections. Recently, researchers explored garlic and its derivatives as a scientific strategy in veterinary practices for diverse purposes, such as improving poultry production characteristics and acting as antibiotic growth promoters. This comprehensive review delves into garlic and its derivatives as preventive and corrective treatments for viral diseases in laying hens and broilers. The paper highlights their potential effectiveness and safety as a natural means to enhance poultry health and welfare while mitigating the risks associated with conventional drug usage in the food industry.
文摘Allicin, an antioxidant, is known for providing garlic with its unique fragrance and taste, as well as for its antimicrobial properties. Black garlic, a fermented form of garlic, contains higher levels of antioxidants than fresh garlic. Antioxidants play a vital role in alleviating cellular stress during viral infections. Viral infections result in oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS). A prolonged state of oxidative stress can result in cell death, DNA damage, and disease progression. In this study, black garlic extract (BGE) is evaluated for its ability to mitigate cytopathic effects and oxidative stress caused by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infections in vitro. Antiviral assays were performed to determine the percent of viral inhibition resulting from treatment with the BGE. ROS-Glo<sup>TM</sup> H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> assays were then completed to measure the post-infection ROS levels of BGE-treated virus and cells. The results thus far suggest that BGE may inhibit viral infection and decrease levels of oxidative stress.
文摘The rise of automation with Machine-Type Communication(MTC)holds great potential in developing Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)-based applications such as smart cities,Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS),supply chains,and smart industries without any human intervention.However,MTC has to cope with significant security challenges due to heterogeneous data,public network connectivity,and inadequate security mechanism.To overcome the aforementioned issues,we have proposed a blockchain and garlic-routing-based secure data exchange framework,i.e.,GRADE,which alleviates the security constraints and maintains the stable connection in MTC.First,the Long-Short-Term Memory(LSTM)-based Nadam optimizer efficiently predicts the class label,i.e.,malicious and non-malicious,and forwards the non-malicious data requests of MTC to the Garlic Routing(GR)network.The GR network assigns a unique ElGamal encrypted session tag to each machine partaking in MTC.Then,an Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)is applied to encrypt the MTC data requests.Further,the InterPlanetary File System(IPFS)-based blockchain is employed to store the machine's session tags,which increases the scalability of the proposed GRADE framework.Additionally,the proposed framework has utilized the indispensable benefits of the 6G network to enhance the network performance of MTC.Lastly,the proposed GRADE framework is evaluated against different performance metrics such as scalability,packet loss,accuracy,and compromised rate of the MTC data request.The results show that the GRADE framework outperforms the baseline methods in terms of accuracy,i.e.,98.9%,compromised rate,i.e.,18.5%,scalability,i.e.,47.2%,and packet loss ratio,i.e.,24.3%.
基金“Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development(Project No.PJ01501905)”Rural Development Administration,Korea.
文摘Heat and drought are prominent abiotic stressors that limit crop productivity and yield,particularly concerning climate change;therefore,understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying plant stress responses is crucial for stress-tolerant crop production.This study conducted a transcriptomic analysis to elucidate how garlic(Allium sativum L.)responds to drought and heat stress conditions.Transcriptome libraries were generated to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)induced by drought and heat stresses.Functional classification and clustering analysis of DEGs revealed stress-specific gene expression patterns.Notably,cell wall-related genes were implicated in the drought response,whereas heat stress was associated with heat stress transcription factors and heat shock proteins.Our results provide essential information for future studies on stress tolerances in garlic.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51578147)the Science and Technology Department of Ningxia(Grant No.2020BFG02014)the Trans-portation Department of Ningxia(Grant No.202000173).
文摘Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is an emerging technique to improve the soil and most studies are carried out at room temperature. However, considering some foundations are in high-temperature environments (>40 ℃), the higher urease activity at high temperature results in the solidification inhomogeneity, limiting the application of EICP. The higher urease activity at high temperature hampers the application of EICP because of solidification inhomogeneity. The garlic extract has been used as a type of urease inhibitor in medical science and food engineering. Here, we propose to use it to control urease activity for sand solidification at high temperature. The effects of garlic extract addition on urease activity and precipitation rates for calcium carbonate (CaCO_(3)) were studied. Extra tests were conducted to study the effect of garlic extract addition on the solidification homogeneity. The results showed that the garlic extract addition significantly decreased urease activity. To reduce the rate of CaCO3 precipitation at different temperatures, a suitable concentration of garlic extract was necessary to obtain a suitable urease activity. In the sand solidification test, garlic extract addition resulted in a smaller difference in sonic time values or CaCO_(3) contents at different parts of samples. The improved solidification homogeneity can achieve higher strength. The correlation between sonic time values and CaCO_(3) content was higher than that between CaCO3 content and strength. Appropriate concentrations of garlic extract were obtained at 35 ℃, 40℃, 45 ℃, 50 ℃, and 55 ℃. The proposed garlic extract addition method was significant to improve the homogeneity of solidified soil in practical engineering applications.
文摘Garlic is a most important medicinal herb belonging to the family Liliaceae. Both its leaves and bulb are edible. The current study was based on evaluating the growth promoting potential of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on garlic (Allium sativum L.) growth and biochemical contents. Garlic cloves were inoculated with 3 kinds of PGPRs, Pseudomonas putida (KX574857), Pseudomonas stutzeri (Kx574858) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC14579) at 10<sup>8</sup> cells/mL prior to sowing. Under natural conditions, plants were grown in the net house. The PGPR significantly enhanced % germination, leaf and root growth and their biomass also increased the diameter of bulb and fresh and dry weight. The flavonoids, phenolics, chlorophyll, protein and sugar content were also significantly increased due to PGPR inoculation. The Pseudomonas stutzeri was found most effective for producing longer leaves with moderate sugar, high flavonoids (129%) and phenolics (263%) in bulb over control (Tap). The Pseudomonas putida exhibited a maximum increase in bulb diameter and bulb biomass with maximum phenolics and flavonoid contents.
文摘In order to increase the productivity of the local cavies as a meat animal, a study was carried out between November 2021 and March 2022 at the Research and Experimental Farm, Animal Nutrition and Production Research Unit of the Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences (FAAS) and the Microbiology and Anti-Microbial Research Unite of the University of Dschang on 72 cavies aged between 4 and 5 months and weighing an average of 450 ± 50 g produced on the farm, including 60 females and 12 males. The females were distributed according to a completely randomized factorial design in twelve (12) rearing boxes numbered G1 to G12, with 15 females per group distributed in 03 boxes and receiving iso-nitrogenated experimental diet (18% protein) R0 enriched with 20% of Stylosanthes guianensis (0% garlic powder), R0.25 (0.25% garlic powder), R0.50 (0.50% garlic powder) and R0.75 (0.75% garlic powder). Females were identified by numbered ear tags and mated with a sex ratio of 5 females for 1 male. Drinking water enriched with vitamin C (01 tablet of 240 mg in 1.5 liters of water) was served ad libitum and renewed daily. The males were removed after 31 days. A form was established to record the weight of each pregnant female, any abortions during gestation, the date of parturition and the date of birth of each newborn, as well as the number of live-born or stillborn pups. After parturition, the weights of female and newborn cavies were recorded weekly until the 3<sup>rd</sup> week. The number of cavies that died before weaning and the number of live weaned cavies were also recorded. Reproductive performance significantly increased (p 0.05) fertility rate and net fertility rate, litter size, birth viability rate, and pre-weaning viability rate with rations containing garlic powder, compared to the control ration, especially with the R0.50 ration. In addition, birth mortality and pre-weaning mortality were significantly lower (p 0.05) with rations containing the additive, compared to those of the control ration (R0). However, the R0.50 ration showed the lowest rates, followed by the R0.25 ration, and finally the R0.75 ration. Weight development of young cavies increased with all rations but was more marked with the R0.50 ration. Only total weight gain (TG) and average daily weight gain (ADG) in the pre-weaning phase were significantly increased (p < 0.05) with rations R0.25 and R0.50.
文摘AIM:To conduct an updated meta-analysis of prospective studies addressing the association between garlic consumption and colorectal cancer.METHODS:Eligible cohort studies were identified by searching MEDLINE(PubMed) and screening the references of related articles published up to October 2013.Meta-analyses were conducted for colorectal cancer in relation to consumption of raw and cooked(RC) garlic and garlic supplements,separately.The summary relative risks(RR) with 95%CI were calculated using fixedeffects or random-effects model depending on the heterogeneity among studies.RESULTS:A total of 5 prospective cohort studies were identified.In contrast to the previous meta-analysis,no significant associations were found between consumption of RC garlic(RR:1.06; 95%CI:0.95-1.19) or garlic supplements(RR:1.12; 95%CI:0.96-1.31) and risk of colorectal cancer.A non-significant protective effect of garlic supplement intake against colorectal cancer was observed in females(RR:0.84; 95%CI:0.64-1.11),but the opposite was the case in males(RR:1.24; 95%CI:0.96-1.59).CONCLUSION:Consumption of RC garlic or garlic supplements is not significantly associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk.
基金Supported by University of Condar(UOG/Budget/no.6215),Condar,Ethiopia
文摘Objective:To investigate the synergic antibacterial activity of garlic and tazma honey against standard and clinical pathogenic bacteria.Methods:Antimicrobial activity of tazma honey,garlic and mixture of them against pathogenic bacteria were determined.Chloramphenicol and water were used as positive and negative controls,respectively.Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimum bactericidal concentration of antimicrobial samples were determined using standard methods.Results:Inhibition zone of mixture of garlic and tazma honey against all tested pathogens was significantly(P≤0.05)greater than garlic and tazma honey alone.The diameter zone of inhibition ranged from(18±1)to(35±1)mm for mixture of garlic and tazma honey,(12±1)to(20±1)nun for tazma honey and(14±1)to(22±1)mm for garlic as compared with(10±1)to(30±1)mm for chloramphenicol.The combination of garlic and tazma honey(30-35 mm)was more significantly(P≤0.05)effective against Salmonella(NCTC 8385),Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 25923),Lyesria moncytogenes(ATCC 19116)and Streptococcus pneumonia(ATCC 63).Results also showed considerable antimicrobial activity of garlic and tazma honey.MIC of mixture of garlic and tazma honey at 6.25%against total test bacteria was 88.9%.MIC of mixture of garlic and tazma honey at6.25%against Gram positive and negative were 100%and 83.33%,respectively.The bactericidal activities of garlic,tazma honey,and mixture of garlic and tazma honey against all pathogenic bacteria at 6.25%concentration were 66.6%,55.6%and 55.6%,respectively.Conclusions:This finding strongly supports the claim of the local community to use the combination of tazma honey and garlic for the treatment of different pathogenic bacterial infections.Therefore,garlic in combination with tazma honey can serve as an alternative natural antimicrobial drug for the treatment of pathogenic bacterial infections.Further in vivo study is recommended to come up with a comprehensive conclusion.
文摘Garlic prices fluctuate dramatically in recent years and it is very difficult to predict garlic prices.The autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA)model is currently the most important method for predicting garlic prices.However,the ARIMA model can only predict the linear part of the garlic prices,and cannot predict its nonlinear part.Therefore,it is urgent to adopt a method to analyze the nonlinear characteristics of garlic prices.After comparing the advantages and disadvantages of several major prediction models which used to forecast nonlinear time series,using support vector machine(SVM)model to predict the nonlinear part of garlic prices and establish ARIMA-SVM hybrid forecast model to predict garlic prices.The monthly average price data of garlic in 2010-2017 was used to test the effect of ARIMA model,SVM model and ARIMA-SVM model.The experimental results show that:(1)Garlic price is affected by many factors but the most is the supply and demand relationship;(2)The SVM model has a good effect in dealing with the nonlinear relationship of garlic prices;(3)The ARIMA-SVM hybrid model is better than the single ARIMA model and SVM model on the accuracy of garlic price prediction,it can be used as an effective method to predict the short-term price of garlic.
基金supported by the Education Development Fund of Northwest A&F University (2017) to Z.Chengthe Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (2452019017) to Y.Pan
文摘Garlic(Allium sativum),an asexually propagated vegetable and medicinal crop,has abundant genetic variation.Genetic diversity evaluation based on molecular markers has apparent advantages since their genomic abundance,environment insensitivity,and non-tissue specific features.However,the limited number of available DNA markers,especially SSR markers,are insufficient to conduct related genetic diversity assessment studies in garlic.In this study,4372 EST-SSR markers were newly developed,and 12 polymorphic markers together with other 17 garlic SSR markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 127 garlic accessions.The averaged polymorphism information content(PIC)of these 29 SSR markers was 0.36,ranging from 0.22 to 0.49.Seventy-nine polymorphic loci were detected among these accessions,with an average of 3.48 polymorphic loci per SSR.Both the clustering analyses based on either the genotype data of SSR markers or the phenotypic data of morphological traits obtained genetic distance divided the 127 garlic accessions into three clusters.Moreover,the Mantel test showed that genetic distance had no significant correlations with geographic distance,and weak correlations were found between genetic distance and the phenotypic traits.AMOVA analysis showed that the main genetic variation of this garlic germplasm collection existed in the within-population or cluster.Results of this study will be of great value for the genetic/breeding studies in garlic and enhance the utilization of these garlic germplasms.
文摘Objective:To assess the effect potency,and the immunomodulatory response of garlic oil extract in enhancing the host's immune system against the disorders caused by Schistosoma mamoni(S.mamoni) in mice at different stages of worm maturation.Methods:A total of 70 male CD-I Swiss albino mice were divided into 7 groups.Group Ⅰ:healthy control.Group Ⅱ:garlic oil group orally administrating 100 mg garlic oil extract /kg b.wt.3 d a week for 6 weeks.Group Ⅲ:infected with S.inansoni cercariae and left untreated for 42 d.Group Ⅳ:treated with garlic oil extract from day 1 to day 7 post infection(PI).Group Ⅴ:treated with garlic oil extract from day 14 till day 21 PI.Group Ⅵ:administrating garlic oil extract from day 35 until day 42 PI.Group Ⅶ received oil extract from the first day of infection for 42 d.Results:Garlic oil extract showed changes in the parasite tegument with a significant decrease in worm burden,hepatic and intestinal ova count with a decline in granuloma number and diameter.These alterations were accompanied with a reduction in serum TNF- α,ICAM-1,IgG and IgM after 7 and 42 d post S.mamoni cercarial infection.Conclusions:Results obtained confirmed the effect of garlic oil extract on the larval and mature stage of the parasite and in enhancing the host's immune system against the disorders caused by 5.mansoni in mice.
基金Supported by Federal University of Technology,Akure Staff Development Grant No.VCPU/URGC/46
文摘Objective:To investigate die ameliorative effect of dietary inclusion of garlic(Allium sativum)on gentamycin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Methods:Adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups with sis animals in each group.Groups 1 and 2 were fed basal diet while Groups 3 and 4 were fed diets containing 2%and 4%garlic respeetively for 27 d prior to gentamycin administration.Hepatotoxicity was induced by the intraperitoneal administration at gentamycin(100 mg/kg body weight)for 3 d.The liver and plasma were studied for hepatotoxicity and antioxidant indices.Results:Gentamycin induces hepatic damage as revealed by significant(P<0.05)elevation of liver damage marker enzymes(aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase)and reduction in plasma albumin level.Gentamycin also eaused a significant(P<0.05)alteration in plasma and liver enzymatic(catalase,glutathione and super oxygen dehydrogenises)and non-enzymatic(glutathione and vitamin C)antioxidant indices with concomitant increase in the malondialdehyde content;however,there was a significant(P<0.05)restoration of the antioxidant status coupled with significant(P<0.05)decrease in the tissues malondialdehyde content,following consumption of diets containing garlic.Conclusions:These results suggest that dietary inclusion of garlic powder could protect against gentamycin-induced hepatotoxicity,improve antioxidant status and modulate oxidative stress;a function attributed to their phenolic constituents.
文摘This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding garlic powder (GP) on the performance, digestibility, digestive organs, carcass cuts and lipid profile of broilers. A total of 270 day-old Cobb-500 chicks were used in the experiment. Birds were partitioned into three experimental groups of 90 birds in each. Each treatment was composed of 6 replicates with 15 birds in each. The control group was fed with a commercial starter and finisher diet. The second and third groups were supplemented with GP at the rate of 0.2% and 0.4% respectively. In the last week of experiment, 18 birds from each experimental group (3 birds per replicate) were used in a metabolic trial. At the time of termination of the experiment, the same number of birds were killed for digestive organs and carcass components measurements. Blood samples from 3 birds per replicate were collected on 3rd, 5th and 6th week post feeding from wing vein for blood lipid profile determination. Total cholesterol (COL), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were determined. Results of this study showed that GP had no significant effects on broilers weight gain, feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass cuts, visceral organs. However, GP decreased (P < 0.05) COL, TG, LDL and increased HDL levels compared to control birds. The dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) digestibility were improved by feeding GP. It can be concluded that GP could provide positive advantages in broilers performance.
文摘The volatile flavor compounds of Jin Xiang garlic and Tai’an garlic in chemical composition were detected and analyzed and the contents of them were compared and determinated. The volatile constituents of Jin Xiang garlic and Tai’an garlic were compared and analyzed by automatic static headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Qualitative analysis of samples was made through the analysis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and NIST mass spectral library computer retrieval, and quantitative analysis was made by using area normalization method. The analysis results show that the slight difference of the volatile flavor compounds was detected in different places of origin garlic and Jin Xiang garlic was detected more total sulfur-containing compounds than Tai’an garlic. Meanwhile, the contents of sulfur compounds of the fresh garlic were more than the stored garlic and there were significant differences between them. The tests results indicated that flavor substances’ types were slightly different between Jin Xiang garlic and Tai’an garlic, and regional differences cannot affect the garlic flavor substances type. Jin Xiang garlic has more obvious flavor substances than Tai’an garlic which play a decisive role in the garlic flavor, such as 1,3-dithiane, and allyl trisulfide and allyl disulfide and diallyl tetrasulphide. The result of this research indicates that Automatic static headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a fast, easy, efficient and accurate method to analyze and identify the volatile flavor components of garlic.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of dietary doses of garlic(Allium sativum L.) peel on the hematological and disease resistance of African catfish[Glorias gariepinus(C.gariepinus)] fingerlings against the infections caused by opportunistic bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.Methods:Powdered garlic peel was incorporated into the diets at(0%,0.5%,1.0% and 1.5%) and fed to catfish fingerlings for 20 days.After the feeding trial,biochemical(serum total protein,albumin and globulin),hematological parameters(white blood cells and red blood cells) of the fish were examined.Fish were challenged with Aeromona hydrophila(A.hydrophila) after 20 days of post feeding and percentage mortalities were recorded up to 10 days after post challenge.Results:Enhanced serum protein,albumin and globulin in fish fed with all the dosages of garlic peel when compared to control group.Significantly highest red blood cell and white blood cell counts were recorded in garlic peel incorporated diet fed groups compared to control group.The results also demonstrate that low survival rate(55.5±11.0)%in control groups and significantly higher survival rates were recorded in all the garlic peel fed groups after challenging with A.hydrophila.However no significant impact was noticed with regard to body weight gain,specific growth rate and food conversion ratio of fish fed with different levels of garlic peel inclusion and control group.Conclusions:These results indicate that garlic peel enhances the hematological parameters even at a low level(0.5%) incorporation and makes C. gariepinus highly immunopotent and more resistant to infection by A.hydrophila.
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772293)the Education Development Fund Project of Northwest A&F University,China(2017)。
文摘Gibberellins(GAs) are important phytohormones that regulate many developmental processes in plants. Clove, as the reproductive organ of garlic, dramatically affected garlic bulb development. Considering the potential of gibberellins in plant development and our previous studies, we investigated the effect of soaking two types of seed cloves(seed clove-I: without root/shoot sprouting;seed clove-II: with root/shoot sprouting) in GA3 solution on axillary bud development and examined the effect of soaking seed cloves in GA3 solution on bulb development, phytohormone level and sugar content in this study.Results indicated seed clove types, soaking liquids and their interaction significantly affected the number of cloves per bulb and the rate of single-clove bulb. Moreover, soaking seed cloves in 1 mmol L^-1 GA3 solution for 24 h not only promoted axillary bud formation and secondary plant growth(equal to tillering or branching), but also slightly increased the number of cloves per bulb and changed bulb structure with a low yield and marketable quality. On the 40 th day after GA3 treatment(at axillary bud outgrowth stage), zeatin riboside(ZR) and soluble protein in stem were sharply increased with the increase of GA3, sucrose, fructose and soluble protein in leaf. However, GA3, indole-3-acetic acid(IAA), soluble sugar and sucrose in stem(3.52 ng g^-1 fresh weight(FW), 19.88 ng g^-1 FW, 237.3 mg g^-1 FW, and 8.24 mg g^-1 FW, respectively) were significantly decreased on the 40 th day after GA3 treatment, compared to the control of water treatment(5.56 ng g^-1 FW, 32.96 ng g^-1 FW, 263.6 mg g^-1 FW, and 10.37 mg g^-1 FW, respectively). To our knowledge, these novel results indicate seed cloves soaked in GA3 solution promotes axillary bud formation and outgrowth that caused the changes in plant architecture and bulb structure. Meanwhile, our findings suggest that the level of endogenous plant hormone(GA3, IAA and ZR) cooperates with the content of sugar(sucrose and fructose) in leaf and stem to regulate axillary bud outgrowth in garlic.
