Background:The study is focused on assessing predictors of later life inequality in Nigeria with specificity to the gaps in dimension and distribution.Methods:The study employed linear mixed multi-level regression ana...Background:The study is focused on assessing predictors of later life inequality in Nigeria with specificity to the gaps in dimension and distribution.Methods:The study employed linear mixed multi-level regression analysis to assess predictors of aged inequalities status nested between geo-political zones and households.The study utilized the general household Survey-Panel(2018-2019)dataset(n=5527 persons aged≤60).Results:Evidence from the cross-sectional study revealed that aging inequalities are prevalent and persist between geo-political zones(γ00=1.374;p<0.001)and among households(γ00=1.266;p≤0.001).Demographic,social,and economic factors were strong determinants of inequality in the country.Conclusion:These results show that inequality among older adults in place and space is prevalent.Furthermore,these dire statistics of unequal inequalities at a later age are a significant problem in Nigeria.Therefore,an in-depth evaluation of the determined risk factors related to unequal aging and actions for its prevention are warranted.展开更多
This article discusses whether the European Union （EU） has engaged in a geopolitical approach when it comes to its Eastern neighbors, now included in the EU＇s Eastern Partnership. The paper concludes that the EU ha...This article discusses whether the European Union （EU） has engaged in a geopolitical approach when it comes to its Eastern neighbors, now included in the EU＇s Eastern Partnership. The paper concludes that the EU has not engaged in a geopolitical approach when it comes to its policies towards its Eastern neighbors. Instead, it has approached them through the prisms of inter-connectedness and interdependency. The main reason for that rejection of geopolitical approach lies in the role that the EU has assigned to itself as an international actor, i.e. as a civilian and normative power. Finally, the use of civilian instruments would avoid the EU falling into a geopolitical trap that would lead to a zero sum game situation for its Eastern neighours in their relationships with Russia.展开更多
The Wakhan Corridor is surrounded by the Mackinder＇s Heart Land. Located at the cross roads of four countries： Main land Afghanistan, Tajikistan, China, and Pakistan. The Wakhan Corridor has been the most important ...The Wakhan Corridor is surrounded by the Mackinder＇s Heart Land. Located at the cross roads of four countries： Main land Afghanistan, Tajikistan, China, and Pakistan. The Wakhan Corridor has been the most important junction point of the Silk Route since its inception. The corridor has long been used as a trade route by Europeans and Chinese to reach the Indian Plains and the Indian Ocean＇s Sea Lines of Communications through the Arabian Sea Coasts. Extra regional aspects in forms of quest for the Great Game between Russia and Britain since 1838, the Chinese Communist Revolution of 1949, the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan for a decade followed by the NATO invasion of Afghanistan since 2001 has unfortunately kept any kind of infrastructural development in Wakhan as a fallacy. The opening up of Wakhjir Pass by China will surely improve regional trade and relations; however, India feels threatened as it thinks that the opening up of the Wakhan Corridor will be an outflanking maneuvre against its interests in Indianheld Kashmir; however, it cannot remain aloof of other regional and extra regional players and will be forced to share Central Asian energy resources for its economic development along with countries under the U.S. umbrella. The U.S. in combination with China must play its role for enhancing regional stability.展开更多
The international relations and political ecology in the Middle East have undergone significant changes after the US-led Iraq War in 2003,which shattered the geo-political balance,the traditional religious patterns an...The international relations and political ecology in the Middle East have undergone significant changes after the US-led Iraq War in 2003,which shattered the geo-political balance,the traditional religious patterns and military existence in this region.Of particular note is the“Eastward Movement”of the geo-political center of the Middle East.In other words,the six countries in the Persian Gulf area2 are playing a more powerful and more influential role as a regional entity.The influence expansion of the Gulf is driven by the radical changes of the international environment on the one hand and its efforts for stability and development on the other.The rise of the Gulf has an immediate impact on the future development of the Middle East/Arab area.Besides,it will also influence the political stability and economic development of the whole world.展开更多
文摘Background:The study is focused on assessing predictors of later life inequality in Nigeria with specificity to the gaps in dimension and distribution.Methods:The study employed linear mixed multi-level regression analysis to assess predictors of aged inequalities status nested between geo-political zones and households.The study utilized the general household Survey-Panel(2018-2019)dataset(n=5527 persons aged≤60).Results:Evidence from the cross-sectional study revealed that aging inequalities are prevalent and persist between geo-political zones(γ00=1.374;p<0.001)and among households(γ00=1.266;p≤0.001).Demographic,social,and economic factors were strong determinants of inequality in the country.Conclusion:These results show that inequality among older adults in place and space is prevalent.Furthermore,these dire statistics of unequal inequalities at a later age are a significant problem in Nigeria.Therefore,an in-depth evaluation of the determined risk factors related to unequal aging and actions for its prevention are warranted.
文摘This article discusses whether the European Union （EU） has engaged in a geopolitical approach when it comes to its Eastern neighbors, now included in the EU＇s Eastern Partnership. The paper concludes that the EU has not engaged in a geopolitical approach when it comes to its policies towards its Eastern neighbors. Instead, it has approached them through the prisms of inter-connectedness and interdependency. The main reason for that rejection of geopolitical approach lies in the role that the EU has assigned to itself as an international actor, i.e. as a civilian and normative power. Finally, the use of civilian instruments would avoid the EU falling into a geopolitical trap that would lead to a zero sum game situation for its Eastern neighours in their relationships with Russia.
文摘The Wakhan Corridor is surrounded by the Mackinder＇s Heart Land. Located at the cross roads of four countries： Main land Afghanistan, Tajikistan, China, and Pakistan. The Wakhan Corridor has been the most important junction point of the Silk Route since its inception. The corridor has long been used as a trade route by Europeans and Chinese to reach the Indian Plains and the Indian Ocean＇s Sea Lines of Communications through the Arabian Sea Coasts. Extra regional aspects in forms of quest for the Great Game between Russia and Britain since 1838, the Chinese Communist Revolution of 1949, the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan for a decade followed by the NATO invasion of Afghanistan since 2001 has unfortunately kept any kind of infrastructural development in Wakhan as a fallacy. The opening up of Wakhjir Pass by China will surely improve regional trade and relations; however, India feels threatened as it thinks that the opening up of the Wakhan Corridor will be an outflanking maneuvre against its interests in Indianheld Kashmir; however, it cannot remain aloof of other regional and extra regional players and will be forced to share Central Asian energy resources for its economic development along with countries under the U.S. umbrella. The U.S. in combination with China must play its role for enhancing regional stability.
文摘The international relations and political ecology in the Middle East have undergone significant changes after the US-led Iraq War in 2003,which shattered the geo-political balance,the traditional religious patterns and military existence in this region.Of particular note is the“Eastward Movement”of the geo-political center of the Middle East.In other words,the six countries in the Persian Gulf area2 are playing a more powerful and more influential role as a regional entity.The influence expansion of the Gulf is driven by the radical changes of the international environment on the one hand and its efforts for stability and development on the other.The rise of the Gulf has an immediate impact on the future development of the Middle East/Arab area.Besides,it will also influence the political stability and economic development of the whole world.
