Nowadays, robots generally have a variety of capabilities, which often form a coalition replacing human to work in dangerous environment, such as rescue, exploration, etc. In these operating conditions, the energy sup...Nowadays, robots generally have a variety of capabilities, which often form a coalition replacing human to work in dangerous environment, such as rescue, exploration, etc. In these operating conditions, the energy supply of robots usually cannot be guaranteed. If the energy resources of some robots are consumed too fast, the number of the future tasks of the coalition will be affected. This paper will develop a novel task allocation method based on Gini coefficient to make full use of limited energy resources of multi-robot system to maximize the number of tasks. At the same time, considering resources consumption,we incorporate the market-based allocation mechanism into our Gini coefficient-based method and propose a hybrid method,which can flexibly optimize the task completion number and the resource consumption according to the application contexts.Experiments show that the multi-robot system with limited energy resources can accomplish more tasks by the proposed Gini coefficient-based method, and the hybrid method can be dynamically adaptive to changes of the work environment and realize the dual optimization goals.展开更多
For the load modeling of a large power grid,the large number of substations covered by it must be segregated into several categories and,thereafter,a load model built for each type.To address the problem of skewed clu...For the load modeling of a large power grid,the large number of substations covered by it must be segregated into several categories and,thereafter,a load model built for each type.To address the problem of skewed clustering tree in the classical hierarchical clustering method used for categorizing substations,a fair hierarchical clustering method is proposed in this paper.First,the fairness index is defined based on the Gini coefficient.Thereafter,a hierarchical clustering method is proposed based on the fairness index.Finally,the clustering results are evaluated using the contour coefficient and the t-SNE two-dimensional plane map.The substations clustering example of a real large power grid considered in this paper illustrates that the proposed fair hierarchical clustering method can effectively address the problem of the skewed clustering tree with high accuracy.展开更多
Editorial note Income gap has been considered one of the most potent threats to China’s society and economy in the future.This paper finds that China’s residential income gap has exceeded the reasonable bound but st...Editorial note Income gap has been considered one of the most potent threats to China’s society and economy in the future.This paper finds that China’s residential income gap has exceeded the reasonable bound but still falls within the tolerable range.Following an analysis of the causes of widening income gap,the authors also attempt to lay out an institutional arrangement framework aimed at achieving fair and equitable distribution from the three respects of starting point,process and result.展开更多
In this paper,we focus on a critical problem in data envelopment analysis(DEA)and propose a simple resolution for it.The major problem of the DEA is the existence of several efficient decision-making units(DMUs).To de...In this paper,we focus on a critical problem in data envelopment analysis(DEA)and propose a simple resolution for it.The major problem of the DEA is the existence of several efficient decision-making units(DMUs).To deal with this issue,we introduce a method that involves cross-efficiency evaluation,Gini coefficient,and Bonferroni mean.First,a cross-efficiency matrix is developed.Then,mixing the Gini coefficient and Bonferroni mean,a Gini–Bonferroni(GB)index is proposed for ranking efficient DMUs,where the DMUs with bigger GB are ranked higher.The proposed method broke the tie between efficient DMUs.Finally,a numerical example and real application of this method are presented in the ranking of research and development(R&D)investment companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.展开更多
Using statistical data on the implementing conditions of China's educational expenditure published by the state,this paper studies the Gini coefficient of the budget educational public expenditure per student in o...Using statistical data on the implementing conditions of China's educational expenditure published by the state,this paper studies the Gini coefficient of the budget educational public expenditure per student in order to examine the concentration degree of the educational expenditure for China's basic education and analyze its balanced development condition.As the research shows,China's basic education is undergoing an unbalanced development due to diversified factors,which is mainly reflected as follows:firstly,the budget educational public expenditure presents a four-tiered appearance of the strong,the less strong,the less weak and the weak,which lead to a great discrepancy between the two opposing extremes;secondly,the compulsory education in rural areas is still confronted with great difficulties;thirdly,the general senior secondary education is loaded with the crisis of unbalance.Therefore,it is necessary to construct a balanced development policy framework of the basic education and pay close attention to the benefit and effectiveness of the educational input.In addition,it is also important to clearly stipulate the criterion of the government's educational allocation and to support the disadvantaged areas in order to promote the balanced development of the basic education.展开更多
Assessing the changes in forest carbon stocks over time is critical for monitoring carbon dynamics,estimating the balance between carbon uptake and release from forests,and providing key insights into climate change m...Assessing the changes in forest carbon stocks over time is critical for monitoring carbon dynamics,estimating the balance between carbon uptake and release from forests,and providing key insights into climate change mitigation.In this study,we quantitatively characterized spatiotemporal variations in aboveground carbon density(ACD)in boreal natural forests in the Greater Khingan Mountains(GKM)region using bi-temporal discrete aerial laser scanning(ALS)data acquired in 2012 and 2016.Moreover,we evaluated the transferability of the proposed design model using forest field plot data and produced a wall-to-wall map of ACD changes for the entire study area from 2012 to 2016 at a grid size of 30 m.In addition,we investigated the relationships between carbon dynamics and the dominant tree species,age groups,and topography of undisturbed forested areas to better understand ACD variations by employing heterogeneous forest canopy structural characteristics.The results showed that the performance of the temporally transferable model(R^(2)=0.87,rRMSE=18.25%),which included stable variables,was statistically equivalent to that obtained from the model fitted directly by the 2016 field plots(R^(2)=0.87,rRMSE=17.47%).The average rate of change in carbon sequestration across the entire study region was 1.35 Mg⋅ha^(-1)⋅year^(-1) based on the changes in ALS-based ACD values over the course of four years.The relative change rates of ACD decreased as the elevation increased,with the highest and lowest ACD growth rates occurring in the middle-aged and mature forest stands,respectively.The Gini coefficient,which represents forest canopy surface structure heterogeneity,is sensitive to carbon dynamics and is a reliable predictor of the relative change rate of ACD.This study demonstrated the applicability of bi-temporal ALS for predicting forest carbon dynamics and fine-scale spatial change patterns.Our research contributed to a better understanding of the in-fluence of remote sensing-derived environmental variables on forest carbon dynamic patterns and the development of context-specific management approaches to increase forest carbon stocks.展开更多
Objective Allocation of human resources to address inequalities in the public health system has increasingly attracted societal and political attention.Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDCs)system ...Objective Allocation of human resources to address inequalities in the public health system has increasingly attracted societal and political attention.Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDCs)system of China as an example,we evaluated inequality in the public health workforce distribution across different regions in China between 2008 and 2017,with the aim of providing information for policymakers to support resource allocation and address growing health inequities.Methods We used three standard public health workforce inequality indices-Gini coefficient,Theil L,and Theil T-and spatial autocorrelation analysis to explore spatial clusters of the workforce in different provinces,visualized with geographical tools.Results The aggregate workforce-to-population ratio decreased from 1.47 to 1.42 per 10,000 population from 2008 to 2017,and was consistently lower than the National Health Commission’s(NHC)recommended critical shortage threshold of 1.75.The workforce distribution inequality indices varied by regional socioeconomic and health system development.Geographic clustering of CDCs workforce distribution was evident,with H–H and L–L clusters in western China and the Guangdong-Fujian region,respectively.Conclusions Our study addressed key issues for government and policymakers in allocation of public health human resources.There is an urgent need for careful identification of analytic questions that will help carry out public health functions in the new era,alongside policy implications for an equitable distribution of the public health workforce focusing on the western region and low–low cluster areas.展开更多
This article measures the development difference in the information and telecommunication industry among provinces in China quantitatively by Gini coefficient.According to the calculation results,the article concludes...This article measures the development difference in the information and telecommunication industry among provinces in China quantitatively by Gini coefficient.According to the calculation results,the article concludes that the development levels are between "highly equal"and "relatively equal".Further more,the research also shows that the difference gap has been narrowing down gradually in recent years.Compared with the inter-provincial economic difference,the difference in the information and telecommunication industry among provinces is small.展开更多
This paper empirically examines variations and changes in manufacturing concentration and their determinants in China over the 1980-2003 period with a sample of 26 industries. The analysis indicates that average indus...This paper empirically examines variations and changes in manufacturing concentration and their determinants in China over the 1980-2003 period with a sample of 26 industries. The analysis indicates that average industrial concentration has increased during the 1990s. Studies show that scale economies and industry policies are important determinants for industries geographical concentration; factor endowments and the location of foreign direct investment are also found to have a positive effect on concentration.展开更多
There is a global consensus that world economy need not only grow faster,but also grow in a way that the poor receive a greater share of the benefits of that growth.It is well documented that income inequality is on t...There is a global consensus that world economy need not only grow faster,but also grow in a way that the poor receive a greater share of the benefits of that growth.It is well documented that income inequality is on the rise,with the richest 10%earning up to 40%of total global income.The poorest 10%earn only between 2%and 7%of total global income.After long time of neglect,inequality has re-entered the mainstream development policy agenda at both national and global levels indicating that relevant policies should be universal in principle paying attention to the needs of disadvantaged and marginalized populations.As highlighted in almost all SDG’s documents,income inequality is a global problem that requires global solutions.This involves improving the regulation and monitoring of financial markets and institutions,encouraging development assistance and foreign direct investment to regions where the need is greatest.Facilitating the safe migration and mobility of people is also key to bridging the widening divide.SDG 10 encompasses 10 targets with the objective of promoting social,economic,and political inclusion of all,irrespective of age,sex,disability,race,ethnicity,origin,religion,or economic or other status.Achieving SDG 10 reaffirms that the 2030 development agenda will focus not only on eradicating poverty but also on tackling inequalities in all its forms through adopting sound policies to empower the bottom percentile of income earners,and promote economic inclusion of all regardless of sex,race,or ethnicity.This paper analyses the resent status of income inequality and its relationship with economic growth and poverty in selected developing countries.The paper highlights that there is a triangular relationship between income distribution,poverty and economic growth;while accelerated economic growth is a primary factor in reducing poverty,inequalities can constrain poverty reduction significantly.展开更多
Ba<span style="font-family:Verdana;">sed on the urban resident population statistics from 2005 to 2018, thi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s paper analyzes the distribut...Ba<span style="font-family:Verdana;">sed on the urban resident population statistics from 2005 to 2018, thi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s paper analyzes the distribution and evolution of city scale in China by screening city samples according to the threshold criteria and using empirical research methods such as the City Primacy Index, the Rank-Scale Rule, the Gini coefficient of city scale, Kernel Density Estimation and Markov transfer matrix. The results show that: the most populous city in China has obvious advantages. The population distribution is concentrated in high order cities and in accordance with the law of order</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">scale;the economic scale of cities is in a concentrated state, the gap between the economic development levels of different types of cities is large, and the megacities are more attractive, which to a certain extent limit the development of the scale of the rest of the cities;th</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e number of China’s city population is increasing, however, the ga</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p between the</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">population scale of other cities and the most populous city continues to be large, and the structure of city population scale is not reasonable enough;megacities and megalopolises keep their original scale levels unchanged to a large extent, and the scale transition between the two types of cities is rather difficult. Finally, based on the explanatory framework of the dynamics of city scale evolution, policy recommendations are proposed to promote a more balanced distribution of city scale.</span>展开更多
The hippocampus is thought to contribute largely to memory processing and spatial navigation.Various research projects have shown evidence regarding these two crucial roles.However,many unknown functions of hippocampu...The hippocampus is thought to contribute largely to memory processing and spatial navigation.Various research projects have shown evidence regarding these two crucial roles.However,many unknown functions of hippocampus remain.A great deal of research on the hippocampus is ongoing,but much of this research deals with single neuron,and little research has been conducted on what happens between neurons in hippocampus as they play these roles.In this paper,we intend to examine what changes hippocampal neurons undergo in response to a stimulus.Using an imbalanced,index of timedependent Gini's coefficient,the firing balance between neurons during the moment in which a stimulus is received is examined.More importantly,the different firing balances are observed in reward situation.The result demonstrates the multineuron in hippocampus fires with balance for a while when the rat has reward.In addition,time-dependent Gini's coefficient is a feature that can verify what is not shown by using existing features.展开更多
In this paper we propose the Gini correlation screening(GCS)method to select the important variables with ultrahigh dimensional data.The new procedure is based on the Gini correlation coefficient via the covariance be...In this paper we propose the Gini correlation screening(GCS)method to select the important variables with ultrahigh dimensional data.The new procedure is based on the Gini correlation coefficient via the covariance between the response and the rank of the predictor variables rather than the Pearson correlation and the Kendallτcorrelation coefficient.The new method does not require imposing a specific model structure on regression functions and only needs the condition which the predictors and response have continuous distribution function.We demonstrate that,with the number of predictors growing at an exponential rate of the sample size,the proposed procedure possesses consistency in ranking,which is both useful in its own right and can lead to consistency in selection.The procedure is computationally efficient and simple,and exhibits a competent empirical performance in our intensive simulations and real data analysis.展开更多
The spatial disparity of air pollutants is one of the key influential factors for environmental inequality.We quantitatively evaluated the evolution of PM_(2.5)spatial disparity in China during 2013–2020,and investig...The spatial disparity of air pollutants is one of the key influential factors for environmental inequality.We quantitatively evaluated the evolution of PM_(2.5)spatial disparity in China during 2013–2020,and investigated the associations between PM_(2.5)spatial disparity and economic indicators.Differences in PM_(2.5)between more-and less-polluted cities declined over time,suggesting decreased absolute disparity.However,the more polluted cities in 2013 remained so in 2017 and 2020,and vice versa,indicating persistent relative disparity.PM_(2.5)pollution levels increased with higher GDP per capita in less-developed areas of China,but such negative effects weakened over time,while economic development tended to promote cleaner air in developed areas of China.Therefore,policies to improve air quality and promote economic development simultaneously are needed in China to reduce the disparity of air pollution and promote all people to enjoy environmental equality.展开更多
This study aims to measure how well China's green,low-carbon,and circulardevelopment economic system(theGLCCD Economic System)is being developed.By establishing the indicator system and indicators,the spatiotempor...This study aims to measure how well China's green,low-carbon,and circulardevelopment economic system(theGLCCD Economic System)is being developed.By establishing the indicator system and indicators,the spatiotemporal range entropy weight method,Gini coefficient,Theil index,convergence model,and national and provincial data from 2012 to 2017 are employed.The construction level of almost all GLCCD Economic Systems at national and provincial levels has shown improvement during the study period.Among them,a significant boost is only observed in the development power indicator;improvement in the production system indicator and development benefit indicatorismild,andthelifesystemindicator sees a decline year by year.The construction level of the GLCCD Economic System throughout China is generally balanced but tends to expand in scale.However,the inter-regional developmenttbenefit indicator showsaconvergence trend.Based on the analysis of the similarities and differences between greenandlow-carboncircular development,the development power and development benefit,production system,and life system are incorporated into a unified logical framework.The construction level of the GLCCD Economic System is measured as a whole in a holistic manner.This study finds out the scientific connotation oftheGLCCD Economic System.The changing trends and regional differences in the construction level of the GLCCD Economic System are revealed.These findings provide a clear and reliable decision-making basis for the construction of the GLCCD Economic System.展开更多
It is of great importance to fully understand the connotation of and identify a quantitative method to measure common prosperity in China.This paper starts with a theoretical framework of fairness,efficiency,developme...It is of great importance to fully understand the connotation of and identify a quantitative method to measure common prosperity in China.This paper starts with a theoretical framework of fairness,efficiency,development,and shared prosperity,draws upon the proper understanding of common prosperity with Chinese characteristics,and explores a globally quantitative measurement of common prosperity,with a focus on the outcomes of national prosperity and prosperity for all.Furthermore,this paper discusses the assumptions and mathematical expressions of the quantitative function and analyzes the structural implications of indicator dimensions,functional relations,and variable standardization to ultimately provide a solid quantitative foundation for promoting common prosperity.The findings show that the quantitative measurement of common prosperity proposed in this paper performs stably in terms of weights,thresholds,and indicator settings.Based on the data of 162 economies collected between 1990 and 2020,this paper finds that China has made great progress in promoting common prosperity,which showcases the strengths of the country’s socialist system.展开更多
Static models of accessibility are usually based on the fixed distance or Average Travel Time(ATT)models.Because of ignoring the traffic as a dynamic process affecting the accessibility through the change of Travel Ti...Static models of accessibility are usually based on the fixed distance or Average Travel Time(ATT)models.Because of ignoring the traffic as a dynamic process affecting the accessibility through the change of Travel Time(TT),these models lead to unperceived temporal inequities.In contrast to the consideration of the temporal Variation of TT(VTT)in the previous studies,the variation of traffic-related TT and its relations with network distance has not been considered.In this study,relations between VTT and network distance to access urban parks in Tehran megacity has been modeled.Traffic maps at five times of day are used to produce TT maps of Traffic Analysis Zones(TAZs)to their 3-closest parks.Comparison of the Gini coefficients of accessibility show significant inequities of accessibility at different times of day.Relations between the distance,ATT,and TT_(max) are modeled by statistical analysis.Results show both TT and TTmax have significant positive relations with distance and traffic and reach their maximum at 6 p.m.Observation of significant relations between distance,ATT,TT_(max),and VTT provides interesting knowledge for the conversion of temporal measures of equity(TT)to a physical measure of equity(distance).A simple application of these findings for effective management of the spatiotemporal inequities is the definition of critical distances from public services.As an example,to decrease the TT_(max) of TAZs to less than 12 min,their maximum distance to the closest parks should be less than 4 km.The developed approach can be adopted for the accessibility evaluation of the other public services,particularly the health and education centers.展开更多
The paper questions the normative value in the Chinese case of standard measures of aggregate income inequality such as the Gini coefficient.Evidence is adduced that people have narrow frames of reference and that the...The paper questions the normative value in the Chinese case of standard measures of aggregate income inequality such as the Gini coefficient.Evidence is adduced that people have narrow frames of reference and that they distinguish between income inequalities that they perceive to be fair and those that they perceive to be unfair.It is suggested that value judgements about what is fair or unfair can be guided by people’s own perceptions.People’s perceptions of unfairness can also be important to a government concerned to avoid social instability.The estimation of happiness functions can help to make the relevant distinctions.Examples are given of how fair and unfair inequalities might be identified,using either a criterion of people’s perceptions or one of informed judgements.Unfairness might be more strongly felt in inequalities of economic power than in inequalities of income,although the former can in turn result in inequalities of income.An argument is made for China researchers to extend inequality research and research instruments towards an economics of fairness and unfairness.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to identify the distribution and equity trends for general practi-tioners(GPs)in China from 2012 to 2015 and to provide evidence to guide the discipline’s develop-ment of general practice a...Objective:This study aimed to identify the distribution and equity trends for general practi-tioners(GPs)in China from 2012 to 2015 and to provide evidence to guide the discipline’s develop-ment of general practice and for policy-making.Methods:On the basis of data from the National Health Statistics yearbooks,the distribution and equity trends for GPs from 2012 to 2015 were analyzed with the Lorenz curve and Gini coef-ficient as indictors of health equity.Results:From 2012 to 2015 the number of GPs increased at rates ranging from 9.3%to 32.5%,while the number of registered GPs increased at rates ranging from 32.6%to 37.2%.In 2015 the average number of GPs was 1.38 per 10,000 people(among the 31 provinces the highest rate was 3.90 per 10,000 people in Zhejiang and the lowest rate was 0.50 per 10,000 people in Xizang)and 1.98 per 100 km2(among 31 provinces the highest rate was 89.23 per 100 km2 in Shanghai and the lowest rate was 0.01 per 100 km^(2) in Xizang).From 2012 to 2015 the Gini coefficients weighted by population were 0.31,0.29,0.26,and 0.25 respectively,while the Gini coefficients weighted by geographical area were 0.74,0.72,0.72,and 0.72 respectively.Conclusion:The number of GPs increased rapidly in China;however,the proportion of regis-tered GPs was unsatisfactory,and there were inequities among the different provinces.The govern-ment should launch integrated strategies to encourage GP trainees to become registered GPs and optimize the distribution and equity of GPs.展开更多
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(2015AA015403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61404069,61401185)the Project of Education Department of Liaoning Province(LJYL052)
文摘Nowadays, robots generally have a variety of capabilities, which often form a coalition replacing human to work in dangerous environment, such as rescue, exploration, etc. In these operating conditions, the energy supply of robots usually cannot be guaranteed. If the energy resources of some robots are consumed too fast, the number of the future tasks of the coalition will be affected. This paper will develop a novel task allocation method based on Gini coefficient to make full use of limited energy resources of multi-robot system to maximize the number of tasks. At the same time, considering resources consumption,we incorporate the market-based allocation mechanism into our Gini coefficient-based method and propose a hybrid method,which can flexibly optimize the task completion number and the resource consumption according to the application contexts.Experiments show that the multi-robot system with limited energy resources can accomplish more tasks by the proposed Gini coefficient-based method, and the hybrid method can be dynamically adaptive to changes of the work environment and realize the dual optimization goals.
基金supported by the Major Science and Technology Project of Yunnan Province entitled“Research and Application of Key Technologies of Power Grid Operation Analysis and Protection Control for Improving Green Power Consumption”(202002AF080001)the China South Power Grid Science and Technology Project entitled“Research on Load Model and Modeling Method of Yunnan Power Grid”(YNKJXM20180017).
文摘For the load modeling of a large power grid,the large number of substations covered by it must be segregated into several categories and,thereafter,a load model built for each type.To address the problem of skewed clustering tree in the classical hierarchical clustering method used for categorizing substations,a fair hierarchical clustering method is proposed in this paper.First,the fairness index is defined based on the Gini coefficient.Thereafter,a hierarchical clustering method is proposed based on the fairness index.Finally,the clustering results are evaluated using the contour coefficient and the t-SNE two-dimensional plane map.The substations clustering example of a real large power grid considered in this paper illustrates that the proposed fair hierarchical clustering method can effectively address the problem of the skewed clustering tree with high accuracy.
文摘Editorial note Income gap has been considered one of the most potent threats to China’s society and economy in the future.This paper finds that China’s residential income gap has exceeded the reasonable bound but still falls within the tolerable range.Following an analysis of the causes of widening income gap,the authors also attempt to lay out an institutional arrangement framework aimed at achieving fair and equitable distribution from the three respects of starting point,process and result.
文摘In this paper,we focus on a critical problem in data envelopment analysis(DEA)and propose a simple resolution for it.The major problem of the DEA is the existence of several efficient decision-making units(DMUs).To deal with this issue,we introduce a method that involves cross-efficiency evaluation,Gini coefficient,and Bonferroni mean.First,a cross-efficiency matrix is developed.Then,mixing the Gini coefficient and Bonferroni mean,a Gini–Bonferroni(GB)index is proposed for ranking efficient DMUs,where the DMUs with bigger GB are ranked higher.The proposed method broke the tie between efficient DMUs.Finally,a numerical example and real application of this method are presented in the ranking of research and development(R&D)investment companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.
文摘Using statistical data on the implementing conditions of China's educational expenditure published by the state,this paper studies the Gini coefficient of the budget educational public expenditure per student in order to examine the concentration degree of the educational expenditure for China's basic education and analyze its balanced development condition.As the research shows,China's basic education is undergoing an unbalanced development due to diversified factors,which is mainly reflected as follows:firstly,the budget educational public expenditure presents a four-tiered appearance of the strong,the less strong,the less weak and the weak,which lead to a great discrepancy between the two opposing extremes;secondly,the compulsory education in rural areas is still confronted with great difficulties;thirdly,the general senior secondary education is loaded with the crisis of unbalance.Therefore,it is necessary to construct a balanced development policy framework of the basic education and pay close attention to the benefit and effectiveness of the educational input.In addition,it is also important to clearly stipulate the criterion of the government's educational allocation and to support the disadvantaged areas in order to promote the balanced development of the basic education.
基金We acknowledge grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(Project Number:2020YFE0200800)National Science and Technology Major Project of China's High Resolution Earth Observation System(Project Number:21-Y20B01-9001-19/22-1).
文摘Assessing the changes in forest carbon stocks over time is critical for monitoring carbon dynamics,estimating the balance between carbon uptake and release from forests,and providing key insights into climate change mitigation.In this study,we quantitatively characterized spatiotemporal variations in aboveground carbon density(ACD)in boreal natural forests in the Greater Khingan Mountains(GKM)region using bi-temporal discrete aerial laser scanning(ALS)data acquired in 2012 and 2016.Moreover,we evaluated the transferability of the proposed design model using forest field plot data and produced a wall-to-wall map of ACD changes for the entire study area from 2012 to 2016 at a grid size of 30 m.In addition,we investigated the relationships between carbon dynamics and the dominant tree species,age groups,and topography of undisturbed forested areas to better understand ACD variations by employing heterogeneous forest canopy structural characteristics.The results showed that the performance of the temporally transferable model(R^(2)=0.87,rRMSE=18.25%),which included stable variables,was statistically equivalent to that obtained from the model fitted directly by the 2016 field plots(R^(2)=0.87,rRMSE=17.47%).The average rate of change in carbon sequestration across the entire study region was 1.35 Mg⋅ha^(-1)⋅year^(-1) based on the changes in ALS-based ACD values over the course of four years.The relative change rates of ACD decreased as the elevation increased,with the highest and lowest ACD growth rates occurring in the middle-aged and mature forest stands,respectively.The Gini coefficient,which represents forest canopy surface structure heterogeneity,is sensitive to carbon dynamics and is a reliable predictor of the relative change rate of ACD.This study demonstrated the applicability of bi-temporal ALS for predicting forest carbon dynamics and fine-scale spatial change patterns.Our research contributed to a better understanding of the in-fluence of remote sensing-derived environmental variables on forest carbon dynamic patterns and the development of context-specific management approaches to increase forest carbon stocks.
基金funded by China CDC’s Public Health and Emergency Response Mechanism Programme[131031001000150001]。
文摘Objective Allocation of human resources to address inequalities in the public health system has increasingly attracted societal and political attention.Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDCs)system of China as an example,we evaluated inequality in the public health workforce distribution across different regions in China between 2008 and 2017,with the aim of providing information for policymakers to support resource allocation and address growing health inequities.Methods We used three standard public health workforce inequality indices-Gini coefficient,Theil L,and Theil T-and spatial autocorrelation analysis to explore spatial clusters of the workforce in different provinces,visualized with geographical tools.Results The aggregate workforce-to-population ratio decreased from 1.47 to 1.42 per 10,000 population from 2008 to 2017,and was consistently lower than the National Health Commission’s(NHC)recommended critical shortage threshold of 1.75.The workforce distribution inequality indices varied by regional socioeconomic and health system development.Geographic clustering of CDCs workforce distribution was evident,with H–H and L–L clusters in western China and the Guangdong-Fujian region,respectively.Conclusions Our study addressed key issues for government and policymakers in allocation of public health human resources.There is an urgent need for careful identification of analytic questions that will help carry out public health functions in the new era,alongside policy implications for an equitable distribution of the public health workforce focusing on the western region and low–low cluster areas.
文摘This article measures the development difference in the information and telecommunication industry among provinces in China quantitatively by Gini coefficient.According to the calculation results,the article concludes that the development levels are between "highly equal"and "relatively equal".Further more,the research also shows that the difference gap has been narrowing down gradually in recent years.Compared with the inter-provincial economic difference,the difference in the information and telecommunication industry among provinces is small.
文摘This paper empirically examines variations and changes in manufacturing concentration and their determinants in China over the 1980-2003 period with a sample of 26 industries. The analysis indicates that average industrial concentration has increased during the 1990s. Studies show that scale economies and industry policies are important determinants for industries geographical concentration; factor endowments and the location of foreign direct investment are also found to have a positive effect on concentration.
文摘There is a global consensus that world economy need not only grow faster,but also grow in a way that the poor receive a greater share of the benefits of that growth.It is well documented that income inequality is on the rise,with the richest 10%earning up to 40%of total global income.The poorest 10%earn only between 2%and 7%of total global income.After long time of neglect,inequality has re-entered the mainstream development policy agenda at both national and global levels indicating that relevant policies should be universal in principle paying attention to the needs of disadvantaged and marginalized populations.As highlighted in almost all SDG’s documents,income inequality is a global problem that requires global solutions.This involves improving the regulation and monitoring of financial markets and institutions,encouraging development assistance and foreign direct investment to regions where the need is greatest.Facilitating the safe migration and mobility of people is also key to bridging the widening divide.SDG 10 encompasses 10 targets with the objective of promoting social,economic,and political inclusion of all,irrespective of age,sex,disability,race,ethnicity,origin,religion,or economic or other status.Achieving SDG 10 reaffirms that the 2030 development agenda will focus not only on eradicating poverty but also on tackling inequalities in all its forms through adopting sound policies to empower the bottom percentile of income earners,and promote economic inclusion of all regardless of sex,race,or ethnicity.This paper analyses the resent status of income inequality and its relationship with economic growth and poverty in selected developing countries.The paper highlights that there is a triangular relationship between income distribution,poverty and economic growth;while accelerated economic growth is a primary factor in reducing poverty,inequalities can constrain poverty reduction significantly.
文摘Ba<span style="font-family:Verdana;">sed on the urban resident population statistics from 2005 to 2018, thi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s paper analyzes the distribution and evolution of city scale in China by screening city samples according to the threshold criteria and using empirical research methods such as the City Primacy Index, the Rank-Scale Rule, the Gini coefficient of city scale, Kernel Density Estimation and Markov transfer matrix. The results show that: the most populous city in China has obvious advantages. The population distribution is concentrated in high order cities and in accordance with the law of order</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">scale;the economic scale of cities is in a concentrated state, the gap between the economic development levels of different types of cities is large, and the megacities are more attractive, which to a certain extent limit the development of the scale of the rest of the cities;th</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">e number of China’s city population is increasing, however, the ga</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p between the</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">population scale of other cities and the most populous city continues to be large, and the structure of city population scale is not reasonable enough;megacities and megalopolises keep their original scale levels unchanged to a large extent, and the scale transition between the two types of cities is rather difficult. Finally, based on the explanatory framework of the dynamics of city scale evolution, policy recommendations are proposed to promote a more balanced distribution of city scale.</span>
基金The MSIP(Ministry of Science,ICT&Future Planning),Korea,under the ITRC(Information Technology Research Center)support program(NIPA-2013-H0301-13-2006)supervised by the NIPA(National IT Industry Promotion Agency)The Brain Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT&Future Planning(2011-0019212)
文摘The hippocampus is thought to contribute largely to memory processing and spatial navigation.Various research projects have shown evidence regarding these two crucial roles.However,many unknown functions of hippocampus remain.A great deal of research on the hippocampus is ongoing,but much of this research deals with single neuron,and little research has been conducted on what happens between neurons in hippocampus as they play these roles.In this paper,we intend to examine what changes hippocampal neurons undergo in response to a stimulus.Using an imbalanced,index of timedependent Gini's coefficient,the firing balance between neurons during the moment in which a stimulus is received is examined.More importantly,the different firing balances are observed in reward situation.The result demonstrates the multineuron in hippocampus fires with balance for a while when the rat has reward.In addition,time-dependent Gini's coefficient is a feature that can verify what is not shown by using existing features.
基金by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11171112,11201190,11101158)Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China(20130076110004)and the 111 Project of China(B14019).
文摘In this paper we propose the Gini correlation screening(GCS)method to select the important variables with ultrahigh dimensional data.The new procedure is based on the Gini correlation coefficient via the covariance between the response and the rank of the predictor variables rather than the Pearson correlation and the Kendallτcorrelation coefficient.The new method does not require imposing a specific model structure on regression functions and only needs the condition which the predictors and response have continuous distribution function.We demonstrate that,with the number of predictors growing at an exponential rate of the sample size,the proposed procedure possesses consistency in ranking,which is both useful in its own right and can lead to consistency in selection.The procedure is computationally efficient and simple,and exhibits a competent empirical performance in our intensive simulations and real data analysis.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC3702705)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant Nos.82003413,92043301 and 82030103).
文摘The spatial disparity of air pollutants is one of the key influential factors for environmental inequality.We quantitatively evaluated the evolution of PM_(2.5)spatial disparity in China during 2013–2020,and investigated the associations between PM_(2.5)spatial disparity and economic indicators.Differences in PM_(2.5)between more-and less-polluted cities declined over time,suggesting decreased absolute disparity.However,the more polluted cities in 2013 remained so in 2017 and 2020,and vice versa,indicating persistent relative disparity.PM_(2.5)pollution levels increased with higher GDP per capita in less-developed areas of China,but such negative effects weakened over time,while economic development tended to promote cleaner air in developed areas of China.Therefore,policies to improve air quality and promote economic development simultaneously are needed in China to reduce the disparity of air pollution and promote all people to enjoy environmental equality.
基金This paper is a phased research result of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71873143)the key discipline construction program of the Summit Plan of the ChineseAcademyof Social Sciences.
文摘This study aims to measure how well China's green,low-carbon,and circulardevelopment economic system(theGLCCD Economic System)is being developed.By establishing the indicator system and indicators,the spatiotemporal range entropy weight method,Gini coefficient,Theil index,convergence model,and national and provincial data from 2012 to 2017 are employed.The construction level of almost all GLCCD Economic Systems at national and provincial levels has shown improvement during the study period.Among them,a significant boost is only observed in the development power indicator;improvement in the production system indicator and development benefit indicatorismild,andthelifesystemindicator sees a decline year by year.The construction level of the GLCCD Economic System throughout China is generally balanced but tends to expand in scale.However,the inter-regional developmenttbenefit indicator showsaconvergence trend.Based on the analysis of the similarities and differences between greenandlow-carboncircular development,the development power and development benefit,production system,and life system are incorporated into a unified logical framework.The construction level of the GLCCD Economic System is measured as a whole in a holistic manner.This study finds out the scientific connotation oftheGLCCD Economic System.The changing trends and regional differences in the construction level of the GLCCD Economic System are revealed.These findings provide a clear and reliable decision-making basis for the construction of the GLCCD Economic System.
文摘It is of great importance to fully understand the connotation of and identify a quantitative method to measure common prosperity in China.This paper starts with a theoretical framework of fairness,efficiency,development,and shared prosperity,draws upon the proper understanding of common prosperity with Chinese characteristics,and explores a globally quantitative measurement of common prosperity,with a focus on the outcomes of national prosperity and prosperity for all.Furthermore,this paper discusses the assumptions and mathematical expressions of the quantitative function and analyzes the structural implications of indicator dimensions,functional relations,and variable standardization to ultimately provide a solid quantitative foundation for promoting common prosperity.The findings show that the quantitative measurement of common prosperity proposed in this paper performs stably in terms of weights,thresholds,and indicator settings.Based on the data of 162 economies collected between 1990 and 2020,this paper finds that China has made great progress in promoting common prosperity,which showcases the strengths of the country’s socialist system.
文摘Static models of accessibility are usually based on the fixed distance or Average Travel Time(ATT)models.Because of ignoring the traffic as a dynamic process affecting the accessibility through the change of Travel Time(TT),these models lead to unperceived temporal inequities.In contrast to the consideration of the temporal Variation of TT(VTT)in the previous studies,the variation of traffic-related TT and its relations with network distance has not been considered.In this study,relations between VTT and network distance to access urban parks in Tehran megacity has been modeled.Traffic maps at five times of day are used to produce TT maps of Traffic Analysis Zones(TAZs)to their 3-closest parks.Comparison of the Gini coefficients of accessibility show significant inequities of accessibility at different times of day.Relations between the distance,ATT,and TT_(max) are modeled by statistical analysis.Results show both TT and TTmax have significant positive relations with distance and traffic and reach their maximum at 6 p.m.Observation of significant relations between distance,ATT,TT_(max),and VTT provides interesting knowledge for the conversion of temporal measures of equity(TT)to a physical measure of equity(distance).A simple application of these findings for effective management of the spatiotemporal inequities is the definition of critical distances from public services.As an example,to decrease the TT_(max) of TAZs to less than 12 min,their maximum distance to the closest parks should be less than 4 km.The developed approach can be adopted for the accessibility evaluation of the other public services,particularly the health and education centers.
文摘The paper questions the normative value in the Chinese case of standard measures of aggregate income inequality such as the Gini coefficient.Evidence is adduced that people have narrow frames of reference and that they distinguish between income inequalities that they perceive to be fair and those that they perceive to be unfair.It is suggested that value judgements about what is fair or unfair can be guided by people’s own perceptions.People’s perceptions of unfairness can also be important to a government concerned to avoid social instability.The estimation of happiness functions can help to make the relevant distinctions.Examples are given of how fair and unfair inequalities might be identified,using either a criterion of people’s perceptions or one of informed judgements.Unfairness might be more strongly felt in inequalities of economic power than in inequalities of income,although the former can in turn result in inequalities of income.An argument is made for China researchers to extend inequality research and research instruments towards an economics of fairness and unfairness.
文摘Objective:This study aimed to identify the distribution and equity trends for general practi-tioners(GPs)in China from 2012 to 2015 and to provide evidence to guide the discipline’s develop-ment of general practice and for policy-making.Methods:On the basis of data from the National Health Statistics yearbooks,the distribution and equity trends for GPs from 2012 to 2015 were analyzed with the Lorenz curve and Gini coef-ficient as indictors of health equity.Results:From 2012 to 2015 the number of GPs increased at rates ranging from 9.3%to 32.5%,while the number of registered GPs increased at rates ranging from 32.6%to 37.2%.In 2015 the average number of GPs was 1.38 per 10,000 people(among the 31 provinces the highest rate was 3.90 per 10,000 people in Zhejiang and the lowest rate was 0.50 per 10,000 people in Xizang)and 1.98 per 100 km2(among 31 provinces the highest rate was 89.23 per 100 km2 in Shanghai and the lowest rate was 0.01 per 100 km^(2) in Xizang).From 2012 to 2015 the Gini coefficients weighted by population were 0.31,0.29,0.26,and 0.25 respectively,while the Gini coefficients weighted by geographical area were 0.74,0.72,0.72,and 0.72 respectively.Conclusion:The number of GPs increased rapidly in China;however,the proportion of regis-tered GPs was unsatisfactory,and there were inequities among the different provinces.The govern-ment should launch integrated strategies to encourage GP trainees to become registered GPs and optimize the distribution and equity of GPs.
