Stroke is the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide,and biological sex is an important determining factor in stroke incidence and pathology.From childhood through adulthood,men have a...Stroke is the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide,and biological sex is an important determining factor in stroke incidence and pathology.From childhood through adulthood,men have a higher incidence of stroke compared with women.Abundant research has confirmed the beneficial effects of estrogen in experimental ischemic stroke but genetic factors such as the X-chromosome complement can also play an important role in determining sex differences in stroke.Autophagy is a self-degrading cellular process orchestrated by multiple core proteins,which leads to the engulfment of cytoplasmic material and degradation of cargo after autophagy vesicles fuse with lysosomes or endosomes.The levels and the activity of components of these signaling pathways and of autophagy-related proteins can be altered during ischemic insults.Ischemic stroke activates autophagy,however,whether inhibiting autophagy after stroke is beneficial in the brain is still under a debate.Autophagy is a potential mechanism that may contribute to differences in stroke progression between the sexes.Furthermore,the effects of manipulating autophagy may also differ between the sexes.Mechanisms that regulate autophagy in a sex-dependent manner in ischemic stroke remain unexplored.In this review,we summarize clinical and pre-clinical evidence for sex differences in stroke.We briefly introduce the autophagy process and summarize the effects of gonadal hormones in autophagy in the brain and discuss X-linked genes that could potentially regulate brain autophagy.Finally,we review pre-clinical studies that address the mechanisms that could mediate sex differences in brain autophagy after stroke.展开更多
In 2019,preterm births(PTB)accounted for approximately 0.66 million deaths globally.PTB is also associated with a significantly higher risk of mortality and long-term complications for newborns.Long-term studies assoc...In 2019,preterm births(PTB)accounted for approximately 0.66 million deaths globally.PTB is also associated with a significantly higher risk of mortality and long-term complications for newborns.Long-term studies associated several factors,including disruption of immune tolerance and inflammation,with PTB.However,the pathogenesis of PTB remains unclear.Gonadal steroid hormones are critical for pregnancy maintenance and regulation of immune and inflammatory responses.However,it is not clear how unbalanced gonadal steroid hormones,such as imbalanced estrogen/androgen or estrogen/progesterone contribute to PTB.In this review,we discuss how gonadal steroid hormones mediate dysfunction in immune tolerance and inflammatory responses,which are known to promote the occurrence of PTB,and provide insight into PTB prediction.展开更多
基金supported by the American Heart Association (856061) to JFMMby the NINDS (R01 5R01NS108779 and 5R01NS094543) to LDM
文摘Stroke is the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide,and biological sex is an important determining factor in stroke incidence and pathology.From childhood through adulthood,men have a higher incidence of stroke compared with women.Abundant research has confirmed the beneficial effects of estrogen in experimental ischemic stroke but genetic factors such as the X-chromosome complement can also play an important role in determining sex differences in stroke.Autophagy is a self-degrading cellular process orchestrated by multiple core proteins,which leads to the engulfment of cytoplasmic material and degradation of cargo after autophagy vesicles fuse with lysosomes or endosomes.The levels and the activity of components of these signaling pathways and of autophagy-related proteins can be altered during ischemic insults.Ischemic stroke activates autophagy,however,whether inhibiting autophagy after stroke is beneficial in the brain is still under a debate.Autophagy is a potential mechanism that may contribute to differences in stroke progression between the sexes.Furthermore,the effects of manipulating autophagy may also differ between the sexes.Mechanisms that regulate autophagy in a sex-dependent manner in ischemic stroke remain unexplored.In this review,we summarize clinical and pre-clinical evidence for sex differences in stroke.We briefly introduce the autophagy process and summarize the effects of gonadal hormones in autophagy in the brain and discuss X-linked genes that could potentially regulate brain autophagy.Finally,we review pre-clinical studies that address the mechanisms that could mediate sex differences in brain autophagy after stroke.
基金This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(82001579)Tianjin Health Science and Technology Project(TJWJ2021QN053)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(22JCYBJC01110)as well as Open Fund of Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics/Tianjin Key Laboratory of human development and reproductive regulation(2022XH10 and 2022XHY03).
文摘In 2019,preterm births(PTB)accounted for approximately 0.66 million deaths globally.PTB is also associated with a significantly higher risk of mortality and long-term complications for newborns.Long-term studies associated several factors,including disruption of immune tolerance and inflammation,with PTB.However,the pathogenesis of PTB remains unclear.Gonadal steroid hormones are critical for pregnancy maintenance and regulation of immune and inflammatory responses.However,it is not clear how unbalanced gonadal steroid hormones,such as imbalanced estrogen/androgen or estrogen/progesterone contribute to PTB.In this review,we discuss how gonadal steroid hormones mediate dysfunction in immune tolerance and inflammatory responses,which are known to promote the occurrence of PTB,and provide insight into PTB prediction.
