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The Gravitational Constant as the Function of the Cosmic Scale
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作者 Qiao Bi 《Journal of Modern Physics》 2024年第11期1745-1759,共15页
This paper uses the cosmic evolution picture constructed by the principal and associated fiber bundles and, with the help of gauge invariance, systematically proposes the γfactor theory that the Newton’s law of univ... This paper uses the cosmic evolution picture constructed by the principal and associated fiber bundles and, with the help of gauge invariance, systematically proposes the γfactor theory that the Newton’s law of universal gravitation and the cosmological constant of Einstein’s equation must be corrected in the large-scale space-time structure of the universe. That is, it is found that the calculated value of Newton’s universal gravitation in space-time above the scale of galaxies must be multiplied by 1/γto be consistent with the measured value, and the cosmological constant of Einstein’s equation is no longer a constant but a function that increases with the increase of the scale of cosmic regions. Therefore, the cyclic hypothesis of cosmic evolution is proposed, and it is further found that the gravitational constant that people think is natural is not a constant but a function that changes with the scale of cosmic regions. Therefore, the reason for the dark matter and dark energy hypothesis may be that the gravitational constant is a variable. The existence of actual dark matter and dark energy may be just an illusory hypothesis, and their origin comes from the understanding that the gravitational constant is constant. 展开更多
关键词 The gravitational constant The Einstein Equation The Evolution of Universe
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Not Relying on the Newton Gravitational Constant Gives More Accurate Gravitational Predictions
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作者 Espen Gaarder Haug 《Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics》 2023年第10期3124-3158,共35页
The Newton gravitational constant is considered a cornerstone of modern gravity theory. Newton did not invent or use the gravity constant;it was invented in 1873, about the same time as it became standard to use the k... The Newton gravitational constant is considered a cornerstone of modern gravity theory. Newton did not invent or use the gravity constant;it was invented in 1873, about the same time as it became standard to use the kilogram mass definition. We will claim that G is just a term needed to correct the incomplete kilogram definition so to be able to make gravity predictions. But there is another way;namely, to directly use a more complete mass definition, something that in recent years has been introduced as collision-time and a corresponding energy called collision-length. The collision-length is quantum gravitational energy. We will clearly demonstrate that by working with mass and energy based on these new concepts, rather than kilogram and the gravitational constant, one can significantly reduce the uncertainty in most gravity predictions. 展开更多
关键词 Gravity Predictions Reduction of Errors Newton’s gravitational constant Collision Space-Time Cavendish Apparatus Planck Length Planck Time
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The Perihelion Precession of the Planets Indicates a Variability of the Gravitational Constant
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作者 Hans Peter Weber 《Journal of Modern Physics》 CAS 2023年第5期670-675,共6页
The gravitational constant G according to the theory of NEWTON is the most imprecise constant of all physical constants. Moreover, there are a number of phenomena which suggest that this is caused by its invariant nat... The gravitational constant G according to the theory of NEWTON is the most imprecise constant of all physical constants. Moreover, there are a number of phenomena which suggest that this is caused by its invariant nature and the gravitation constant might be in fact a variable. In this article, a possible dependence of the gravitational constant on the distance between the two mass points is determined from the observed values of the perihelion displacement of the planets. However, to fit the observed measurements the 1/r<sup>2</sup> dependence is modified to a 1/r2+1/R</sup> dependence with “R” as the Rydberg constant. With the proposed new power function, the perihelion precessions of the planets are recalculated and then compared with previous observations as well as the postulated anomaly of Saturn. 展开更多
关键词 gravitational constant Perihelion Precession of the Planets gravitational Equation with Variable G
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Explanation of the Necessity of the Empirical Equations That Relate the Gravitational Constant and the Temperature of the CMB
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作者 Tomofumi Miyashita 《Journal of Modern Physics》 CAS 2023年第4期432-444,共13页
In previous papers, we proposed an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Using this equation, we proposed a refined version of our own former empirical equations about the electromagnetic force and gravi... In previous papers, we proposed an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Using this equation, we proposed a refined version of our own former empirical equations about the electromagnetic force and gravity in terms of the temperature of the cosmic microwave background. The calculated values of the temperature of the cosmic microwave background (T<sub>c</sub>) and the gravitational constant (G) were 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10<sup>-11</sup> m<sup>3</sup>⋅kg<sup>-1</sup>⋅ s<sup>-2</sup>, respectively. Then, for the values of the factors 9/2 and π in our equations, we used 4.488519503 and 3.132011447, respectively. However, we could not provide a theoretical explanation for the necessity of these empirical equations. In this paper, using the redefinition method for the UNIT, we show the necessity for our empirical equations. 展开更多
关键词 gravitational constant Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background
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Time Varying Gravitational Constant G via Entropic Force 被引量:1
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作者 M.R.Setare D.Momeni 《Communications in Theoretical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2011年第10期691-694,共4页
If the uncertainty principle applies to the Verlinde entropic idea, it leads to a new term in the Newton's second law of mechanics in the Planck's scale. This curious velocity dependent term inspires a frictional fe... If the uncertainty principle applies to the Verlinde entropic idea, it leads to a new term in the Newton's second law of mechanics in the Planck's scale. This curious velocity dependent term inspires a frictional feature of the gravity. In this short letter we address that this new term modifies the effective mass and the Newtonian constant as the time dependent quantities. Thus we must have a running on the value of the effective mass on the particle mass m near the holographic screen and the G. This result has a nigh relation with the Dirac hypothesis about the large numbers hypothesis (L.N.H.). We propose that the corrected entropie terms via Verlinde idea can be brought as a holographic evidence for the authenticity of the Dirac idea. 展开更多
关键词 gravitational constant general relativing
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QED-Like Simple High Order Perturbative Relation between the Gravitational Constant <i>G</i>and the Planck Constant <i>h</i> 被引量:1
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作者 Matt Kalinski 《Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology》 2021年第2期595-601,共7页
We find a simple precise formula for the gravitational constant <i>G</i> relating it to the electron charge, electron mass, the vacuum dielectric constant and the speed of light (or magnetic permeability o... We find a simple precise formula for the gravitational constant <i>G</i> relating it to the electron charge, electron mass, the vacuum dielectric constant and the speed of light (or magnetic permeability of the vacuum) in power of the fine structure constant <i>i.e.</i> relating the gravitational constant to the Planck constant through others which also well exist without the quantum mechanics therefore relating two fundamental constants as not independent through the parameters of the electron and the electromagnetic properties of the vacuum. 展开更多
关键词 gravitational constant Planck constant Quantum Gravity Theory of Everything Theory of the Electron Structure
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Newton Did Not Invent or Use the So-Called Newton’s Gravitational Constant;G, It Has Mainly Caused Confusion 被引量:1
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作者 Espen Gaarder Haug 《Journal of Modern Physics》 2022年第2期179-205,共27页
Newton did not invent or use the so-called Newton’s gravitational constant G. Newton’s original gravity formula was and not . In this paper, we will show how a series of major gravity phenomena can be calculated and... Newton did not invent or use the so-called Newton’s gravitational constant G. Newton’s original gravity formula was and not . In this paper, we will show how a series of major gravity phenomena can be calculated and predicted without the gravitational constant. This is, to some degree, well known, at least for those that have studied a significant amount of the older literature on gravity. However, to understand gravity at a deeper level, still without G, one needs to trust Newton’s formula. It is when we first combine Newton’s assumptionn, that matter and light ultimately consist of hard indivisible particles, with new insight in atomism that we can truly begin to understand gravity at a deeper level. This leads to a quantum gravity theory that is unified with quantum mechanics and in which there is no need for G and not even a need for the Planck constant. We claim that two mistakes have been made in physics, which have held back progress towards a unified quantum gravity theory. First, it has been common practice to consider Newton’s gravitational constant as almost holy and untouchable. Thus, we have neglected to see an important aspect of mass;namely, the indivisible particle that Newton also held in high regard. Second, standard physics have built their quantum mechanics around the de Broglie wavelength, rather than the Compton wavelength. We claim the de Broglie wavelength is merely a mathematical derivative of the Compton wavelength, the true matter wavelength. 展开更多
关键词 Newton Gravity Newton’s gravitational constant Schwarzschild Radius Quantum Gravity Planck Length
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Concept study of measuring gravitational constant using superconducting gravity gradiometer
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作者 Xing Bian Ho Jung Paik Martin Vol Moody 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2018年第8期130-135,共6页
Newton's gravitational constant G is the least known fundamental constant of nature. Since Cavendish made the first measurement of G with a torsion balance over two hundred years ago, the best results of G have been ... Newton's gravitational constant G is the least known fundamental constant of nature. Since Cavendish made the first measurement of G with a torsion balance over two hundred years ago, the best results of G have been obtained by using torsion balances. However, the uncorrected anelasticity of torsion fibers makes the results questionable. We present a new method of G measurement by using a superconducting gravity gradiometer constructed with levitated test masses, which is free from the irregularities of mechanical suspension. The superconducting gravity gradiometer is rotated to generate a centrifugal acceleration that nulls the gravity field of the source mass, forming an artificial planetary system. This experiment has a potential accuracy of G better than 10 ppm. 展开更多
关键词 gravitational constant superconducting gravity gradiometer artificial planetary system
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Gravitational constant in f(R) theories of gravity with non-minimal coupling between matter and geometry
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作者 王俊 曹丽佳 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2018年第12期76-79,共4页
We study the effect of the non-minimal coupling between matter and geometry on the gravitational constant in the context of f(R) theories of gravity on cosmic scales. For a class of f(R) models,the result shows that t... We study the effect of the non-minimal coupling between matter and geometry on the gravitational constant in the context of f(R) theories of gravity on cosmic scales. For a class of f(R) models,the result shows that the value of the gravitational constant not only changes over time but also has the dampened oscillation behavior.Compared with the result of the standard ACDM model, the consequence suggests that the coupling between matter and geometry should be weak. 展开更多
关键词 CDM theories of gravity with non-minimal coupling between matter and geometry gravitational constant in f
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The Relation between Thermodynamics and Gravitational Constant (<i>G</i>)
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作者 Abed El Karim S. Abou Layla 《Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology》 2020年第4期680-691,共12页
Although many centuries have elapsed since Newton set forth his gravitational law, physics has been unable so far to create an exact theoretical value for the universal gravitational constant (<i>G</i>). T... Although many centuries have elapsed since Newton set forth his gravitational law, physics has been unable so far to create an exact theoretical value for the universal gravitational constant (<i>G</i>). Through a simple thought experience (<i>i.e</i>. it may not be possible to perform it), it can be concluded a mathematical formula which links three different physical sciences with each other: mechanics, electromagnetism and thermodynamics in a simple form, it is possible to find an exact value for the gravitational constant using this form. In fact, the importance of this research is that it also tells us more information about the electromagnetic and gravitomagnetic origin of masses, the negative and positive masses (<i>i.e.</i> matter and dark matter), and the smallest possible distance in the universe, which equals 1.0252 × 10<sup>-56</sup> m. 展开更多
关键词 THERMODYNAMICS gravitational constant Electromagnetic Mass Radiation Mass Khromatic Theory
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Several Ways to Calculate the Universal Gravitational Constant <i>G</i>Theoretically and Cubic Splines to Verify Its Measured Value
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作者 Claude Mercier 《Journal of Modern Physics》 2020年第9期1428-1465,共38页
<p align="justify"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span>In 1686, Newton discovered the laws of gravitation [&... <p align="justify"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span>In 1686, Newton discovered the laws of gravitation [<a href="#ref1">1</a>] and predicted the universal gravitational constant <img alt="" src="Edit_8cc6927a-fa86-44a2-a4e4-c2b809cba958.png" />. In 1798, with a torsion balance, Cavendish [<a href="#ref2">2</a>] measured <img alt="" src="Edit_f51d8d12-e299-4f0f-918d-d4b7cb9d5b9b.png" />. Due to the low intensity of gravitation, it is difficult to obtain reliable results because they are disturbed by surrounding masses and environmental phenomena. Modern physics is unable to link <i>G</i> with other constants. However, in a 2019 article [<a href="#ref3">3</a>], with a new cosmological model, we showed that <i>G</i> seams related to other constants, and we obtained a theoretical value of <img alt="" src="Edit_a2b7158e-b2db-4c33-bab7-898a8cbe0cad.png" />. Here, we want to show that our theoretical value of <i>G</i> is the right one by interpreting measurements of <i>G</i> with the help of a new technique using cubic splines. We make the hypothesis that most <i>G</i> measurements are affected by an unknown systematic error which creates two main groups of data. We obtain a measured value of <img alt="" src="Edit_d447fba6-cde2-4b05-8b67-d1bdbacd412b.png" /><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span>. Knowing that our theoretical value of <i>G</i> is in agreement with the measured value, we want to establish a direct link between <i>G</i> and as many other constants as possible to show, with 33 equations, that <i>G</i> is probably linked with most constants in the universe. These equations may be useful for astrophysicists who work in this domain. Since we have been able to link <i>G</i> with Hubble parameter <em>H<sub>0</sub></em> (which evolve since its reverse gives the apparent age of the universe), we deduce that <i>G</i> is likely not truly constant. It’s value probably slowly varies in time and space. However, at our location in the universe and for a relatively short period, this parameter may seem constant. </p> 展开更多
关键词 Universal gravitational constant G NEWTON Cavendish EINSTEIN Cubic Splines
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Empirical Equation for the Gravitational Constant with a Reasonable Temperature
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作者 Tomofumi Miyashita 《Journal of Modern Physics》 2020年第8期1180-1192,共13页
Ted Jacobson discovered that gravity was related to thermodynamics. However, the calculated temperature using the Boltzmann area entropy is still not reasonable. We searched and discovered an empirical equation for th... Ted Jacobson discovered that gravity was related to thermodynamics. However, the calculated temperature using the Boltzmann area entropy is still not reasonable. We searched and discovered an empirical equation for the gravitational constant with a reasonable temperature. The calculated value was 3.20 K, which is similar to the temperature of the cosmic microwave background of 2.73 K. Then, we examined Yasuo Katayama’s theory. For this purpose, we introduced the modified Wagner’s equation, which is compatible with Jarzynski equality. Finally, using Ted Jacobson’s theory, we proposed our theory of gravity with the Gibbs volume entropy. 展开更多
关键词 gravitational constant Wagner’s Equation Jarzynski Equality Ted Jacobson’s Theory
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Revisiting the thermodynamics of the BTZ black hole with a variable gravitational constant
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作者 白艳英 陈宣瑞 +1 位作者 许震明 吴滨 《Chinese Physics C》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2023年第11期137-144,共8页
The thermodynamics of BTZ black holes are revisited with a variable gravitational constant.A new pair of conjugated thermodynamic variables are introduced,including the central charge C and chemical potentialμ.The fi... The thermodynamics of BTZ black holes are revisited with a variable gravitational constant.A new pair of conjugated thermodynamic variables are introduced,including the central charge C and chemical potentialμ.The first law of thermodynamics and the Euler relationship,instead of the Smarr relationship in the extended phase space formalism,are matched perfectly in the proposed formalism.Compatible with the standard extensive thermodynamics of an ordinary system,the black hole mass is verified to be a first order homogeneous function of the related extensive variables,and restores the role of internal energy.In addition,the heat capacity has also resulted in a first order homogeneous function using this formalism,and asymptotic behavior is demonstrated at the high temperature limit.The non-negativity of the heat capacity indicates that the rotating and charged BTZ black holes are thermodynamically stable. 展开更多
关键词 black hole thermodynamics HOLOGRAPHY gravitational constant
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Effect of Gravitational Formula Change on Gravitational Anomalies
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作者 Hans Peter Weber 《Journal of Modern Physics》 2024年第11期1632-1645,共14页
The gravitational constant G is a basic quantity in physics, and, despite its relative imprecision, appears in many formulas, for example, also in the formulas of the Planck units. The “relative inaccuracy” lies in ... The gravitational constant G is a basic quantity in physics, and, despite its relative imprecision, appears in many formulas, for example, also in the formulas of the Planck units. The “relative inaccuracy” lies in the fact that each measurement gives different values, depending on where and with which device the measurement is taken. Ultimately, the mean value was formed and agreed upon as the official value that is used in all calculations. In an effort to explore the reason for the inaccuracy of this quantity, some formulas were configured using G, so that the respective quantity assumed the value = 1. The gravitational constant thus modified was also used in the other Planck equations instead of the conventional G. It turned out that the new values were all equivalent to each other. It was also shown that the new values were all represented by powers of the speed of light. The G was therefore no longer needed. Just like the famous mass/energy equivalence E = m * c2, similar formulas emerged, e.g. mass/momentum = m * c, mass/velocity = m * c2 and so on. This article takes up the idea that emerges in the article by Weber [1], who describes the gravitational constant as a variable (Gvar) and gives some reasons for this. Further reasons are given in the present paper and are computed. For example, the Planck units are set iteratively with the help of the variable Gvar, so that the value of one unit equals 1 in each case. In this article, eleven Planck units are set iteratively using the variable Gvar, so that the value of one unit equals 1 in each case. If all other units are based on the Gvar determined in this way, a matrix of values is created that can be regarded both as conversion factors and as equivalence relationships. It is astonishing, but not surprising that the equivalence relation E = m * c2 is one of these results. All formulas for these equivalence relationships work with the vacuum speed of light c and a new constant K. G, both as a variable and as a constant, no longer appears in these formulae. The new thing about this theory is that the gravitational constant is no longer needed. And if it no longer exists, it can no longer cause any difficulties. The example of the Planck units shows this fact very clearly. This is a radical break with current views. It is also interesting to note that the “magic” number 137 can be calculated from the distances between the values of the matrix. In addition, a similar number can be calculated from the distances between the Planck units. This number is 131 and differs from 137 with 4.14 percent. This difference has certainly often led to confusion, for example, when measuring the Fine Structure Constant. 展开更多
关键词 System of Units Planck constants gravitational constant Variable Gravitation Equivalence Relations Number 137
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Unity Formulas for the Coupling Constants and the Dimensionless Physical Constants
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作者 Stergios Pellis 《Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology》 CAS 2023年第1期245-294,共50页
In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interact... In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interactions. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincare dodecahedral space. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory. 展开更多
关键词 Fine-Structure constant Proton To Electron Mass Ratio Dimensionless Physical constants Coupling constant gravitational constant Avogadro’s Number Fundamental Interactions gravitational Fine-Structure constant Cosmological constant
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Variable Physical Constants and Beyond
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作者 Qinghua Cui 《Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology》 CAS 2023年第1期116-123,共8页
We previously revealed that the speed of light in vacuum c, the gravitational constant G, the vacuum permittivity ε, and the vacuum permeability μ can be defined by the temperature T (or the expected average frequen... We previously revealed that the speed of light in vacuum c, the gravitational constant G, the vacuum permittivity ε, and the vacuum permeability μ can be defined by the temperature T (or the expected average frequency f) of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Given that CMB is continuously cooling, that is, T is continuously decreasing, we proposed that the above “constants” are variable and their values at some space-time with CMB temperature T (c<sub>T</sub>, G<sub>T</sub>, ε<sub>T</sub>, and μ<sub>T</sub>) can be described using their values (c<sub>0</sub>, G<sub>0</sub>, ε<sub>0</sub>, and μ<sub>0</sub>) and the temperature (T<sub>0</sub>) of CMB at present space-time. Based on the above observation, a number of physical equations related with these constants are re-described in this study, including relativity equation, mass-energy equation, and Maxwell’s equations, etc. 展开更多
关键词 Speed of Light in Vacuum gravitational constant Vacuum Permittivity Vacuum Permeability Cosmic Microwave Background
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Fundamental Physical Constants and Primary Physical Parameters
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作者 Vladimir S. Netchitailo 《Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology》 CAS 2023年第1期190-209,共20页
Every four years the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) supplies a self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics recommended for international use. In 2013, ... Every four years the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) supplies a self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics recommended for international use. In 2013, the World-Universe Model (WUM) proposed a principally different depiction of the World as an alternative to the picture of the Big Bang Model. This article: 1) Gives the short history of Classical Physics before Special Relativity;2) Calculates Fundamental Physical Constants based on experimentally measured Rydberg constant, Electrodynamic constant, Electron Charge-to-Mass Ratio, and Planck constant;3) Discusses Electrodynamic constant and Speed of Light;4) Considers Dimensionless Fundamental Parameters (Dirac Large Number Q and Dimensionless Rydberg Constant α);5) Calculates Newtonian Constant of Gravitation based on the Inter-connectivity of Primary Physical Parameters;6) Makes a detailed analysis of the Self-consistency of Fundamental Physical Constants and Primary Physical Parameters through the prism of WUM. The performed analysis suggests: 1) Discontinuing using the notion “Vacuum” and its characteristics (Speed of Light in Vacuum, Characteristic Impedance of Vacuum, Vacuum Magnetic Permeability, Vacuum Electric Permittivity);2) Accepting the exact numerical values of Electrodynamic constant, Planck constant, Elementary charge, and Dimensionless Rydberg Constant α. WUM recommends the predicted value of Newtonian Constant of Gravitation in 2018 to be considered in CODATA Recommend Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 2022. 展开更多
关键词 Classical Physics Fundamental Physical constants Electrodynamic constant Speed of Light Dirac Large Number Dimensionless Rydberg constant Newtonian constant of Gravitation Self-Consistency of Fundamental Physical constants
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Gravity and the Nature of Physical Interactions
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作者 Kajetan Młynarski 《Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology》 CAS 2024年第4期1578-1612,共35页
This work is a kind of thought experiment aimed at answering the question: what might a theory look like in which time and space (spacetime) are not fundamental? The article formulates theoretical frameworks that intr... This work is a kind of thought experiment aimed at answering the question: what might a theory look like in which time and space (spacetime) are not fundamental? The article formulates theoretical frameworks that introduce the number of spacetime dimensions, the principle of equivalence of mass, and the value of the gravitational constant not as empirically given data, but as results of theoretical deduction. This analysis opens up potential connections between gravitational and electrostatic interactions, proposing a new approach to traditional physical assumptions. The theory is presented in a preliminary form, intended to inspire possible further research. The final part of the paper proposes experiments to verify these ideas. 展开更多
关键词 Time SPACE GRAVITY Principle of Equivalence gravitational constant Planck Mass
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New Mechanism and Analytical Formula for Understanding the Gravity Constant <i>G</i> 被引量:3
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作者 Nader Butto 《Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology》 2020年第3期357-367,共11页
The nature of gravitation and <em>G</em> is not well understood. A new gravitation mechanism is proposed that explains the origin and essence of the gravitational constant, <em>G</em>. Based on... The nature of gravitation and <em>G</em> is not well understood. A new gravitation mechanism is proposed that explains the origin and essence of the gravitational constant, <em>G</em>. Based on general relativity, the vacuum is considered to be a superfluid with measurable density. Rotating bodies drag vacuum and create a vortex with gradient pressure. The drag force of vacuum fluid flow in the arm of the vortex is calculated relative to the static vacuum and a value that is numerically equal to that of <em>G</em> is obtained. Using Archimedes’ principle, it is determined that <em>G</em> is the volume of vacuum displaced by a force equivalent to its weight which is equal to the drag force of the vacuum. It is concluded that the gravitational constant <em>G</em> expresses the force needed to displace a cubic metre of vacuum that weighs one kg in one second. Therefore, <em>G</em> is not a fundamental physical constant but rather is an expression of the resistance encountered by the gravitational force in the vacuum. 展开更多
关键词 gravitational constant Vacuum Density Drag Force Vortex Formation Specific Volume Flow Archimedes’ Principle
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Possible Relations of Cosmic Microwave Background with Gravity and Fine-Structure Constant 被引量:2
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作者 Qinghua Cui 《Journal of Modern Physics》 CAS 2022年第7期1045-1052,共8页
Gravity is the only force that cannot be explained by the Standard Model (SM), the current best theory describing all the known fundamental particles and their forces. Here we reveal that gravitational force can be pr... Gravity is the only force that cannot be explained by the Standard Model (SM), the current best theory describing all the known fundamental particles and their forces. Here we reveal that gravitational force can be precisely given by mass of objects and microwave background (CMB) radiation. Moreover, using the same strategy we reveal a relation by which CMB can also precisely define fine-structure constant α. 展开更多
关键词 GRAVITY gravitational constant Cosmic Microwave Background Fine-Structure constant
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