Previous studies have shown that growth hormone can regulate hypothalamic energy metabolism, stress, and hormone release. Therefore, growth hormone has great potential for treating hypothalamic injury. In this study, ...Previous studies have shown that growth hormone can regulate hypothalamic energy metabolism, stress, and hormone release. Therefore, growth hormone has great potential for treating hypothalamic injury. In this study, we established a specific hypothalamic axon injury model by inducing hypothalamic pituitary stalk electric lesions in male mice. We then treated mice by intraperitoneal administration of growth hormone. Our results showed that growth hormone increased the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 and its receptors, and promoted the survival of hypothalamic neurons, axonal regeneration, and vascular reconstruction from the median eminence through the posterior pituitary. Altogether, this alleviated hypothalamic injury-caused central diabetes insipidus and anxiety. These results suggest that growth hormone can promote axonal reconstruction after hypothalamic injury by regulating the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor 1 axis.展开更多
BACKGROUND With the improvement of economy and living standards,the attention paid to short stature in children has been increasingly highlighted.Numerous causes can lead to short stature in children,among which growt...BACKGROUND With the improvement of economy and living standards,the attention paid to short stature in children has been increasingly highlighted.Numerous causes can lead to short stature in children,among which growth hormone deficiency(GHD)is a significant factor.AIM To investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of different doses of long-acting polyethylene glycol recombinant human growth hormone(PEG-rhGH)in the treatment of GHD in children.METHODS We selected 44 pediatric patients diagnosed with GHD who were treated at Wuhu First People's Hospital from 2014 to 2018.Total 23 patients were administered a high dose of long-acting PEG-rhGH at 0.2 mg/kg subcutaneously each week,forming the high-dose group.Meanwhile,21 patients were given a lower dose of long-acting PEG-rhGH at 0.14 mg/kg subcutaneously each week,establishing the low-dose Group.The total treatment period was 2 years,during which we monitored the patients’height,annual growth velocity(GV),height standard deviation score(HtSDS),chronological age(CA),bone age(BA),and serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1)and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3(IGFBP-3)before treatment and at 6 mo,1 year,and 2 years after treatment initiation.We also monitored thyroid function,fasting plasma glucose,fasting insulin,and other side effects.Furthermore,we calculated the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance.RESULTS After 1 year of treatment,the GV,HtSDS,IGF-1,BA,and IGFBP-3 in both groups significantly improved compared to the pre-treatment levels(P<0.05).Moreover,when comparing GV,HtSDS,IGF-1,BA,and IGFBP-3 between the two groups,there were no statistically significant differences either before or after the treatment(P>0.05).During the treatment intervals of 0-1.0 years and 1.0-2.0 years,both patient groups experienced a slowdown in GV and a decline in HtSDS improvement(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The use of PEG-rhGH in treating GHD patients was confirmed to be effective,with similar outcomes observed in both the high-dose group and low-dose groups,and no significant differences in the main side effects.展开更多
Growth hormone(GH)excess is associated with several systemic complications,one of which is the increased risk of neoplastic processes particularly of the gastrointestinal(GI)tract.Among the GI neoplasms,the most repor...Growth hormone(GH)excess is associated with several systemic complications,one of which is the increased risk of neoplastic processes particularly of the gastrointestinal(GI)tract.Among the GI neoplasms,the most reported association is with benign and malignant neoplasms of the colon.In the majority of published literature,an increased incidence of GI neoplasms,both colonic adenomas as well as colorectal carcinoma is reported.However,the studies on colon cancer-specific mortality rate are conflicting with recent studies reporting similar cancer-specific mortality rates in comparison to controls.Many studies have reported an association of colorectal neoplasms with GH levels.Pathogenic mechanisms put forward to explain this association of GH excess and GI neoplasms primarily involve the increased GH-insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1)signaling.Both GH and IGF-1 have proliferative,anti-apoptotic,and angiogenic effects on the systemic tissues leading to cellular proliferation.Other contributing factors to the increased risk of GI neoplasms include slow intestinal transit with a redundant large bowel,altered bile acids,deranged local immune response,shared genetic susceptibility factors and hyperinsulinemia.In view of the increased risk association,most guidelines for the care of acromegaly patients recommend an initial screening colonoscopy.Recommendations for further follow-up colonoscopy differ but broadly,the guidelines agree that it depends on the findings at first colonoscopy and state of remission of GH excess.Regarding the concern about the risk of colorectal cancers in patients receiving recombinant GH therapy,most cohort studies do not show an increased risk.展开更多
To observe the effect of growth hormone on serum leptin levels, serum leptin concentrations were measured by enzyme immunoassay in 12 prebutal children with growth hormone deficiency 1, 3 and 6 months before and after...To observe the effect of growth hormone on serum leptin levels, serum leptin concentrations were measured by enzyme immunoassay in 12 prebutal children with growth hormone deficiency 1, 3 and 6 months before and after the treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (r hGH). For comparison, 34 normal prepubertal children were also investigated. Relationship between leptin levels and body mass index (BMI) was observed at the same time. Our results showed that serum leptin level in normal prepubertal children was 1.22±0.34 ng/ml; the pretreatment serun leptin levels in GHD children was 3.08±2.41 ng/ml, which was significantly different from those 1, 3 and 6 months after GH treatment (i.e. 1.64±1.37 ng/ml,1.57±1.40 ng/ml and 1.35±0.89 ng/ml respectively) (all P <0.001). Our results suggested that r hGH has a suppressive effect on leptin expression.展开更多
Objective: Benefits of replacement therapy in growth hormone deficiency (GHD) are well documented in younger and middle-aged patients. The aim of our investigation was to prove the benefit of GH replacement for patien...Objective: Benefits of replacement therapy in growth hormone deficiency (GHD) are well documented in younger and middle-aged patients. The aim of our investigation was to prove the benefit of GH replacement for patients older than 60 years especially in terms of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of age as well. Design: Data of 743 consecutively recruited patients (394 men, 349 women) with GHD aged 20 - 49 (n = 606) and 60 - 69 (n = 137) years enrolled from KIMS Germany (Pfizer International Metabolic Database) were compared. Treatment effects over the 12 months dose-finding and the subsequent phase up to three years were analysed using mixed models. Serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), fasting blood glucose, fasting serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) as well as body mass index (BMI) at baseline and at last visit were studied. HRQoL was assessed using the Quality of Life-Assessment of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults (QoL-AGHDA). Results: For both age groups and genders the IGF-I level and standardized IGF-I increased over the dose-finding phase. In women, the overall QoL-AGHDA score at the baseline examination was 8.7 (95% CI: 7.7 - 9.7) and decreased to 6.3 (95% CI: 5.1 - 7.6) at the end of the dose-finding phase (p < 0.001). In men, the corresponding values were 8.8 (95% CI: 7.8 - 9.8) and 6.4 (95% CI: 5.1 - 7.6;p < 0.001) without differences between the age groups. The therapy benefit for elderly was supported by the non-impairment after the dose-finding phase. In total cholesterol, LDL-C and fasting blood glucose, no significant changes were detected, whereas an increase in BMI did not differ between age groups. Conclusion: We could show positive effects of GH replacement on HRQoL in patients older than 60 years of age. Therefore, GH replacement should be considered in elderly GHD adults without difference compared to younger age groups.展开更多
BACKGROUND Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide.In patients suffering from strokes and other acute brain injuries,the prevalence of pituitary dysfunction is high,and growth hormone def...BACKGROUND Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide.In patients suffering from strokes and other acute brain injuries,the prevalence of pituitary dysfunction is high,and growth hormone deficiency is commonly found.Previous studies have demonstrated that administration of recombinant human growth hormone provides adult growth hormone deficiency(AGHD)patients with beneficial effects such as improving body compositions and quality of life.Nevertheless,other physiological benefits of growth hormone substitution are still controversial and inconclusive.CASE SUMMARY A female with a history of hypertension suffered intracranial hemorrhage,intraventricular hemorrhage,and hydrocephalus at 56 years of age.Her mobility,fluency of speech,and mentality were impaired ever since the event occurred.After five years,the 61-year-old patient was further diagnosed with AGHD and received six-month growth hormone replacement therapy(GHRT).After six months of GHRT,the patient’s body composition was improved.A substantial improvement in Mini-Mental State Examination score was also observed,accompanying with ameliorations in mobility,fluency of speech,and mentality.CONCLUSION In addition to improvements in body composition,GHRT for AGHD may provide further beneficial effects in patients with cognitive or motor impairments due to intracerebral hemorrhage.展开更多
BACKGROUND Metabolic associated fatty liver disease frequently occurs in patients with hypopituitarism and growth hormone(GH)deficiency.Some patients may develop to hepatopulmonary syndrome(HPS).HPS has a poor prognos...BACKGROUND Metabolic associated fatty liver disease frequently occurs in patients with hypopituitarism and growth hormone(GH)deficiency.Some patients may develop to hepatopulmonary syndrome(HPS).HPS has a poor prognosis and liver transplantation is regarded as the only approach to cure it.CASE SUMMARY A 29-year-old man presented with progressive dyspnea for 1 mo.At the age of 10 years,he was diagnosed with panhypopituitarism associated with pituitary stalk interruption syndrome.Levothyroxine and hydrocortisone were given since then.To achieve ideal height,he received GH treatment for 5 years.The patient had an oxygen saturation of 78%and a partial pressure of arterial oxygen of 37 mmHg with an alveolar–arterial oxygen gradient of 70.2 mmHg.Abdominal ultrasonography showed liver cirrhosis and an enlarged spleen.Perfusion lung scan demonstrated intrapulmonary arteriovenous right-to-left shunt.HPS(very severe)was our primary consideration.His hormonal evaluation revealed GH deficiency and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism when thyroid hormone,cortisol,and desmopressin were administrated.After adding with long-acting recombinant human GH and testosterone for 14 mo,his liver function and hypoxemia were improved and his progressive liver fibrosis was stabilized.He was off the waiting list of liver transplantation.CONCLUSION Clinicians should screen HPS patients'anterior pituitary function as early as possible and treat them primarily with GH cocktail accordingly.展开更多
OBJECTIVE CYP2D is one of the most abundant subfamily of CYPs in the brain,especially in the cerebellum.Brain CYP2D is responsible for the metabolism of endogenous neurotransmitters such as tyramine and serotonin.Our ...OBJECTIVE CYP2D is one of the most abundant subfamily of CYPs in the brain,especially in the cerebellum.Brain CYP2D is responsible for the metabolism of endogenous neurotransmitters such as tyramine and serotonin.Our previous studies have shown brain CYP2D can be regulated by exogenous and endogenous substances with tissue-specificity.The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of cerebral CYP2D on the mice behavior and the regulatory mechanism of brain CYP2D by growth hormone.METHODS Mice received the stereotaxic injection with CYP2D inhibitor quinine in deep cerebellar nuclei of cerebellum.The animals were tested with rotarod apparatus,balance beam,water maze,elevated plus maze and open field.The changes in CYP2D22,PPARαand PPARγ in brain regions and liver were assayed in male growth hormone receptor knockout mice,SH-SY5 Y cells and HepG2 cells.RESULTS The inhibition of cerebellum CYP2D significantly affected the spatial learning and exploring ability of mice.Compared with WT mice,CYP2D expression was lower in brain regions from GHR(-/-)male mice;however,hepatic CYP2D level was similar.Pulsatile GH decreased PPARα m RNA level,and increased m RNA levels of CYP2D6 and PPARα in SH-SY5 Y cells.In HepG2 cells,pulsatile GH resulted in decreases in PPARα and PPARγ m RNA levels,but not CYP2D6.PPARα inhibitor induced CYP2D6 m RNA and protein by 1.32-fold and 1.43-fold in SH-SY5 Y cells.PPARγ inhibitor decreased CYP2D6 m RNA and protein by 74.76% and 40.93%.PPARα agonist decreased the level of CYP2D22 m RNA in liver and cerebellum,while PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone resulted in diametrically increases.The luciferase assay showed that PPARγ actived the CYP2D6 gene promoter while PPARα inhibited its function.Pulsatile GH declined the binding of PPARα with CYP2D6 promoter by 40%,promoted the binding of PPARγ with CYP2D6 promoter by approximate60%.The levels of brain and liver PPARα expression in male GHR(-/-)mice is obviously higher than those in WT mice.The level of PPARγ in male GHR(-/-)mice was decreased in the frontal cortex and hippocampus,while remained stable in the cerebellum and striatum;meanwhile,PPARγ was increased in the liver.CONCLUSION Brain CYP2D may be involved in learning and memory functions of central system.Masculine GH secretion altered the PPARs expression and the binding of PPARs to CYP2D promoter,leading to the elevated brain CYP2D in a tissue-specific manner.Growth hormone may specifically alter the metabolic and synthetic of important endogenous substances in the central nervous system(such as serotonin) through the specific regulation of brain CYP2D expression.展开更多
Single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) of the growth hormone(GH) gene were investigated in six pig breeds,consisting of four mini-pig breeds(Wuzhishan,Bama,Xiang and Tibet pig),and two others(Dahlan and Landrace pig).T...Single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) of the growth hormone(GH) gene were investigated in six pig breeds,consisting of four mini-pig breeds(Wuzhishan,Bama,Xiang and Tibet pig),and two others(Dahlan and Landrace pig).Three pairs of primers for promoter regions of the GH gene were designed on the basis of the pig genomic sequence and SNPs were detected by the PCR-SSCP method.The results indicated three mutations in the 5’-flanking region.The analysis results showed that the frequencies of allele A and D in four mini-pig breeds were higher than that in other breeds at a locus within the 5’-flanking region(P【0.05).These results suggest that differences in body size may be associated with these SNPs of 5’-flanking region and amino acid mutation of the signal peptide of GH in these pig breeds.展开更多
Ninety finishing pigs were selected to study the effect of N-methyl-aspartate and betaine on the internal growth hormone level in the serum and the correlation between the growth hormone level, growth performance and ...Ninety finishing pigs were selected to study the effect of N-methyl-aspartate and betaine on the internal growth hormone level in the serum and the correlation between the growth hormone level, growth performance and carcass characteristic of finishing pig. The study showed that the two matters could improve pig growth and carcass composition significantly. The correlation analyses indicated that the growth hormone and IGF-I have a positive correlation with the growth rate. Carcass lean ratio, longissimus dorsi area, serum free fatty acid and lipase activity have a negative correlation with the feed conversion ratio, carcass fat ratio and urine nitrogen. But the growth hormone is more effective than IGF-I (P＜ 0.01 ). The results implicated that both the two matters may act through growth hormone axis(growth hormone - IGF-I) to manipulate pig growth.展开更多
BACKGROUND Craniopharyngioma is a benign tumor that usually develops in children;however,it is located in the center and close to sensitive structures,such as the pituitary gland and hypothalamus.As the hypothalamus p...BACKGROUND Craniopharyngioma is a benign tumor that usually develops in children;however,it is located in the center and close to sensitive structures,such as the pituitary gland and hypothalamus.As the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in the homeostasis of anterior pituitary hormone synthesis,damage to the hypothalamus leads to multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,including hepatopulmonary syndrome(HPS).HPS has limited treatment and poor prognosis.CASE SUMMARY A girl aged 13 years and 6 mo underwent surgery for craniopharyngioma 6 years prior.Right craniotomy was performed with total resection via the corpus callosum approach,and the tumor at the base was approximately 3.5 cm×3.5 cm×4.0 cm.At 1 year postoperatively,she exhibited abdominal distension and weakness,and the laboratory tests revealed fatty liver disease.Thereafter,she had not visited the outpatient clinic for 2 years.Two years ago,she developed decreased activity endurance,severe cyanosis,chest tightness,wheezing,and intermittent and recurrent low fever after mild physical labor.Hepatobiliary ultrasonography,liver biopsy,and contrast echocardiography of the right heart showed cirrhosis and multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies,indicating HPS.After 1 year of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone,the liver function and oxygenation improved;she did not undergo liver transplantation.CONCLUSION Craniopharyngioma surgery can easily cause hypopituitarism,which can lead to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and HPS in children.Early growth hormone therapy is important to improve the prognosis of these diseases.展开更多
BACKGROUND Delirium is a common disorder in elderly medical inpatients with serious adverse outcomes and is characterized by sudden onset,disturbance in attention,awareness,consciousness and cognition,and often with b...BACKGROUND Delirium is a common disorder in elderly medical inpatients with serious adverse outcomes and is characterized by sudden onset,disturbance in attention,awareness,consciousness and cognition,and often with behavioural disturbances.Central to understanding delirium,is understanding mechanisms by which body and brain wellbeing are linked and in particular how brain responses to bodily homeostatic stress is mediated.A number of studies have investigated the relationship between insulin-like growth factor I(IGF-I)and delirium in medically ill hospitalised patients with conflicting results.However,none have investigated growth hormone(GH)which is related to IGF-I via negative feedback.AIM To investigate the relationship between serum levels of IGF-I and GH,and the occurrence of delirium.METHODS Prospective,longitudinal,observational study.Consecutive elderly inpatients(aged 70+),were assessed twice weekly with Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA),Confusion assessment method(CAM),Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II.Delirium was defined using CAM.Previous history of dementia was evaluated with the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly.IGF-I and GH levels were estimated with the ELISA method.Generalized estimating equations(GEE)model was applied for the first five assessments to analyze those longitudinal data.RESULTS The sample consisted of 198 participants(mean age 80.63±6.81;range 70-97).Of these 92(46.5%)were females.Eighty six(43.4%)were identified with a history of dementia.Incident or prevalent delirium during hospitalisation was identified with CAM in 40 participants(20.2%).Evaluation of missing values with Little's MCAR test indicated that they were missing completely at random(MCARχ2=12.24,u:9,P=0.20).Using GEE for the analysis we found that low MoCA scores,low levels of IGF-I and high levels of GH were significantly associated with any delirium(prevalence,incident,or fluctuating,during the study period(Waldχ2=12.231;u:1,P<0.001,Waldχ2=7.196,u:1,P=0.007,Waldχ2=6.210;:u:1,P=0.013 respectively).CONCLUSION The results show that low levels of IGF-I,high levels of GH and low scores in cognition are independently associated with the occurrence of any delirium during the hospitalisation of medically ill older people.The results of the study supports the hypothesis that deficits in the immunoreactivity of the brain(low cerebral reserve)may be associated with delirium.展开更多
Short stature is a clinical challenge in the daily practice of pediatric endocrinology, regarding the several technical, cultural and economic factors associated with its approach. This article intends to review the p...Short stature is a clinical challenge in the daily practice of pediatric endocrinology, regarding the several technical, cultural and economic factors associated with its approach. This article intends to review the physiology of growth hormone secretion, the endocrine regulation of human growth and the clinical aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of short stature. It specifically analyses the treatment of short stature with growth hormone, along with its side effects, cost/benefit analysis and possible risks. A clinical case from a medical school is also described, intending a better understanding of this frequent ambulatory situation in endocrinology and pediatrics.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether obese rats with a strong anorectic response to growth hormone also showed signs of increased hepatic ketogenesis as reflected in circulating β-hydroxybutyrate leve...The purpose of this study was to investigate whether obese rats with a strong anorectic response to growth hormone also showed signs of increased hepatic ketogenesis as reflected in circulating β-hydroxybutyrate levels. Rats with diet-induced obesity were allocated to one of two groups, receiving either vehicle (n = 7) or 4 mg/kg/d of growth hormone (n = 13) for 4 days. This latter group was later split into a group of responders (n = 8) showing a cumulated reduction of food intake of more than 4 g from base line during the last two days of administrations and a group of non-responders (n = 5). The cumulated reduction of food intake from baseline among the responders was 10.8 ±1.5 g. The corresponding marginal reductions in the non-responder and vehicle groups were 0.5 ±3.4 gand 0.5 ±3.7 g, respectively. Growth hormone administration generally increased serum levels of β-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids, compared with vehicle, whereas triglycerides were decreased. Among the responders this effect was statistically significant in all instances whereas the same trend was weaker among non-responders. The main finding of the present study was that the serum β-hydroxybutyrate levels of 0.76 ± 0.11 mmol/l among responders was three times higher than non-responders展开更多
After the isolation of pituitary growth hormone(GH)in 1957,this form of GH,always in limited supply,was the only drug available for the treatment of GH deficiency.In 1985,recombinant GH became available,and the modali...After the isolation of pituitary growth hormone(GH)in 1957,this form of GH,always in limited supply,was the only drug available for the treatment of GH deficiency.In 1985,recombinant GH became available,and the modalities of GH therapies changed dramatically as the supply was unlimited.New indications for GH in pediatrics and adult medicine were developed.Treatment was daily.Now in 2021 long-acting GH(LAGH)became available the world over making GH therapy more patient-friendly and even showing slightly greater efficacy than daily GH therapy.We are now entering a new era of LAGH therapy for pediatric and adult use with new formulations of GH,which will predictably be the preferred form of GH therapy for years to come increasing adherence to GH therapy and possibly even efficacy,that is,better growth rate.The continued availability of new safety data will further solidify the use of LAGH in clinical medicine.展开更多
Growth hormone deficiency(GHD)has become a serious healthcare burden,and presents a huge impact on the physical and mental health of patients.Here,we developed an actively separated microneedle patch(PAA/NaHCO_(3)^(-)...Growth hormone deficiency(GHD)has become a serious healthcare burden,and presents a huge impact on the physical and mental health of patients.Here,we developed an actively separated microneedle patch(PAA/NaHCO_(3)^(-)Silk MN)based on silk protein for sustained release of recombinant human growth hormone(rhGH).Silk protein,as a friendly carrier material for proteins,could be constructed in mild full-water conditions and ensure the activity of rhGH.After manually pressing PAA/NaHCO_(3)^(-)Silk MN patch to skin for 1 min,active separation is achieved by absorbing the interstitial fluid(ISF)to trigger HCO_(3)^(-)in the active backing layer to produce carbon dioxide gas(CO_(2)).In rats,the MN patch could maintain the sustained release of rhGH for more than 7 days,and produce similar effects as daily subcutaneous(S.C.)injections of rhGH in promoting height and weight with well tolerated.Moreover,the PAA/NaHCO_(3)^(-)Silk MN patch with the potential of painless self-administration,does not require cold chain transportation and storage possess great economic benefits.Overall,the PAA/NaHCO_(3)^(-)Silk MN patch can significantly improve patient compliance and increase the availability of drugs,meet current unmet clinical needs,improve clinical treatment effects of GHD patients.展开更多
Background Recombinant human growth hormone(rhGH)therapy has shown to improve height and body composition in children with Prader–Willi syndrome(PWS),the evidence of early rhGH treatment on motor and mental developme...Background Recombinant human growth hormone(rhGH)therapy has shown to improve height and body composition in children with Prader–Willi syndrome(PWS),the evidence of early rhGH treatment on motor and mental development is still accumulating.This study explored the time effect on psychomotor development,anthropometric indexes,and safety for infants and young children with PWS.Methods A phase 3,single-arm,multicenter,self-controlled study was conducted in six sites.Patients received rhGH at 0.5 mg/m2/day for first four weeks,and 1 mg/m2/day thereafter for up to 52 weeks.Motor development was measured using Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-second edition,mental development using Griffiths Development Scales-Chinese(GDS-C).Height standard deviation score(SDS),body weight SDS,and body mass index(BMI)SDS were also assessed.Results Thirty-five patients were enrolled totally.Significant improvements were observed in height,body weight,and BMI SDS at week 52;GDS-C score showed significant improvement in general quotient(GQ)and sub-quotients.In a linear regression analysis,total motor quotient(TMQ),gross motor quotient(GMQ),and fine motor quotient were negatively correlated with age;however,treatment may attenuate deterioration of TMQ and GMQ.Changes in GQ and locomotor sub-quotient in<9-month group were significantly higher than≥9-month group.Mild to moderate severity adverse drug reactions were reported in six patients.Conclusion Fifty-two-week treatment with rhGH improved growth,BMI,mental development,and lessened the deterioration of motor function in infants and young children with PWS.Improved mental development was more pronounced when instituted in patients<9 months old.展开更多
Objective:The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of recombinant human growth hormone(rh GH)on corneal healing,epithelial nerve regeneration and tear inflammatory factor levels in rabbits.Methods:After co...Objective:The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of recombinant human growth hormone(rh GH)on corneal healing,epithelial nerve regeneration and tear inflammatory factor levels in rabbits.Methods:After corneal epithelial injury models were established,fifty adult clean New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups,normal saline was administered to the control group,while recombinant human growth hormone was administered to the observation group.The healing rate of corneal epithelial injury,the regeneration ability of corneal epithelial nerve and the level of inflammatory factors in tears were observed and compared between the two groups of rabbits before and 24,48,72 and 96 h after modeling.Results:There were significant differences in corneal epithelial healing rate,time and interaction between the two groups(P<0.05).The experimental group exhibited a superior healing rate of corneal epithelium at 24,48,72,and 96 h compared to the control group(P<0.05).There were significant differences in central cornea sensitivity between the two groups,along with variations in time and interaction(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the central corneal sensitivity between the two groups before modeling and at 24,72 and 96 h after modeling(P>0.05),whereas the experimental group exhibited a higher central corneal sensitivity compared to the control group at 48 h after modeling(P<0.05).There were significant differences in IL-1α,TNF-α,IL-17a and IL-21 between the two groups(P<0.05).There were significant differences in IL-17a and IL-21 between the two groups(P<0.05).The experimental group exhibited a significant decrease in IL-1αlevels compared to the control group between 24 and 72 h after modeling(P<0.05),the experimental group exhibited a substantial increase in IL-17a levels compared to the control group at 72 h after modeling(P<0.05),and the level of TNF-αin the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group between 24 and 96 h after modeling.Conclusion:Recombinant human growth hormone aids in expediting the healing process of the healing of rabbit corneal epithelial injury,facilitating the restoration of epithelial nerve,and mitigating the inflammatory response.展开更多
基金supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,Nos.2021A1515011371 (to JP),2021A1515110290 (to YO),2020A1515110564 (to XW)2023A 1 515010150 (to MZ)+2 种基金Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou,No.202102020977 (to ZF)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82201516 (to YO) and 81900709 (to ZF)President Foundation of Nanfang Hospital,Southern Medical University,Nos.2019C001 (to MZ),2019C016 (to XW), 2021C045 (to YO)。
文摘Previous studies have shown that growth hormone can regulate hypothalamic energy metabolism, stress, and hormone release. Therefore, growth hormone has great potential for treating hypothalamic injury. In this study, we established a specific hypothalamic axon injury model by inducing hypothalamic pituitary stalk electric lesions in male mice. We then treated mice by intraperitoneal administration of growth hormone. Our results showed that growth hormone increased the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 and its receptors, and promoted the survival of hypothalamic neurons, axonal regeneration, and vascular reconstruction from the median eminence through the posterior pituitary. Altogether, this alleviated hypothalamic injury-caused central diabetes insipidus and anxiety. These results suggest that growth hormone can promote axonal reconstruction after hypothalamic injury by regulating the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor 1 axis.
文摘BACKGROUND With the improvement of economy and living standards,the attention paid to short stature in children has been increasingly highlighted.Numerous causes can lead to short stature in children,among which growth hormone deficiency(GHD)is a significant factor.AIM To investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of different doses of long-acting polyethylene glycol recombinant human growth hormone(PEG-rhGH)in the treatment of GHD in children.METHODS We selected 44 pediatric patients diagnosed with GHD who were treated at Wuhu First People's Hospital from 2014 to 2018.Total 23 patients were administered a high dose of long-acting PEG-rhGH at 0.2 mg/kg subcutaneously each week,forming the high-dose group.Meanwhile,21 patients were given a lower dose of long-acting PEG-rhGH at 0.14 mg/kg subcutaneously each week,establishing the low-dose Group.The total treatment period was 2 years,during which we monitored the patients’height,annual growth velocity(GV),height standard deviation score(HtSDS),chronological age(CA),bone age(BA),and serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1)and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3(IGFBP-3)before treatment and at 6 mo,1 year,and 2 years after treatment initiation.We also monitored thyroid function,fasting plasma glucose,fasting insulin,and other side effects.Furthermore,we calculated the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance.RESULTS After 1 year of treatment,the GV,HtSDS,IGF-1,BA,and IGFBP-3 in both groups significantly improved compared to the pre-treatment levels(P<0.05).Moreover,when comparing GV,HtSDS,IGF-1,BA,and IGFBP-3 between the two groups,there were no statistically significant differences either before or after the treatment(P>0.05).During the treatment intervals of 0-1.0 years and 1.0-2.0 years,both patient groups experienced a slowdown in GV and a decline in HtSDS improvement(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The use of PEG-rhGH in treating GHD patients was confirmed to be effective,with similar outcomes observed in both the high-dose group and low-dose groups,and no significant differences in the main side effects.
文摘Growth hormone(GH)excess is associated with several systemic complications,one of which is the increased risk of neoplastic processes particularly of the gastrointestinal(GI)tract.Among the GI neoplasms,the most reported association is with benign and malignant neoplasms of the colon.In the majority of published literature,an increased incidence of GI neoplasms,both colonic adenomas as well as colorectal carcinoma is reported.However,the studies on colon cancer-specific mortality rate are conflicting with recent studies reporting similar cancer-specific mortality rates in comparison to controls.Many studies have reported an association of colorectal neoplasms with GH levels.Pathogenic mechanisms put forward to explain this association of GH excess and GI neoplasms primarily involve the increased GH-insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1)signaling.Both GH and IGF-1 have proliferative,anti-apoptotic,and angiogenic effects on the systemic tissues leading to cellular proliferation.Other contributing factors to the increased risk of GI neoplasms include slow intestinal transit with a redundant large bowel,altered bile acids,deranged local immune response,shared genetic susceptibility factors and hyperinsulinemia.In view of the increased risk association,most guidelines for the care of acromegaly patients recommend an initial screening colonoscopy.Recommendations for further follow-up colonoscopy differ but broadly,the guidelines agree that it depends on the findings at first colonoscopy and state of remission of GH excess.Regarding the concern about the risk of colorectal cancers in patients receiving recombinant GH therapy,most cohort studies do not show an increased risk.
文摘To observe the effect of growth hormone on serum leptin levels, serum leptin concentrations were measured by enzyme immunoassay in 12 prebutal children with growth hormone deficiency 1, 3 and 6 months before and after the treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (r hGH). For comparison, 34 normal prepubertal children were also investigated. Relationship between leptin levels and body mass index (BMI) was observed at the same time. Our results showed that serum leptin level in normal prepubertal children was 1.22±0.34 ng/ml; the pretreatment serun leptin levels in GHD children was 3.08±2.41 ng/ml, which was significantly different from those 1, 3 and 6 months after GH treatment (i.e. 1.64±1.37 ng/ml,1.57±1.40 ng/ml and 1.35±0.89 ng/ml respectively) (all P <0.001). Our results suggested that r hGH has a suppressive effect on leptin expression.
文摘Objective: Benefits of replacement therapy in growth hormone deficiency (GHD) are well documented in younger and middle-aged patients. The aim of our investigation was to prove the benefit of GH replacement for patients older than 60 years especially in terms of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of age as well. Design: Data of 743 consecutively recruited patients (394 men, 349 women) with GHD aged 20 - 49 (n = 606) and 60 - 69 (n = 137) years enrolled from KIMS Germany (Pfizer International Metabolic Database) were compared. Treatment effects over the 12 months dose-finding and the subsequent phase up to three years were analysed using mixed models. Serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), fasting blood glucose, fasting serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) as well as body mass index (BMI) at baseline and at last visit were studied. HRQoL was assessed using the Quality of Life-Assessment of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults (QoL-AGHDA). Results: For both age groups and genders the IGF-I level and standardized IGF-I increased over the dose-finding phase. In women, the overall QoL-AGHDA score at the baseline examination was 8.7 (95% CI: 7.7 - 9.7) and decreased to 6.3 (95% CI: 5.1 - 7.6) at the end of the dose-finding phase (p < 0.001). In men, the corresponding values were 8.8 (95% CI: 7.8 - 9.8) and 6.4 (95% CI: 5.1 - 7.6;p < 0.001) without differences between the age groups. The therapy benefit for elderly was supported by the non-impairment after the dose-finding phase. In total cholesterol, LDL-C and fasting blood glucose, no significant changes were detected, whereas an increase in BMI did not differ between age groups. Conclusion: We could show positive effects of GH replacement on HRQoL in patients older than 60 years of age. Therefore, GH replacement should be considered in elderly GHD adults without difference compared to younger age groups.
文摘BACKGROUND Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide.In patients suffering from strokes and other acute brain injuries,the prevalence of pituitary dysfunction is high,and growth hormone deficiency is commonly found.Previous studies have demonstrated that administration of recombinant human growth hormone provides adult growth hormone deficiency(AGHD)patients with beneficial effects such as improving body compositions and quality of life.Nevertheless,other physiological benefits of growth hormone substitution are still controversial and inconclusive.CASE SUMMARY A female with a history of hypertension suffered intracranial hemorrhage,intraventricular hemorrhage,and hydrocephalus at 56 years of age.Her mobility,fluency of speech,and mentality were impaired ever since the event occurred.After five years,the 61-year-old patient was further diagnosed with AGHD and received six-month growth hormone replacement therapy(GHRT).After six months of GHRT,the patient’s body composition was improved.A substantial improvement in Mini-Mental State Examination score was also observed,accompanying with ameliorations in mobility,fluency of speech,and mentality.CONCLUSION In addition to improvements in body composition,GHRT for AGHD may provide further beneficial effects in patients with cognitive or motor impairments due to intracerebral hemorrhage.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81771576 and No.81971375the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation,No.7202151 and No.7212080.
文摘BACKGROUND Metabolic associated fatty liver disease frequently occurs in patients with hypopituitarism and growth hormone(GH)deficiency.Some patients may develop to hepatopulmonary syndrome(HPS).HPS has a poor prognosis and liver transplantation is regarded as the only approach to cure it.CASE SUMMARY A 29-year-old man presented with progressive dyspnea for 1 mo.At the age of 10 years,he was diagnosed with panhypopituitarism associated with pituitary stalk interruption syndrome.Levothyroxine and hydrocortisone were given since then.To achieve ideal height,he received GH treatment for 5 years.The patient had an oxygen saturation of 78%and a partial pressure of arterial oxygen of 37 mmHg with an alveolar–arterial oxygen gradient of 70.2 mmHg.Abdominal ultrasonography showed liver cirrhosis and an enlarged spleen.Perfusion lung scan demonstrated intrapulmonary arteriovenous right-to-left shunt.HPS(very severe)was our primary consideration.His hormonal evaluation revealed GH deficiency and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism when thyroid hormone,cortisol,and desmopressin were administrated.After adding with long-acting recombinant human GH and testosterone for 14 mo,his liver function and hypoxemia were improved and his progressive liver fibrosis was stabilized.He was off the waiting list of liver transplantation.CONCLUSION Clinicians should screen HPS patients'anterior pituitary function as early as possible and treat them primarily with GH cocktail accordingly.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81673503 and 30973582)
文摘OBJECTIVE CYP2D is one of the most abundant subfamily of CYPs in the brain,especially in the cerebellum.Brain CYP2D is responsible for the metabolism of endogenous neurotransmitters such as tyramine and serotonin.Our previous studies have shown brain CYP2D can be regulated by exogenous and endogenous substances with tissue-specificity.The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of cerebral CYP2D on the mice behavior and the regulatory mechanism of brain CYP2D by growth hormone.METHODS Mice received the stereotaxic injection with CYP2D inhibitor quinine in deep cerebellar nuclei of cerebellum.The animals were tested with rotarod apparatus,balance beam,water maze,elevated plus maze and open field.The changes in CYP2D22,PPARαand PPARγ in brain regions and liver were assayed in male growth hormone receptor knockout mice,SH-SY5 Y cells and HepG2 cells.RESULTS The inhibition of cerebellum CYP2D significantly affected the spatial learning and exploring ability of mice.Compared with WT mice,CYP2D expression was lower in brain regions from GHR(-/-)male mice;however,hepatic CYP2D level was similar.Pulsatile GH decreased PPARα m RNA level,and increased m RNA levels of CYP2D6 and PPARα in SH-SY5 Y cells.In HepG2 cells,pulsatile GH resulted in decreases in PPARα and PPARγ m RNA levels,but not CYP2D6.PPARα inhibitor induced CYP2D6 m RNA and protein by 1.32-fold and 1.43-fold in SH-SY5 Y cells.PPARγ inhibitor decreased CYP2D6 m RNA and protein by 74.76% and 40.93%.PPARα agonist decreased the level of CYP2D22 m RNA in liver and cerebellum,while PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone resulted in diametrically increases.The luciferase assay showed that PPARγ actived the CYP2D6 gene promoter while PPARα inhibited its function.Pulsatile GH declined the binding of PPARα with CYP2D6 promoter by 40%,promoted the binding of PPARγ with CYP2D6 promoter by approximate60%.The levels of brain and liver PPARα expression in male GHR(-/-)mice is obviously higher than those in WT mice.The level of PPARγ in male GHR(-/-)mice was decreased in the frontal cortex and hippocampus,while remained stable in the cerebellum and striatum;meanwhile,PPARγ was increased in the liver.CONCLUSION Brain CYP2D may be involved in learning and memory functions of central system.Masculine GH secretion altered the PPARs expression and the binding of PPARs to CYP2D promoter,leading to the elevated brain CYP2D in a tissue-specific manner.Growth hormone may specifically alter the metabolic and synthetic of important endogenous substances in the central nervous system(such as serotonin) through the specific regulation of brain CYP2D expression.
基金supported by National Natural Special Scientific and Techndogical Resources Sharing Platform (No.2005DKA21101)the 11th Five-year Plan of National Science and Technology Support(No.2006BAD73B08)the 15th Key Project"Chinese Experimental Miniature Pig Resources Development and Research Applications"Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2004BA717B- 01)
文摘Single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) of the growth hormone(GH) gene were investigated in six pig breeds,consisting of four mini-pig breeds(Wuzhishan,Bama,Xiang and Tibet pig),and two others(Dahlan and Landrace pig).Three pairs of primers for promoter regions of the GH gene were designed on the basis of the pig genomic sequence and SNPs were detected by the PCR-SSCP method.The results indicated three mutations in the 5’-flanking region.The analysis results showed that the frequencies of allele A and D in four mini-pig breeds were higher than that in other breeds at a locus within the 5’-flanking region(P【0.05).These results suggest that differences in body size may be associated with these SNPs of 5’-flanking region and amino acid mutation of the signal peptide of GH in these pig breeds.
基金funded by the National Nature Science Foundation(No.30000120).
文摘Ninety finishing pigs were selected to study the effect of N-methyl-aspartate and betaine on the internal growth hormone level in the serum and the correlation between the growth hormone level, growth performance and carcass characteristic of finishing pig. The study showed that the two matters could improve pig growth and carcass composition significantly. The correlation analyses indicated that the growth hormone and IGF-I have a positive correlation with the growth rate. Carcass lean ratio, longissimus dorsi area, serum free fatty acid and lipase activity have a negative correlation with the feed conversion ratio, carcass fat ratio and urine nitrogen. But the growth hormone is more effective than IGF-I (P＜ 0.01 ). The results implicated that both the two matters may act through growth hormone axis(growth hormone - IGF-I) to manipulate pig growth.
文摘BACKGROUND Craniopharyngioma is a benign tumor that usually develops in children;however,it is located in the center and close to sensitive structures,such as the pituitary gland and hypothalamus.As the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in the homeostasis of anterior pituitary hormone synthesis,damage to the hypothalamus leads to multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,including hepatopulmonary syndrome(HPS).HPS has limited treatment and poor prognosis.CASE SUMMARY A girl aged 13 years and 6 mo underwent surgery for craniopharyngioma 6 years prior.Right craniotomy was performed with total resection via the corpus callosum approach,and the tumor at the base was approximately 3.5 cm×3.5 cm×4.0 cm.At 1 year postoperatively,she exhibited abdominal distension and weakness,and the laboratory tests revealed fatty liver disease.Thereafter,she had not visited the outpatient clinic for 2 years.Two years ago,she developed decreased activity endurance,severe cyanosis,chest tightness,wheezing,and intermittent and recurrent low fever after mild physical labor.Hepatobiliary ultrasonography,liver biopsy,and contrast echocardiography of the right heart showed cirrhosis and multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies,indicating HPS.After 1 year of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone,the liver function and oxygenation improved;she did not undergo liver transplantation.CONCLUSION Craniopharyngioma surgery can easily cause hypopituitarism,which can lead to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and HPS in children.Early growth hormone therapy is important to improve the prognosis of these diseases.
文摘BACKGROUND Delirium is a common disorder in elderly medical inpatients with serious adverse outcomes and is characterized by sudden onset,disturbance in attention,awareness,consciousness and cognition,and often with behavioural disturbances.Central to understanding delirium,is understanding mechanisms by which body and brain wellbeing are linked and in particular how brain responses to bodily homeostatic stress is mediated.A number of studies have investigated the relationship between insulin-like growth factor I(IGF-I)and delirium in medically ill hospitalised patients with conflicting results.However,none have investigated growth hormone(GH)which is related to IGF-I via negative feedback.AIM To investigate the relationship between serum levels of IGF-I and GH,and the occurrence of delirium.METHODS Prospective,longitudinal,observational study.Consecutive elderly inpatients(aged 70+),were assessed twice weekly with Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA),Confusion assessment method(CAM),Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II.Delirium was defined using CAM.Previous history of dementia was evaluated with the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly.IGF-I and GH levels were estimated with the ELISA method.Generalized estimating equations(GEE)model was applied for the first five assessments to analyze those longitudinal data.RESULTS The sample consisted of 198 participants(mean age 80.63±6.81;range 70-97).Of these 92(46.5%)were females.Eighty six(43.4%)were identified with a history of dementia.Incident or prevalent delirium during hospitalisation was identified with CAM in 40 participants(20.2%).Evaluation of missing values with Little's MCAR test indicated that they were missing completely at random(MCARχ2=12.24,u:9,P=0.20).Using GEE for the analysis we found that low MoCA scores,low levels of IGF-I and high levels of GH were significantly associated with any delirium(prevalence,incident,or fluctuating,during the study period(Waldχ2=12.231;u:1,P<0.001,Waldχ2=7.196,u:1,P=0.007,Waldχ2=6.210;:u:1,P=0.013 respectively).CONCLUSION The results show that low levels of IGF-I,high levels of GH and low scores in cognition are independently associated with the occurrence of any delirium during the hospitalisation of medically ill older people.The results of the study supports the hypothesis that deficits in the immunoreactivity of the brain(low cerebral reserve)may be associated with delirium.
文摘Short stature is a clinical challenge in the daily practice of pediatric endocrinology, regarding the several technical, cultural and economic factors associated with its approach. This article intends to review the physiology of growth hormone secretion, the endocrine regulation of human growth and the clinical aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of short stature. It specifically analyses the treatment of short stature with growth hormone, along with its side effects, cost/benefit analysis and possible risks. A clinical case from a medical school is also described, intending a better understanding of this frequent ambulatory situation in endocrinology and pediatrics.
基金the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, SLU, Uppsala
文摘The purpose of this study was to investigate whether obese rats with a strong anorectic response to growth hormone also showed signs of increased hepatic ketogenesis as reflected in circulating β-hydroxybutyrate levels. Rats with diet-induced obesity were allocated to one of two groups, receiving either vehicle (n = 7) or 4 mg/kg/d of growth hormone (n = 13) for 4 days. This latter group was later split into a group of responders (n = 8) showing a cumulated reduction of food intake of more than 4 g from base line during the last two days of administrations and a group of non-responders (n = 5). The cumulated reduction of food intake from baseline among the responders was 10.8 ±1.5 g. The corresponding marginal reductions in the non-responder and vehicle groups were 0.5 ±3.4 gand 0.5 ±3.7 g, respectively. Growth hormone administration generally increased serum levels of β-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids, compared with vehicle, whereas triglycerides were decreased. Among the responders this effect was statistically significant in all instances whereas the same trend was weaker among non-responders. The main finding of the present study was that the serum β-hydroxybutyrate levels of 0.76 ± 0.11 mmol/l among responders was three times higher than non-responders
文摘After the isolation of pituitary growth hormone(GH)in 1957,this form of GH,always in limited supply,was the only drug available for the treatment of GH deficiency.In 1985,recombinant GH became available,and the modalities of GH therapies changed dramatically as the supply was unlimited.New indications for GH in pediatrics and adult medicine were developed.Treatment was daily.Now in 2021 long-acting GH(LAGH)became available the world over making GH therapy more patient-friendly and even showing slightly greater efficacy than daily GH therapy.We are now entering a new era of LAGH therapy for pediatric and adult use with new formulations of GH,which will predictably be the preferred form of GH therapy for years to come increasing adherence to GH therapy and possibly even efficacy,that is,better growth rate.The continued availability of new safety data will further solidify the use of LAGH in clinical medicine.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071342 and 31922042)Guangdong Special Support Program(2019TQ05Y209)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2021A1515010431)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.2021-RC310-005,2020-RC320-002 and 2019PT320028)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2021-I2M-1-058)。
文摘Growth hormone deficiency(GHD)has become a serious healthcare burden,and presents a huge impact on the physical and mental health of patients.Here,we developed an actively separated microneedle patch(PAA/NaHCO_(3)^(-)Silk MN)based on silk protein for sustained release of recombinant human growth hormone(rhGH).Silk protein,as a friendly carrier material for proteins,could be constructed in mild full-water conditions and ensure the activity of rhGH.After manually pressing PAA/NaHCO_(3)^(-)Silk MN patch to skin for 1 min,active separation is achieved by absorbing the interstitial fluid(ISF)to trigger HCO_(3)^(-)in the active backing layer to produce carbon dioxide gas(CO_(2)).In rats,the MN patch could maintain the sustained release of rhGH for more than 7 days,and produce similar effects as daily subcutaneous(S.C.)injections of rhGH in promoting height and weight with well tolerated.Moreover,the PAA/NaHCO_(3)^(-)Silk MN patch with the potential of painless self-administration,does not require cold chain transportation and storage possess great economic benefits.Overall,the PAA/NaHCO_(3)^(-)Silk MN patch can significantly improve patient compliance and increase the availability of drugs,meet current unmet clinical needs,improve clinical treatment effects of GHD patients.
文摘Background Recombinant human growth hormone(rhGH)therapy has shown to improve height and body composition in children with Prader–Willi syndrome(PWS),the evidence of early rhGH treatment on motor and mental development is still accumulating.This study explored the time effect on psychomotor development,anthropometric indexes,and safety for infants and young children with PWS.Methods A phase 3,single-arm,multicenter,self-controlled study was conducted in six sites.Patients received rhGH at 0.5 mg/m2/day for first four weeks,and 1 mg/m2/day thereafter for up to 52 weeks.Motor development was measured using Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-second edition,mental development using Griffiths Development Scales-Chinese(GDS-C).Height standard deviation score(SDS),body weight SDS,and body mass index(BMI)SDS were also assessed.Results Thirty-five patients were enrolled totally.Significant improvements were observed in height,body weight,and BMI SDS at week 52;GDS-C score showed significant improvement in general quotient(GQ)and sub-quotients.In a linear regression analysis,total motor quotient(TMQ),gross motor quotient(GMQ),and fine motor quotient were negatively correlated with age;however,treatment may attenuate deterioration of TMQ and GMQ.Changes in GQ and locomotor sub-quotient in<9-month group were significantly higher than≥9-month group.Mild to moderate severity adverse drug reactions were reported in six patients.Conclusion Fifty-two-week treatment with rhGH improved growth,BMI,mental development,and lessened the deterioration of motor function in infants and young children with PWS.Improved mental development was more pronounced when instituted in patients<9 months old.
文摘Objective:The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of recombinant human growth hormone(rh GH)on corneal healing,epithelial nerve regeneration and tear inflammatory factor levels in rabbits.Methods:After corneal epithelial injury models were established,fifty adult clean New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups,normal saline was administered to the control group,while recombinant human growth hormone was administered to the observation group.The healing rate of corneal epithelial injury,the regeneration ability of corneal epithelial nerve and the level of inflammatory factors in tears were observed and compared between the two groups of rabbits before and 24,48,72 and 96 h after modeling.Results:There were significant differences in corneal epithelial healing rate,time and interaction between the two groups(P<0.05).The experimental group exhibited a superior healing rate of corneal epithelium at 24,48,72,and 96 h compared to the control group(P<0.05).There were significant differences in central cornea sensitivity between the two groups,along with variations in time and interaction(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the central corneal sensitivity between the two groups before modeling and at 24,72 and 96 h after modeling(P>0.05),whereas the experimental group exhibited a higher central corneal sensitivity compared to the control group at 48 h after modeling(P<0.05).There were significant differences in IL-1α,TNF-α,IL-17a and IL-21 between the two groups(P<0.05).There were significant differences in IL-17a and IL-21 between the two groups(P<0.05).The experimental group exhibited a significant decrease in IL-1αlevels compared to the control group between 24 and 72 h after modeling(P<0.05),the experimental group exhibited a substantial increase in IL-17a levels compared to the control group at 72 h after modeling(P<0.05),and the level of TNF-αin the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group between 24 and 96 h after modeling.Conclusion:Recombinant human growth hormone aids in expediting the healing process of the healing of rabbit corneal epithelial injury,facilitating the restoration of epithelial nerve,and mitigating the inflammatory response.
