In William Golding' s Darkness Visible,Sophy' s experience of " hysterical hallucination" plays an important role in the the matic expression.They point directly to the evil nature of man.Although th...In William Golding' s Darkness Visible,Sophy' s experience of " hysterical hallucination" plays an important role in the the matic expression.They point directly to the evil nature of man.Although the specific content of hallucinations is different,they possess a common characteristic-mystical experience.They worth further research.This paper examines Sophy' s mystical experience in her hyster ical hallucination,so as to find out the functions of mystical experience and its influences on the novel' s thematic expression.展开更多
Golding gave hallucination to characters when they are suffering from hysteria.This paper researches the relation between Simon' s hysteria with hallucination and the revelation of the theme,and finds out that thi...Golding gave hallucination to characters when they are suffering from hysteria.This paper researches the relation between Simon' s hysteria with hallucination and the revelation of the theme,and finds out that this clinical symptom turns to be the window for Golding to tell his theme.展开更多
AIM To provide an updated of recent findings about efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy(CBT) in reduction of command hallucinations.METHODS Pub Med/MEDLINE,Cochrane Library,the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied...AIM To provide an updated of recent findings about efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy(CBT) in reduction of command hallucinations.METHODS Pub Med/MEDLINE,Cochrane Library,the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature,PsycI NFO,Clinical Trial.gov searches were performed using the keywords "hallucinations","behavioural therapy" and " cognitive therapy" in order to identify relevant articles published during the years of 2011 to 2016.No language limits were used.Studies conducted within control group,reviews,editorials,were excluded.Data on efficacy,acceptability and tolerability were extracted by three authors independently.Disagreements were resolved in a consensus meeting or by another reviewer.RESULTS A total of eight articles were eligible for inclusion.Two are randomized clinical trials(RCTs) and six are observational studies.The two RCTs included showed a greater efficacy of CBT compared to standard care on auditory hallucinations(AHs).Nevertheless,they considered different CBT models,particularly Treatment of Resistant Command Hallucinations and Cognitive Therapy for Command Hallucinations.As regards non RCT-studies,all papers included showed reduction on frequency and severity of AHs and distress related to them.However,the lack of content details within non-RCTs studies decreased their comparability.In terms of predictive variables,our findings show that negative symptoms at baseline appeared to be the strongest predictor of the treatment efficacy.Indeed,negative symptoms showed a significant negative correlation on outcome.CONCLUSION Although more conclusive studies are still needed,we found some preliminary evidence for the efficacy of CBT in the treatment of command hallucinations.展开更多
Auditory verbal hallucination(AVH)is emphasized as a pathological hallmark of schizophrenia.Neuroimaging studies provide evidence linking AVH to overlapping functional abnormalities in distributed networks.However,no ...Auditory verbal hallucination(AVH)is emphasized as a pathological hallmark of schizophrenia.Neuroimaging studies provide evidence linking AVH to overlapping functional abnormalities in distributed networks.However,no clear conclusion has still been reached.This study aimed to further explore the brain activity of patients with schizophrenia having AVH from both local activity(LA)and functional connectivity(FC)insights,while excluding confounding factors from other positive symptoms.A total of 42 patients with AVH(AVH patients group,APG),26 without AVH(non-AVH patients group,NPG),and 82 normal controls(NC)underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI).LA measures,including regional homogeneity(ReHo)and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations(fALFF),and FC measures were evaluated to understand the neuroimaging mechanism of AVH.APG showed increased ReHo and fALFF in the bilateral putamen(Put)compared with NPG and NC.FC analysis(using bilateral putamen as seeds)revealed that all patients showed abnormal FC of multiple resting state network regions,including the anterior and post cingulate cortex,middle frontal gyrus,inferior parietal gyrus,and left angular gyrus.Interestingly,APG showed significantly decreased FC of insula extending to the superior temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus compared with NPG and NC.The present findings suggested a significant correlation of abnormal LA and dysfunctional putamen-auditory cortical connectivity with the neuropathological mechanism of AVH,providing evidence for the functional disconnection hypothesis of schizophrenia.展开更多
Transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)has been reportedly beneficial for different neurodegenerative disorders.tDCS has been reported as a potential adjunctive or alternative treatment for auditory verbal hallu...Transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)has been reportedly beneficial for different neurodegenerative disorders.tDCS has been reported as a potential adjunctive or alternative treatment for auditory verbal hallucination(AVH).This study aims to review the effects of tDCS on AVH in patients with schizophrenia through combining the evidence from randomized clinical trials(RCTs).The databases of PsycINFO(2000–2019),PubMed(2000–2019),EMBASE(2000–2019),CINAHL(2000–2019),Web of Science(2000–2019),and Scopus(2000–2019)were systematically searched.The clinical trials with RCT design were selected for final analysis.A total of nine RCTs were eligible and included in the review.Nine RCTs were included in the final analysis.Among them,six RCTs reported a significant reduction of AVH after repeated sessions of tDCS,whereas three RCTs did not show any advantage of active tDCS over sham tDCS.The current studies showed an overall decrease of approximately 28%of AVH after active tDCS and 10%after sham tDCS.The tDCS protocols targeting the sensorimotor frontal-parietal network showed greater treatment effects compared with the protocols targeting other regions.In this regard,cathodal tDCS over the left temporoparietal area showed inhibitory effects on AVHs.The most effective tDCS protocol on AVHs was twice-daily sessions(2 mA,20-minute duration)over 5 consecutive days(10 sessions)with the anode over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the cathode over the left temporal area.Some patient-specific and diseasespecific factors such as young age,nonsmoking status,and higher frequencies of AVHs seemed to be the predictors of treatment response.Taken together,the results of tDCS as an alternative treatment option for AVH show controversy among current literatures,since not all studies were positive.However,the studies targeting the same site of the brain showed that the tDCS could be a promising treatment option to reduce AVH.Further RCTs,with larger sample sizes,should be conducted to reach a conclusion on the efficacy of tDCS for AVH and to develop an effective therapeutic protocol for clinical setting.展开更多
In this invited review I provide a selective overview of recent research on brain mechanisms and cognitive processes involved in auditory hallucinations. The review is focused on research carried out in the "VOIC...In this invited review I provide a selective overview of recent research on brain mechanisms and cognitive processes involved in auditory hallucinations. The review is focused on research carried out in the "VOICE" ERC Advanced Grant Project, funded by the European Research Council, but I also review and discuss the literature in general. Auditory hallucinations are suggested to be perceptual phenomena, with a neuronal origin in the speech perception areas in the temporal lobe. The phenomenology of auditory hallucinations is conceptualized along three domains, or dimensions; a perceptual dimension, experienced as someone speaking to the patient; a cognitive dimension, experienced as an inability to inhibit, or ignore the voices, and an emotional dimension, experienced as the "voices" having primarily a negative, or sinister, emotional tone. I will review cognitive, imaging, and neurochemistry data related to these dimensions, primarily the first two. The reviewed data are summarized in a model that sees auditory hallucinations as initiated from temporal lobe neuronal hyper-activation that draws attentional focus inward, and which is not inhibited due to frontal lobe hypo-activation. It is further suggested that this is maintained through abnormal glutamate and possibly gamma-amino-butyric-acid transmitter mediation, which could point towards new pathways for pharmacological treatment. A final section discusses new methods of acquiring quantitative data on the phenomenology and subjective experience of auditory hallucination that goes beyond standard interview questionnaires, by suggesting an iP hone/iP od app.展开更多
Background: Several studies reported on the effectiveness of 1 Hz repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the temporoparietal cortex (TPC) on refractory auditory hallucinations (AH) in schizophrenia but...Background: Several studies reported on the effectiveness of 1 Hz repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the temporoparietal cortex (TPC) on refractory auditory hallucinations (AH) in schizophrenia but little is known about the long-term therapeutic effect of this tool. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate rTMS’ impact on auditory hallucinations (AH) and cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia with a three-month follow-up. Methods: In a randomized double blind sham controlled study, 26 patients with refractory schizophrenia received 1 Hz rTMS applied on TPC for four weeks. rTMS was given to patients over one month with five rTMS sessions each week. Patients were evaluated via AHRS (Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale, Hoffman et al.), PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Kay et al. 1988), and CGI (Clinical Global Impression) before treatment by rTMS every week during the first month, and every month until the third month. Results: Neither clinical nor cognitive differences were found between rTMS and placebo. Conclusion: 1 Hz rTMS using parameters mentioned above has no statistically significant effect on AH;although evidences about the potential benefit of rTMS in the treatment of AH negative results suggest the need for further studies in this area.展开更多
BACKGROUND Visual hallucination(VH)refers to a spontaneous visual perception without corresponding external stimuli and often occurs in ophthalmological and neuropsychiatric disorders.It is associated with poor qualit...BACKGROUND Visual hallucination(VH)refers to a spontaneous visual perception without corresponding external stimuli and often occurs in ophthalmological and neuropsychiatric disorders.It is associated with poor quality of life,and increased patient hospitalization and nursing home admission.To date,a scientometric analysis of research on VH is lacking.AIM To objectively summarize the features of VH research and gain insights into the emerging trends in research on VH.METHODS CiteSpace V was used in this article.Publication outputs,document types,geographic distributions,co-authorship status,research hotspots,and co-citation status were analyzed.A total of 2176 original articles and 465 reviews were included in the database downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection.We selected the top 50 most cited or occurring articles or items to create a visualized network with a 1-year interval.In the document co-citation analysis stage,we performed clustering analysis on co-cited references,and log likelihood tests were used to name the clusters.RESULTS The results showed that most publications can be classified into neurology,sports,and ophthalmology studies.In addition,North America,Europe,Asia and Australia published the most documents.Some well-known authors have always had a leading role in this field;meanwhile,new authors keep emerging.A relatively stable cooperation has been formed among many authors.Furthermore,neuropsychiatric symptom and functional connectivity are the top hotspots.Research on VH in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease(PD)have received much attention.Studies on VH in PD are likely to be the new emerging trends in the future,especially the mechanisms of VH.CONCLUSION Research on VH has formed a complete system.More large-scale clinical and indepth basic research are required to better understand the mechanisms underlying VH,which will contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiology and therapeutic options for VH.展开更多
The association between disorders of thyroid function and psychiatric symptoms is well established. Generally, hypo-thyroidism is recognized as being able to induce psychotic symptoms. However, psychotic symptoms with...The association between disorders of thyroid function and psychiatric symptoms is well established. Generally, hypo-thyroidism is recognized as being able to induce psychotic symptoms. However, psychotic symptoms without affective and cognitive disturbances are rare in hyperthyroidism. We presented a patient with Graves’ disease who suffered from delusions and hallucinations without affective and cognitive disturbances following abrupt normalization of thyroid function. Furthermore, the patient was clinically and biochemically euthyroid when the psychotic symptoms developed. There was resolution of psychotic symptoms in this case. It is suggested that the abrupt change of thyroxine may cause susceptible individuals to become transient psychotic state.展开更多
To the Editor:Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are experienced concomitantly with various neuropsychiatric diagnoses including schizophrenia,bipolar disorder,major depression disorder,post-traumatic stress disord...To the Editor:Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are experienced concomitantly with various neuropsychiatric diagnoses including schizophrenia,bipolar disorder,major depression disorder,post-traumatic stress disorder,and borderline personality disorder.展开更多
Background:Few studies have reported brain function differences in drug-na(i)ve first-episode schizophrenia patients who had auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) with insight vs.those without insight.This study aimed ...Background:Few studies have reported brain function differences in drug-na(i)ve first-episode schizophrenia patients who had auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) with insight vs.those without insight.This study aimed to investigate brain function differences between drug-naive first-episode AVH-schizophrenia patients with and without insight.Methods:Forty first-episode drug-naive AVH-schizophrenia patients with or without insight and 40 healthy controls between December 2016 and December 2018 were recruited in this study.The auditory hallucinations rating scale (AHRS) was used to assess AVH severity,while the insight and treatment attitudes questionnaire was used to distinguish insight.The global functional connectivity density (gFCD) between different groups was compared using a voxel-wise one-way analysis of covariance.The relationship between gFCD and AHRS total scores were analyzed using voxel-wise multiple regression.Results:Finally,13 first-episode drug-naive AVH-schizophrenia patients with insight,15 AVH-schizophrenia patients without insight,and 20 healthy controls were included for analysis.Except for global assessment of functioning scores,there were no significant differences in sociodemographic information between the AVH-schizophrenia and healthy groups (P > 0.05).Compared to the healthy controls,AVH-schizophrenia patients with insight demonstrated a decreased gFCD in the supramarginal gyrus within the primary auditory cortex,while those without insight demonstrated an increased gFCD in the inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus and decreased gFCD in the supplemental motor area.Compared to the AVH-schizophrenia patients with insight,those without insight demonstrated an increased gFCD in the supra-marginal gyrus and posterior superior temporal lobule and a decreased gFCD in the frontal lobe.No significant correlation between gFCD and AVH severity (AHRS total score:r =0.23,P =0.590;and frequency:r =0.42,P =0.820) was found in both AVH-schizophrenia groups.Condusions:The gFCD-aberrant brain regions in the AVH-schizophrenia patients without insight were wider compared to those with insight,although the AHRS scores were not significandy different.The AVH-schizophrenia patients without insight had wide functional impairment in the frontal lobule,which may underlie the lack of insight and the abnormal hyperactivity in the inferior frontal gurus and temporal lobe related to the AVH symptoms.展开更多
Face hallucination via patch-pairs leaning based methods has been wildly used in the past several years. Some position-patch based face hallucination methods have been proposed to improve the representation power of i...Face hallucination via patch-pairs leaning based methods has been wildly used in the past several years. Some position-patch based face hallucination methods have been proposed to improve the representation power of image patch and obtain the optimal regressive weighted vector. The rationale behind the position-patch based face hallucination is the fact that human face is always highly structured and consequently positioned and it plays an increasingly important role in the reconstruction. However, in the existing position-patch based methods,the probe image patch is usually represented as a linear combination of the corresponding patches of some training images, and the reconstruction residual is usually measured using the vector norm such as 1-norm and 2-norm.Since the vector norms neglect two-dimensional structures inside the residual, the final reconstruction performance is not very satisfactory. To cope with this problem, we present a weighted nuclear-norm constrained sparse coding(WNCSC) model for position-patch based face hallucination. In addition, an efficient algorithm for the WNCSC is developed using the alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM) and the method of augmented Lagrange multipliers(ALM). The advantages of the proposed model are twofold: in order to fully make use of low-rank structure information of the reconstruction residual, the weighted nuclear norm is applied to measure the residual matrix, which is able to alleviate the bias between input patches and training data, and it is more robust than the Euclidean distance(2-norm); the more flexible selection method for rank components can determine the optimal combination weights and adaptively choose the relevant and nearest hallucinated neighbors. Finally, experimental results prove that the proposed method outperforms the related state-of-the-art methods in both quantitative and visual comparisons.展开更多
This article explores the complex topic of rage and its important concomitant,anger management.Anger is a natural emotion that is experienced in many ways.Its triggers,body reactions,and mental components are all exam...This article explores the complex topic of rage and its important concomitant,anger management.Anger is a natural emotion that is experienced in many ways.Its triggers,body reactions,and mental components are all examined.Developing techniques for efficient anger management begins with an understanding of the nature of rage.This short review emphasizes the significance of anger management,stressing its critical role in preserving mental and physical health,stimulating personal development,and preserving relationships.Anger that is out of control can have serious ramifications,such as long-term stress,poor decision-making,damaged relationships,and legal issues.In order to provide readers with practical knowledge,an extensive range of effective strategies for managing anger is provided.These techniques include deep breathing,cognitive restructuring,self-awareness,and physical practices including progressive muscle relaxation and exercise.Other essential elements of anger control are stress reduction,obtaining professional help,and developing effective communication skills.The conclusion highlights the transformative potential of anger management,highlighting that the key to effectively managing and utilizing this powerful emotion is not about repressing anger.By putting these strategies into practice and seeing anger as a chance for development and transformation,people can start down the path to greater wellbeing,more wholesome relationships,and a more peaceful life.展开更多
Recent advances in computer vision and deep learning have shown that the fusion of depth information can significantly enhance the performance of RGB-based damage detection and segmentation models.However,alongside th...Recent advances in computer vision and deep learning have shown that the fusion of depth information can significantly enhance the performance of RGB-based damage detection and segmentation models.However,alongside the advantages,depth-sensing also presents many practical challenges.For instance,the depth sensors impose an additional payload burden on the robotic inspection platforms limiting the operation time and increasing the inspection cost.Additionally,some lidar-based depth sensors have poor outdoor performance due to sunlight contamination during the daytime.In this context,this study investigates the feasibility of abolishing depth-sensing at test time without compromising the segmentation performance.An autonomous damage segmentation framework is developed,based on recent advancements in vision-based multi-modal sensing such as modality hallucination(MH)and monocular depth estimation(MDE),which require depth data only during the model training.At the time of deployment,depth data becomes expendable as it can be simulated from the corresponding RGB frames.This makes it possible to reap the benefits of depth fusion without any depth perception per se.This study explored two different depth encoding techniques and three different fusion strategies in addition to a baseline RGB-based model.The proposed approach is validated on computer-generated RGB-D data of reinforced concrete buildings subjected to seismic damage.It was observed that the surrogate techniques can increase the segmentation IoU by up to 20.1%with a negligible increase in the computation cost.Overall,this study is believed to make a positive contribution to enhancing the resilience of critical civil infrastructure.展开更多
An increasing number of studies have suggested that increased physical activity is associated with less mental illness.However,the relationship between exercise and psychotic experiences(PEs)is still unknown.The purpo...An increasing number of studies have suggested that increased physical activity is associated with less mental illness.However,the relationship between exercise and psychotic experiences(PEs)is still unknown.The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between exercise and PEs in college students in the United States.Data from the Health Mind Survey(2020–2021 round)were analyzed.Respondents included 137,916 college students who were asked about exercise and PEs(lifetime psychotic experiences,delusions,and hallucinations).A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between exercise and PEs while controlling for demographic characteristics.There was a significant correlation between exercise and PEs among college students.Compared to students who exercised less than one hour per week,students who exercisedfive or more hours per week had fewer lifetime psychotic experiences.This samefinding obtained for both male and female college students.Thefindings from the present study indicate that exercising forfive or more hours each week is most correlated with decreased PEs among college students.However,experimental studies are required to extend and confirm ourfindings and determine the causality of this relationship.展开更多
An electroencephalographic(EEG)signature of auditory hallucinations(AHs)is important for facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of AHs in schizophrenia.We recorded EEG from 25 schizophrenia patients with recurrent A...An electroencephalographic(EEG)signature of auditory hallucinations(AHs)is important for facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of AHs in schizophrenia.We recorded EEG from 25 schizophrenia patients with recurrent AHs.During the period of AHs,EEG recordings exhibited significantly elevated beta2-band power in the temporal region,as compared to those recorded in the absence of AHs or during stimulation with verbal sounds.We further generated methamphetamine-treated rhesus monkeys exhibiting psychosis-like behaviors,including repetitive sudden searching actions in the absence of external intrusion,suggesting the occurrence of AHs.Epidural EEG beta2-band power in the temporal region of these monkeys was enhanced immediately after methamphetamine treatment and positively correlated with the frequency of sudden searching actions.Thus,the enhancement of temporal beta2-band oscillations represents a signature for AHs in both patients and a monkey model of psychosis,and this monkey model can be used for developing closed-loop neuromodulation approaches for the treatment of refractory AHs in schizophrenia.展开更多
AIM:To validate a multimodal[structural and functional magnetic resonance(MR)]approach as coincidence brain clusters are hypothesized to correlate with clinical severity of auditory hallucinations.METHODS:Twenty-two p...AIM:To validate a multimodal[structural and functional magnetic resonance(MR)]approach as coincidence brain clusters are hypothesized to correlate with clinical severity of auditory hallucinations.METHODS:Twenty-two patients meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(fourth edition,DSM-Ⅳ)criteria for schizophrenia and experiencing persistent hallucinations together with 28 healthy controls were evaluated with structural and functional MR imaging with an auditory paradigm designed to replicate those emotions related to the patients’hallucinatory experiences.Coincidence maps were obtained by combining structural maps of gray matter reduction with emotional functional increased activation.Abnormal areas were correlated with the brief psychiatric rating scale(BPRS)and the psychotic symptom rating scale(PSYRATS)scales.RESULTS:The coincidence analysis showed areas with coexistence gray matter reductions and emotional activation in bilateral middle temporal and superior temporal gyri.Significant negative correlations between BPRS and PSYRATS scales were observed.BPRS scores were negatively correlated in the middle temporal gyrus(right)(t=6.86,P=0.001),while negative PSYRATS correlation affected regions in both the superior temporal gyrus(left)(t=7.85,P=0.001)and middle temporal gyrus(left)(t=4.97,P=0.002).CONCLUSION:Our data identify left superior and middle temporal gyri as relevant areas for the understanding of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia.The use of multimodal approaches,sharing structural and functional information,may demonstrate areas specifically linked to the severity of auditory hallucinations.展开更多
Recently, neighbor embedding based face super-resolution(SR) methods have shown the ability for achieving high-quality face images, those methods are based on the assumption that the same neighborhoods are preserved i...Recently, neighbor embedding based face super-resolution(SR) methods have shown the ability for achieving high-quality face images, those methods are based on the assumption that the same neighborhoods are preserved in both low-resolution(LR) training set and high-resolution(HR) training set. However, due to the "one-to-many" mapping between the LR image and HR ones in practice, the neighborhood relationship of the LR patch in LR space is quite different with that of the HR counterpart, that is to say the neighborhood relationship obtained is not true. In this paper, we explore a novel and effective re-identified K-nearest neighbor(RIKNN) method to search neighbors of LR patch. Compared with other methods, our method uses the geometrical information of LR manifold and HR manifold simultaneously. In particular, it searches K-NN of LR patch in the LR space and refines the searching results by re-identifying in the HR space, thus giving rise to accurate K-NN and improved performance. A statistical analysis of the influence of the training set size and nearest neighbor number is given, experimental results on some public face databases show the superiority of our proposed scheme over state-of-the-art face hallucination approaches in terms of subjective and objective results as well as computational complexity.展开更多
Current research on the various forms of autoscopic phenomena addresses the clinical and neurological correlates of out-of-body experiences, autoscopic hallucinations, and heautoscopy. Yet most of this research is bas...Current research on the various forms of autoscopic phenomena addresses the clinical and neurological correlates of out-of-body experiences, autoscopic hallucinations, and heautoscopy. Yet most of this research is based on functional magnetic resonance imaging results and focuses predominantly on abnormal cortical activity. Previously we proposed that visual consciousness resulted from the dynamic retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations, such that the photoreceptors dynamically integrated with visual and other vision-associated cortices, and was theorized to be mapped out by photoreceptor discs and rich retinal networks which synchronized with the retinotopic mapping and the associated cortex. The feedback from neural input that is received from the thalamus and cortex via retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations and sent to the retina is multifold higher than feed-forward input to the cortex. This can effectively translate into out-of-body experiences projected onto the screen formed by the retina as it is perceived via feedback and feed-forward oscillations from the reticular thalamic nucleus, or “internal searchlight”. This article explores the role of the reticular thalamic nucleus and the retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations as pivotal internal components in vision and various autoscopic phenomena.展开更多
In the present paper, 64 cases of genuine auditory hallucination were treated by acupuncture at Tinggong point (SI 19). Results indicated that the cure rate was 78. 12 % and the total effective rate was 89. 06 %. Afte...In the present paper, 64 cases of genuine auditory hallucination were treated by acupuncture at Tinggong point (SI 19). Results indicated that the cure rate was 78. 12 % and the total effective rate was 89. 06 %. After treatment for a mean of 5. 2 sessions the auditory hallucination dis appeared. The therapeutic effect was not influenced by the course of disease and duration of Western medicine treatment before acupuncture treatment(P > 0. 05 ).展开更多
文摘In William Golding' s Darkness Visible,Sophy' s experience of " hysterical hallucination" plays an important role in the the matic expression.They point directly to the evil nature of man.Although the specific content of hallucinations is different,they possess a common characteristic-mystical experience.They worth further research.This paper examines Sophy' s mystical experience in her hyster ical hallucination,so as to find out the functions of mystical experience and its influences on the novel' s thematic expression.
文摘Golding gave hallucination to characters when they are suffering from hysteria.This paper researches the relation between Simon' s hysteria with hallucination and the revelation of the theme,and finds out that this clinical symptom turns to be the window for Golding to tell his theme.
文摘AIM To provide an updated of recent findings about efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy(CBT) in reduction of command hallucinations.METHODS Pub Med/MEDLINE,Cochrane Library,the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature,PsycI NFO,Clinical Trial.gov searches were performed using the keywords "hallucinations","behavioural therapy" and " cognitive therapy" in order to identify relevant articles published during the years of 2011 to 2016.No language limits were used.Studies conducted within control group,reviews,editorials,were excluded.Data on efficacy,acceptability and tolerability were extracted by three authors independently.Disagreements were resolved in a consensus meeting or by another reviewer.RESULTS A total of eight articles were eligible for inclusion.Two are randomized clinical trials(RCTs) and six are observational studies.The two RCTs included showed a greater efficacy of CBT compared to standard care on auditory hallucinations(AHs).Nevertheless,they considered different CBT models,particularly Treatment of Resistant Command Hallucinations and Cognitive Therapy for Command Hallucinations.As regards non RCT-studies,all papers included showed reduction on frequency and severity of AHs and distress related to them.However,the lack of content details within non-RCTs studies decreased their comparability.In terms of predictive variables,our findings show that negative symptoms at baseline appeared to be the strongest predictor of the treatment efficacy.Indeed,negative symptoms showed a significant negative correlation on outcome.CONCLUSION Although more conclusive studies are still needed,we found some preliminary evidence for the efficacy of CBT in the treatment of command hallucinations.
基金'This study was supported by grants from the National 973 Program of China(No.201 lCB707805)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91132301)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2014CFB732).
文摘Auditory verbal hallucination(AVH)is emphasized as a pathological hallmark of schizophrenia.Neuroimaging studies provide evidence linking AVH to overlapping functional abnormalities in distributed networks.However,no clear conclusion has still been reached.This study aimed to further explore the brain activity of patients with schizophrenia having AVH from both local activity(LA)and functional connectivity(FC)insights,while excluding confounding factors from other positive symptoms.A total of 42 patients with AVH(AVH patients group,APG),26 without AVH(non-AVH patients group,NPG),and 82 normal controls(NC)underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI).LA measures,including regional homogeneity(ReHo)and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations(fALFF),and FC measures were evaluated to understand the neuroimaging mechanism of AVH.APG showed increased ReHo and fALFF in the bilateral putamen(Put)compared with NPG and NC.FC analysis(using bilateral putamen as seeds)revealed that all patients showed abnormal FC of multiple resting state network regions,including the anterior and post cingulate cortex,middle frontal gyrus,inferior parietal gyrus,and left angular gyrus.Interestingly,APG showed significantly decreased FC of insula extending to the superior temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus compared with NPG and NC.The present findings suggested a significant correlation of abnormal LA and dysfunctional putamen-auditory cortical connectivity with the neuropathological mechanism of AVH,providing evidence for the functional disconnection hypothesis of schizophrenia.
文摘Transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)has been reportedly beneficial for different neurodegenerative disorders.tDCS has been reported as a potential adjunctive or alternative treatment for auditory verbal hallucination(AVH).This study aims to review the effects of tDCS on AVH in patients with schizophrenia through combining the evidence from randomized clinical trials(RCTs).The databases of PsycINFO(2000–2019),PubMed(2000–2019),EMBASE(2000–2019),CINAHL(2000–2019),Web of Science(2000–2019),and Scopus(2000–2019)were systematically searched.The clinical trials with RCT design were selected for final analysis.A total of nine RCTs were eligible and included in the review.Nine RCTs were included in the final analysis.Among them,six RCTs reported a significant reduction of AVH after repeated sessions of tDCS,whereas three RCTs did not show any advantage of active tDCS over sham tDCS.The current studies showed an overall decrease of approximately 28%of AVH after active tDCS and 10%after sham tDCS.The tDCS protocols targeting the sensorimotor frontal-parietal network showed greater treatment effects compared with the protocols targeting other regions.In this regard,cathodal tDCS over the left temporoparietal area showed inhibitory effects on AVHs.The most effective tDCS protocol on AVHs was twice-daily sessions(2 mA,20-minute duration)over 5 consecutive days(10 sessions)with the anode over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the cathode over the left temporal area.Some patient-specific and diseasespecific factors such as young age,nonsmoking status,and higher frequencies of AVHs seemed to be the predictors of treatment response.Taken together,the results of tDCS as an alternative treatment option for AVH show controversy among current literatures,since not all studies were positive.However,the studies targeting the same site of the brain showed that the tDCS could be a promising treatment option to reduce AVH.Further RCTs,with larger sample sizes,should be conducted to reach a conclusion on the efficacy of tDCS for AVH and to develop an effective therapeutic protocol for clinical setting.
基金Supported by European Research Council Advanced Grant,No.#249516Research Council of Norway FRIBIOMED Grant,No.807696SFF Grant,No.222373
文摘In this invited review I provide a selective overview of recent research on brain mechanisms and cognitive processes involved in auditory hallucinations. The review is focused on research carried out in the "VOICE" ERC Advanced Grant Project, funded by the European Research Council, but I also review and discuss the literature in general. Auditory hallucinations are suggested to be perceptual phenomena, with a neuronal origin in the speech perception areas in the temporal lobe. The phenomenology of auditory hallucinations is conceptualized along three domains, or dimensions; a perceptual dimension, experienced as someone speaking to the patient; a cognitive dimension, experienced as an inability to inhibit, or ignore the voices, and an emotional dimension, experienced as the "voices" having primarily a negative, or sinister, emotional tone. I will review cognitive, imaging, and neurochemistry data related to these dimensions, primarily the first two. The reviewed data are summarized in a model that sees auditory hallucinations as initiated from temporal lobe neuronal hyper-activation that draws attentional focus inward, and which is not inhibited due to frontal lobe hypo-activation. It is further suggested that this is maintained through abnormal glutamate and possibly gamma-amino-butyric-acid transmitter mediation, which could point towards new pathways for pharmacological treatment. A final section discusses new methods of acquiring quantitative data on the phenomenology and subjective experience of auditory hallucination that goes beyond standard interview questionnaires, by suggesting an iP hone/iP od app.
文摘Background: Several studies reported on the effectiveness of 1 Hz repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the temporoparietal cortex (TPC) on refractory auditory hallucinations (AH) in schizophrenia but little is known about the long-term therapeutic effect of this tool. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate rTMS’ impact on auditory hallucinations (AH) and cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia with a three-month follow-up. Methods: In a randomized double blind sham controlled study, 26 patients with refractory schizophrenia received 1 Hz rTMS applied on TPC for four weeks. rTMS was given to patients over one month with five rTMS sessions each week. Patients were evaluated via AHRS (Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale, Hoffman et al.), PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Kay et al. 1988), and CGI (Clinical Global Impression) before treatment by rTMS every week during the first month, and every month until the third month. Results: Neither clinical nor cognitive differences were found between rTMS and placebo. Conclusion: 1 Hz rTMS using parameters mentioned above has no statistically significant effect on AH;although evidences about the potential benefit of rTMS in the treatment of AH negative results suggest the need for further studies in this area.
基金Supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2016YFC1306601Special Funds of the Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program,No.BE2018610 and No.BE2019612+2 种基金Jiangsu Provincial Cadre Health Projects,No.BJ16001 and No.BJ17006Special Funds of the Jiangsu Provincial 333 Highlevel Talent Cultivation ProjectsNanjing Medical Science and Technology Development Foundation,No.ZKX17031 and No.QRX17026.
文摘BACKGROUND Visual hallucination(VH)refers to a spontaneous visual perception without corresponding external stimuli and often occurs in ophthalmological and neuropsychiatric disorders.It is associated with poor quality of life,and increased patient hospitalization and nursing home admission.To date,a scientometric analysis of research on VH is lacking.AIM To objectively summarize the features of VH research and gain insights into the emerging trends in research on VH.METHODS CiteSpace V was used in this article.Publication outputs,document types,geographic distributions,co-authorship status,research hotspots,and co-citation status were analyzed.A total of 2176 original articles and 465 reviews were included in the database downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection.We selected the top 50 most cited or occurring articles or items to create a visualized network with a 1-year interval.In the document co-citation analysis stage,we performed clustering analysis on co-cited references,and log likelihood tests were used to name the clusters.RESULTS The results showed that most publications can be classified into neurology,sports,and ophthalmology studies.In addition,North America,Europe,Asia and Australia published the most documents.Some well-known authors have always had a leading role in this field;meanwhile,new authors keep emerging.A relatively stable cooperation has been formed among many authors.Furthermore,neuropsychiatric symptom and functional connectivity are the top hotspots.Research on VH in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease(PD)have received much attention.Studies on VH in PD are likely to be the new emerging trends in the future,especially the mechanisms of VH.CONCLUSION Research on VH has formed a complete system.More large-scale clinical and indepth basic research are required to better understand the mechanisms underlying VH,which will contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiology and therapeutic options for VH.
文摘The association between disorders of thyroid function and psychiatric symptoms is well established. Generally, hypo-thyroidism is recognized as being able to induce psychotic symptoms. However, psychotic symptoms without affective and cognitive disturbances are rare in hyperthyroidism. We presented a patient with Graves’ disease who suffered from delusions and hallucinations without affective and cognitive disturbances following abrupt normalization of thyroid function. Furthermore, the patient was clinically and biochemically euthyroid when the psychotic symptoms developed. There was resolution of psychotic symptoms in this case. It is suggested that the abrupt change of thyroxine may cause susceptible individuals to become transient psychotic state.
基金Tianjin Health Bureau Foundation (No.2014KR02)Wenzhou Science and Technology Project (No.ZS2017011)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81871052).
文摘To the Editor:Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are experienced concomitantly with various neuropsychiatric diagnoses including schizophrenia,bipolar disorder,major depression disorder,post-traumatic stress disorder,and borderline personality disorder.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81871052, No. 81801679, and No.81571319)the Key Projects of the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin, China (No. 17JCZDJC35700)+2 种基金the Tianjin Health Bureau Foundation (No.2014KR02)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2016YFC1307004)Tianjin Anding Hospital Outstanding Award Rewarding, and Support Fund for Teachers' Scientific Research of Jining Medical University (No.JY2017JS007).
文摘Background:Few studies have reported brain function differences in drug-na(i)ve first-episode schizophrenia patients who had auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) with insight vs.those without insight.This study aimed to investigate brain function differences between drug-naive first-episode AVH-schizophrenia patients with and without insight.Methods:Forty first-episode drug-naive AVH-schizophrenia patients with or without insight and 40 healthy controls between December 2016 and December 2018 were recruited in this study.The auditory hallucinations rating scale (AHRS) was used to assess AVH severity,while the insight and treatment attitudes questionnaire was used to distinguish insight.The global functional connectivity density (gFCD) between different groups was compared using a voxel-wise one-way analysis of covariance.The relationship between gFCD and AHRS total scores were analyzed using voxel-wise multiple regression.Results:Finally,13 first-episode drug-naive AVH-schizophrenia patients with insight,15 AVH-schizophrenia patients without insight,and 20 healthy controls were included for analysis.Except for global assessment of functioning scores,there were no significant differences in sociodemographic information between the AVH-schizophrenia and healthy groups (P > 0.05).Compared to the healthy controls,AVH-schizophrenia patients with insight demonstrated a decreased gFCD in the supramarginal gyrus within the primary auditory cortex,while those without insight demonstrated an increased gFCD in the inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus and decreased gFCD in the supplemental motor area.Compared to the AVH-schizophrenia patients with insight,those without insight demonstrated an increased gFCD in the supra-marginal gyrus and posterior superior temporal lobule and a decreased gFCD in the frontal lobe.No significant correlation between gFCD and AVH severity (AHRS total score:r =0.23,P =0.590;and frequency:r =0.42,P =0.820) was found in both AVH-schizophrenia groups.Condusions:The gFCD-aberrant brain regions in the AVH-schizophrenia patients without insight were wider compared to those with insight,although the AHRS scores were not significandy different.The AVH-schizophrenia patients without insight had wide functional impairment in the frontal lobule,which may underlie the lack of insight and the abnormal hyperactivity in the inferior frontal gurus and temporal lobe related to the AVH symptoms.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61702269,61171165,11431015 and 61571230)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20171074)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(No.2014GXNSFAA118360)the National Scientific Equipment Developing Project of China(No.2012YQ050250)
文摘Face hallucination via patch-pairs leaning based methods has been wildly used in the past several years. Some position-patch based face hallucination methods have been proposed to improve the representation power of image patch and obtain the optimal regressive weighted vector. The rationale behind the position-patch based face hallucination is the fact that human face is always highly structured and consequently positioned and it plays an increasingly important role in the reconstruction. However, in the existing position-patch based methods,the probe image patch is usually represented as a linear combination of the corresponding patches of some training images, and the reconstruction residual is usually measured using the vector norm such as 1-norm and 2-norm.Since the vector norms neglect two-dimensional structures inside the residual, the final reconstruction performance is not very satisfactory. To cope with this problem, we present a weighted nuclear-norm constrained sparse coding(WNCSC) model for position-patch based face hallucination. In addition, an efficient algorithm for the WNCSC is developed using the alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM) and the method of augmented Lagrange multipliers(ALM). The advantages of the proposed model are twofold: in order to fully make use of low-rank structure information of the reconstruction residual, the weighted nuclear norm is applied to measure the residual matrix, which is able to alleviate the bias between input patches and training data, and it is more robust than the Euclidean distance(2-norm); the more flexible selection method for rank components can determine the optimal combination weights and adaptively choose the relevant and nearest hallucinated neighbors. Finally, experimental results prove that the proposed method outperforms the related state-of-the-art methods in both quantitative and visual comparisons.
文摘This article explores the complex topic of rage and its important concomitant,anger management.Anger is a natural emotion that is experienced in many ways.Its triggers,body reactions,and mental components are all examined.Developing techniques for efficient anger management begins with an understanding of the nature of rage.This short review emphasizes the significance of anger management,stressing its critical role in preserving mental and physical health,stimulating personal development,and preserving relationships.Anger that is out of control can have serious ramifications,such as long-term stress,poor decision-making,damaged relationships,and legal issues.In order to provide readers with practical knowledge,an extensive range of effective strategies for managing anger is provided.These techniques include deep breathing,cognitive restructuring,self-awareness,and physical practices including progressive muscle relaxation and exercise.Other essential elements of anger control are stress reduction,obtaining professional help,and developing effective communication skills.The conclusion highlights the transformative potential of anger management,highlighting that the key to effectively managing and utilizing this powerful emotion is not about repressing anger.By putting these strategies into practice and seeing anger as a chance for development and transformation,people can start down the path to greater wellbeing,more wholesome relationships,and a more peaceful life.
基金supported in part by a fund from Bentley Systems,Inc.
文摘Recent advances in computer vision and deep learning have shown that the fusion of depth information can significantly enhance the performance of RGB-based damage detection and segmentation models.However,alongside the advantages,depth-sensing also presents many practical challenges.For instance,the depth sensors impose an additional payload burden on the robotic inspection platforms limiting the operation time and increasing the inspection cost.Additionally,some lidar-based depth sensors have poor outdoor performance due to sunlight contamination during the daytime.In this context,this study investigates the feasibility of abolishing depth-sensing at test time without compromising the segmentation performance.An autonomous damage segmentation framework is developed,based on recent advancements in vision-based multi-modal sensing such as modality hallucination(MH)and monocular depth estimation(MDE),which require depth data only during the model training.At the time of deployment,depth data becomes expendable as it can be simulated from the corresponding RGB frames.This makes it possible to reap the benefits of depth fusion without any depth perception per se.This study explored two different depth encoding techniques and three different fusion strategies in addition to a baseline RGB-based model.The proposed approach is validated on computer-generated RGB-D data of reinforced concrete buildings subjected to seismic damage.It was observed that the surrogate techniques can increase the segmentation IoU by up to 20.1%with a negligible increase in the computation cost.Overall,this study is believed to make a positive contribution to enhancing the resilience of critical civil infrastructure.
基金supported by: HunanProvincial Department of Education Research InnovationGeneral Project: Research on The Strategy of ImprovingCollege Students’ Health Literacy under the Background ofHealthy China (CX20211027).
文摘An increasing number of studies have suggested that increased physical activity is associated with less mental illness.However,the relationship between exercise and psychotic experiences(PEs)is still unknown.The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between exercise and PEs in college students in the United States.Data from the Health Mind Survey(2020–2021 round)were analyzed.Respondents included 137,916 college students who were asked about exercise and PEs(lifetime psychotic experiences,delusions,and hallucinations).A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between exercise and PEs while controlling for demographic characteristics.There was a significant correlation between exercise and PEs among college students.Compared to students who exercised less than one hour per week,students who exercisedfive or more hours per week had fewer lifetime psychotic experiences.This samefinding obtained for both male and female college students.Thefindings from the present study indicate that exercising forfive or more hours each week is most correlated with decreased PEs among college students.However,experimental studies are required to extend and confirm ourfindings and determine the causality of this relationship.
基金supported by a Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(2021SHZDZX,E154N41011)the Lingang Lab Program(LG2021050202 and LG2021060301)+1 种基金the National Nature Science Foundation(82130041)the Shanghai Rising-star Cultivation Program(22YF1439200).
文摘An electroencephalographic(EEG)signature of auditory hallucinations(AHs)is important for facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of AHs in schizophrenia.We recorded EEG from 25 schizophrenia patients with recurrent AHs.During the period of AHs,EEG recordings exhibited significantly elevated beta2-band power in the temporal region,as compared to those recorded in the absence of AHs or during stimulation with verbal sounds.We further generated methamphetamine-treated rhesus monkeys exhibiting psychosis-like behaviors,including repetitive sudden searching actions in the absence of external intrusion,suggesting the occurrence of AHs.Epidural EEG beta2-band power in the temporal region of these monkeys was enhanced immediately after methamphetamine treatment and positively correlated with the frequency of sudden searching actions.Thus,the enhancement of temporal beta2-band oscillations represents a signature for AHs in both patients and a monkey model of psychosis,and this monkey model can be used for developing closed-loop neuromodulation approaches for the treatment of refractory AHs in schizophrenia.
文摘AIM:To validate a multimodal[structural and functional magnetic resonance(MR)]approach as coincidence brain clusters are hypothesized to correlate with clinical severity of auditory hallucinations.METHODS:Twenty-two patients meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(fourth edition,DSM-Ⅳ)criteria for schizophrenia and experiencing persistent hallucinations together with 28 healthy controls were evaluated with structural and functional MR imaging with an auditory paradigm designed to replicate those emotions related to the patients’hallucinatory experiences.Coincidence maps were obtained by combining structural maps of gray matter reduction with emotional functional increased activation.Abnormal areas were correlated with the brief psychiatric rating scale(BPRS)and the psychotic symptom rating scale(PSYRATS)scales.RESULTS:The coincidence analysis showed areas with coexistence gray matter reductions and emotional activation in bilateral middle temporal and superior temporal gyri.Significant negative correlations between BPRS and PSYRATS scales were observed.BPRS scores were negatively correlated in the middle temporal gyrus(right)(t=6.86,P=0.001),while negative PSYRATS correlation affected regions in both the superior temporal gyrus(left)(t=7.85,P=0.001)and middle temporal gyrus(left)(t=4.97,P=0.002).CONCLUSION:Our data identify left superior and middle temporal gyri as relevant areas for the understanding of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia.The use of multimodal approaches,sharing structural and functional information,may demonstrate areas specifically linked to the severity of auditory hallucinations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61172173,61303114,61271256,61272544,U1304615,U1404618)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)No.2013AA014602
文摘Recently, neighbor embedding based face super-resolution(SR) methods have shown the ability for achieving high-quality face images, those methods are based on the assumption that the same neighborhoods are preserved in both low-resolution(LR) training set and high-resolution(HR) training set. However, due to the "one-to-many" mapping between the LR image and HR ones in practice, the neighborhood relationship of the LR patch in LR space is quite different with that of the HR counterpart, that is to say the neighborhood relationship obtained is not true. In this paper, we explore a novel and effective re-identified K-nearest neighbor(RIKNN) method to search neighbors of LR patch. Compared with other methods, our method uses the geometrical information of LR manifold and HR manifold simultaneously. In particular, it searches K-NN of LR patch in the LR space and refines the searching results by re-identifying in the HR space, thus giving rise to accurate K-NN and improved performance. A statistical analysis of the influence of the training set size and nearest neighbor number is given, experimental results on some public face databases show the superiority of our proposed scheme over state-of-the-art face hallucination approaches in terms of subjective and objective results as well as computational complexity.
文摘Current research on the various forms of autoscopic phenomena addresses the clinical and neurological correlates of out-of-body experiences, autoscopic hallucinations, and heautoscopy. Yet most of this research is based on functional magnetic resonance imaging results and focuses predominantly on abnormal cortical activity. Previously we proposed that visual consciousness resulted from the dynamic retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations, such that the photoreceptors dynamically integrated with visual and other vision-associated cortices, and was theorized to be mapped out by photoreceptor discs and rich retinal networks which synchronized with the retinotopic mapping and the associated cortex. The feedback from neural input that is received from the thalamus and cortex via retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations and sent to the retina is multifold higher than feed-forward input to the cortex. This can effectively translate into out-of-body experiences projected onto the screen formed by the retina as it is perceived via feedback and feed-forward oscillations from the reticular thalamic nucleus, or “internal searchlight”. This article explores the role of the reticular thalamic nucleus and the retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations as pivotal internal components in vision and various autoscopic phenomena.
文摘In the present paper, 64 cases of genuine auditory hallucination were treated by acupuncture at Tinggong point (SI 19). Results indicated that the cure rate was 78. 12 % and the total effective rate was 89. 06 %. After treatment for a mean of 5. 2 sessions the auditory hallucination dis appeared. The therapeutic effect was not influenced by the course of disease and duration of Western medicine treatment before acupuncture treatment(P > 0. 05 ).
