Halitosis, bad breath or oral malodour are all synonyms for the same pathology. Halitosis has a large social and economic impact. For the majority of patients suffering from bad breath, it causes embarrassment and aff...Halitosis, bad breath or oral malodour are all synonyms for the same pathology. Halitosis has a large social and economic impact. For the majority of patients suffering from bad breath, it causes embarrassment and affects their social communication and life. Moreover, halitosis can be indicative of underlying diseases. Only a limited number of scientific publications were presented in this field until 1995. Ever since, a large amount of research is published, often with lack of evidence. In general, intraoral conditions, like insufficient dental hygiene, periodontitis or tongue coating are considered to be the most important cause （85%） for halitosis. Therefore, dentists and periodontologists are the first-line professionals to be confronted with this problem. They should be well aware of the origin, the detection and especially of the treatment of this pathology. In addition, ear-nose-throat-associated （10%） or gastrointestinal/ endocrinological （5%） disorders may contribute to the problem. In the case of halitophobia, psychiatrical or psychological problems may be present. Bad breath needs a multidisciplinary team approach： dentists, periodontologists, specialists in family medicine, ear- nose-throat surgeons, internal medicine and psychiatry need to be updated in this field, which still is surrounded by a large taboo. Multidisciplinary bad breath clinics offer the best environment to examine and treat this pathology that affects around 25% of the whole population. This article describes the origin, detection and treatment of halitosis, regarded from the different etiological origins.展开更多
Objective： To systematically review the effects of mechanical tongue cleaning on halitosis. Methods： Searching and collecting the RCTs about treatment combine with mechanical tongue cleaning from inception to May 20...Objective： To systematically review the effects of mechanical tongue cleaning on halitosis. Methods： Searching and collecting the RCTs about treatment combine with mechanical tongue cleaning from inception to May 2017 in the databases, like CNKI, VIE WanFang Data, PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature （C1NAHL）, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science. Two reviewers screened the literatures according to inclusion and excluding criteria, extracted the data independenly, assessed bias risks. In case of disagreement, the discussion shall be settled by the third reviewer. Meta-analysis was conducted by RevMaxi 5.3. Results： A total of 4 RCTs with 185 vol- unteers were included. The results of Meta-analysis showed that treatment combine with mechanical tongue cleaning has an advantage over the control group in the levels of Winkel Tongue Coating Index （WTCI） [MD = 2.15, 95%CI（0.93,3.36）, = 0.0006], Organoleptic Assessment （ORG） [MD = -0.71, 95%CI（-0.95,-0.48）, 〈0.00001], but no significant differences between two groups in Volatile Sulphur Compounds （VSCs） [SMD = -1.13, 95%CI（-2.91,0.65）, = 0.21], Bleeding On Probing （BOP） [MD = -1.01, 95%CI（-7.05,5.03）, = 0.74]. Conclusion： Treatment combined with mechanical tongue cleaning could reduce risks of halitosis and WTCI.展开更多
Background Previous studies have focused on the relationship between halitosis, gastroesophageal reflux disease and Helicobacterpylori. In this study we aimed to investigate the interaction between halitosis and upper...Background Previous studies have focused on the relationship between halitosis, gastroesophageal reflux disease and Helicobacterpylori. In this study we aimed to investigate the interaction between halitosis and upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings. Methods Patients who previously had dyspepsia and had undergone endoscopic examination were included in the study. Symptoms of dyspepsia were investigated by means of a questionnaire that investigated halitosis. Patients who suffered from objective halitosis （confirmed by questions both to the patient and their relatives） were further investigated. Patients with known local or systemic causes of halitosis or structural disorders at endoscopy were excluded. Results The study included 358 patients （121 men and 237 women） with dyspeptic symptoms. The patients with and without halitosis had mean ages of （39.4±13.5） and （43.1±14.9） years, respectively. Patients without halitosis were significantly older than those in the halitosis group （P 〈0.05）. Patients in the halitosis group had significantly higher frequencies of regurgitation, bloating and nausea （P 〈0.05） when compared to patients without halitosis. Endoscopic findings, including esophagitis, open cardia, hiatal hernia, gastritis and duodenitis, were comparable in the two groups. Conclusions The frequency of halitosis was high in patients with dyspepsia who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Halitosis had a close relationship with several upper gastrointestinal symptoms, including regurgitation, nausea and bloating. There was no significant association between upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings and halitosis.展开更多
This article aims to explain the inhibitory mechanism of thinned-young apple polyphenols(YAP)toward Fusobacterium nucleatum(F.nucleatum),Porphyromonas gingivalis(P.gingivalis)and Prevotella intermedia(P.intermedia).YA...This article aims to explain the inhibitory mechanism of thinned-young apple polyphenols(YAP)toward Fusobacterium nucleatum(F.nucleatum),Porphyromonas gingivalis(P.gingivalis)and Prevotella intermedia(P.intermedia).YAP has optimal antibacterial concentration against F.nucleatum(10.00 mg/mL),P.gingivalis(8.00 mg/mL)and P.intermedia(8.00 mg/mL),with viability of 47.97%,38.01%and 36.94%,respectively.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM)observation revealed that YAP could cause the morphological changes of the halitosis-related bacterial cells and induce cell apoptosis.With the increase of YAP treatment concentrations,the permeability of the outer membranes(OM)and inner membranes(IM)of halitosis-related bacteria dramatically increased,resulting in the release of proteins and nucleic acids.In addition,bacterial cell membrane potential(MP)decreased after exposure to YAP.The results of this study provide new antibacterial agents for halitosis-related bacteria and find a new way for the development of thinned-young apples.展开更多
Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)has been found in the oral cavity and stomach,and its infection is one of the most frequent worldwide.We reviewed the literature and conducted a Topic Highlight,which identified studies re...Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)has been found in the oral cavity and stomach,and its infection is one of the most frequent worldwide.We reviewed the literature and conducted a Topic Highlight,which identified studies reporting an association between H.pylori-infection in the oral cavity and H.pylori-positive stomach bacterium.This work was designed to determine whether H.pylori is the etiologic agent in periodontal disease,recurrent aphthous stomatitis(RAS),squamous cell carcinoma,burning and halitosis.Record selection focused on the highest quality studies and meta-analyses.We selected 48 articles reporting on the association between saliva and plaque and H.pylori-infection.In order to assess periodontal disease data,we included 12 clinical trials and 1 meta-analysis.We evaluated 13 published articles that addressed the potential association with RAS,and 6 with squamous cell carcinoma.Fourteen publications focused on our questions on burning and halitosis.There is a close relation between H.pylori infection in the oral cavity and the stomach.The mouth is the first extra-gastric reservoir.Regarding the role of H.pylori in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma,no evidence is still available.展开更多
Orthognathic surgery is frequently accompanied by intermaxillary fixation. Intermaxillary fixation impedes the maintenance of effective oral hygiene and prolonged fixation can result in periodontal disease. A potentia...Orthognathic surgery is frequently accompanied by intermaxillary fixation. Intermaxillary fixation impedes the maintenance of effective oral hygiene and prolonged fixation can result in periodontal disease. A potential shorter term effect is the generation of oral malodour. It is unclear, however, as to how the production of malodorous compounds in the oral cavity is altered post-surgery. Oral air concentration of sulphur containing compounds, short chain organic acids, ammonia, isoprene and acetone were measured using selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry in a patient who had undergone orthognathic surgery with subsequent intermaxillary fixation. Total sulphide levels rose approximately 5-fold during fixation with metal ties, with smaller increases recorded for the other compounds measured with the exception of isoprene which remained close to baseline levels. Organic acid levels declined markedly once elastic ties had replaced metal ties, with a lesser reduction being observed in sulphide levels, with both declining further after the commencement of a chlorhexidinecontaining mouthwash. These data suggest that bacterial generation of a variety of malodorous compounds increases markedly following intermaxillary fixation. This single case also suggests that the use of elastic ties and effective oral hygiene techniques, including the use of chlorhexidine mouthwash, may help ameliorate such post-surgical effects.展开更多
Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a novel colorimetric system for direct detection of hydrogen sulfide on the tongue dorsum from subjects with complaints of halitosis. Method: An assay system compris...Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a novel colorimetric system for direct detection of hydrogen sulfide on the tongue dorsum from subjects with complaints of halitosis. Method: An assay system comprised of a cotton swab impregnated with zinc sulfate, attached chromatography paper, stabilizing solution, and coloring reagents for the methylene blue technique was developed. Using this system we investigated on the visualization of the hydrogen sulfide on the solid phase and possibility for evaluating the origin of oral malodor on the tongue dorsum. Results: The assay system made possible visualization of a linear curve ranging from 5.3 ng to 85 ng of hydrogen sulfide, with low reagent consumption and miniaturization. However, the sensitivity was different for gaseous and fluid samples. The biofilm of the tongue dorsum from subjects with complaints of halitosis showed different shades of methylene blue depending on the concentration of hydrogen sulfide. A positive correlation was found between hydrogen sulfide on the tongue dorsum and the concentration of VSC hydrogen sulfide in mouth breath as measured using an Oral Chroma semiconductor gas sensor. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the novel assay system can be used as a visual warning sensor for halitosis by measuring hydrogen sulfide on the tongue dorsum.展开更多
Aim: Oral malodor (halitosis) is a widespread condition caused by oral bacteria, particularly sulfur compound-producing species. This study assessed the effect of a triclosan/copolymer-containing dentifrice and a nove...Aim: Oral malodor (halitosis) is a widespread condition caused by oral bacteria, particularly sulfur compound-producing species. This study assessed the effect of a triclosan/copolymer-containing dentifrice and a novel toothbrush with attached tongue cleaner on oral malodor and on the bacteria colonizing the dorsal surface of the tongue. Materials and Methods: 14 adult subjects with oral malodor defined as organoleptic scores ≥ 3 (scale 0 - 5) and mouth air sulfur levels ≥ 250 ppb participated in this study. Subjects were examined at baseline and after 28 days use of the triclosan dentifrice and toothbrush/tongue cleaner for: 1) organoleptic assessment;2) mouth air sulfur levels;3) tongue coating;and, 4) dorsal tongue surface microorganisms. Total bacterial numbers were assayed by microscopy. Dot-blot hybridization was used to assess a panel of 20 oral bacteria. Results: After 28 days, all subjects had significantly reduced organoleptic scores and mouth air sulfur levels compared to baseline (p 70% reduction in microbial numbers (p Enterococcus faecalis (p Peptostreptococcus micros (p Prevotella melaninogenica (p Porphyromonas gingivalis (p Solobacterium moorei展开更多
Probiotics are living bacterial cells that have significant therapeutic potential for treating human infectious diseases.There is a huge market for probiotics in the pharmaceutical sector.They have been frequently use...Probiotics are living bacterial cells that have significant therapeutic potential for treating human infectious diseases.There is a huge market for probiotics in the pharmaceutical sector.They have been frequently used to treat the gastrointestinal diseases and improve gut immunity.In this review,the strains currently in use for manufacturing oral probiotic formulations are discussed.The review further recommends the use of probiotics for the control of various oral health disorders,like dental caries,periodontitis,gingivitis,halitosis,burning mouth syndrome,and oral cancer.Finally,this review also explores the use of various commercial probiotic products in maintaining oral health,their market values,and government acts and regulations that are relevant to the production and marketing of probiotics.Probiotics have tremendous therapeutic potential and more in-depth research must be done on these beneficial bacteria to make them one of the leading drugs in treating oral disorders.展开更多
文摘Halitosis, bad breath or oral malodour are all synonyms for the same pathology. Halitosis has a large social and economic impact. For the majority of patients suffering from bad breath, it causes embarrassment and affects their social communication and life. Moreover, halitosis can be indicative of underlying diseases. Only a limited number of scientific publications were presented in this field until 1995. Ever since, a large amount of research is published, often with lack of evidence. In general, intraoral conditions, like insufficient dental hygiene, periodontitis or tongue coating are considered to be the most important cause （85%） for halitosis. Therefore, dentists and periodontologists are the first-line professionals to be confronted with this problem. They should be well aware of the origin, the detection and especially of the treatment of this pathology. In addition, ear-nose-throat-associated （10%） or gastrointestinal/ endocrinological （5%） disorders may contribute to the problem. In the case of halitophobia, psychiatrical or psychological problems may be present. Bad breath needs a multidisciplinary team approach： dentists, periodontologists, specialists in family medicine, ear- nose-throat surgeons, internal medicine and psychiatry need to be updated in this field, which still is surrounded by a large taboo. Multidisciplinary bad breath clinics offer the best environment to examine and treat this pathology that affects around 25% of the whole population. This article describes the origin, detection and treatment of halitosis, regarded from the different etiological origins.
文摘Objective： To systematically review the effects of mechanical tongue cleaning on halitosis. Methods： Searching and collecting the RCTs about treatment combine with mechanical tongue cleaning from inception to May 2017 in the databases, like CNKI, VIE WanFang Data, PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature （C1NAHL）, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science. Two reviewers screened the literatures according to inclusion and excluding criteria, extracted the data independenly, assessed bias risks. In case of disagreement, the discussion shall be settled by the third reviewer. Meta-analysis was conducted by RevMaxi 5.3. Results： A total of 4 RCTs with 185 vol- unteers were included. The results of Meta-analysis showed that treatment combine with mechanical tongue cleaning has an advantage over the control group in the levels of Winkel Tongue Coating Index （WTCI） [MD = 2.15, 95%CI（0.93,3.36）, = 0.0006], Organoleptic Assessment （ORG） [MD = -0.71, 95%CI（-0.95,-0.48）, 〈0.00001], but no significant differences between two groups in Volatile Sulphur Compounds （VSCs） [SMD = -1.13, 95%CI（-2.91,0.65）, = 0.21], Bleeding On Probing （BOP） [MD = -1.01, 95%CI（-7.05,5.03）, = 0.74]. Conclusion： Treatment combined with mechanical tongue cleaning could reduce risks of halitosis and WTCI.
文摘Background Previous studies have focused on the relationship between halitosis, gastroesophageal reflux disease and Helicobacterpylori. In this study we aimed to investigate the interaction between halitosis and upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings. Methods Patients who previously had dyspepsia and had undergone endoscopic examination were included in the study. Symptoms of dyspepsia were investigated by means of a questionnaire that investigated halitosis. Patients who suffered from objective halitosis （confirmed by questions both to the patient and their relatives） were further investigated. Patients with known local or systemic causes of halitosis or structural disorders at endoscopy were excluded. Results The study included 358 patients （121 men and 237 women） with dyspeptic symptoms. The patients with and without halitosis had mean ages of （39.4±13.5） and （43.1±14.9） years, respectively. Patients without halitosis were significantly older than those in the halitosis group （P 〈0.05）. Patients in the halitosis group had significantly higher frequencies of regurgitation, bloating and nausea （P 〈0.05） when compared to patients without halitosis. Endoscopic findings, including esophagitis, open cardia, hiatal hernia, gastritis and duodenitis, were comparable in the two groups. Conclusions The frequency of halitosis was high in patients with dyspepsia who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Halitosis had a close relationship with several upper gastrointestinal symptoms, including regurgitation, nausea and bloating. There was no significant association between upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings and halitosis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31701563)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(No.2019NY-124)+1 种基金Ministry of Education(XGZX 2021G08)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities at Shaanxi Normal University(1301031057).
文摘This article aims to explain the inhibitory mechanism of thinned-young apple polyphenols(YAP)toward Fusobacterium nucleatum(F.nucleatum),Porphyromonas gingivalis(P.gingivalis)and Prevotella intermedia(P.intermedia).YAP has optimal antibacterial concentration against F.nucleatum(10.00 mg/mL),P.gingivalis(8.00 mg/mL)and P.intermedia(8.00 mg/mL),with viability of 47.97%,38.01%and 36.94%,respectively.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM)observation revealed that YAP could cause the morphological changes of the halitosis-related bacterial cells and induce cell apoptosis.With the increase of YAP treatment concentrations,the permeability of the outer membranes(OM)and inner membranes(IM)of halitosis-related bacteria dramatically increased,resulting in the release of proteins and nucleic acids.In addition,bacterial cell membrane potential(MP)decreased after exposure to YAP.The results of this study provide new antibacterial agents for halitosis-related bacteria and find a new way for the development of thinned-young apples.
文摘Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)has been found in the oral cavity and stomach,and its infection is one of the most frequent worldwide.We reviewed the literature and conducted a Topic Highlight,which identified studies reporting an association between H.pylori-infection in the oral cavity and H.pylori-positive stomach bacterium.This work was designed to determine whether H.pylori is the etiologic agent in periodontal disease,recurrent aphthous stomatitis(RAS),squamous cell carcinoma,burning and halitosis.Record selection focused on the highest quality studies and meta-analyses.We selected 48 articles reporting on the association between saliva and plaque and H.pylori-infection.In order to assess periodontal disease data,we included 12 clinical trials and 1 meta-analysis.We evaluated 13 published articles that addressed the potential association with RAS,and 6 with squamous cell carcinoma.Fourteen publications focused on our questions on burning and halitosis.There is a close relation between H.pylori infection in the oral cavity and the stomach.The mouth is the first extra-gastric reservoir.Regarding the role of H.pylori in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma,no evidence is still available.
文摘Orthognathic surgery is frequently accompanied by intermaxillary fixation. Intermaxillary fixation impedes the maintenance of effective oral hygiene and prolonged fixation can result in periodontal disease. A potential shorter term effect is the generation of oral malodour. It is unclear, however, as to how the production of malodorous compounds in the oral cavity is altered post-surgery. Oral air concentration of sulphur containing compounds, short chain organic acids, ammonia, isoprene and acetone were measured using selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry in a patient who had undergone orthognathic surgery with subsequent intermaxillary fixation. Total sulphide levels rose approximately 5-fold during fixation with metal ties, with smaller increases recorded for the other compounds measured with the exception of isoprene which remained close to baseline levels. Organic acid levels declined markedly once elastic ties had replaced metal ties, with a lesser reduction being observed in sulphide levels, with both declining further after the commencement of a chlorhexidinecontaining mouthwash. These data suggest that bacterial generation of a variety of malodorous compounds increases markedly following intermaxillary fixation. This single case also suggests that the use of elastic ties and effective oral hygiene techniques, including the use of chlorhexidine mouthwash, may help ameliorate such post-surgical effects.
文摘Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a novel colorimetric system for direct detection of hydrogen sulfide on the tongue dorsum from subjects with complaints of halitosis. Method: An assay system comprised of a cotton swab impregnated with zinc sulfate, attached chromatography paper, stabilizing solution, and coloring reagents for the methylene blue technique was developed. Using this system we investigated on the visualization of the hydrogen sulfide on the solid phase and possibility for evaluating the origin of oral malodor on the tongue dorsum. Results: The assay system made possible visualization of a linear curve ranging from 5.3 ng to 85 ng of hydrogen sulfide, with low reagent consumption and miniaturization. However, the sensitivity was different for gaseous and fluid samples. The biofilm of the tongue dorsum from subjects with complaints of halitosis showed different shades of methylene blue depending on the concentration of hydrogen sulfide. A positive correlation was found between hydrogen sulfide on the tongue dorsum and the concentration of VSC hydrogen sulfide in mouth breath as measured using an Oral Chroma semiconductor gas sensor. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the novel assay system can be used as a visual warning sensor for halitosis by measuring hydrogen sulfide on the tongue dorsum.
文摘Aim: Oral malodor (halitosis) is a widespread condition caused by oral bacteria, particularly sulfur compound-producing species. This study assessed the effect of a triclosan/copolymer-containing dentifrice and a novel toothbrush with attached tongue cleaner on oral malodor and on the bacteria colonizing the dorsal surface of the tongue. Materials and Methods: 14 adult subjects with oral malodor defined as organoleptic scores ≥ 3 (scale 0 - 5) and mouth air sulfur levels ≥ 250 ppb participated in this study. Subjects were examined at baseline and after 28 days use of the triclosan dentifrice and toothbrush/tongue cleaner for: 1) organoleptic assessment;2) mouth air sulfur levels;3) tongue coating;and, 4) dorsal tongue surface microorganisms. Total bacterial numbers were assayed by microscopy. Dot-blot hybridization was used to assess a panel of 20 oral bacteria. Results: After 28 days, all subjects had significantly reduced organoleptic scores and mouth air sulfur levels compared to baseline (p 70% reduction in microbial numbers (p Enterococcus faecalis (p Peptostreptococcus micros (p Prevotella melaninogenica (p Porphyromonas gingivalis (p Solobacterium moorei
文摘Probiotics are living bacterial cells that have significant therapeutic potential for treating human infectious diseases.There is a huge market for probiotics in the pharmaceutical sector.They have been frequently used to treat the gastrointestinal diseases and improve gut immunity.In this review,the strains currently in use for manufacturing oral probiotic formulations are discussed.The review further recommends the use of probiotics for the control of various oral health disorders,like dental caries,periodontitis,gingivitis,halitosis,burning mouth syndrome,and oral cancer.Finally,this review also explores the use of various commercial probiotic products in maintaining oral health,their market values,and government acts and regulations that are relevant to the production and marketing of probiotics.Probiotics have tremendous therapeutic potential and more in-depth research must be done on these beneficial bacteria to make them one of the leading drugs in treating oral disorders.
