Purpose:The collaboration relationships between innovation actors at a geographic level may be considered as grouping two separate layers,the domestic and the foreign.At the level of each layer,the relationships and t...Purpose:The collaboration relationships between innovation actors at a geographic level may be considered as grouping two separate layers,the domestic and the foreign.At the level of each layer,the relationships and the actors involved constitute a Triple Helix game.The paper distinguished three levels of analysis:the global grouping together all actors,the domestic grouping together domestic actors,and the foreign related to only actors from partner countries.Design/methodology/approach:Bibliographic records data from the Web of Science for South Korea and West Africa breakdown per innovation actors and distinguishing domestic and international collaboration are analyzed with game theory.The core,the Shapley value,and the nucleolus are computed at the three levels to measure the synergy between actors.Findings:The synergy operates more in South Korea than in West Africa;the government is more present in West Africa than in South Korea;domestic actors create more synergy in South Korea,but foreign more in West Africa;South Korea can consume all the foreign synergy,which is not the case of West Africa.Research limitations:Research data are limited to publication records;techniques and methods used may be extended to other research outputs.Practical implications:West African governments should increase their investment in science,technology,and innovation to benefit more from the synergy their innovation actors contributed at the foreign level.However,the results of the current study may not be sufficient to prove that greater investment will yield benefits from foreign synergies.Originality/value:This paper uses game theory to assess innovation systems by computing the contribution of foreign actors to knowledge production at an area level.It proposes an indicator to this end.展开更多
We study the ferroelectricity in a one-dimensional(1D)system composed of a double helix SnIP with absorbing water molecules.Our ab initio calculations reveal two factors that are critical to the electrical polarizatio...We study the ferroelectricity in a one-dimensional(1D)system composed of a double helix SnIP with absorbing water molecules.Our ab initio calculations reveal two factors that are critical to the electrical polarization.The first one is the orientation of polarized water molecules staying in the R2 region of SnIP.The second one is the displacement of I atom which roots from subtle interaction with absorbed water molecules.A reasonable scenario of polarization flipping is proposed in this study.In the scenario,the water molecule is rolling-up with keeping the magnitude of its electrical dipole and changing its direction,meanwhile,the displacement of I atoms is also reversed.Highly tunable polarization can be achieved by applying strain,with 26.5%of polarization enhancement by applying tensile strain,with only 4%degradation is observed with 4%compressive strain.Finally,the direct band gap is also found to be correlated with strain.展开更多
The 3-D structure of the β-adrenergic receptor with a molecular weight of 55,000 daltons is available from crystallographic data. Within one of the seven transmembrane ion channel helices in the β2-receptor, one loo...The 3-D structure of the β-adrenergic receptor with a molecular weight of 55,000 daltons is available from crystallographic data. Within one of the seven transmembrane ion channel helices in the β2-receptor, one loop of a helix ACADL has previously been proposed as the site that explains β2 activity (fights acute bronchitis) whereas ASADL in the β1-receptor at the corresponding site explains β1-activity (cardiac stimulation). The α-agonist responsible for this selective reaction is only 0.5% of the receptor molecular weight, and only 1.5% of the weight of the trans-membrane portion of the receptor. The understanding of the mechanism by which a small molecule on binding to a site on one single loop of a helix produces a specific agonist activity on an entire transmembrane ion channel is uncertain. A model of an α-helix is presented in which of pitch occurs at angles both smaller and larger than 180° n. Consequently, atomic coordinates in a peptide backbone α-helix match the data points of individual atom (and atom types) in the backbone. More precisely, eleven atoms in peptide backbone routinely equal one loop of a helix, instead of eleven amino acid residues equaling three loops of a helix;therefore, an α-helix can begin (or end) at any specific atom in a peptide backbone, not just at any specific amino acid. Wavefront Topology System and Finite Element Methods calculate this specific helical shape based only upon circumference, pitch, and phase. Only external forces which specifically affect circumference, pitch and/or phase (e.g. from agonist binding) can/will alter the shape of an α-helix.展开更多
文摘Purpose:The collaboration relationships between innovation actors at a geographic level may be considered as grouping two separate layers,the domestic and the foreign.At the level of each layer,the relationships and the actors involved constitute a Triple Helix game.The paper distinguished three levels of analysis:the global grouping together all actors,the domestic grouping together domestic actors,and the foreign related to only actors from partner countries.Design/methodology/approach:Bibliographic records data from the Web of Science for South Korea and West Africa breakdown per innovation actors and distinguishing domestic and international collaboration are analyzed with game theory.The core,the Shapley value,and the nucleolus are computed at the three levels to measure the synergy between actors.Findings:The synergy operates more in South Korea than in West Africa;the government is more present in West Africa than in South Korea;domestic actors create more synergy in South Korea,but foreign more in West Africa;South Korea can consume all the foreign synergy,which is not the case of West Africa.Research limitations:Research data are limited to publication records;techniques and methods used may be extended to other research outputs.Practical implications:West African governments should increase their investment in science,technology,and innovation to benefit more from the synergy their innovation actors contributed at the foreign level.However,the results of the current study may not be sufficient to prove that greater investment will yield benefits from foreign synergies.Originality/value:This paper uses game theory to assess innovation systems by computing the contribution of foreign actors to knowledge production at an area level.It proposes an indicator to this end.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant No.BK20210198)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12204095)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2242022R10197)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11834002).
文摘We study the ferroelectricity in a one-dimensional(1D)system composed of a double helix SnIP with absorbing water molecules.Our ab initio calculations reveal two factors that are critical to the electrical polarization.The first one is the orientation of polarized water molecules staying in the R2 region of SnIP.The second one is the displacement of I atom which roots from subtle interaction with absorbed water molecules.A reasonable scenario of polarization flipping is proposed in this study.In the scenario,the water molecule is rolling-up with keeping the magnitude of its electrical dipole and changing its direction,meanwhile,the displacement of I atoms is also reversed.Highly tunable polarization can be achieved by applying strain,with 26.5%of polarization enhancement by applying tensile strain,with only 4%degradation is observed with 4%compressive strain.Finally,the direct band gap is also found to be correlated with strain.
文摘The 3-D structure of the β-adrenergic receptor with a molecular weight of 55,000 daltons is available from crystallographic data. Within one of the seven transmembrane ion channel helices in the β2-receptor, one loop of a helix ACADL has previously been proposed as the site that explains β2 activity (fights acute bronchitis) whereas ASADL in the β1-receptor at the corresponding site explains β1-activity (cardiac stimulation). The α-agonist responsible for this selective reaction is only 0.5% of the receptor molecular weight, and only 1.5% of the weight of the trans-membrane portion of the receptor. The understanding of the mechanism by which a small molecule on binding to a site on one single loop of a helix produces a specific agonist activity on an entire transmembrane ion channel is uncertain. A model of an α-helix is presented in which of pitch occurs at angles both smaller and larger than 180° n. Consequently, atomic coordinates in a peptide backbone α-helix match the data points of individual atom (and atom types) in the backbone. More precisely, eleven atoms in peptide backbone routinely equal one loop of a helix, instead of eleven amino acid residues equaling three loops of a helix;therefore, an α-helix can begin (or end) at any specific atom in a peptide backbone, not just at any specific amino acid. Wavefront Topology System and Finite Element Methods calculate this specific helical shape based only upon circumference, pitch, and phase. Only external forces which specifically affect circumference, pitch and/or phase (e.g. from agonist binding) can/will alter the shape of an α-helix.
