Objective:To assess the epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis among women of reproductive age in Mwaluphamba,Kwale County,Kenya.Methods:A community-based cross-sectional study desi...Objective:To assess the epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis among women of reproductive age in Mwaluphamba,Kwale County,Kenya.Methods:A community-based cross-sectional study design was employed to randomly sample 422 women of reproductive age(15-<50 years)from four villages in Mwaluphamba location.Stool specimens were collected and examined using the Kato-Katz method,while filtration technique was used to analyze urine specimens.Participants’sociodemographic details were obtained using a standardized questionnaire.Results:Urinary schistosomiasis prevalence was at 4.7%(20/422,95%CI 2.8%-6.9%)while the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis infection was 4.5%(19/422,95%CI 2.6%-6.7%).The infection intensities of urinary schistosomiasis among the study participants ranged from 1 to 120 eggs/10 mL of urine with median egg count of 18.45 eggs/10 mL.The patients were diagnosed with light infection,of 56.16 egg/gram and 48.48 egg/gram for Trichuris trichiura and hookworms,respectively.Women without latrines had 15.7 times higher risk of having urinary schistosomiasis compared to those with a latrine.Similarly,use of surface water(aOR=1.0,95%CI 0.2-1.4,P=0.010)and crossing the river to go to a place(aOR=1.1,95%CI 0.3-1.6,P=0.009)were statistically significant risk factors for getting urinary schistosomiasis.In bivariable regression analysis,defecating around the water source(OR=4.3,95%CI 1.5-12.9)had a statistically significant association with the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis(P=0.008).Conclusions:This study has given an insight on the prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Mwaluphamba location that form a basis for strengthening the control and elimination programmes for these neglected tropical diseases.展开更多
Introduction and Objectives: Soil-Transmitted-Helminthiasis (STH) is a public health problem in Cameroon. The control strategies currently in place, particularly chemoprevention, has shortcomings linked to the target ...Introduction and Objectives: Soil-Transmitted-Helminthiasis (STH) is a public health problem in Cameroon. The control strategies currently in place, particularly chemoprevention, has shortcomings linked to the target population, which are school-age children. The objective was to determine the prevalence and the risk factors associated with geo-helminthiasis in children aged 0 to 3 years in a rural health district. Method: From December 2020 to May 2021, a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of 376 children between 6 and 36 months was carried out in the Akonolinga health district. This was a cluster sampling in 4 health areas. Stool samples were collected and analysed using the mini-FLOTAC method. The results expressed as the number of eggs per gram of stool. A questionnaire on socio-demographic and lifestyle data was administered to the parents. The Chi-squared test was used to measure the association between geo-helminth infection and the data collected. A multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed (p 0.05). Results: The prevalence of STH was 19.4% (Ascaris lumbricoides: 16% and Trichuris trichiura: 8%). Risk factors were: consumption of contaminated water (AOR = 1.93 [1.03 - 3.6];p = 0.040), early contact of the child with the ground (before age of 4 months) (AOR = 4.9 [2.1 - 11.37];p .001), habit of walking barefoot (AOR = 2.91 [1.1 - 7.97];p = 0.038), and living in a habitat with unpaved ground (AOR = 7.4 [1.55 - 35.7];p = 0.012). Conclusion: The prevalence of STHs in infants was high. Preventive chemotherapy should be extended to this age-group, and other measures intensified.展开更多
Introduction: Soil-transmitted helminthic infection (STHI) is a common public health challenge of children in the most deprived communities in low income countries. In the long-term, STHI can cause developmental and g...Introduction: Soil-transmitted helminthic infection (STHI) is a common public health challenge of children in the most deprived communities in low income countries. In the long-term, STHI can cause developmental and growth disorders leading to future learning defect. Objective: Our aim was to determine the prevalence and pattern of soil-transmitted helminthic infection among children attending a tertiary hospital in Imo State, Nigeria. Patients and Method: The study involved a cross-sectional survey of 268 children, aged 7 months to 18 years seen in a tertiary health facility in Nigeria;from August to December 2022. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and stool samples were analyzed for intestinal helminths using the Kato-Katz method. Results: The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthic infection (STHI) was 38.4%. Of all STHIs, Ascaris lumbricoides was the commonest geohelminth observed, 81 (62.1%). Multiple infections were noted in 25 (62.4%) of the specimen. The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthic infection amongst subjects’ 5 - 9 years was high and least in children older than 15 years. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.3407). Statistically significant relationship was detected between STHI and low socioeconomic class. Conclusion: The high prevalence rate of soil-transmitted helminthic infection amongst the subjects is disturbing. This high rate justifies strengthening a structured and routine deworming amongst children in order to improve outcome.展开更多
Objective:To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and soil-transmitted helminths(STHs) among primary schoolchildren in El dhayga,Central Sudan.Methods:In this cross-sectional study,three fresh f...Objective:To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and soil-transmitted helminths(STHs) among primary schoolchildren in El dhayga,Central Sudan.Methods:In this cross-sectional study,three fresh faecal samples were collected from each child,which were examined by direct wet mount,brine flotation,formalin-ether and Kato-Katz techniques.The intensity of each STH infection was expressed as the mean of eggs per gram counts of the three samples.Results:In total,142(90.4%) of 157 children harboured at least one type of intestinal parasite.Ascaris lumbricoides,Hymenolepis nana,Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia were the most common parasites found,with prevalence rates of 32.5%,30.6%,33.1%and 19.7%,respectively.Out of these 157 children,29(18.5%) harboured more than two intestinal parasitic infections.No cases of Schistosoma mansoni or Enterobius vermicularis were identified. Conclusions:The study demonstrates significant burden of intestinal protozoa and STH infections in this part of Sudan and highlights the need for preventive and intervention measures.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant activities and phytochemical content of the leaf and root extracts of Rumex crispus using the solvents extraction; methanol extract,ethanol extract, acetone extract(ACE), and wat...Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant activities and phytochemical content of the leaf and root extracts of Rumex crispus using the solvents extraction; methanol extract,ethanol extract, acetone extract(ACE), and water extract.Methods: Total flavonoids content, total phenolic content, and total proanthocyanidin were evaluated using spectrophotometric equivalents of the standards, quercetin, gallic acid and catechin respectively. The antioxidant activities of the plant extracts were determined using ABTS, DPPH, ferric reducing antioxidant power, total antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide scavenging assays.Results: The flavonoids and phenols contents of the extracts were in the range of(19.39 ± 4.08) to(526.23 ± 17.52) mg QE/g and(16.95 ± 12.03) to(240.68 ± 3.50) mg GAE/g, respectively. ACE of the leaf has the highest value of total flavonoids content(526.23 ± 17.52) mg QE/g while ACE of the root has the highest value of total phenolic content(240.68 ± 3.50) mg GAE/g. The highest content of total proanthocyanidin(645.38 ± 1.33) mg CE/g was in ACE of the root. Significant amounts of saponin and alkaloid were also present in the root and leaf extracts. All solvent fractions showed significant antioxidant activities(P < 0.05) with ACE of the root having the highest scavenging value as shown in DPPH, ABTS, total antioxidant capacity, nitric oxide and ferric reducing antioxidant power(IC50= 0.014 mg/m L, <0.005 mg/m L, 0.048 mg/m L,0.067 mg/m L, and 0.075 mg/m L, respectively).Conclusions: In this study, the mean phytochemical content of the root of Rumex crispus is higher than that of the leaf and this may have contributed to its high antioxidant activities. This may also justify the frequent use of the root more than the leaves in traditional medicine for the cure of helminthic infections.展开更多
Objective:To determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes and associated risk factors among schoolchildren in Tilili town,northwest Ethiopia.Methods:A cross-sectional study involving 383 schoolchildren was ...Objective:To determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes and associated risk factors among schoolchildren in Tilili town,northwest Ethiopia.Methods:A cross-sectional study involving 383 schoolchildren was conducted between November 2011 to February 2012.Each student was selected using systematic random sampling method.Questionnaire and observation were used to identify socio-demographic and associated risk factors.Fresh stool samples were observed using formal-ether concentration technique.Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0statistical software.Results:Four species of intestinal helminthes were identified with an overall prevalence of 44.2%(170 of 385 schoolchildren).The predominant parasites were Ascaris lumbricoides(A.lumbricoides)153(39.7%)and Trichuris trichiura(T.trichiura)30(7.8%).One hundred thirty five(35.1%)had single infections and 35(9.2%)were infected with more than one helminthic parasites in which 32(8.4%)were double infections and 3(0.8%)were triple infections.Significant associations were observed between intestinal helminth infection and those of age,grade level,and school variables.Prevalence of hookworm infection was significant in children who did not wear shoes regularly(P<0.05).Conclusions:intervention programs and education on personal and environmental hygiene should be implemented for the prevention and control of helminthic infections in the study area.展开更多
Objective:To assess prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminths(STH) in school age children of two southern districts as baseline information prior to implement a deworming program against intestinal parasi...Objective:To assess prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminths(STH) in school age children of two southern districts as baseline information prior to implement a deworming program against intestinal parasites as part of an integrated country development plan.Methods:Children randomly selected from urban and rural schools in Southern Belize provided one stool sample each,analysed by the Kato-Katz method to assess prevalence and intensity of STH infections.Epi Info software was used for data analysis;Chi-square test and Fischer exact test were applied to compare group proportions;P<0.05 was considered of statistical significance;descriptive statistics were expressed as percentages.Results:A total of 500 children from 10 schools participated in the study from May to December2005.Prevalence of STH ranged between 40%and 82%among schools,with a median of 59.2%;the majority of light intensity,and with 2.2%high intensity infection.Trichuris and Axaris infections presented similar frequency in children aged from 6 to 9 years old;hookworm infections tended to be more frequent in the older group 10 to 12 years old.Statistical significances(P≤0.01)were found in children in rural schools infected with any species of STH,in moderate Trichuris infections,in hookworm infections in rural areas with strong Mayan presence and in Ascaris infections in children of Mayan origin.Conclusions:High prevalence of STH in Southern Belize provided sound ground for implementing an integrated deworming control program.展开更多
Objective:To assess the prevalence of malaria helminth co-infections and their contribution for aneamia in febrile patients attending Azzezo health center,Gondar,Northwest Ethiopia. Methods:A cross section study was c...Objective:To assess the prevalence of malaria helminth co-infections and their contribution for aneamia in febrile patients attending Azzezo health center,Gondar,Northwest Ethiopia. Methods:A cross section study was conducted among febrile patients attending Azezo health center from February-March 30,2011.Convenient sampling technique was used to select 384 individuals.Both capillary blood and stool were collected.Giemsa stained thick and thin blood film were prepared for identification of Plasmodium species and stool sample was examined by direct wet mount and formalin-ether concentration technique for detection of intestinal helminthes parasites.Haemoglobin concentration was determined using a portable haemoglobin spectrophotometer,Hemocue Hb 201 analyzer.Results:Out of 384 febrile patients examined for malaria parasites,44(11.5%) individuals were positive for malaria parasites,of which Plasmodium vivax accounted for 75.0%(33),Plasmodium falciparum for 20.5%(9| infectious,whereas two person (4.5%) had mixed species infection.Prevalence of malaria was higher in males(28) when compared with prevalence in females(16).More than half(207,53.9%) of study participants had one or more infection.Prevalence was slightly higher in females(109,52.7%) than in males(98,47.3%).About helminths,Ascaris lumbricoides was the predominant isolate(62.1%) followed by hookworms(18.4%). Only 22 participants were co-infected with malaria parasite and helminths and co-infection with Ascaris lumbricoides was predominant(45.0%).The prevalence of anemia was 10.9%and co-infection with Plasmodium and helminth parasites was significantly associated with(P【0.000 1) higher aneamia prevalence compared to individuals without any infection.Conclusions: Prevalence of malaria and soil transmitted helminths is high and the disease is still major health problem in the study area.Hence,simultaneous combat against the two parasitic infections is very crucial to improve health of the affected communities in economically developing countries.展开更多
Objective:To provide baseline data on the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminthiasis egg contamination in the soil among indigenous communities.Methods:A total of 317 soil samples from three barangays ...Objective:To provide baseline data on the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminthiasis egg contamination in the soil among indigenous communities.Methods:A total of 317 soil samples from three barangays of indigenous communities communities in Tigaon,Camarines Sur,Philippines were examined for soil-transmitted helminthiasis egg contamination using optimized sugar flotation method.Results:Of the soil samples examined,141(44.48%)were contaminated by Ascaris spp.,Toxocara spp.,and Trichuris spp.with cumulative prevalence varying across the study sites(P<0.01).Ascaris spp.was predominant in all study sites,followed by Toxocara spp.and Trichuris spp.with a prevalence of 41.96%,7.57%,and 5.36%,respectively.Interestingly,Toxocara pp.has the highest intensity of contamination,followed by Ascaris spp.and Trichuris spp.in term of geometric mean soil-transmitted helminthiasis eggs recovered per one gram soil sample(34.25,21.45,and 11.85 respectively).Each study site harbors significant amount of soiltransmitted helminthiasis eggs and zoonotic Toxocara eggs,which present high risk of soil-transmitted helminthiasis infection,particularly among children observed to play and cohabitate with animals known to be hosts of these parasites.Conclusions:The alarming rate of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and Toxocara egg contamination reported in this study suggests that additional measures should be undertaken to control soil-transmitted helminthiasis and zoonotic intestinal infections in the country.展开更多
【正】Objective:To survey the prevalence of canine gastrointestinal helminthes in dogs presented to the Veterinary faculty of the University of Kerman between May and November 2011.Methods:Methods: A total of 70 fecal...【正】Objective:To survey the prevalence of canine gastrointestinal helminthes in dogs presented to the Veterinary faculty of the University of Kerman between May and November 2011.Methods:Methods: A total of 70 fecal samples were evaluated by the fecal sedimentation method.Results:The prevalence of gastrointestinal helininthes was 7.14%.The parasites most frequently detected were Toxucara cams(T.canis)(4.3%):To.xascaris leonina(T.leonina)(1.4%) and Teania spp.(1.4%). The age distribution of intestinal parasites in dogs showed that the dog less than 1 year old had a higher overall prevalence than those dogs over 12 months of age but there was not signifieanl (P】0.05).Also there was no significant difference in the prevalence between male(7.7%) and female(6.5%) dogs(P】0.05).Conclusions:It is thought that the reduction in the frequency of the dogs with those helininthes may be mainly a result of the improvement in breeding environment and the routine use of antihelmintics.The significance of zoonotic diseases caused by intestinal helininthes makes it necessary for us to know the infection status of domestic dogs and to lake measures for further control.It is concluded that veterinarians have an important role in educating dog owners ol these potential risks and means for preventing or minimizing zoonotic transmission.展开更多
Objective:This study compared the prevalence of intestinal helminths in Water,Sanitation and Hygiene(WASH) intervention and non-intervention communities in Abeokuta,Nigeria.Methods:Stool samples were collected from 22...Objective:This study compared the prevalence of intestinal helminths in Water,Sanitation and Hygiene(WASH) intervention and non-intervention communities in Abeokuta,Nigeria.Methods:Stool samples were collected from 225 respondents in a study carried out between July and November,2014.Stool samples were examined for presence of helminths using Formol-Ether concentration method.Data collected from stool samples were analyzed using SPSS for Windows(version 16).Results:Results showed that,at the intervention community,88 out of 113 respondents were infected with at least one helminth infection while at non-intervention community,80 out of 112 respondents were infected.This result revealed overall helminth prevalence of78% at Mawuko and 71% at Isolu.In both intervention(Mawuko) and non-intervention(Isolu) communities,hookworm was the most prevalent helminth observed(21% and18%,respectively) followed by Ascaris lumbricoides(13% and 13%,respectively),Taenia sp.(4% and 3%,respectively) and Trichostrongylus sp.(1% and 3%,respectively).Cases of single infections of Trichuris trichiura,Strongyloides stercoralis and Hymenolepsis nana were observed only at the non-intervention community.However,S.stercoralis occurred in the multiple infections observed at the intervention community.Significantly more(p < 0.05) cases of infections were observed in male(46%) at the intervention community than female(31%) while in non-intervention community females(39%) were significantly(p < 0.05) more infected than their male counterparts(32%).Conclusions:This study concludes that the Community Led-Total Sanitation intervention programme,which was executed in Mawuko was not effective as expected.展开更多
Despite a substantial reduction in the incidence and prevalence of parasitic diseases in the industrialized world, they continue to be an important public health problem in many developing African countries,including ...Despite a substantial reduction in the incidence and prevalence of parasitic diseases in the industrialized world, they continue to be an important public health problem in many developing African countries,including Nigeria. However,estimates of the prevalence of such infections among school age children,who bear the greatest health burden due to these diseases,are hard to come by.The objective of this study was therefore to determine the prevalence and type of intestinal helminth infections among primary school pupils.The study was cross-sectional in design.The participants included 266 pupils recruited from three government primary schools in the Mokola area of Ibadan,Nigeria.The pupils were interviewed and their stool samples examined for eggs of common helminths.The mean age of the pupils was 9.8±2.6 years,and 128(48.1%) were males.Nineteen pupils(7.1%) had intestinal helminth infestations.Ascaris lumbricoides was found in 17 pupils(6. 4%) and was the most prevalent helminth among the children,while Trichuris trichiura was found in only two subjects(0.8%).Previous infestations and the use of public toilets were found to be significantly associated with current infections(P【0.05).This study demonstrated that the prevalence of intestinal infections was low among the pupils studied,and that Ascaris infection was the commonest infestation.展开更多
Wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (Mexico) was treated by a coagulation-flocculation using natural gums. The residual water was characterized in terms of organic load, and biological contaminants,...Wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (Mexico) was treated by a coagulation-flocculation using natural gums. The residual water was characterized in terms of organic load, and biological contaminants, i.e. total Coliforms (TC), fecal Coliforms (FC) and helminth eggs (HE). The sample has values of 2.8 × 107 MPN/100 ml, 8.48 × 106 MPN/100 ml and 470 HE/L is regarded to TC, FC and HH, respectively. The HE identified in the wastewaters were Diphyllobothrium latum, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana and Toxocara canis. From several gums, Hydroxypropyl triammonium chloride guar gum (HPTAC-guar) was selected as the most adequate coagulant-flocculant for the class of municipal wastewater (MWW). A diminution of 82% for TC, 94% for FC and 99% for HE was obtained. Besides, the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity removals were 46% and 39% respectively. The natural gum mixed with Ca(OH)2, obtained removals of 52% for TC, 100% for HE, 47% for COD and 30% for turbidity.展开更多
Objective:To assess the prevalence and associated factors of soil transmitted helminths(STHs)among Endemata primary school in North West Ethiopia,2021.Methods:A cross-sectional study with 195 school children was condu...Objective:To assess the prevalence and associated factors of soil transmitted helminths(STHs)among Endemata primary school in North West Ethiopia,2021.Methods:A cross-sectional study with 195 school children was conducted from May to July 2021 at Endemata primary school.The study participants were selected by using systematic random sampling technique.Stool samples were processed via direct wet mount and formol-ether concentration techniques.Data was entered by Epi-Dara version 3.1 and data analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0.Variables were considered to be statistically significant if P<0.05 at 95%confidence level.Results:The overall prevalence of STHs was 10.8%(95%CI 7.1-16.0).The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides,hookworm and Trichuris trichiura were 5.6%(95%CI 3.1-9.9),3.1%(95%CI 1.3-6.7)and 2.1%(95%CI 0.6-5.3),respectively.Grade 1-4 students were more likely to get infected with STHs as compared to grade 5-8 students(adjusted OR 4.7,95%CI 1.3-16.6).Students who did not have latrines at their home were at higher risk to develop STHs infection comparing with those who had latrine at their home(adjusted OR 5.0,95%CI 1.7-15.2).Similarly,the school children who did not wear shoes were more likely to be infected by STH parasite than those who did it(adjusted OR 6.3,95%CI 1.9-20.7).The odds of being infected by STH parasites in children who did not trim their fingernails were 4.9 as compared to those who did it(adjusted OR 4.9,95%CI 1.5-15.7).Conclusions:The prevalence of STHs among Endemata primary school children was low.Student grade level,latrine availability,shoes wear and nail status were significantly associated with STHs infection.Therefore,we recommend policy makers and stakeholders to follow the integration of deworming with water,hygiene and sanitation as well as the consistent health education of school children to control and prevent STH infections.展开更多
Animal models and clinical studies have shown that helminth infections exert immunomodulatory activity,altering intestinal permeability and providing a potential beneficial action on autoimmune and inflammatory disord...Animal models and clinical studies have shown that helminth infections exert immunomodulatory activity,altering intestinal permeability and providing a potential beneficial action on autoimmune and inflammatory disorders in human beings,such as inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) and celiac disease. This is consistent with the theory that intestinal microbiota is responsible for shaping human immunological responses. With the arrival of the immunobiologic era and the use of antibodies,we propose a distinctive pathway for treating patients with IBD and celiac disease. We have some evidence about the safety and tolerability of helminth use,but evidence about their impact on disease activity is lacking. Using worms to treat diseases could be a possible way to lower treatment costs,since the era of immunobiologic agents is responsible for a significant rise in expenses. Some questions remain to be investigated regarding the use of helminths in intestinal disease,such as the importance of the specific species of helminths used,appropriate dosing regimens,optimal timing of treatment,the role of host genetics,diet,environment,and the elucidation of the exact mechanisms of action. One promising approach is the use of helminth-derived anti-inflammatory molecules as drugs. Yet there are still many challenges with this method,especially with regard to safety. Studies on intestinal permeability point to Strongyloides stercoralis as a useful nematode for these purposes.展开更多
Objective: To determine the gastrointestinal tract helminthic fauna in domestic and wild guineafowl in Zambia.Methods: Post-mortem and laboratory parasitological examinations for helminth identification and enumeratio...Objective: To determine the gastrointestinal tract helminthic fauna in domestic and wild guineafowl in Zambia.Methods: Post-mortem and laboratory parasitological examinations for helminth identification and enumeration were conducted on 198 guineafowls(148 domestic and 50 wild) from November 2010 to October 2011.Results: All guineafowls were infested with one or more helminths. Eleven helminth species, namely, Raillietina echinobothrida, Raillietina tetragona, Raillietina cesticillus, Ascaridia galli, Allodapa suctoria, Gongylonema ingluvicola, Tetrameres spp., Heterakis spp., Acuaria spiralis, Syngamus trachea, and Streptocara pectinifera were identified with no trematodes recorded. Mean nematode burden between domestic and wild fowl showed no differences having 113.7 [confidence interval(CI) 98.9-128.6] and 108(CI 76.6-139.5) nematodes respectively. In contrast, female guineafowls had a mean of 151.9(CI 128.4-177.8) nematodes per host which was significantly more than the males that had a mean of 79.6(CI 66.8-94.4). However, there were differences in helminth species richness between domestic and wild guineafowls with domestic guineafowls having more species present at a mean of 4.2(CI 3.91-4.44) than the wild ones at a mean of 3.4(CI 2.92-3.88) but there were no sex differences. Eight of the eleven helminth species co-occurred in domestic and wild fowl and five of the helminth species had higher prevalence in domestic guineafowls.Conclusions: Syngamus trachea, Streptocara pectinifera and Acuaria spiralis are reported for the first time in domestic poultry in Zambia. This study represents the first comparative study of helminths in domestic and wild guineafowls at an interface area and adds to the knowledge base in a discipline where a dearth currently exists.展开更多
Acute cholecystitis is an important acute medical problem, so acute disorder of the gall bladder requires good clinical management. There are several etiologies of acute cholecystitis. Although it is not common, helmi...Acute cholecystitis is an important acute medical problem, so acute disorder of the gall bladder requires good clinical management. There are several etiologies of acute cholecystitis. Although it is not common, helminthic infection is one of the causes of acute cholecystitis. This condition is little mentioned in literature but it is an important issue in several tropical countries. Here, the authors performed a literature review to summarize published data available on an international database (PubMed). All available publications with complete information are summarized and extracted. In this article, the authors briefly summarized clinical features and management of acute cholecystitis and helminthic infestation. The relationship of nematode, trematode and cestode infestations with acute cholecystitis is also summarised.展开更多
Background: Asthma is less common in countries outside the organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD). One suggested mechanism for this disparity is the early life exposure to helminthic infection in...Background: Asthma is less common in countries outside the organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD). One suggested mechanism for this disparity is the early life exposure to helminthic infection in non-OECD countries due to predominant Th1 immune response, which down-regulates Th2 responses required for exacerbation of asthma. This report is the first in the literature to describe the effects of helminthic infection on immune responses in asthmatic children compared to non-asthmatic controls. Methods: We administered the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire to 1690 high school students in three rural communities in southwestern Nigeria. Based on questionnaire responses and medical examination, identified asthma cases were matched with controls. Stool samples were collected from all subjects and screened for intestinal helminthic infection. The serum of 12 asthmatics and 12 non-asthmatics (6 with intestinal helminthic infection and 6 without intestinal helminthic infection in each group) were assayed for interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17A, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), granulocyte macrophage colo- ny-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Results: The mean (±SD) serum levels of IL-2 significantly increased in asthma cases with intestinal helminthic infection compared with asthma cases without infection (41.5 ± 9.7 vs. 29.7 ± 10.3;p = 0.035), controls with intestinal helminthic infection compared with cases without infection (52 ± 4.7 vs. 29.7 ± 10.3;p < 0.001), and controls with intestinal helminthic infection compared to controls without infection (52 ± 4.7 vs. 34.2 ± 10.4;p = 0.003). Mean levels of TGF-β significantly increased in controls without infection compared with asthma cases with infection (1833 ± 93.1 vs. 633.3 ± 294.4;p < 0.001), controls without intestinal helminthic infection compared with asthma cases without infection (1833 ± 93.1 vs. 916.7 ± 204.1;p < 0.001), controls with intestinal helminthic infection compared to controls without infection (2366.7 ± 760.7 vs. 1833 ± 93.1;p < 0.001), and controls with intestinal helminthic infection compared with asthma cases without infection (2366.7 ± 760.7 vs.916.71 ± 204.1;p = 0.007). Conclusion: Intestinal helminthic infection independently increases IL-2 levels, while asthma decreases the level of TGF-β, which is further depressed by intestinal helminthic infection.展开更多
A cross-sectional examination of 384 fecal samples was conducted from July 2016 up to November 2016 to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infections of equines in Mekelle, North Ethiopia. Out of tot...A cross-sectional examination of 384 fecal samples was conducted from July 2016 up to November 2016 to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infections of equines in Mekelle, North Ethiopia. Out of total fecal samples examined 196 fecal samples were taken from horses, 164 from Donkeys and the rest 24 from Mules. The prevalence of gastro intestinal helminths was 41.6% as detected by coprological examination. Coprological examination revealed that the prevalence in horses was 33.7%, in donkeys 51.8% and in mules 37.5%. There is significant difference (p < 0.05) in the prevalence of GIT helminth infection between the equine species. Coprological examination revealed 35.4% infection with strongyle followed by mixed infections (10.4%), P. eqourum (8.3%), O. equi (5.7%) and Anoplocephala species (4%). No significant difference (p > 0.05) in prevalence of GIT helminth was noticed between sexes. However, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was noticed between the age groups, between different body conditions, feeding status, history of colic and frequency of deworming. The study revealed that Equines in the study area are infected with a range of heminths, which are representatives of the important equine pathogenic parasites found in Ethiopia.展开更多
The African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, is generally considered to be one of the most important tropical catfish species for aquaculture purposes. Parasitological investigation was performed in two hundred naturally ...The African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, is generally considered to be one of the most important tropical catfish species for aquaculture purposes. Parasitological investigation was performed in two hundred naturally collected fish samples during the period of February to December 2014. The prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites infecting C. gariepinus was investigated. A total of 249 helminth parasites belonging to four genera were recovered from 130 (65%) examined fish samples. They were digenea Orientocreadium batrachoides, cestode Polyonchobothrium clariae, and nematode Procamallanus laevionchus and Camallanus polypteri. Majority of the recorded parasites were found in the intestine. Female fish samples had higher prevalence rate 72 (90%) than males 58 (48.33%), and there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in infestation rate between the two sexes. The relationship of host size (weight/length) and parasite infection showed that there was no significant difference in the parasitic infection among three classes, although fish of larger sizes had more infections. In addition, this study determines the effect of fish age on the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites.展开更多
文摘Objective:To assess the epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis among women of reproductive age in Mwaluphamba,Kwale County,Kenya.Methods:A community-based cross-sectional study design was employed to randomly sample 422 women of reproductive age(15-<50 years)from four villages in Mwaluphamba location.Stool specimens were collected and examined using the Kato-Katz method,while filtration technique was used to analyze urine specimens.Participants’sociodemographic details were obtained using a standardized questionnaire.Results:Urinary schistosomiasis prevalence was at 4.7%(20/422,95%CI 2.8%-6.9%)while the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis infection was 4.5%(19/422,95%CI 2.6%-6.7%).The infection intensities of urinary schistosomiasis among the study participants ranged from 1 to 120 eggs/10 mL of urine with median egg count of 18.45 eggs/10 mL.The patients were diagnosed with light infection,of 56.16 egg/gram and 48.48 egg/gram for Trichuris trichiura and hookworms,respectively.Women without latrines had 15.7 times higher risk of having urinary schistosomiasis compared to those with a latrine.Similarly,use of surface water(aOR=1.0,95%CI 0.2-1.4,P=0.010)and crossing the river to go to a place(aOR=1.1,95%CI 0.3-1.6,P=0.009)were statistically significant risk factors for getting urinary schistosomiasis.In bivariable regression analysis,defecating around the water source(OR=4.3,95%CI 1.5-12.9)had a statistically significant association with the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis(P=0.008).Conclusions:This study has given an insight on the prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Mwaluphamba location that form a basis for strengthening the control and elimination programmes for these neglected tropical diseases.
文摘Introduction and Objectives: Soil-Transmitted-Helminthiasis (STH) is a public health problem in Cameroon. The control strategies currently in place, particularly chemoprevention, has shortcomings linked to the target population, which are school-age children. The objective was to determine the prevalence and the risk factors associated with geo-helminthiasis in children aged 0 to 3 years in a rural health district. Method: From December 2020 to May 2021, a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of 376 children between 6 and 36 months was carried out in the Akonolinga health district. This was a cluster sampling in 4 health areas. Stool samples were collected and analysed using the mini-FLOTAC method. The results expressed as the number of eggs per gram of stool. A questionnaire on socio-demographic and lifestyle data was administered to the parents. The Chi-squared test was used to measure the association between geo-helminth infection and the data collected. A multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed (p 0.05). Results: The prevalence of STH was 19.4% (Ascaris lumbricoides: 16% and Trichuris trichiura: 8%). Risk factors were: consumption of contaminated water (AOR = 1.93 [1.03 - 3.6];p = 0.040), early contact of the child with the ground (before age of 4 months) (AOR = 4.9 [2.1 - 11.37];p .001), habit of walking barefoot (AOR = 2.91 [1.1 - 7.97];p = 0.038), and living in a habitat with unpaved ground (AOR = 7.4 [1.55 - 35.7];p = 0.012). Conclusion: The prevalence of STHs in infants was high. Preventive chemotherapy should be extended to this age-group, and other measures intensified.
文摘Introduction: Soil-transmitted helminthic infection (STHI) is a common public health challenge of children in the most deprived communities in low income countries. In the long-term, STHI can cause developmental and growth disorders leading to future learning defect. Objective: Our aim was to determine the prevalence and pattern of soil-transmitted helminthic infection among children attending a tertiary hospital in Imo State, Nigeria. Patients and Method: The study involved a cross-sectional survey of 268 children, aged 7 months to 18 years seen in a tertiary health facility in Nigeria;from August to December 2022. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and stool samples were analyzed for intestinal helminths using the Kato-Katz method. Results: The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthic infection (STHI) was 38.4%. Of all STHIs, Ascaris lumbricoides was the commonest geohelminth observed, 81 (62.1%). Multiple infections were noted in 25 (62.4%) of the specimen. The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthic infection amongst subjects’ 5 - 9 years was high and least in children older than 15 years. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.3407). Statistically significant relationship was detected between STHI and low socioeconomic class. Conclusion: The high prevalence rate of soil-transmitted helminthic infection amongst the subjects is disturbing. This high rate justifies strengthening a structured and routine deworming amongst children in order to improve outcome.
文摘Objective:To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and soil-transmitted helminths(STHs) among primary schoolchildren in El dhayga,Central Sudan.Methods:In this cross-sectional study,three fresh faecal samples were collected from each child,which were examined by direct wet mount,brine flotation,formalin-ether and Kato-Katz techniques.The intensity of each STH infection was expressed as the mean of eggs per gram counts of the three samples.Results:In total,142(90.4%) of 157 children harboured at least one type of intestinal parasite.Ascaris lumbricoides,Hymenolepis nana,Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia were the most common parasites found,with prevalence rates of 32.5%,30.6%,33.1%and 19.7%,respectively.Out of these 157 children,29(18.5%) harboured more than two intestinal parasitic infections.No cases of Schistosoma mansoni or Enterobius vermicularis were identified. Conclusions:The study demonstrates significant burden of intestinal protozoa and STH infections in this part of Sudan and highlights the need for preventive and intervention measures.
文摘Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant activities and phytochemical content of the leaf and root extracts of Rumex crispus using the solvents extraction; methanol extract,ethanol extract, acetone extract(ACE), and water extract.Methods: Total flavonoids content, total phenolic content, and total proanthocyanidin were evaluated using spectrophotometric equivalents of the standards, quercetin, gallic acid and catechin respectively. The antioxidant activities of the plant extracts were determined using ABTS, DPPH, ferric reducing antioxidant power, total antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide scavenging assays.Results: The flavonoids and phenols contents of the extracts were in the range of(19.39 ± 4.08) to(526.23 ± 17.52) mg QE/g and(16.95 ± 12.03) to(240.68 ± 3.50) mg GAE/g, respectively. ACE of the leaf has the highest value of total flavonoids content(526.23 ± 17.52) mg QE/g while ACE of the root has the highest value of total phenolic content(240.68 ± 3.50) mg GAE/g. The highest content of total proanthocyanidin(645.38 ± 1.33) mg CE/g was in ACE of the root. Significant amounts of saponin and alkaloid were also present in the root and leaf extracts. All solvent fractions showed significant antioxidant activities(P < 0.05) with ACE of the root having the highest scavenging value as shown in DPPH, ABTS, total antioxidant capacity, nitric oxide and ferric reducing antioxidant power(IC50= 0.014 mg/m L, <0.005 mg/m L, 0.048 mg/m L,0.067 mg/m L, and 0.075 mg/m L, respectively).Conclusions: In this study, the mean phytochemical content of the root of Rumex crispus is higher than that of the leaf and this may have contributed to its high antioxidant activities. This may also justify the frequent use of the root more than the leaves in traditional medicine for the cure of helminthic infections.
文摘Objective:To determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes and associated risk factors among schoolchildren in Tilili town,northwest Ethiopia.Methods:A cross-sectional study involving 383 schoolchildren was conducted between November 2011 to February 2012.Each student was selected using systematic random sampling method.Questionnaire and observation were used to identify socio-demographic and associated risk factors.Fresh stool samples were observed using formal-ether concentration technique.Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0statistical software.Results:Four species of intestinal helminthes were identified with an overall prevalence of 44.2%(170 of 385 schoolchildren).The predominant parasites were Ascaris lumbricoides(A.lumbricoides)153(39.7%)and Trichuris trichiura(T.trichiura)30(7.8%).One hundred thirty five(35.1%)had single infections and 35(9.2%)were infected with more than one helminthic parasites in which 32(8.4%)were double infections and 3(0.8%)were triple infections.Significant associations were observed between intestinal helminth infection and those of age,grade level,and school variables.Prevalence of hookworm infection was significant in children who did not wear shoes regularly(P<0.05).Conclusions:intervention programs and education on personal and environmental hygiene should be implemented for the prevention and control of helminthic infections in the study area.
基金Support by the Ministry of Health,Belize and the Panamerican Health Organization,Washington D.C.,USA
文摘Objective:To assess prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminths(STH) in school age children of two southern districts as baseline information prior to implement a deworming program against intestinal parasites as part of an integrated country development plan.Methods:Children randomly selected from urban and rural schools in Southern Belize provided one stool sample each,analysed by the Kato-Katz method to assess prevalence and intensity of STH infections.Epi Info software was used for data analysis;Chi-square test and Fischer exact test were applied to compare group proportions;P<0.05 was considered of statistical significance;descriptive statistics were expressed as percentages.Results:A total of 500 children from 10 schools participated in the study from May to December2005.Prevalence of STH ranged between 40%and 82%among schools,with a median of 59.2%;the majority of light intensity,and with 2.2%high intensity infection.Trichuris and Axaris infections presented similar frequency in children aged from 6 to 9 years old;hookworm infections tended to be more frequent in the older group 10 to 12 years old.Statistical significances(P≤0.01)were found in children in rural schools infected with any species of STH,in moderate Trichuris infections,in hookworm infections in rural areas with strong Mayan presence and in Ascaris infections in children of Mayan origin.Conclusions:High prevalence of STH in Southern Belize provided sound ground for implementing an integrated deworming control program.
基金university of Gondar and Azzezo health center for their support
文摘Objective:To assess the prevalence of malaria helminth co-infections and their contribution for aneamia in febrile patients attending Azzezo health center,Gondar,Northwest Ethiopia. Methods:A cross section study was conducted among febrile patients attending Azezo health center from February-March 30,2011.Convenient sampling technique was used to select 384 individuals.Both capillary blood and stool were collected.Giemsa stained thick and thin blood film were prepared for identification of Plasmodium species and stool sample was examined by direct wet mount and formalin-ether concentration technique for detection of intestinal helminthes parasites.Haemoglobin concentration was determined using a portable haemoglobin spectrophotometer,Hemocue Hb 201 analyzer.Results:Out of 384 febrile patients examined for malaria parasites,44(11.5%) individuals were positive for malaria parasites,of which Plasmodium vivax accounted for 75.0%(33),Plasmodium falciparum for 20.5%(9| infectious,whereas two person (4.5%) had mixed species infection.Prevalence of malaria was higher in males(28) when compared with prevalence in females(16).More than half(207,53.9%) of study participants had one or more infection.Prevalence was slightly higher in females(109,52.7%) than in males(98,47.3%).About helminths,Ascaris lumbricoides was the predominant isolate(62.1%) followed by hookworms(18.4%). Only 22 participants were co-infected with malaria parasite and helminths and co-infection with Ascaris lumbricoides was predominant(45.0%).The prevalence of anemia was 10.9%and co-infection with Plasmodium and helminth parasites was significantly associated with(P【0.000 1) higher aneamia prevalence compared to individuals without any infection.Conclusions: Prevalence of malaria and soil transmitted helminths is high and the disease is still major health problem in the study area.Hence,simultaneous combat against the two parasitic infections is very crucial to improve health of the affected communities in economically developing countries.
基金the Commission on Higher Education K12 Scholarship Program for the funding
文摘Objective:To provide baseline data on the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminthiasis egg contamination in the soil among indigenous communities.Methods:A total of 317 soil samples from three barangays of indigenous communities communities in Tigaon,Camarines Sur,Philippines were examined for soil-transmitted helminthiasis egg contamination using optimized sugar flotation method.Results:Of the soil samples examined,141(44.48%)were contaminated by Ascaris spp.,Toxocara spp.,and Trichuris spp.with cumulative prevalence varying across the study sites(P<0.01).Ascaris spp.was predominant in all study sites,followed by Toxocara spp.and Trichuris spp.with a prevalence of 41.96%,7.57%,and 5.36%,respectively.Interestingly,Toxocara pp.has the highest intensity of contamination,followed by Ascaris spp.and Trichuris spp.in term of geometric mean soil-transmitted helminthiasis eggs recovered per one gram soil sample(34.25,21.45,and 11.85 respectively).Each study site harbors significant amount of soiltransmitted helminthiasis eggs and zoonotic Toxocara eggs,which present high risk of soil-transmitted helminthiasis infection,particularly among children observed to play and cohabitate with animals known to be hosts of these parasites.Conclusions:The alarming rate of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and Toxocara egg contamination reported in this study suggests that additional measures should be undertaken to control soil-transmitted helminthiasis and zoonotic intestinal infections in the country.
文摘【正】Objective:To survey the prevalence of canine gastrointestinal helminthes in dogs presented to the Veterinary faculty of the University of Kerman between May and November 2011.Methods:Methods: A total of 70 fecal samples were evaluated by the fecal sedimentation method.Results:The prevalence of gastrointestinal helininthes was 7.14%.The parasites most frequently detected were Toxucara cams(T.canis)(4.3%):To.xascaris leonina(T.leonina)(1.4%) and Teania spp.(1.4%). The age distribution of intestinal parasites in dogs showed that the dog less than 1 year old had a higher overall prevalence than those dogs over 12 months of age but there was not signifieanl (P】0.05).Also there was no significant difference in the prevalence between male(7.7%) and female(6.5%) dogs(P】0.05).Conclusions:It is thought that the reduction in the frequency of the dogs with those helininthes may be mainly a result of the improvement in breeding environment and the routine use of antihelmintics.The significance of zoonotic diseases caused by intestinal helininthes makes it necessary for us to know the infection status of domestic dogs and to lake measures for further control.It is concluded that veterinarians have an important role in educating dog owners ol these potential risks and means for preventing or minimizing zoonotic transmission.
文摘Objective:This study compared the prevalence of intestinal helminths in Water,Sanitation and Hygiene(WASH) intervention and non-intervention communities in Abeokuta,Nigeria.Methods:Stool samples were collected from 225 respondents in a study carried out between July and November,2014.Stool samples were examined for presence of helminths using Formol-Ether concentration method.Data collected from stool samples were analyzed using SPSS for Windows(version 16).Results:Results showed that,at the intervention community,88 out of 113 respondents were infected with at least one helminth infection while at non-intervention community,80 out of 112 respondents were infected.This result revealed overall helminth prevalence of78% at Mawuko and 71% at Isolu.In both intervention(Mawuko) and non-intervention(Isolu) communities,hookworm was the most prevalent helminth observed(21% and18%,respectively) followed by Ascaris lumbricoides(13% and 13%,respectively),Taenia sp.(4% and 3%,respectively) and Trichostrongylus sp.(1% and 3%,respectively).Cases of single infections of Trichuris trichiura,Strongyloides stercoralis and Hymenolepsis nana were observed only at the non-intervention community.However,S.stercoralis occurred in the multiple infections observed at the intervention community.Significantly more(p < 0.05) cases of infections were observed in male(46%) at the intervention community than female(31%) while in non-intervention community females(39%) were significantly(p < 0.05) more infected than their male counterparts(32%).Conclusions:This study concludes that the Community Led-Total Sanitation intervention programme,which was executed in Mawuko was not effective as expected.
文摘Despite a substantial reduction in the incidence and prevalence of parasitic diseases in the industrialized world, they continue to be an important public health problem in many developing African countries,including Nigeria. However,estimates of the prevalence of such infections among school age children,who bear the greatest health burden due to these diseases,are hard to come by.The objective of this study was therefore to determine the prevalence and type of intestinal helminth infections among primary school pupils.The study was cross-sectional in design.The participants included 266 pupils recruited from three government primary schools in the Mokola area of Ibadan,Nigeria.The pupils were interviewed and their stool samples examined for eggs of common helminths.The mean age of the pupils was 9.8±2.6 years,and 128(48.1%) were males.Nineteen pupils(7.1%) had intestinal helminth infestations.Ascaris lumbricoides was found in 17 pupils(6. 4%) and was the most prevalent helminth among the children,while Trichuris trichiura was found in only two subjects(0.8%).Previous infestations and the use of public toilets were found to be significantly associated with current infections(P【0.05).This study demonstrated that the prevalence of intestinal infections was low among the pupils studied,and that Ascaris infection was the commonest infestation.
文摘Wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (Mexico) was treated by a coagulation-flocculation using natural gums. The residual water was characterized in terms of organic load, and biological contaminants, i.e. total Coliforms (TC), fecal Coliforms (FC) and helminth eggs (HE). The sample has values of 2.8 × 107 MPN/100 ml, 8.48 × 106 MPN/100 ml and 470 HE/L is regarded to TC, FC and HH, respectively. The HE identified in the wastewaters were Diphyllobothrium latum, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana and Toxocara canis. From several gums, Hydroxypropyl triammonium chloride guar gum (HPTAC-guar) was selected as the most adequate coagulant-flocculant for the class of municipal wastewater (MWW). A diminution of 82% for TC, 94% for FC and 99% for HE was obtained. Besides, the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity removals were 46% and 39% respectively. The natural gum mixed with Ca(OH)2, obtained removals of 52% for TC, 100% for HE, 47% for COD and 30% for turbidity.
文摘Objective:To assess the prevalence and associated factors of soil transmitted helminths(STHs)among Endemata primary school in North West Ethiopia,2021.Methods:A cross-sectional study with 195 school children was conducted from May to July 2021 at Endemata primary school.The study participants were selected by using systematic random sampling technique.Stool samples were processed via direct wet mount and formol-ether concentration techniques.Data was entered by Epi-Dara version 3.1 and data analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0.Variables were considered to be statistically significant if P<0.05 at 95%confidence level.Results:The overall prevalence of STHs was 10.8%(95%CI 7.1-16.0).The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides,hookworm and Trichuris trichiura were 5.6%(95%CI 3.1-9.9),3.1%(95%CI 1.3-6.7)and 2.1%(95%CI 0.6-5.3),respectively.Grade 1-4 students were more likely to get infected with STHs as compared to grade 5-8 students(adjusted OR 4.7,95%CI 1.3-16.6).Students who did not have latrines at their home were at higher risk to develop STHs infection comparing with those who had latrine at their home(adjusted OR 5.0,95%CI 1.7-15.2).Similarly,the school children who did not wear shoes were more likely to be infected by STH parasite than those who did it(adjusted OR 6.3,95%CI 1.9-20.7).The odds of being infected by STH parasites in children who did not trim their fingernails were 4.9 as compared to those who did it(adjusted OR 4.9,95%CI 1.5-15.7).Conclusions:The prevalence of STHs among Endemata primary school children was low.Student grade level,latrine availability,shoes wear and nail status were significantly associated with STHs infection.Therefore,we recommend policy makers and stakeholders to follow the integration of deworming with water,hygiene and sanitation as well as the consistent health education of school children to control and prevent STH infections.
文摘Animal models and clinical studies have shown that helminth infections exert immunomodulatory activity,altering intestinal permeability and providing a potential beneficial action on autoimmune and inflammatory disorders in human beings,such as inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) and celiac disease. This is consistent with the theory that intestinal microbiota is responsible for shaping human immunological responses. With the arrival of the immunobiologic era and the use of antibodies,we propose a distinctive pathway for treating patients with IBD and celiac disease. We have some evidence about the safety and tolerability of helminth use,but evidence about their impact on disease activity is lacking. Using worms to treat diseases could be a possible way to lower treatment costs,since the era of immunobiologic agents is responsible for a significant rise in expenses. Some questions remain to be investigated regarding the use of helminths in intestinal disease,such as the importance of the specific species of helminths used,appropriate dosing regimens,optimal timing of treatment,the role of host genetics,diet,environment,and the elucidation of the exact mechanisms of action. One promising approach is the use of helminth-derived anti-inflammatory molecules as drugs. Yet there are still many challenges with this method,especially with regard to safety. Studies on intestinal permeability point to Strongyloides stercoralis as a useful nematode for these purposes.
基金Supported by the University of Zambia under UNZA-MAN No:07193
文摘Objective: To determine the gastrointestinal tract helminthic fauna in domestic and wild guineafowl in Zambia.Methods: Post-mortem and laboratory parasitological examinations for helminth identification and enumeration were conducted on 198 guineafowls(148 domestic and 50 wild) from November 2010 to October 2011.Results: All guineafowls were infested with one or more helminths. Eleven helminth species, namely, Raillietina echinobothrida, Raillietina tetragona, Raillietina cesticillus, Ascaridia galli, Allodapa suctoria, Gongylonema ingluvicola, Tetrameres spp., Heterakis spp., Acuaria spiralis, Syngamus trachea, and Streptocara pectinifera were identified with no trematodes recorded. Mean nematode burden between domestic and wild fowl showed no differences having 113.7 [confidence interval(CI) 98.9-128.6] and 108(CI 76.6-139.5) nematodes respectively. In contrast, female guineafowls had a mean of 151.9(CI 128.4-177.8) nematodes per host which was significantly more than the males that had a mean of 79.6(CI 66.8-94.4). However, there were differences in helminth species richness between domestic and wild guineafowls with domestic guineafowls having more species present at a mean of 4.2(CI 3.91-4.44) than the wild ones at a mean of 3.4(CI 2.92-3.88) but there were no sex differences. Eight of the eleven helminth species co-occurred in domestic and wild fowl and five of the helminth species had higher prevalence in domestic guineafowls.Conclusions: Syngamus trachea, Streptocara pectinifera and Acuaria spiralis are reported for the first time in domestic poultry in Zambia. This study represents the first comparative study of helminths in domestic and wild guineafowls at an interface area and adds to the knowledge base in a discipline where a dearth currently exists.
文摘Acute cholecystitis is an important acute medical problem, so acute disorder of the gall bladder requires good clinical management. There are several etiologies of acute cholecystitis. Although it is not common, helminthic infection is one of the causes of acute cholecystitis. This condition is little mentioned in literature but it is an important issue in several tropical countries. Here, the authors performed a literature review to summarize published data available on an international database (PubMed). All available publications with complete information are summarized and extracted. In this article, the authors briefly summarized clinical features and management of acute cholecystitis and helminthic infestation. The relationship of nematode, trematode and cestode infestations with acute cholecystitis is also summarised.
文摘Background: Asthma is less common in countries outside the organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD). One suggested mechanism for this disparity is the early life exposure to helminthic infection in non-OECD countries due to predominant Th1 immune response, which down-regulates Th2 responses required for exacerbation of asthma. This report is the first in the literature to describe the effects of helminthic infection on immune responses in asthmatic children compared to non-asthmatic controls. Methods: We administered the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire to 1690 high school students in three rural communities in southwestern Nigeria. Based on questionnaire responses and medical examination, identified asthma cases were matched with controls. Stool samples were collected from all subjects and screened for intestinal helminthic infection. The serum of 12 asthmatics and 12 non-asthmatics (6 with intestinal helminthic infection and 6 without intestinal helminthic infection in each group) were assayed for interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17A, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), granulocyte macrophage colo- ny-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Results: The mean (±SD) serum levels of IL-2 significantly increased in asthma cases with intestinal helminthic infection compared with asthma cases without infection (41.5 ± 9.7 vs. 29.7 ± 10.3;p = 0.035), controls with intestinal helminthic infection compared with cases without infection (52 ± 4.7 vs. 29.7 ± 10.3;p < 0.001), and controls with intestinal helminthic infection compared to controls without infection (52 ± 4.7 vs. 34.2 ± 10.4;p = 0.003). Mean levels of TGF-β significantly increased in controls without infection compared with asthma cases with infection (1833 ± 93.1 vs. 633.3 ± 294.4;p < 0.001), controls without intestinal helminthic infection compared with asthma cases without infection (1833 ± 93.1 vs. 916.7 ± 204.1;p < 0.001), controls with intestinal helminthic infection compared to controls without infection (2366.7 ± 760.7 vs. 1833 ± 93.1;p < 0.001), and controls with intestinal helminthic infection compared with asthma cases without infection (2366.7 ± 760.7 vs.916.71 ± 204.1;p = 0.007). Conclusion: Intestinal helminthic infection independently increases IL-2 levels, while asthma decreases the level of TGF-β, which is further depressed by intestinal helminthic infection.
文摘A cross-sectional examination of 384 fecal samples was conducted from July 2016 up to November 2016 to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infections of equines in Mekelle, North Ethiopia. Out of total fecal samples examined 196 fecal samples were taken from horses, 164 from Donkeys and the rest 24 from Mules. The prevalence of gastro intestinal helminths was 41.6% as detected by coprological examination. Coprological examination revealed that the prevalence in horses was 33.7%, in donkeys 51.8% and in mules 37.5%. There is significant difference (p < 0.05) in the prevalence of GIT helminth infection between the equine species. Coprological examination revealed 35.4% infection with strongyle followed by mixed infections (10.4%), P. eqourum (8.3%), O. equi (5.7%) and Anoplocephala species (4%). No significant difference (p > 0.05) in prevalence of GIT helminth was noticed between sexes. However, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was noticed between the age groups, between different body conditions, feeding status, history of colic and frequency of deworming. The study revealed that Equines in the study area are infected with a range of heminths, which are representatives of the important equine pathogenic parasites found in Ethiopia.
文摘The African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, is generally considered to be one of the most important tropical catfish species for aquaculture purposes. Parasitological investigation was performed in two hundred naturally collected fish samples during the period of February to December 2014. The prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites infecting C. gariepinus was investigated. A total of 249 helminth parasites belonging to four genera were recovered from 130 (65%) examined fish samples. They were digenea Orientocreadium batrachoides, cestode Polyonchobothrium clariae, and nematode Procamallanus laevionchus and Camallanus polypteri. Majority of the recorded parasites were found in the intestine. Female fish samples had higher prevalence rate 72 (90%) than males 58 (48.33%), and there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in infestation rate between the two sexes. The relationship of host size (weight/length) and parasite infection showed that there was no significant difference in the parasitic infection among three classes, although fish of larger sizes had more infections. In addition, this study determines the effect of fish age on the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites.
