AIM To understand the anti-HBs persistenceand the long-term preventive efficacy in ruralnewborns after vaccination with plasma-derivedhepatitis B vaccine.METHODS In the time of expanded program onimmunization(EPI),the...AIM To understand the anti-HBs persistenceand the long-term preventive efficacy in ruralnewborns after vaccination with plasma-derivedhepatitis B vaccine.METHODS In the time of expanded program onimmunization(EPI),the newborns werevaccinated with 10μg×3 doses of hepatitis Bvaccine and 762 newborns who were HBsAgnegative after primary immunization wereselected for cohort observation from 1986 to1998.Their serum samples were detectedqualitatively and quantitatively for hepatitis Binfecting markers,including HBsAg,anti-HBsand anti-HBc by SPRIA Kits.The annual HBsAgpositive conversion rate was counted by life-table method.RESULTS①The anti-HBs positive rate was94.44% for the babies born to HBsAg negativemothers and 84.21% for those born to HBsAgpositive mothers in the 1st year afterimmunization,and dropped to 51.31% and52.50% in the 12th year respectively.GMT valuewas dropped from 31.62 to 3.13 and 23.99 to 3.65in the 2nd to the 12th year respectively.Therewas a marked drop in GMT at the 3rd to the 5thyear,and in anti-HBs positive rate at the 9th tothe 10th year.②In the period of 12 yearsobservation,the person-year HBsAg positive conversion rates were 0.12%(5/4150.0)innewborns born to HBsAg negative mothers and0.20%(1/508.0)in those born to HBsAgpositive mothers,and none of the HBsAgpositive converted children became HBsAgchronic carriers.Compared with the baselinebefore immunization,the protective rates were97.19% and 95.32% respectively.CONCLUSION The protective efficacy ofplasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine persisted atleast 12 years,and a booster dose seems notnecessary within at least 12 years after theprimary three-doses immunization to newbornsborn to HBsAg negative mothers.展开更多
Vaccination is the main prophylactic measure to reduce the mortality caused by hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection in healthy subjects since the immune response to hepatitis B recombinant vaccination occurs in over 90%of ...Vaccination is the main prophylactic measure to reduce the mortality caused by hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection in healthy subjects since the immune response to hepatitis B recombinant vaccination occurs in over 90%of general population.Individuals who develop an antiHBs titer less than 10 mIU/mL after primary vaccination cycle are defined"no responders".Many factors could cause a non response to the HBV vaccination,such as administration of the vaccine in buttocks,impaired vaccine storage conditions,drug abuse,smoking,infections and obesity.Moreover there are some diseases,like chronic kidney disease,human immunodeficiency virus infection,chronic liver disease,celiac disease,thalassaemia,typeⅠdiabetes mellitus,down’s syndrome and other forms of mental retardation that are characterized by a poorer response to HBV vaccination than healthy subjects.To date it is still unclear how to treat this group of patients at high risk of hepatitis B infection.Recent studies seem to indicate that the administration of HBV recombinant vaccine by the intradermal route is very effective and could represent a more useful strategy than intramuscular route.This review focuses on the use of anti hepatitis B vaccine by intradermal route as alternative to conventional intramuscular vaccine in all non responder patients.A comprehensive review of the literature using PubMed database,with appropriate terms,was undertaken for articles in English published since 1983.The literature search was undertaken in September 2013.展开更多
Some studies showed that in celiac patients the immunological response to vaccination is similar to that one found in general population except for vaccine against hepatitis B virus (HBV).The non-responsiveness to HBV...Some studies showed that in celiac patients the immunological response to vaccination is similar to that one found in general population except for vaccine against hepatitis B virus (HBV).The non-responsiveness to HBV vaccine has also been described in healthy people,nevertheless the number of non-responders has been demonstrated to be higher in celiac disease (CD) patients than in healthy controls.Several hypothesis explaining this higher rate of unresponsiveness to HBV vaccine in CD patients have been described,such as the genetic hypothesis,according with CD patients carrying the disease-specific haplotype HLA-B8,DR3,and DQ2,show a lower response to HBV vaccine both in clinical expressed CD patients and in healthy people carrying the same haplotype.On the other hand,it has been demonstrated that the gluten intake during the vaccination seems to influence the response to the same vaccine.Moreover,it has been demonstrated a possible genetic predisposition to hepatitis B vaccine nonresponsiveness likely due to the presence of specific human leukocyte antigen haplotypes and specific single nucleotide polymorphism in genes of cytokine/cytokinereceptors and toll like receptors,but the pathogenic mechanism responsible for this low responsiveness still remains unclear.The aim of this review is to focus on the possible pathogenic causes of unresponsiveness to HBV vaccine in CD patients and to propose an alternative vaccination schedule in order to improve the responsiveness to HBV vaccine in this at-risk patients.展开更多
AIM: To establish the safety and efficacy of an indigenously developed r-hepatitis B vaccine using an accelerated schedule and to highlight the social awareness and commitment in preventing the spreading of hepatitis ...AIM: To establish the safety and efficacy of an indigenously developed r-hepatitis B vaccine using an accelerated schedule and to highlight the social awareness and commitment in preventing the spreading of hepatitis B virus infection.METHODS: The study was a multicentric, double blind,randomized (3:1) study using three doses of vaccine immunization schedule (20 μg for those above 10 years old and 10 μg for those below 10 years old) on d 0, 30and 60. One hundred and sixty-six subjects were enrolled(87 males and 76 females aged 5-35 years). The main outcome measure was assessment of immunogenicity and safety.RESULTS: A 100% seroconversion response was observed on the 30th d after the 1st injection in both the experimental groups. The sero-protection data reported a 41.2-65.6% response on the 30th d after the 1st injection and reached 100% on the 60th d. Descriptive statical analysis showed a geometric mean titer value of 13.77 mIU/mL in the test (BEVAC) group and 10.95 mIU/mL in the commercial control (ENGERIX-B) group on the 30th d after the 1st injection. The response on the 60th d showed a geometric mean titre value (GMT) of 519.84 mIU/mL in the BEVAC group and 475.46 mIU/mL in the ENGERIX-B group. On the 90th d, the antibody titer response was observed to be 2627.58 mIU/mL in the BEVAC group and 2272.72 mIU/mL in the ENGERIX-B group. Two subjects in each group experienced pains at injection site after the first vaccination. A total of six subjects in both groups experienced a solicited adverse reaction, which included pains, swelling and redness at the injection site, three subjects in the group-B had a pain at the injection site after the third dose. No other serious adverse events occurred and no dose-related local or general symptoms were observed during the study.CONCLUSION: The vaccine is safe, efficacious and immunogenic in comparison with the well documented ENGERIX-B.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the cellular defects by analyzing the (Th1/Th2) cytokine levels in vaccine responders and non-responders. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) from responders and non-responders were s...AIM: To investigate the cellular defects by analyzing the (Th1/Th2) cytokine levels in vaccine responders and non-responders. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) from responders and non-responders were stimulated with or with out recombinant HBsAg or PHA. Broad spectrum of cytokines viz (Th1) IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-12 and (Th2) IL-10, IL-4 were measured after in vitro stimulation with recombinant HBsAg and were compared with respective antibody titers. RESULTS: A significant decrease (P = 0.001) in Th1 and Th2 cytokines namely, IL-2, INF-γ, TNF-α and IL-10in non-responders was observed. The level of IL-4 was not significant between the three groups. Furthermore, despite a strong Th1 and Th2 cytokine response, the level of IL-12 was elevated in high-responders compared to other groups (P = 0.001) and demonstrated a positive correlation with anti-HBs titers and Th1 cytokine response. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that unrespon-siveness to recombinant hepatitis B vaccines (rHB) is multifactorial, including specific failure of antigen presentation or the lack of both T helper Th1 and Th2 response.展开更多
AIM: The study was initiated to evaluate the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in age group ＞40 years and to study the response of a single booster dose in primary non-responders ...AIM: The study was initiated to evaluate the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in age group ＞40 years and to study the response of a single booster dose in primary non-responders to the hepatitis B vaccination.METHODS: A total of 102 volunteers without markers of hepatitis B infection (negative for HBsAg, anti-HBc antibody,HBeAg and anti-HBs antibody) received 20 pg of recombinant HB vaccine intramuscularly at 0, 1, and 6 months. Anti HBs titers were evaluated by a quantitative Elisa kit at 90 and 210 days. A booster dose of 20 pg HB vaccine was given after 6 months of the 3rd vaccine dose to the 15 nonresponders and anti-HBs titers were measured after 1 month.RESULTS: Seroprotection (anti-HBs GMT3 10 IU/L) was achieved in 85.3 % (87/102) volunteers. The mean GMT titers of the vaccine responders was 136.1 IU/L. Of the seroprotected individuals, there were 32.4 % (33/102) hyporesponders (antiHBs titers ＜10-99 mlU/ml) and 52.9 % (54/102) were responders (anti-HBs titers ＞100 IU/L). All the non-responders (15/15) responded to a single dose of the booster dose of recombinant HB vaccine and their mean anti-HBs antibody titers were more than 100.5 mIU/ml after the booster dose.CONCLUSION: Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine offers good seroprotection in the age group ＞40 years and has a good safety profile. A single booster dose after 6 months in primary non-responders leads to good seroprotective anti-HBs antibody titers. However, larger population based studies are needed to evaluate the role of a booster dose in selected group of non-responders and whether such an approach will be cost effective.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Health care workers (HCWs) constitute a high-risk population of HBV infection. There are limited data on the efficacy of vaccination in HCWs in India. This study was to evaluate the efficacy of indigenous ...BACKGROUND: Health care workers (HCWs) constitute a high-risk population of HBV infection. There are limited data on the efficacy of vaccination in HCWs in India. This study was to evaluate the efficacy of indigenous recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, Shanvac-B, in HCWs. METHODS: In 597 HCWs screened before the vaccination, 216 (36.2%) showed the presence of at least one of the markers of HBV/HCV infection. Of the remaining 381 (63.8%) HCWs who were considered for vaccination, only 153 (age 18-45 years; 48 males and 105 females) were available for final assessment. These HCWs received 20 μg of vaccine at 0, 1 and 6 months. They were asked for the reactogenicity and monitored for the seroprotective efficacy of the vaccination. Anti-HBs titres were measured after vaccination at 1, 2 and 7 months. The presence of anti-HBs titers equal to 1 MIU/ml was considered as seroconversion and that of titres greater than 10 MIU/ml as seroprotection. RESULTS: After vaccination, 32 males (67%) and 76 females (72%) showed seroconvertion; finally 12 (25%) of the males and 47 (45%) of the females were seroprotected. Seroprotection at 2 and 7 months was more dominant in the females than in the males (96% vs. 56%, P=0.001, 100% vs. 85%, P=0.0001), respectively. Geometric mean titres of anti-HBs after vaccination were also higher in the females than in the males (257±19.7 vs. 29±1.88 MIU/ml, P=0.01, 1802±35.2 vs. 306±13.6 MIU/ml, P≤0.05, 6465±72 vs. 2142±73.6 MIU/ml, P<0.05). Seven male HCWs showed unsatisfactory response, non-response (n=3, 6%) and hypo-response (≤10 MIU/ml, n=4, 8%) at the end of vaccination. Smoking and alcoholism were significantly correlated with unsatisfactory response. No significant adverse effects of vaccination were observed in any HCW.CONCLUSIONS: The presence of HBsAg in HCWs indicates that a high proportion of HCWs are infected with HBV and HCV in India. Recombinant indigenous vaccine Shanvac-B is highly efficacious in HCWs, and its immunogenicity is significantly higher in females than in males. However, prevaccination screening of HCWs is strongly recommended in India.展开更多
After more than four decades of hepatitis B virus(HBV)vaccine implementation,its safety and efficacy in preventing HBV infection have been proven and several milestones have been achieved.Most countries have included ...After more than four decades of hepatitis B virus(HBV)vaccine implementation,its safety and efficacy in preventing HBV infection have been proven and several milestones have been achieved.Most countries have included HBV immunization schedules in their health policies and progress has been made regarding universalization of the first HBV vaccine dose at birth.All of these actions have significantly contributed to reducing both the incidence of HBV infection and its related complications.However,there are still many drawbacks to overcome.The main concerns are the deficient coverage rate of the dose at birth and the large adult population that has not been reached timely by universal immunization.Additionally,the current most widely used second-generation vaccines do not induce protective immunity in 5%to 10%of the population,particularly in people over 40-years-old,obese(body mass index>25 kg/m2),heavy smokers,and patients undergoing dialysis or infection with human immunodeficiency virus.Recently developed and approved novel vaccine formulations using more potent adjuvants or multiple antigens have shown better performance,particularly in difficult settings.These advances re-launch the expectations of achieving the World Health Organization’s objective of completing hepatitis control by 2030.展开更多
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronic infection represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While traditional intramuscular (IM) HBV vaccination is an excellent method for robust and sustained seroc...Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronic infection represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While traditional intramuscular (IM) HBV vaccination is an excellent method for robust and sustained seroconversion in healthy individuals, its efficacy in chronic liver disease is sub-optimal and scant data exists in the post-liver transplant state. Importantly, HBV complications are even more severe in these same immunocompromised populations. Intra-dermal (ID) vaccination has shown initial promise as a successful alternative to achieving HBV seroconversion in patients refractory to standard vaccination protocols. Herein is a case report of a 61 year-old female who underwent liver transplantation for chronic HBV infection and achieved HBsAg seroconversion with a robust HSsAb titer with ID vaccination after having failed both standard and double dose IM vaccination.展开更多
AIM: (1) To gain information on immune responses to an accelerated schedule of 0, 1, and 2 mo in paramedical staff and BDS students who are at an increased risk of getting hepatitis B infection and come under high ris...AIM: (1) To gain information on immune responses to an accelerated schedule of 0, 1, and 2 mo in paramedical staff and BDS students who are at an increased risk of getting hepatitis B infection and come under high risk groups. (2) To assess the efficacy and safety of EnivacHB in different age groups, using genetically modified yeast strain Pichia pastoris, a new recombinant hepatitis B vaccine developed and manufactured in India.METHODS: A prospective, comparative, and single blinded trial of rapid (0, 1, and 2 mo) hepatitis B immunization schedulewas reported. A total of three hundred and seven (212 females and 95 males) healthy volunteers divided into three age groups (18-29, 30-39,and 40-49) were enrolled after screening for markers of hepatitis B. All the volunteers received 20 mg of the vaccine intramuscularly at 0, 1, and 2 mo.RESULTS: Geometric mean titers were calculated pre and post vaccination. Before immunization the GMT was 0.0124 mIU/mL. One month after the administration of the third dose of recombinant vaccine 296/307 (96.5%)subjects achieved seroprotective levels of anti-HBs. The geometric mean anti-HBs titers achieved after one month of the third dose was 2 560.0 mIU/mL. The geometric mean anti-HBs titer of males was 2 029.0 mIU/mL, while that of the females was 2 759.0 mIU/mL. In the age group of 18-29 years, anti-HBs titer was 3 025.0 mIU/mL, while that in the age group of 30-39 years was 2096.0 mIU/mL. In third age group of 40-49 years, antiHBs titer was 1 592.0 mIU/mL. Hyper-responses (antiHBs≥100 mIU/mL) were shown in 88.0% (271/307) of subjects. Eleven (3.5%) subjects responded poorly to the vaccine in the age group of 40-49 years. There was only mild pain at the site of injection otherwise there were no other adverse drug reactions (ADRs).CONCLUSION: This vaccine (Enivac-HB) is safe and efficacious, providing significant protection after the third dose and rapid hepatitis B immunization schedule of 0, 1, and 2 mo can be recommended whenever rapid protection is the goal.展开更多
Impaired renal function is associated with a high risk of chronicity of hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection.Patients on hemodialysis(HD) or peritoneal dialysis are at an increased risk of viral transmission due to freque...Impaired renal function is associated with a high risk of chronicity of hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection.Patients on hemodialysis(HD) or peritoneal dialysis are at an increased risk of viral transmission due to frequent necessity of blood product transfer as well as use of contaminated dialysate or dialysis materials.Additionally,health professionals may cause viral spread via contaminated hands and carelessness against hygiene rules.The frequency of chronic HBV infection may be as high as 80% in patients on renal replacement therapies.This is because HBV vaccination is essential to eliminate chronic HBV infection.However,response rates of HD patients to HBV vaccination vary between 10%-50%.Dialysis adequacy and early vaccination before the onset of dialysis therapy seem to be major determinants of high seroconversion rates.Older age,male gender,duration of dialysis therapy and nutritional status are other well-known factors associated with seroconversion rate.There are controversial reports regarding the role of the presence of diabetes mellitus,HCV positivity,erythropoietin resistance,hyperparathyroidism,and vitamin D inadequacy.The role of genetic alteration in the functions or production of cytokines still needs to be elucidated.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate a low cost Indian recombinant hepatitis B vaccine GeneVac-B for its immunogenicity and safety in comparison to Engerix B and Shanvac B vaccine in high risk newborn infants born to hepatitis B su...AIM: To evaluate a low cost Indian recombinant hepatitis B vaccine GeneVac-B for its immunogenicity and safety in comparison to Engerix B and Shanvac B vaccine in high risk newborn infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive mothers. METHODS: A total of 158 infants were enrolled in the study. Fifty eight infants were enrolled in the GeneVac-B group while 50 each were included for Engerix B and Shanvac B groups. A three-dose regimen of vaccination; at birth (within 24 h of birth), 1st mo and 6 mo. were adopted with 10 μg dosage administered uniformly in all the three groups. Clinical and immunological parameters were assessed for safety and immunogenicity of the vaccines, in all the enrolled infants. RESULTS: Successful follow up until seven months of age was achieved in 83/ (48/58) for GeneVac-B, 76/ (38/50) and 64/ (32/50) for Engerix B and Shanvac B groups respectively. 100/ seroconversion and seroprotection was achieved in all the three groups of infants. The geometric mean titers of anti-HBs one month after the completion of three dose of vaccination were 90.5, 80.9 and 72.5 mIU/mL in GeneVac-B, Engerix B and Shanvac B vaccine group respectively. Furthermore the level of anti-HBs increases with age ofbabies who were born to HBsAg positive mothers. The GMT values of anti-HBs were 226.7, 193.9 and 173.6 mIU/mL respectively in GeneVac-B, Engerix B and Shanvac B groups one year after the completion of the three doses of vaccine. No systemic reactions were reported in infants during the entire vaccination process of GeneVac-B and the other two vaccines. Clinical safety parameters remained within the normal limits throughout the study period.CONCLUSION: The study concludes that there is no significant difference between the three recombinant hepatitis B vaccines. Administration of these vaccines within 24 h of birth to babies, born to HBsAg positive mothers will reduce the incidence of HBV infection.展开更多
An estimated 800,000 - 1.4 million persons in the US have chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The risk for chronic infection is greatest among young children;approximately 90% of infants will remain chronically...An estimated 800,000 - 1.4 million persons in the US have chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The risk for chronic infection is greatest among young children;approximately 90% of infants will remain chronically infected with HBV. Approximately 25% of those who become chronically infected during childhood die prematurely from cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis B vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent HBV infection and its consequences. In 2006, 29 US states had Hepatitis B Vaccine Supply (HBVS) policy which either supplies hepatitis B vaccine at no cost to all providers for all children or provides hepatitis B vaccine to delivery hospitals-only free of charge for all infants;other 21 US states and the District of Columbia did not have. 17,636 infants born in 2006 obtained from 2007-2009 National Immunization Survey (NIS) were analyzed with survival analysis procedures of Kaplan-Meier estimate and Cox proportional hazards model for complex sample survey to evaluate the association between state HBVS policy and the timing of infant age in days to receipt of hepatitis B vaccination. State HBVS policy is associated with infant age in days from birth to receipt of the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine (P < 0.01), and to completion of the 3-dose hepatitis B vaccine series (P < 0.01). Receipt of the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine occurred 31% earlier among infants residing in states with HBVS policy than among infants residing in states without (adjusted hazards ratio 1.31, 95%CI (1.23, 1.39)). Completion of the 3-dose hepatitis B vaccine series were 12% sooner among infants living in states with HBVS policy than among infants living in states without (adjusted hazards ratio 1.12, 95%CI (1.06, 1.18)). State HBVS policy may help overcome barriers to timely delivery of hepatitis B vaccines to infants.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most important global health problems and active immunization is the single most important and effective preventive measure agai...<strong>Background:</strong> Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most important global health problems and active immunization is the single most important and effective preventive measure against HBV infection. Several studied show that HBV carrier rate is between 2% - 7% in Bangladesh. Bangladesh introduced hepatitis B vaccination in children through Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in 2005 that includes 3 doses which starts from six weeks after birth. Currently booster vaccination is not recommended any more. However, many studies on different countries observed a declined level of HBs-antibody over a period of 3 - 6 years that may even reach to non-protective levels. <strong>Objective:</strong> To evaluate the status of seroconversion and seroprotection along with non-responders of EPI vaccinated children against HBV and to measure their antibody levels in different age groups. <strong>Methods:</strong> A cross sectional descriptive study was done in the department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh on 120 cases of EPI vaccinated children enrolled from January-December 2019 while attending the inpatient department without any liver problem. The development of Anti-HBs titre greater than or equal to 10 mIU/mL is considered as protective immunity and any titre less than 10 mIU/mL as non-protective following HBV vaccination. <strong>Results:</strong> Age of the children was 1 - 12 years with mean age of 5.6 ± 1.7 years and male: female ratio was 1.1:1. Among the children, 56 (46.6%) were from 1 - 5 years age, 36 (30.1%) children from 6 - 10 years age group and 27 (23.3%) children from 11 - 12 years age group. Out of 120 children, presence of Anti-HBs protective titre was in 63 (52.5%) children and non-protective level in 57 (47.5%) children. Among protective level, 34 (60.7%) children were in 1 - 5 years age group, 18 (50.0%) children in 6 - 10 years age group and 11 (39.3%) children in 11 - 12 years age group. Total 24 (20%) children were completely non-responder (antibody titre 0.00 mIU/mL). Out of 120 mother, 06 (5%) were HBV positive. Among them 05 (83.33%) children had Anti-HBs less than 10 mIU/mL. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> After primary vaccination, a good immune response was detected against hepatitis B virus but it goes below even up to non-protective level with the increase of age. Half of the studied children had non-protective titre after 5 years and one-fifth children totally non-responder after primary hepatitis B vaccination. A booster dose may be recommended after 5 years for optimum seroprotection.展开更多
In order to investigate the immunogenicity of the controlled-release microencapsulated hepatitis B vaccine in mice,polyethylene glycol-poly-dl-lactide (PELA) microspheres with entrapped HBsAg were prepared by double e...In order to investigate the immunogenicity of the controlled-release microencapsulated hepatitis B vaccine in mice,polyethylene glycol-poly-dl-lactide (PELA) microspheres with entrapped HBsAg were prepared by double emulsion W/O/W based on solvent extraction methods. BALB/c mice were immunized with the encapsulated vaccine by oral feeding or injection. Blood samples were collected at 8 th, 10 th, 14 th and 24 th weeks, respectively, and the levels of antibody response were detected by ELISA.It was found that the scanning electron microscopy showed the prepared microspheres had smooth and spherical surface, suitable for vaccine delivery. Two groups of mice orally fed with the encapsulated or conventional recombinant vaccines, respectively, there sera showed no obvious difference in the IgG levels. At 14 th week, the group injected with a single dose of encapsulated vaccine had a similar level of IgG response to the group injected with two doses of the recombination vaccine. At 24 th week, the IgG levels of the group injected with two doses of encapsulated vaccine were higher than those of the group injected with two doses of the recombination vaccine. It concludes that Controlled-release microencapsulated hepatitis B vaccine possesses the feature of slowly releasing in vivo and long times immunogenicity.展开更多
HBV infection data of so first degree relatives from hepatitis B vaccine nonresponderand hyporesponder families stere compared ’vith those of 79 first degree relatives from high responder families. For further observ...HBV infection data of so first degree relatives from hepatitis B vaccine nonresponderand hyporesponder families stere compared ’vith those of 79 first degree relatives from high responder families. For further observation of their antibody response. those without the vaccination lwfore, and negative for HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc, or ’vith isolated ic’v anti-HBs (S/N M 10 )were given three 10 ig doses of hepatitis B vaccine at 0, 1 .6 months. The results Showed that. in thefirst degree relatives of nonresponders and hyporesponders, anti-HBs seroconversion rate and GMTwere lower (P > 0. 05), and the distribution or detected anti-HBs levels was significantly differentfrom that of the rirst degree relatives or high respondrs. In addition, before the vaccination. theHBV infection rate or the former was remarkably higher (33. 75% VS 15. 19% ), and the antibodyGMT of those positive ror anti-HBs was significantly ic’ver. This finding suggested that genetic background may play an important role in the n on -a nd-typo res ponsi yeness to hepat it is B vacc me.展开更多
A patient co-infected with COVID-19 and viral hepatitis B can be atmore risk of severe complications than the one infected with a single infection.This study develops a comprehensive stochastic model to assess the epi...A patient co-infected with COVID-19 and viral hepatitis B can be atmore risk of severe complications than the one infected with a single infection.This study develops a comprehensive stochastic model to assess the epidemiological impact of vaccine booster doses on the co-dynamics of viral hepatitis B and COVID-19.The model is fitted to real COVID-19 data from Pakistan.The proposed model incorporates logistic growth and saturated incidence functions.Rigorous analyses using the tools of stochastic calculus,are performed to study appropriate conditions for the existence of unique global solutions,stationary distribution in the sense of ergodicity and disease extinction.The stochastic threshold estimated from the data fitting is given by:R_(0)^(S)=3.0651.Numerical assessments are implemented to illustrate the impact of double-dose vaccination and saturated incidence functions on the dynamics of both diseases.The effects of stochastic white noise intensities are also highlighted.展开更多
Background: Medical and dental students are at risk of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. The study aimed to assess the vaccination status against Hepatitis B Virus of students in clinical and non-clinical years of a ...Background: Medical and dental students are at risk of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. The study aimed to assess the vaccination status against Hepatitis B Virus of students in clinical and non-clinical years of a private medical and dental college, and their knowledge, attitude, and awareness about the subject. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a pretested, self-administered questionnaire among 203 medical and dental students of CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry (CMH LMC & IOD) in Lahore, Pakistan. Participants were evaluated for their knowledge and vaccination status against Hepatitis B Virus. Students were considered to be fully vaccinated (recipients of 3 doses), partially vaccinated (recipients of 1 or 2 doses), and unvaccinated. Comparisons were made between students of clinical and non-clinical years. Data was entered and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Results: Only 66% (n = 134) of the 203 participants had ever received a Hepatitis B Virus vaccine out of which a meagre 17.2% (n = 35) were fully vaccinated. No significant difference was found in vaccine uptake between students of clinical and non-clinical years (p-value = 0.181) despite significant differences seen in the knowledge of vaccination schedule (p-value = 0.001), the prevalence of needle-stick injuries (p-value = 0.001), and knowledge of protocols to be followed after a needle-stick injury (p-value = 0.001). Conclusion: Our study found that a large proportion of the student population is vulnerable to HBV infection. There is a need to create awareness regarding the subject to increase vaccine uptake. HBV vaccination should be offered to all currently enrolled students and be made mandatory at the time of admission in the future.展开更多
文摘AIM To understand the anti-HBs persistenceand the long-term preventive efficacy in ruralnewborns after vaccination with plasma-derivedhepatitis B vaccine.METHODS In the time of expanded program onimmunization(EPI),the newborns werevaccinated with 10μg×3 doses of hepatitis Bvaccine and 762 newborns who were HBsAgnegative after primary immunization wereselected for cohort observation from 1986 to1998.Their serum samples were detectedqualitatively and quantitatively for hepatitis Binfecting markers,including HBsAg,anti-HBsand anti-HBc by SPRIA Kits.The annual HBsAgpositive conversion rate was counted by life-table method.RESULTS①The anti-HBs positive rate was94.44% for the babies born to HBsAg negativemothers and 84.21% for those born to HBsAgpositive mothers in the 1st year afterimmunization,and dropped to 51.31% and52.50% in the 12th year respectively.GMT valuewas dropped from 31.62 to 3.13 and 23.99 to 3.65in the 2nd to the 12th year respectively.Therewas a marked drop in GMT at the 3rd to the 5thyear,and in anti-HBs positive rate at the 9th tothe 10th year.②In the period of 12 yearsobservation,the person-year HBsAg positive conversion rates were 0.12%(5/4150.0)innewborns born to HBsAg negative mothers and0.20%(1/508.0)in those born to HBsAgpositive mothers,and none of the HBsAgpositive converted children became HBsAgchronic carriers.Compared with the baselinebefore immunization,the protective rates were97.19% and 95.32% respectively.CONCLUSION The protective efficacy ofplasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine persisted atleast 12 years,and a booster dose seems notnecessary within at least 12 years after theprimary three-doses immunization to newbornsborn to HBsAg negative mothers.
文摘Vaccination is the main prophylactic measure to reduce the mortality caused by hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection in healthy subjects since the immune response to hepatitis B recombinant vaccination occurs in over 90%of general population.Individuals who develop an antiHBs titer less than 10 mIU/mL after primary vaccination cycle are defined"no responders".Many factors could cause a non response to the HBV vaccination,such as administration of the vaccine in buttocks,impaired vaccine storage conditions,drug abuse,smoking,infections and obesity.Moreover there are some diseases,like chronic kidney disease,human immunodeficiency virus infection,chronic liver disease,celiac disease,thalassaemia,typeⅠdiabetes mellitus,down’s syndrome and other forms of mental retardation that are characterized by a poorer response to HBV vaccination than healthy subjects.To date it is still unclear how to treat this group of patients at high risk of hepatitis B infection.Recent studies seem to indicate that the administration of HBV recombinant vaccine by the intradermal route is very effective and could represent a more useful strategy than intramuscular route.This review focuses on the use of anti hepatitis B vaccine by intradermal route as alternative to conventional intramuscular vaccine in all non responder patients.A comprehensive review of the literature using PubMed database,with appropriate terms,was undertaken for articles in English published since 1983.The literature search was undertaken in September 2013.
文摘Some studies showed that in celiac patients the immunological response to vaccination is similar to that one found in general population except for vaccine against hepatitis B virus (HBV).The non-responsiveness to HBV vaccine has also been described in healthy people,nevertheless the number of non-responders has been demonstrated to be higher in celiac disease (CD) patients than in healthy controls.Several hypothesis explaining this higher rate of unresponsiveness to HBV vaccine in CD patients have been described,such as the genetic hypothesis,according with CD patients carrying the disease-specific haplotype HLA-B8,DR3,and DQ2,show a lower response to HBV vaccine both in clinical expressed CD patients and in healthy people carrying the same haplotype.On the other hand,it has been demonstrated that the gluten intake during the vaccination seems to influence the response to the same vaccine.Moreover,it has been demonstrated a possible genetic predisposition to hepatitis B vaccine nonresponsiveness likely due to the presence of specific human leukocyte antigen haplotypes and specific single nucleotide polymorphism in genes of cytokine/cytokinereceptors and toll like receptors,but the pathogenic mechanism responsible for this low responsiveness still remains unclear.The aim of this review is to focus on the possible pathogenic causes of unresponsiveness to HBV vaccine in CD patients and to propose an alternative vaccination schedule in order to improve the responsiveness to HBV vaccine in this at-risk patients.
基金Supported by the Biological E Limited, Hyderabad, India
文摘AIM: To establish the safety and efficacy of an indigenously developed r-hepatitis B vaccine using an accelerated schedule and to highlight the social awareness and commitment in preventing the spreading of hepatitis B virus infection.METHODS: The study was a multicentric, double blind,randomized (3:1) study using three doses of vaccine immunization schedule (20 μg for those above 10 years old and 10 μg for those below 10 years old) on d 0, 30and 60. One hundred and sixty-six subjects were enrolled(87 males and 76 females aged 5-35 years). The main outcome measure was assessment of immunogenicity and safety.RESULTS: A 100% seroconversion response was observed on the 30th d after the 1st injection in both the experimental groups. The sero-protection data reported a 41.2-65.6% response on the 30th d after the 1st injection and reached 100% on the 60th d. Descriptive statical analysis showed a geometric mean titer value of 13.77 mIU/mL in the test (BEVAC) group and 10.95 mIU/mL in the commercial control (ENGERIX-B) group on the 30th d after the 1st injection. The response on the 60th d showed a geometric mean titre value (GMT) of 519.84 mIU/mL in the BEVAC group and 475.46 mIU/mL in the ENGERIX-B group. On the 90th d, the antibody titer response was observed to be 2627.58 mIU/mL in the BEVAC group and 2272.72 mIU/mL in the ENGERIX-B group. Two subjects in each group experienced pains at injection site after the first vaccination. A total of six subjects in both groups experienced a solicited adverse reaction, which included pains, swelling and redness at the injection site, three subjects in the group-B had a pain at the injection site after the third dose. No other serious adverse events occurred and no dose-related local or general symptoms were observed during the study.CONCLUSION: The vaccine is safe, efficacious and immunogenic in comparison with the well documented ENGERIX-B.
基金Serum Institute of India, Pune, India and Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) New Delhi, India
文摘AIM: To investigate the cellular defects by analyzing the (Th1/Th2) cytokine levels in vaccine responders and non-responders. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) from responders and non-responders were stimulated with or with out recombinant HBsAg or PHA. Broad spectrum of cytokines viz (Th1) IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-12 and (Th2) IL-10, IL-4 were measured after in vitro stimulation with recombinant HBsAg and were compared with respective antibody titers. RESULTS: A significant decrease (P = 0.001) in Th1 and Th2 cytokines namely, IL-2, INF-γ, TNF-α and IL-10in non-responders was observed. The level of IL-4 was not significant between the three groups. Furthermore, despite a strong Th1 and Th2 cytokine response, the level of IL-12 was elevated in high-responders compared to other groups (P = 0.001) and demonstrated a positive correlation with anti-HBs titers and Th1 cytokine response. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that unrespon-siveness to recombinant hepatitis B vaccines (rHB) is multifactorial, including specific failure of antigen presentation or the lack of both T helper Th1 and Th2 response.
文摘AIM: The study was initiated to evaluate the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in age group ＞40 years and to study the response of a single booster dose in primary non-responders to the hepatitis B vaccination.METHODS: A total of 102 volunteers without markers of hepatitis B infection (negative for HBsAg, anti-HBc antibody,HBeAg and anti-HBs antibody) received 20 pg of recombinant HB vaccine intramuscularly at 0, 1, and 6 months. Anti HBs titers were evaluated by a quantitative Elisa kit at 90 and 210 days. A booster dose of 20 pg HB vaccine was given after 6 months of the 3rd vaccine dose to the 15 nonresponders and anti-HBs titers were measured after 1 month.RESULTS: Seroprotection (anti-HBs GMT3 10 IU/L) was achieved in 85.3 % (87/102) volunteers. The mean GMT titers of the vaccine responders was 136.1 IU/L. Of the seroprotected individuals, there were 32.4 % (33/102) hyporesponders (antiHBs titers ＜10-99 mlU/ml) and 52.9 % (54/102) were responders (anti-HBs titers ＞100 IU/L). All the non-responders (15/15) responded to a single dose of the booster dose of recombinant HB vaccine and their mean anti-HBs antibody titers were more than 100.5 mIU/ml after the booster dose.CONCLUSION: Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine offers good seroprotection in the age group ＞40 years and has a good safety profile. A single booster dose after 6 months in primary non-responders leads to good seroprotective anti-HBs antibody titers. However, larger population based studies are needed to evaluate the role of a booster dose in selected group of non-responders and whether such an approach will be cost effective.
基金supported by a grant from Shanta Biotec,Hyderabad,India
文摘BACKGROUND: Health care workers (HCWs) constitute a high-risk population of HBV infection. There are limited data on the efficacy of vaccination in HCWs in India. This study was to evaluate the efficacy of indigenous recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, Shanvac-B, in HCWs. METHODS: In 597 HCWs screened before the vaccination, 216 (36.2%) showed the presence of at least one of the markers of HBV/HCV infection. Of the remaining 381 (63.8%) HCWs who were considered for vaccination, only 153 (age 18-45 years; 48 males and 105 females) were available for final assessment. These HCWs received 20 μg of vaccine at 0, 1 and 6 months. They were asked for the reactogenicity and monitored for the seroprotective efficacy of the vaccination. Anti-HBs titres were measured after vaccination at 1, 2 and 7 months. The presence of anti-HBs titers equal to 1 MIU/ml was considered as seroconversion and that of titres greater than 10 MIU/ml as seroprotection. RESULTS: After vaccination, 32 males (67%) and 76 females (72%) showed seroconvertion; finally 12 (25%) of the males and 47 (45%) of the females were seroprotected. Seroprotection at 2 and 7 months was more dominant in the females than in the males (96% vs. 56%, P=0.001, 100% vs. 85%, P=0.0001), respectively. Geometric mean titres of anti-HBs after vaccination were also higher in the females than in the males (257±19.7 vs. 29±1.88 MIU/ml, P=0.01, 1802±35.2 vs. 306±13.6 MIU/ml, P≤0.05, 6465±72 vs. 2142±73.6 MIU/ml, P<0.05). Seven male HCWs showed unsatisfactory response, non-response (n=3, 6%) and hypo-response (≤10 MIU/ml, n=4, 8%) at the end of vaccination. Smoking and alcoholism were significantly correlated with unsatisfactory response. No significant adverse effects of vaccination were observed in any HCW.CONCLUSIONS: The presence of HBsAg in HCWs indicates that a high proportion of HCWs are infected with HBV and HCV in India. Recombinant indigenous vaccine Shanvac-B is highly efficacious in HCWs, and its immunogenicity is significantly higher in females than in males. However, prevaccination screening of HCWs is strongly recommended in India.
文摘After more than four decades of hepatitis B virus(HBV)vaccine implementation,its safety and efficacy in preventing HBV infection have been proven and several milestones have been achieved.Most countries have included HBV immunization schedules in their health policies and progress has been made regarding universalization of the first HBV vaccine dose at birth.All of these actions have significantly contributed to reducing both the incidence of HBV infection and its related complications.However,there are still many drawbacks to overcome.The main concerns are the deficient coverage rate of the dose at birth and the large adult population that has not been reached timely by universal immunization.Additionally,the current most widely used second-generation vaccines do not induce protective immunity in 5%to 10%of the population,particularly in people over 40-years-old,obese(body mass index>25 kg/m2),heavy smokers,and patients undergoing dialysis or infection with human immunodeficiency virus.Recently developed and approved novel vaccine formulations using more potent adjuvants or multiple antigens have shown better performance,particularly in difficult settings.These advances re-launch the expectations of achieving the World Health Organization’s objective of completing hepatitis control by 2030.
文摘Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronic infection represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While traditional intramuscular (IM) HBV vaccination is an excellent method for robust and sustained seroconversion in healthy individuals, its efficacy in chronic liver disease is sub-optimal and scant data exists in the post-liver transplant state. Importantly, HBV complications are even more severe in these same immunocompromised populations. Intra-dermal (ID) vaccination has shown initial promise as a successful alternative to achieving HBV seroconversion in patients refractory to standard vaccination protocols. Herein is a case report of a 61 year-old female who underwent liver transplantation for chronic HBV infection and achieved HBsAg seroconversion with a robust HSsAb titer with ID vaccination after having failed both standard and double dose IM vaccination.
基金Supported by the Panacea Biotec Limited, New Delhi 110044,India
文摘AIM: (1) To gain information on immune responses to an accelerated schedule of 0, 1, and 2 mo in paramedical staff and BDS students who are at an increased risk of getting hepatitis B infection and come under high risk groups. (2) To assess the efficacy and safety of EnivacHB in different age groups, using genetically modified yeast strain Pichia pastoris, a new recombinant hepatitis B vaccine developed and manufactured in India.METHODS: A prospective, comparative, and single blinded trial of rapid (0, 1, and 2 mo) hepatitis B immunization schedulewas reported. A total of three hundred and seven (212 females and 95 males) healthy volunteers divided into three age groups (18-29, 30-39,and 40-49) were enrolled after screening for markers of hepatitis B. All the volunteers received 20 mg of the vaccine intramuscularly at 0, 1, and 2 mo.RESULTS: Geometric mean titers were calculated pre and post vaccination. Before immunization the GMT was 0.0124 mIU/mL. One month after the administration of the third dose of recombinant vaccine 296/307 (96.5%)subjects achieved seroprotective levels of anti-HBs. The geometric mean anti-HBs titers achieved after one month of the third dose was 2 560.0 mIU/mL. The geometric mean anti-HBs titer of males was 2 029.0 mIU/mL, while that of the females was 2 759.0 mIU/mL. In the age group of 18-29 years, anti-HBs titer was 3 025.0 mIU/mL, while that in the age group of 30-39 years was 2096.0 mIU/mL. In third age group of 40-49 years, antiHBs titer was 1 592.0 mIU/mL. Hyper-responses (antiHBs≥100 mIU/mL) were shown in 88.0% (271/307) of subjects. Eleven (3.5%) subjects responded poorly to the vaccine in the age group of 40-49 years. There was only mild pain at the site of injection otherwise there were no other adverse drug reactions (ADRs).CONCLUSION: This vaccine (Enivac-HB) is safe and efficacious, providing significant protection after the third dose and rapid hepatitis B immunization schedule of 0, 1, and 2 mo can be recommended whenever rapid protection is the goal.
文摘Impaired renal function is associated with a high risk of chronicity of hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection.Patients on hemodialysis(HD) or peritoneal dialysis are at an increased risk of viral transmission due to frequent necessity of blood product transfer as well as use of contaminated dialysate or dialysis materials.Additionally,health professionals may cause viral spread via contaminated hands and carelessness against hygiene rules.The frequency of chronic HBV infection may be as high as 80% in patients on renal replacement therapies.This is because HBV vaccination is essential to eliminate chronic HBV infection.However,response rates of HD patients to HBV vaccination vary between 10%-50%.Dialysis adequacy and early vaccination before the onset of dialysis therapy seem to be major determinants of high seroconversion rates.Older age,male gender,duration of dialysis therapy and nutritional status are other well-known factors associated with seroconversion rate.There are controversial reports regarding the role of the presence of diabetes mellitus,HCV positivity,erythropoietin resistance,hyperparathyroidism,and vitamin D inadequacy.The role of genetic alteration in the functions or production of cytokines still needs to be elucidated.
文摘AIM: To evaluate a low cost Indian recombinant hepatitis B vaccine GeneVac-B for its immunogenicity and safety in comparison to Engerix B and Shanvac B vaccine in high risk newborn infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive mothers. METHODS: A total of 158 infants were enrolled in the study. Fifty eight infants were enrolled in the GeneVac-B group while 50 each were included for Engerix B and Shanvac B groups. A three-dose regimen of vaccination; at birth (within 24 h of birth), 1st mo and 6 mo. were adopted with 10 μg dosage administered uniformly in all the three groups. Clinical and immunological parameters were assessed for safety and immunogenicity of the vaccines, in all the enrolled infants. RESULTS: Successful follow up until seven months of age was achieved in 83/ (48/58) for GeneVac-B, 76/ (38/50) and 64/ (32/50) for Engerix B and Shanvac B groups respectively. 100/ seroconversion and seroprotection was achieved in all the three groups of infants. The geometric mean titers of anti-HBs one month after the completion of three dose of vaccination were 90.5, 80.9 and 72.5 mIU/mL in GeneVac-B, Engerix B and Shanvac B vaccine group respectively. Furthermore the level of anti-HBs increases with age ofbabies who were born to HBsAg positive mothers. The GMT values of anti-HBs were 226.7, 193.9 and 173.6 mIU/mL respectively in GeneVac-B, Engerix B and Shanvac B groups one year after the completion of the three doses of vaccine. No systemic reactions were reported in infants during the entire vaccination process of GeneVac-B and the other two vaccines. Clinical safety parameters remained within the normal limits throughout the study period.CONCLUSION: The study concludes that there is no significant difference between the three recombinant hepatitis B vaccines. Administration of these vaccines within 24 h of birth to babies, born to HBsAg positive mothers will reduce the incidence of HBV infection.
文摘An estimated 800,000 - 1.4 million persons in the US have chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The risk for chronic infection is greatest among young children;approximately 90% of infants will remain chronically infected with HBV. Approximately 25% of those who become chronically infected during childhood die prematurely from cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis B vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent HBV infection and its consequences. In 2006, 29 US states had Hepatitis B Vaccine Supply (HBVS) policy which either supplies hepatitis B vaccine at no cost to all providers for all children or provides hepatitis B vaccine to delivery hospitals-only free of charge for all infants;other 21 US states and the District of Columbia did not have. 17,636 infants born in 2006 obtained from 2007-2009 National Immunization Survey (NIS) were analyzed with survival analysis procedures of Kaplan-Meier estimate and Cox proportional hazards model for complex sample survey to evaluate the association between state HBVS policy and the timing of infant age in days to receipt of hepatitis B vaccination. State HBVS policy is associated with infant age in days from birth to receipt of the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine (P < 0.01), and to completion of the 3-dose hepatitis B vaccine series (P < 0.01). Receipt of the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine occurred 31% earlier among infants residing in states with HBVS policy than among infants residing in states without (adjusted hazards ratio 1.31, 95%CI (1.23, 1.39)). Completion of the 3-dose hepatitis B vaccine series were 12% sooner among infants living in states with HBVS policy than among infants living in states without (adjusted hazards ratio 1.12, 95%CI (1.06, 1.18)). State HBVS policy may help overcome barriers to timely delivery of hepatitis B vaccines to infants.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most important global health problems and active immunization is the single most important and effective preventive measure against HBV infection. Several studied show that HBV carrier rate is between 2% - 7% in Bangladesh. Bangladesh introduced hepatitis B vaccination in children through Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in 2005 that includes 3 doses which starts from six weeks after birth. Currently booster vaccination is not recommended any more. However, many studies on different countries observed a declined level of HBs-antibody over a period of 3 - 6 years that may even reach to non-protective levels. <strong>Objective:</strong> To evaluate the status of seroconversion and seroprotection along with non-responders of EPI vaccinated children against HBV and to measure their antibody levels in different age groups. <strong>Methods:</strong> A cross sectional descriptive study was done in the department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh on 120 cases of EPI vaccinated children enrolled from January-December 2019 while attending the inpatient department without any liver problem. The development of Anti-HBs titre greater than or equal to 10 mIU/mL is considered as protective immunity and any titre less than 10 mIU/mL as non-protective following HBV vaccination. <strong>Results:</strong> Age of the children was 1 - 12 years with mean age of 5.6 ± 1.7 years and male: female ratio was 1.1:1. Among the children, 56 (46.6%) were from 1 - 5 years age, 36 (30.1%) children from 6 - 10 years age group and 27 (23.3%) children from 11 - 12 years age group. Out of 120 children, presence of Anti-HBs protective titre was in 63 (52.5%) children and non-protective level in 57 (47.5%) children. Among protective level, 34 (60.7%) children were in 1 - 5 years age group, 18 (50.0%) children in 6 - 10 years age group and 11 (39.3%) children in 11 - 12 years age group. Total 24 (20%) children were completely non-responder (antibody titre 0.00 mIU/mL). Out of 120 mother, 06 (5%) were HBV positive. Among them 05 (83.33%) children had Anti-HBs less than 10 mIU/mL. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> After primary vaccination, a good immune response was detected against hepatitis B virus but it goes below even up to non-protective level with the increase of age. Half of the studied children had non-protective titre after 5 years and one-fifth children totally non-responder after primary hepatitis B vaccination. A booster dose may be recommended after 5 years for optimum seroprotection.
文摘In order to investigate the immunogenicity of the controlled-release microencapsulated hepatitis B vaccine in mice,polyethylene glycol-poly-dl-lactide (PELA) microspheres with entrapped HBsAg were prepared by double emulsion W/O/W based on solvent extraction methods. BALB/c mice were immunized with the encapsulated vaccine by oral feeding or injection. Blood samples were collected at 8 th, 10 th, 14 th and 24 th weeks, respectively, and the levels of antibody response were detected by ELISA.It was found that the scanning electron microscopy showed the prepared microspheres had smooth and spherical surface, suitable for vaccine delivery. Two groups of mice orally fed with the encapsulated or conventional recombinant vaccines, respectively, there sera showed no obvious difference in the IgG levels. At 14 th week, the group injected with a single dose of encapsulated vaccine had a similar level of IgG response to the group injected with two doses of the recombination vaccine. At 24 th week, the IgG levels of the group injected with two doses of encapsulated vaccine were higher than those of the group injected with two doses of the recombination vaccine. It concludes that Controlled-release microencapsulated hepatitis B vaccine possesses the feature of slowly releasing in vivo and long times immunogenicity.
文摘HBV infection data of so first degree relatives from hepatitis B vaccine nonresponderand hyporesponder families stere compared ’vith those of 79 first degree relatives from high responder families. For further observation of their antibody response. those without the vaccination lwfore, and negative for HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc, or ’vith isolated ic’v anti-HBs (S/N M 10 )were given three 10 ig doses of hepatitis B vaccine at 0, 1 .6 months. The results Showed that. in thefirst degree relatives of nonresponders and hyporesponders, anti-HBs seroconversion rate and GMTwere lower (P > 0. 05), and the distribution or detected anti-HBs levels was significantly differentfrom that of the rirst degree relatives or high respondrs. In addition, before the vaccination. theHBV infection rate or the former was remarkably higher (33. 75% VS 15. 19% ), and the antibodyGMT of those positive ror anti-HBs was significantly ic’ver. This finding suggested that genetic background may play an important role in the n on -a nd-typo res ponsi yeness to hepat it is B vacc me.
文摘A patient co-infected with COVID-19 and viral hepatitis B can be atmore risk of severe complications than the one infected with a single infection.This study develops a comprehensive stochastic model to assess the epidemiological impact of vaccine booster doses on the co-dynamics of viral hepatitis B and COVID-19.The model is fitted to real COVID-19 data from Pakistan.The proposed model incorporates logistic growth and saturated incidence functions.Rigorous analyses using the tools of stochastic calculus,are performed to study appropriate conditions for the existence of unique global solutions,stationary distribution in the sense of ergodicity and disease extinction.The stochastic threshold estimated from the data fitting is given by:R_(0)^(S)=3.0651.Numerical assessments are implemented to illustrate the impact of double-dose vaccination and saturated incidence functions on the dynamics of both diseases.The effects of stochastic white noise intensities are also highlighted.
文摘Background: Medical and dental students are at risk of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. The study aimed to assess the vaccination status against Hepatitis B Virus of students in clinical and non-clinical years of a private medical and dental college, and their knowledge, attitude, and awareness about the subject. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a pretested, self-administered questionnaire among 203 medical and dental students of CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry (CMH LMC & IOD) in Lahore, Pakistan. Participants were evaluated for their knowledge and vaccination status against Hepatitis B Virus. Students were considered to be fully vaccinated (recipients of 3 doses), partially vaccinated (recipients of 1 or 2 doses), and unvaccinated. Comparisons were made between students of clinical and non-clinical years. Data was entered and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Results: Only 66% (n = 134) of the 203 participants had ever received a Hepatitis B Virus vaccine out of which a meagre 17.2% (n = 35) were fully vaccinated. No significant difference was found in vaccine uptake between students of clinical and non-clinical years (p-value = 0.181) despite significant differences seen in the knowledge of vaccination schedule (p-value = 0.001), the prevalence of needle-stick injuries (p-value = 0.001), and knowledge of protocols to be followed after a needle-stick injury (p-value = 0.001). Conclusion: Our study found that a large proportion of the student population is vulnerable to HBV infection. There is a need to create awareness regarding the subject to increase vaccine uptake. HBV vaccination should be offered to all currently enrolled students and be made mandatory at the time of admission in the future.
