BACKGROUND:Hyperkalemia is common among patients in emergency department and is associated with mortality.While,there is a lack of good evaluation and prediction methods for the effi cacy of potassium-lowering treatme...BACKGROUND:Hyperkalemia is common among patients in emergency department and is associated with mortality.While,there is a lack of good evaluation and prediction methods for the effi cacy of potassium-lowering treatment,making the drug dosage adjustment quite diffi cult.We aimed to develop a predictive model to provide early forecasting of treating eff ects for hyperkalemia patients.METHODS:Around 80%of hyperkalemia patients(n=818)were randomly selected as the training dataset and the remaining 20%(n=196)as the validating dataset.According to the serum potassium(K+)levels after the fi rst round of potassium-lowering treatment,patients were classifi ed into the eff ective and ineff ective groups.Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to develop a prediction model.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and calibration curve analysis were used for model validation.RESULTS:In the training dataset,429 patients had favorable eff ects after treatment(eff ective group),and 389 had poor therapeutic outcomes(ineff ective group).Patients in the ineff ective group had a higher percentage of renal disease(P=0.007),peripheral edema(P<0.001),oliguria(P=0.001),or higher initial serum K+level(P<0.001).The percentage of insulin usage was higher in the effective group than in the ineff ective group(P=0.005).After multivariate logistic regression analysis,we found age,peripheral edema,oliguria,history of kidney transplantation,end-stage renal disease,insulin,and initial serum K+were all independently associated with favorable treatment eff ects.CONCLUSION:The predictive model could provide early forecasting of therapeutic outcomes for hyperkalemia patients after drug treatment,which could help clinicians to identify hyperkalemia patients with high risk and adjust the dosage of medication for potassium-lowering.展开更多
Acute and chronic hyperkalemia is linked to higher hospitalization rates and mortality rates. It has a high prevalence among dialysis and non-dialysis patients in Egypt. The current therapy options are not that ideal....Acute and chronic hyperkalemia is linked to higher hospitalization rates and mortality rates. It has a high prevalence among dialysis and non-dialysis patients in Egypt. The current therapy options are not that ideal. Moreover, we have a critical management paradox in cardiorenal diseases: Should we use the optimum dose of RAASi with its higher incidence of HK, or should we decrease the dose or even stop it with all its harmful hazards? Therefore, in light of the recent updates in different clinical practice guidelines, we, a country-specific (Egypt) task force, gathered to develop a clear, evidence-based, and multi-disciplinary consensus for managing HK. This manuscript illustrates the recommendations of this expert committee. The panel recommends new evidenced K binders like Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate (SZC) and patiromer to help manage HK in cardiorenal patients as stated by different international guidelines. In emergency settings, SZC can have a role in managing acute HK;however, it should be used in addition to other drugs like insulin and glucose. Local research studies on the utilization of these novel K binders are highly recommended. The utilization of these novel K binders as prophylaxis should be tested first in a well-designed randomized controlled trial.展开更多
A potassium-rich diet has several cardiovascular and renal health benefits;however,it is not recommended for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease or end-stage kidney disease because of the risk of life-threat...A potassium-rich diet has several cardiovascular and renal health benefits;however,it is not recommended for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease or end-stage kidney disease because of the risk of life-threatening hyperkalemia.To assess the strength of evidence supporting potassium intake restriction in chronic kidney disease,the medical literature was searched looking for the current recommended approach and for evidence in support for such an approach.There is a lack of strong evidence supporting intense restriction of dietary potassium intake.There are several ways to reduce potassium intake without depriving the patient from fruits and vegetables,such as identifying hidden sources of potassium(processed food and preservatives)and soaking or boiling food to remove potassium.An individualized and gradual reduction of dietary potassium intake in people at risk of hyperkalemia is recommended.The current potassium dietary advice in chronic kidney disease needs to be reevaluated,individualized,and gradually introduced.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hyperkalemia is one of the most common complications of chronic renal failure.Pseudohyperkalemia is caused by elevated levels of serum potassium in vitro and is usually accompanied by thrombocythemia.Althou...BACKGROUND Hyperkalemia is one of the most common complications of chronic renal failure.Pseudohyperkalemia is caused by elevated levels of serum potassium in vitro and is usually accompanied by thrombocythemia.Although an elevated level of potassium is typically correlated with impaired renal function,pseudohyperkalemia has been rarely reported in patients with chronic renal failure.Here,we conducted a review of the literature to study the case of pseudohyperkalemia caused by the essential thrombocythemia in a patient with chronic renal failure.CASE SUMMARY A 73-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with complaints of palpitation,dyspnea,and acratia for 2 d and a history of essential thrombocythemia for 1 year.The routine blood test showed platelet count of 1460×10^9/L,and biochemistry tests showed that the patient suffered from hyperkalemia(potassium:7.50 mmol/L)and renal failure(estimated glomerular filtration rate:8.88 mL/min).Initial treatment included medicines to lower her potassium-levels and hemodialysis.However,the therapy did not affect her serum potassium levels.Plasma potassium concentration measurements and a history of essential thrombocythemia established the diagnosis of pseudohyperkalemia.The treatments of the platelet disorder gradually normalized serum potassium levels;however,the treatments had to be discontinued later due to the severe leukopenia,and enhanced levels of serum potassium concentrations were observable in the patient.Since plasma sampling was not permitted,doctors had to use a diuretic just in case.Finally,the patient collapsed into unconsciousness and died due to multiple organ dysfunction and electrolyte disturbance.CONCLUSION We reviewed the literature and suggest that serum and plasma potassium values should both be measured for patients whose platelet counts exceed 500×10^9/L to eliminate chances of pseudohyperkalemia,especially for those with chronic renal failure.An inappropriate treatment for pseudohyperkalemia can aggravate a patient's condition.展开更多
The safety of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) used in hemodialysis (HD) patients was evaluated.Medline,Embase,the Cochrane Library,some databases of clinical tr...The safety of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) used in hemodialysis (HD) patients was evaluated.Medline,Embase,the Cochrane Library,some databases of clinical trial registries,grey literatures,other reference lists of eligible articles and review articles for the randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on comparison of ACEIs/ARBs or placebo in HD patients were retrieved.RCTs reporting the risk of hyperkalemia by using ACEIs/ARBs in HD patients were selected.Eight articles met the eligibility criteria and were subjected to meta-analysis by using the Cochrane Collaboration's RevMan 4.2 software package.The results showed that there was no significant difference in hyperkalemia in HD patients between ACEIs or ARBs group and control group (ACEIs vs.control:RD=0.03,95% CI=-0.13?0.18,Z=0.34,P=0.73;ARBs vs.control:RD=-0.02,95% CI=-0.07?0.03,Z=0.75,P=0.45).However,there was no significant difference in the serum potassium between ACEIs or ARBs group and control group in HD patients (ACEIs vs.control:WMD=0.10,95% CI=0.06?0.15,Z=4.64,P<0.00001;ARBs vs.control:WMD=-0.24,95% CI=-0.37--0.11,Z=3.58,P=0.0003).The use of ACEIs or ARBs could not cause an increased risk of hyperkalemia in HD patients,however the serum potassium could be increased with use of ACEIs in HD patients.Therefore the serum potassium concentration should still be closely monitored when ACEIs are taken during the maintenance HD.展开更多
BACKGROUND:With the increasing use of donation after cardiac death(DCD), especially of the graft liver with steatosis or other pathological changes, the frequency of postreperfusion hyperkalemia in liver transplantati...BACKGROUND:With the increasing use of donation after cardiac death(DCD), especially of the graft liver with steatosis or other pathological changes, the frequency of postreperfusion hyperkalemia in liver transplantation has increased significantly. The present study aimed to determine the factors associated with developing postreperfusion hyperkalemia in liver transplantation from DCD.METHODS: One hundred thirty-one consecutive adult patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation from DCD were retrospectively studied. Based on serum potassium within 5 minutes after reperfusion, recipients were divided into two groups: hyperkalemia and normokalemia. According to preoperative biopsy results, the DCD graft livers were classified into five categories. Univariate analysis was performed using Chi-square test to identify variables that were significantly different between two groups. Multivariate logistic regression was used to confirm the risk factors of developing hyperkalemia and postreperfusion syndrome. Correlation analysis was used to identify the relationship between the serum concentration of potassium within 5 minutes after reperfusion and the difference in mean arterial pressure values before and within 5 minutes after reperfusion.RESULTS:Twenty-two of 131 liver recipients had hyperkalemia episodes within 5 minutes after reperfusion. The rate of hyperkalemia was significantly higher in recipients of macrosteatotic DCD graft liver(78.6%, P<0.001) than that in recipients of non-macrosteatotic DCD graft liver. The odds ratio of developing postreperfusion hyperkalemia in recipients ofmacrosteatotic DCD graft liver was 51.3(P<0.001). Macrosteatosis in the DCD graft liver was an independent risk factor of developing hyperkalemia within 5 minutes after reperfusion. The highest rate of postreperfusion syndrome also occurred in the recipients with macrosteatotic DCD graft liver(71.4%, P<0.001). A strong relationship existed between the serum potassium within 5 minutes after reperfusion and the difference in mean arterial pressure values before and within 5 minutes after reperfusion in macrosteatotic DCD graft liver recipients.CONCLUSION: Macrosteatosis in the DCD graft liver was an independent risk factor of developing hyperkalemia and postreperfusion syndrome in the recipients.展开更多
Hyperkalemia is defined as serum potassium level of more than 5 mmol/L. Prompt identification of hyper-kalemia and appropriate management are critical, since severe hyperkalemia can lead to lethal cardiac dysrhythmias...Hyperkalemia is defined as serum potassium level of more than 5 mmol/L. Prompt identification of hyper-kalemia and appropriate management are critical, since severe hyperkalemia can lead to lethal cardiac dysrhythmias. There is a wide range of electrocardiogram (EKG) changes associated with hyperkalemia. The sequence of EKG changes has been previously described with limited information to correlate the level of potassium to a particular change in the EKG. This study aims to describe a correlation between the level of potassium and EKG changes in the presence or absence of certain diagnoses, to determine which EKG finding in the context of level of hyperkalemia, should be considered life-threatening and prompt emergency intervention. If a relationship between serum levels of potassium and EKG changes is significant, clinicians may be able to better monitor and treat hyperkalemic patients. This paper reviews the literature on hyperkalemia, potassium homeostasis and EKG changes attributed to elevated potassium.展开更多
Hyperkalemia is a recognized and potentially life-threatening complication ofheart transplantation. In the complex biosystem created by transplantation,recipients are susceptible to multiple mechanisms for hyperkalemi...Hyperkalemia is a recognized and potentially life-threatening complication ofheart transplantation. In the complex biosystem created by transplantation,recipients are susceptible to multiple mechanisms for hyperkalemia which arediscussed in detail in this manuscript. Hyperkalemia in heart transplantationcould occur pre-transplant, during the transplant period, or post-transplant. Pretransplantcauses of hyperkalemia include hypothermia, donor heart preservationsolutions, conventional cardioplegia, normokalemic cardioplegia, continuouswarm reperfusion technique, and ex-vivo heart perfusion. Intra-transplant causesof hyperkalemia include anesthetic medications used during the procedure,heparinization, blood transfusions, and a low output state. Finally, post-transplantcauses of hyperkalemia include hemostasis and drug-induced hyperkalemia.Hyperkalemia has been studied in kidney and liver transplant recipients, butthere is limited data on the incidence, causes, management, and prevention inheart transplant recipients. Hyperkalemia is associated with an increased risk ofhospital mortality and readmission in these patients. This review describes thecurrent literature pertaining to the causes, pathophysiology, and treatment ofhyperkalemia in patients undergoing heart transplantation and focuses primarilyon post-heart transplantation.展开更多
Hyperkalemia is one of the most important risk factors in patients suffering from crush syndrome with rhabdomyolysis. Glycerol-injected animals have been used as an experimental model of rhabdomyolysis-induced acute k...Hyperkalemia is one of the most important risk factors in patients suffering from crush syndrome with rhabdomyolysis. Glycerol-injected animals have been used as an experimental model of rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), but little information is available for the onset and molecular mechanism of hyperkalemia. In our murine model, plasma potassium levels increased after a single injection of 50%-glycerol solution (10 ml/kg, i.m.) during the progression of muscular and renal injuries. Renal tubular Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase functions as ion-exchange pomp for potassium clearance from blood into renal tubular epithelial cells. Renal histochemistry revealed an apparent decrease in the tubular Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase expression, especially at 24 hours post-glycerol challenge in our AKI model. In contrast to the loss in active Na+-K+-ATPase, there was a significant increase in the renal levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) that is known to suppress Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase production in vitro. When anti-TGF-β antibody was administered in mice after the glycerol challenge, the suppression of renal Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase activity was partially restored. As a result, hyperkalemia was improved in the TGF-β-neutralized AKI mice, associated with a significant decrease in plasma potassium concentration. Taken together, we predict that endogenous TGF-β is a key regulator for inhibiting Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase production and, in part, enhancing hyperkalemia during progression of rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI. This is, to our knowledge, the first report to determine a critical role of endogenous TGF-β in renal potassium metabolism during crush syndrome.展开更多
BACKGROUND Nafamostat mesylate(NM)may prove to be one of the key drugs effective against coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)because of its anti-viral properties and the potential to manage coagulopathy.However,NM tends...BACKGROUND Nafamostat mesylate(NM)may prove to be one of the key drugs effective against coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)because of its anti-viral properties and the potential to manage coagulopathy.However,NM tends to increase serum potassium levels.CASE SUMMARY We observed hyperkalemia immediately after NM administration(200 mg/d)in four consecutive patients who were admitted to the Kanazawa University Hospital with severe COVID-19 pneumonia.Urinary potassium excretion decreased after NM administration in three patients who underwent urinalysis.CONCLUSION NM is likely to produce hyperkalemia in patients with COVID-19.Therefore,it is necessary to monitor serum potassium values closely after NM initiation in COVID-19 patients who need respiratory support.展开更多
BACKGROUND Classic electrocardiographic manifestations of hyperkalemia starting with peaked symmetrical T-waves are widely recognized in daily clinical practice but little evidence is documented how quickly it can evo...BACKGROUND Classic electrocardiographic manifestations of hyperkalemia starting with peaked symmetrical T-waves are widely recognized in daily clinical practice but little evidence is documented how quickly it can evolve in real-time.CASE SUMMARY An elderly diabetic and hypertensive male presented with acute renal failure and rhabdomyolysis.He experienced cardiac arrest with moderate hyperkalemia despite medical treatment and hemodialysis.Telemetry changes were retrospectively studied and found to have significant rhythm changes that occurred just less than 10 minutes prior to the cardiac arrest.CONCLUSION In hyperkalemia,telemetry rhythm can change instantaneously in a significant way.Rapidly rising potassium could be life threatening and may require more than medical treatment.展开更多
Purpose: To describe a traumatic brain injury patient who experienced profound dyskalemia upon the initiation and cessation of a pentobarbital infusion and propose management options for future patients receiving this...Purpose: To describe a traumatic brain injury patient who experienced profound dyskalemia upon the initiation and cessation of a pentobarbital infusion and propose management options for future patients receiving this intervention. Methods: Case report. Results: Case report. Conclusions: Dyskalemia has become an anticipated side effect of high dose barbiturate infusions in the setting of elevated intracranial pressure. Hypokalemia during the administration of a barbiturate infusion has been identified within this patient population and was an expected adverse event during this intervention. However, in this case we observed a significant and complicated refractory hyperkalemia upon cessation of the barbiturate infusion which required aggressive management. An objective causality assessment suggests that this adverse event was possibly related to pentobarbital. What this case documents that other cases have not is that upon re-introduction of the pentobarbital infusion, serum potassium levels did not normalize. This questions whether severe rebound hyperkalemia is a pharmacodynamic or infusion-related reaction. More data is needed to identify the mechanism of this adverse event and recommend an appropriate treatment approach.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of insulin on decreasing serum potassium concentration during anhepatic stage of orthotopic liver transplantation.METHODS: Sixteen patients with serum potassium concentrations gre...AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of insulin on decreasing serum potassium concentration during anhepatic stage of orthotopic liver transplantation.METHODS: Sixteen patients with serum potassium concentrations greater than 4.0 mmol/L at the onset of anhepatic stage were randomized into two groups. The patients in control group (n = 8) received no treatment,while those in treatment group (n = 8) received an intravenous bolus injection of regular insulin (20 U) 10 min into the anhepatic stage, followed by a glucose infusion(500 mL 50 g/L dextrose) over 15 min.RESULTS: In control group, potassium concentration underwent no changes whereas in treatment group, it decreased from 4.8±0.48 mmol/L to 4.19±0.55 mmol/L(mean±SD) within 15 min and to 3.62±0.45 mmol/L 60 min after the therapy. The potassium concentration was lower in treatment group than in control group within 30 min of treatment (3.94+0.57 vs 4.47±0.42 mmol/L,respectively; P<0.05), and increased similarly 30 s after graft reperfusion in both groups of patients, but remained lower in treatment group (5.81±1.78 vs7.44±1.75 mmol/L,respectively; P<0.05). The potassium concentration returned to pre-reperfusion levels within 5 min after graft reperfusion.CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation, the administration of insulin rapidly decreases serum potassium concentration even in the absence of the liver, suggesting an important contribution by extrahepatic tissues in insulin-stimulated uptake of potassium.展开更多
Patients with gastrointestinal bleeding often require large volume blood transfusion. Among the various side effects of blood transfusion,the increase of potassium levels is a serious one which is often overlooked. We...Patients with gastrointestinal bleeding often require large volume blood transfusion. Among the various side effects of blood transfusion,the increase of potassium levels is a serious one which is often overlooked. We report a case of severe hyperkalemia in a patient with gastric bleeding after large volume transfusion of packed red blood cells. The patient had hyperkalemia at baseline associated with his receiving medication as well as acute renal failure following hypovolemia. The baseline hyperkalemia was further aggravated after massive transfusions of packed red blood cells in a short period of time. The associated pathogenetic mechanisms resulting in the increase of potassium levels are presented. A number of risk factors which increase the risk of hyperkalemia after blood transfusion are discussed. Moreover,appropriate management strategies for the prevention of blood transfusion associated hyperkalemia are also presented. Physicians should always keep in mind the possibility of hyperkalemia in cases of blood transfusion.展开更多
Objective:To observe the electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart rate in a rabbit model of hyperkalemia induced by potassium chloride, and provide theoretical and experimental reference for timely diagnosis of hyperkalemia ...Objective:To observe the electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart rate in a rabbit model of hyperkalemia induced by potassium chloride, and provide theoretical and experimental reference for timely diagnosis of hyperkalemia clinically. Methods:Forty rabbits were randomly assigned into four groups. 0.9% isotonic saline solution was perfused in the groupⅠ, while l.0%, 4.0% and 10.0% potassium chloride solutions were perfused in the other groups, respectively, to induce hyperkalemia. Results:The changes of serum potassium, ECG and heart rate before perfusion were significantly (P<0.05) different from those after perfusion in the other groups compared with groupⅠ. The effect of ECG variability rates was well consistent (Kappa=0.724, P<0.01) with that of serum potassium on diagnostic tests in the other groups. The area under ROC curve in diagnosis effect of ECG variability rates and serum potassium on hyperkalaemia was much significantly larger (P<0.01 and P<0.05) compared with 0.5. There was asignificantly positive correlation between ECG variability rates and serum potassium (r=0.865, P<0.05 for bilateral Pearson test). There was certain positive correlation between heart rate and serum potassium, but the correlation was poor (r= 0.526, R 2 =0.277). Conclusion:A combination of serum potassium, ECG variability rates and heart rate should be considered and analyzed by synthesis to establish an accurate and timely diagnosis for hyperkalemia.展开更多
BACKGROUND Addison’s disease(AD)is a rare but potentially fatal disease in Western countries,which can easily be misdiagnosed at an early stage.Severe adrenal tuberculosis(TB)may lead to depression in patients.CASE S...BACKGROUND Addison’s disease(AD)is a rare but potentially fatal disease in Western countries,which can easily be misdiagnosed at an early stage.Severe adrenal tuberculosis(TB)may lead to depression in patients.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of primary adrenal insufficiency secondary to adrenal TB with TB in the lungs and skin in a 48-year-old woman.The patient was misdiagnosed with depression because of her depressed mood.She had hyperpigmentation of the skin,nails,mouth,and lips.The final diagnosis was adrenal TB that resulted in the insufficient secretion of adrenocortical hormone.Adrenocortical hormone test,skin biopsy,T cell spot test of TB,and adrenal computed tomography scan were used to confirm the diagnosis.The patient’s condition improved after hormone replacement therapy and TB treatment.CONCLUSION Given the current status of TB in high-burden countries,outpatient doctors should be aware of and pay attention to TB and understand the early symptoms of AD.展开更多
A similar event may occur in other kinds of minimally invasive surgeries,such as hysteroscopy.[1] In the case of operative hysteroscopy,electrolytes abnormality may be induced by intravascular absorption syndrome due ...A similar event may occur in other kinds of minimally invasive surgeries,such as hysteroscopy.[1] In the case of operative hysteroscopy,electrolytes abnormality may be induced by intravascular absorption syndrome due to an overload of low-viscosity fluids.However,there is some difference between these two cases.For most urologic surgeries,the urine output cannot always be well monitored.During laparoscopic prostatectomy (LP) or laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP),urine tends to leak into the upper abdomen because of the patient's assumed 30° Trendelenburg position,especially,if the urine is not suction drained.Hyperkalemia occurred because the urine was mostly absorbed by peritoneum.Meanwhile,the arterial potassium level is always lower than that in the veins.[2]An arterial potassium level of 5.8 mmol/L presented an extremely serious complication to the patient.Therefore,anesthesia providers must necessarily conduct ABG analysis to monitor the level of arterial potassium during LP or LRP.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(2019C03076).
文摘BACKGROUND:Hyperkalemia is common among patients in emergency department and is associated with mortality.While,there is a lack of good evaluation and prediction methods for the effi cacy of potassium-lowering treatment,making the drug dosage adjustment quite diffi cult.We aimed to develop a predictive model to provide early forecasting of treating eff ects for hyperkalemia patients.METHODS:Around 80%of hyperkalemia patients(n=818)were randomly selected as the training dataset and the remaining 20%(n=196)as the validating dataset.According to the serum potassium(K+)levels after the fi rst round of potassium-lowering treatment,patients were classifi ed into the eff ective and ineff ective groups.Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to develop a prediction model.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and calibration curve analysis were used for model validation.RESULTS:In the training dataset,429 patients had favorable eff ects after treatment(eff ective group),and 389 had poor therapeutic outcomes(ineff ective group).Patients in the ineff ective group had a higher percentage of renal disease(P=0.007),peripheral edema(P<0.001),oliguria(P=0.001),or higher initial serum K+level(P<0.001).The percentage of insulin usage was higher in the effective group than in the ineff ective group(P=0.005).After multivariate logistic regression analysis,we found age,peripheral edema,oliguria,history of kidney transplantation,end-stage renal disease,insulin,and initial serum K+were all independently associated with favorable treatment eff ects.CONCLUSION:The predictive model could provide early forecasting of therapeutic outcomes for hyperkalemia patients after drug treatment,which could help clinicians to identify hyperkalemia patients with high risk and adjust the dosage of medication for potassium-lowering.
文摘Acute and chronic hyperkalemia is linked to higher hospitalization rates and mortality rates. It has a high prevalence among dialysis and non-dialysis patients in Egypt. The current therapy options are not that ideal. Moreover, we have a critical management paradox in cardiorenal diseases: Should we use the optimum dose of RAASi with its higher incidence of HK, or should we decrease the dose or even stop it with all its harmful hazards? Therefore, in light of the recent updates in different clinical practice guidelines, we, a country-specific (Egypt) task force, gathered to develop a clear, evidence-based, and multi-disciplinary consensus for managing HK. This manuscript illustrates the recommendations of this expert committee. The panel recommends new evidenced K binders like Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate (SZC) and patiromer to help manage HK in cardiorenal patients as stated by different international guidelines. In emergency settings, SZC can have a role in managing acute HK;however, it should be used in addition to other drugs like insulin and glucose. Local research studies on the utilization of these novel K binders are highly recommended. The utilization of these novel K binders as prophylaxis should be tested first in a well-designed randomized controlled trial.
文摘A potassium-rich diet has several cardiovascular and renal health benefits;however,it is not recommended for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease or end-stage kidney disease because of the risk of life-threatening hyperkalemia.To assess the strength of evidence supporting potassium intake restriction in chronic kidney disease,the medical literature was searched looking for the current recommended approach and for evidence in support for such an approach.There is a lack of strong evidence supporting intense restriction of dietary potassium intake.There are several ways to reduce potassium intake without depriving the patient from fruits and vegetables,such as identifying hidden sources of potassium(processed food and preservatives)and soaking or boiling food to remove potassium.An individualized and gradual reduction of dietary potassium intake in people at risk of hyperkalemia is recommended.The current potassium dietary advice in chronic kidney disease needs to be reevaluated,individualized,and gradually introduced.
文摘BACKGROUND Hyperkalemia is one of the most common complications of chronic renal failure.Pseudohyperkalemia is caused by elevated levels of serum potassium in vitro and is usually accompanied by thrombocythemia.Although an elevated level of potassium is typically correlated with impaired renal function,pseudohyperkalemia has been rarely reported in patients with chronic renal failure.Here,we conducted a review of the literature to study the case of pseudohyperkalemia caused by the essential thrombocythemia in a patient with chronic renal failure.CASE SUMMARY A 73-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with complaints of palpitation,dyspnea,and acratia for 2 d and a history of essential thrombocythemia for 1 year.The routine blood test showed platelet count of 1460×10^9/L,and biochemistry tests showed that the patient suffered from hyperkalemia(potassium:7.50 mmol/L)and renal failure(estimated glomerular filtration rate:8.88 mL/min).Initial treatment included medicines to lower her potassium-levels and hemodialysis.However,the therapy did not affect her serum potassium levels.Plasma potassium concentration measurements and a history of essential thrombocythemia established the diagnosis of pseudohyperkalemia.The treatments of the platelet disorder gradually normalized serum potassium levels;however,the treatments had to be discontinued later due to the severe leukopenia,and enhanced levels of serum potassium concentrations were observable in the patient.Since plasma sampling was not permitted,doctors had to use a diuretic just in case.Finally,the patient collapsed into unconsciousness and died due to multiple organ dysfunction and electrolyte disturbance.CONCLUSION We reviewed the literature and suggest that serum and plasma potassium values should both be measured for patients whose platelet counts exceed 500×10^9/L to eliminate chances of pseudohyperkalemia,especially for those with chronic renal failure.An inappropriate treatment for pseudohyperkalemia can aggravate a patient's condition.
文摘The safety of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) used in hemodialysis (HD) patients was evaluated.Medline,Embase,the Cochrane Library,some databases of clinical trial registries,grey literatures,other reference lists of eligible articles and review articles for the randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on comparison of ACEIs/ARBs or placebo in HD patients were retrieved.RCTs reporting the risk of hyperkalemia by using ACEIs/ARBs in HD patients were selected.Eight articles met the eligibility criteria and were subjected to meta-analysis by using the Cochrane Collaboration's RevMan 4.2 software package.The results showed that there was no significant difference in hyperkalemia in HD patients between ACEIs or ARBs group and control group (ACEIs vs.control:RD=0.03,95% CI=-0.13?0.18,Z=0.34,P=0.73;ARBs vs.control:RD=-0.02,95% CI=-0.07?0.03,Z=0.75,P=0.45).However,there was no significant difference in the serum potassium between ACEIs or ARBs group and control group in HD patients (ACEIs vs.control:WMD=0.10,95% CI=0.06?0.15,Z=4.64,P<0.00001;ARBs vs.control:WMD=-0.24,95% CI=-0.37--0.11,Z=3.58,P=0.0003).The use of ACEIs or ARBs could not cause an increased risk of hyperkalemia in HD patients,however the serum potassium could be increased with use of ACEIs in HD patients.Therefore the serum potassium concentration should still be closely monitored when ACEIs are taken during the maintenance HD.
文摘BACKGROUND:With the increasing use of donation after cardiac death(DCD), especially of the graft liver with steatosis or other pathological changes, the frequency of postreperfusion hyperkalemia in liver transplantation has increased significantly. The present study aimed to determine the factors associated with developing postreperfusion hyperkalemia in liver transplantation from DCD.METHODS: One hundred thirty-one consecutive adult patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation from DCD were retrospectively studied. Based on serum potassium within 5 minutes after reperfusion, recipients were divided into two groups: hyperkalemia and normokalemia. According to preoperative biopsy results, the DCD graft livers were classified into five categories. Univariate analysis was performed using Chi-square test to identify variables that were significantly different between two groups. Multivariate logistic regression was used to confirm the risk factors of developing hyperkalemia and postreperfusion syndrome. Correlation analysis was used to identify the relationship between the serum concentration of potassium within 5 minutes after reperfusion and the difference in mean arterial pressure values before and within 5 minutes after reperfusion.RESULTS:Twenty-two of 131 liver recipients had hyperkalemia episodes within 5 minutes after reperfusion. The rate of hyperkalemia was significantly higher in recipients of macrosteatotic DCD graft liver(78.6%, P<0.001) than that in recipients of non-macrosteatotic DCD graft liver. The odds ratio of developing postreperfusion hyperkalemia in recipients ofmacrosteatotic DCD graft liver was 51.3(P<0.001). Macrosteatosis in the DCD graft liver was an independent risk factor of developing hyperkalemia within 5 minutes after reperfusion. The highest rate of postreperfusion syndrome also occurred in the recipients with macrosteatotic DCD graft liver(71.4%, P<0.001). A strong relationship existed between the serum potassium within 5 minutes after reperfusion and the difference in mean arterial pressure values before and within 5 minutes after reperfusion in macrosteatotic DCD graft liver recipients.CONCLUSION: Macrosteatosis in the DCD graft liver was an independent risk factor of developing hyperkalemia and postreperfusion syndrome in the recipients.
文摘Hyperkalemia is defined as serum potassium level of more than 5 mmol/L. Prompt identification of hyper-kalemia and appropriate management are critical, since severe hyperkalemia can lead to lethal cardiac dysrhythmias. There is a wide range of electrocardiogram (EKG) changes associated with hyperkalemia. The sequence of EKG changes has been previously described with limited information to correlate the level of potassium to a particular change in the EKG. This study aims to describe a correlation between the level of potassium and EKG changes in the presence or absence of certain diagnoses, to determine which EKG finding in the context of level of hyperkalemia, should be considered life-threatening and prompt emergency intervention. If a relationship between serum levels of potassium and EKG changes is significant, clinicians may be able to better monitor and treat hyperkalemic patients. This paper reviews the literature on hyperkalemia, potassium homeostasis and EKG changes attributed to elevated potassium.
文摘Hyperkalemia is a recognized and potentially life-threatening complication ofheart transplantation. In the complex biosystem created by transplantation,recipients are susceptible to multiple mechanisms for hyperkalemia which arediscussed in detail in this manuscript. Hyperkalemia in heart transplantationcould occur pre-transplant, during the transplant period, or post-transplant. Pretransplantcauses of hyperkalemia include hypothermia, donor heart preservationsolutions, conventional cardioplegia, normokalemic cardioplegia, continuouswarm reperfusion technique, and ex-vivo heart perfusion. Intra-transplant causesof hyperkalemia include anesthetic medications used during the procedure,heparinization, blood transfusions, and a low output state. Finally, post-transplantcauses of hyperkalemia include hemostasis and drug-induced hyperkalemia.Hyperkalemia has been studied in kidney and liver transplant recipients, butthere is limited data on the incidence, causes, management, and prevention inheart transplant recipients. Hyperkalemia is associated with an increased risk ofhospital mortality and readmission in these patients. This review describes thecurrent literature pertaining to the causes, pathophysiology, and treatment ofhyperkalemia in patients undergoing heart transplantation and focuses primarilyon post-heart transplantation.
文摘Hyperkalemia is one of the most important risk factors in patients suffering from crush syndrome with rhabdomyolysis. Glycerol-injected animals have been used as an experimental model of rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), but little information is available for the onset and molecular mechanism of hyperkalemia. In our murine model, plasma potassium levels increased after a single injection of 50%-glycerol solution (10 ml/kg, i.m.) during the progression of muscular and renal injuries. Renal tubular Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase functions as ion-exchange pomp for potassium clearance from blood into renal tubular epithelial cells. Renal histochemistry revealed an apparent decrease in the tubular Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase expression, especially at 24 hours post-glycerol challenge in our AKI model. In contrast to the loss in active Na+-K+-ATPase, there was a significant increase in the renal levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) that is known to suppress Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase production in vitro. When anti-TGF-β antibody was administered in mice after the glycerol challenge, the suppression of renal Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase activity was partially restored. As a result, hyperkalemia was improved in the TGF-β-neutralized AKI mice, associated with a significant decrease in plasma potassium concentration. Taken together, we predict that endogenous TGF-β is a key regulator for inhibiting Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase production and, in part, enhancing hyperkalemia during progression of rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI. This is, to our knowledge, the first report to determine a critical role of endogenous TGF-β in renal potassium metabolism during crush syndrome.
文摘BACKGROUND Nafamostat mesylate(NM)may prove to be one of the key drugs effective against coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)because of its anti-viral properties and the potential to manage coagulopathy.However,NM tends to increase serum potassium levels.CASE SUMMARY We observed hyperkalemia immediately after NM administration(200 mg/d)in four consecutive patients who were admitted to the Kanazawa University Hospital with severe COVID-19 pneumonia.Urinary potassium excretion decreased after NM administration in three patients who underwent urinalysis.CONCLUSION NM is likely to produce hyperkalemia in patients with COVID-19.Therefore,it is necessary to monitor serum potassium values closely after NM initiation in COVID-19 patients who need respiratory support.
文摘BACKGROUND Classic electrocardiographic manifestations of hyperkalemia starting with peaked symmetrical T-waves are widely recognized in daily clinical practice but little evidence is documented how quickly it can evolve in real-time.CASE SUMMARY An elderly diabetic and hypertensive male presented with acute renal failure and rhabdomyolysis.He experienced cardiac arrest with moderate hyperkalemia despite medical treatment and hemodialysis.Telemetry changes were retrospectively studied and found to have significant rhythm changes that occurred just less than 10 minutes prior to the cardiac arrest.CONCLUSION In hyperkalemia,telemetry rhythm can change instantaneously in a significant way.Rapidly rising potassium could be life threatening and may require more than medical treatment.
文摘Purpose: To describe a traumatic brain injury patient who experienced profound dyskalemia upon the initiation and cessation of a pentobarbital infusion and propose management options for future patients receiving this intervention. Methods: Case report. Results: Case report. Conclusions: Dyskalemia has become an anticipated side effect of high dose barbiturate infusions in the setting of elevated intracranial pressure. Hypokalemia during the administration of a barbiturate infusion has been identified within this patient population and was an expected adverse event during this intervention. However, in this case we observed a significant and complicated refractory hyperkalemia upon cessation of the barbiturate infusion which required aggressive management. An objective causality assessment suggests that this adverse event was possibly related to pentobarbital. What this case documents that other cases have not is that upon re-introduction of the pentobarbital infusion, serum potassium levels did not normalize. This questions whether severe rebound hyperkalemia is a pharmacodynamic or infusion-related reaction. More data is needed to identify the mechanism of this adverse event and recommend an appropriate treatment approach.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.39900140
文摘AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of insulin on decreasing serum potassium concentration during anhepatic stage of orthotopic liver transplantation.METHODS: Sixteen patients with serum potassium concentrations greater than 4.0 mmol/L at the onset of anhepatic stage were randomized into two groups. The patients in control group (n = 8) received no treatment,while those in treatment group (n = 8) received an intravenous bolus injection of regular insulin (20 U) 10 min into the anhepatic stage, followed by a glucose infusion(500 mL 50 g/L dextrose) over 15 min.RESULTS: In control group, potassium concentration underwent no changes whereas in treatment group, it decreased from 4.8±0.48 mmol/L to 4.19±0.55 mmol/L(mean±SD) within 15 min and to 3.62±0.45 mmol/L 60 min after the therapy. The potassium concentration was lower in treatment group than in control group within 30 min of treatment (3.94+0.57 vs 4.47±0.42 mmol/L,respectively; P<0.05), and increased similarly 30 s after graft reperfusion in both groups of patients, but remained lower in treatment group (5.81±1.78 vs7.44±1.75 mmol/L,respectively; P<0.05). The potassium concentration returned to pre-reperfusion levels within 5 min after graft reperfusion.CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation, the administration of insulin rapidly decreases serum potassium concentration even in the absence of the liver, suggesting an important contribution by extrahepatic tissues in insulin-stimulated uptake of potassium.
文摘Patients with gastrointestinal bleeding often require large volume blood transfusion. Among the various side effects of blood transfusion,the increase of potassium levels is a serious one which is often overlooked. We report a case of severe hyperkalemia in a patient with gastric bleeding after large volume transfusion of packed red blood cells. The patient had hyperkalemia at baseline associated with his receiving medication as well as acute renal failure following hypovolemia. The baseline hyperkalemia was further aggravated after massive transfusions of packed red blood cells in a short period of time. The associated pathogenetic mechanisms resulting in the increase of potassium levels are presented. A number of risk factors which increase the risk of hyperkalemia after blood transfusion are discussed. Moreover,appropriate management strategies for the prevention of blood transfusion associated hyperkalemia are also presented. Physicians should always keep in mind the possibility of hyperkalemia in cases of blood transfusion.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Chengdu Medical College(CYZ09-004)The "Challenge Cup" Sichuan Undergraduate Curricular Academic Science and Technology Works(CT11D-1006)
文摘Objective:To observe the electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart rate in a rabbit model of hyperkalemia induced by potassium chloride, and provide theoretical and experimental reference for timely diagnosis of hyperkalemia clinically. Methods:Forty rabbits were randomly assigned into four groups. 0.9% isotonic saline solution was perfused in the groupⅠ, while l.0%, 4.0% and 10.0% potassium chloride solutions were perfused in the other groups, respectively, to induce hyperkalemia. Results:The changes of serum potassium, ECG and heart rate before perfusion were significantly (P<0.05) different from those after perfusion in the other groups compared with groupⅠ. The effect of ECG variability rates was well consistent (Kappa=0.724, P<0.01) with that of serum potassium on diagnostic tests in the other groups. The area under ROC curve in diagnosis effect of ECG variability rates and serum potassium on hyperkalaemia was much significantly larger (P<0.01 and P<0.05) compared with 0.5. There was asignificantly positive correlation between ECG variability rates and serum potassium (r=0.865, P<0.05 for bilateral Pearson test). There was certain positive correlation between heart rate and serum potassium, but the correlation was poor (r= 0.526, R 2 =0.277). Conclusion:A combination of serum potassium, ECG variability rates and heart rate should be considered and analyzed by synthesis to establish an accurate and timely diagnosis for hyperkalemia.
文摘BACKGROUND Addison’s disease(AD)is a rare but potentially fatal disease in Western countries,which can easily be misdiagnosed at an early stage.Severe adrenal tuberculosis(TB)may lead to depression in patients.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of primary adrenal insufficiency secondary to adrenal TB with TB in the lungs and skin in a 48-year-old woman.The patient was misdiagnosed with depression because of her depressed mood.She had hyperpigmentation of the skin,nails,mouth,and lips.The final diagnosis was adrenal TB that resulted in the insufficient secretion of adrenocortical hormone.Adrenocortical hormone test,skin biopsy,T cell spot test of TB,and adrenal computed tomography scan were used to confirm the diagnosis.The patient’s condition improved after hormone replacement therapy and TB treatment.CONCLUSION Given the current status of TB in high-burden countries,outpatient doctors should be aware of and pay attention to TB and understand the early symptoms of AD.
文摘A similar event may occur in other kinds of minimally invasive surgeries,such as hysteroscopy.[1] In the case of operative hysteroscopy,electrolytes abnormality may be induced by intravascular absorption syndrome due to an overload of low-viscosity fluids.However,there is some difference between these two cases.For most urologic surgeries,the urine output cannot always be well monitored.During laparoscopic prostatectomy (LP) or laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP),urine tends to leak into the upper abdomen because of the patient's assumed 30° Trendelenburg position,especially,if the urine is not suction drained.Hyperkalemia occurred because the urine was mostly absorbed by peritoneum.Meanwhile,the arterial potassium level is always lower than that in the veins.[2]An arterial potassium level of 5.8 mmol/L presented an extremely serious complication to the patient.Therefore,anesthesia providers must necessarily conduct ABG analysis to monitor the level of arterial potassium during LP or LRP.
