Hepatitis B virus(HBV)reactivation is a clinically significant challenge in disease management.This review explores the immunological mechanisms underlying HBV reactivation,emphasizing disease progression and manageme...Hepatitis B virus(HBV)reactivation is a clinically significant challenge in disease management.This review explores the immunological mechanisms underlying HBV reactivation,emphasizing disease progression and management.It delves into host immune responses and reactivation’s delicate balance,spanning innate and adaptive immunity.Viral factors’disruption of this balance,as are interac-tions between viral antigens,immune cells,cytokine networks,and immune checkpoint pathways,are examined.Notably,the roles of T cells,natural killer cells,and antigen-presenting cells are discussed,highlighting their influence on disease progression.HBV reactivation’s impact on disease severity,hepatic flares,liver fibrosis progression,and hepatocellular carcinoma is detailed.Management strategies,including anti-viral and immunomodulatory approaches,are critically analyzed.The role of prophylactic anti-viral therapy during immunosuppressive treatments is explored alongside novel immunotherapeutic interventions to restore immune control and prevent reactivation.In conclusion,this compre-hensive review furnishes a holistic view of the immunological mechanisms that propel HBV reactivation.With a dedicated focus on understanding its implic-ations for disease progression and the prospects of efficient management stra-tegies,this article contributes significantly to the knowledge base.The more profound insights into the intricate interactions between viral elements and the immune system will inform evidence-based approaches,ultimately enhancing disease management and elevating patient outcomes.The dynamic landscape of management strategies is critically scrutinized,spanning anti-viral and immunomodulatory approaches.The role of prophylactic anti-viral therapy in preventing reactivation during immunosuppressive treatments and the potential of innovative immunotherapeutic interventions to restore immune control and proactively deter reactivation.展开更多
BACKGROUND Cirrhosis results from persistent liver injury that leads to liver fibrosis.Immunological factors play important regulatory roles in the development and progression of cirrhosis.Bibliometrics is one of the ...BACKGROUND Cirrhosis results from persistent liver injury that leads to liver fibrosis.Immunological factors play important regulatory roles in the development and progression of cirrhosis.Bibliometrics is one of the most commonly used methods for systematic evaluation of a field of study.To date,there are no bibliometric studies on the role of immunological factors in cirrhosis.AIM To provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and research hotspots of immunological factors in cirrhosis.METHODS We retrieved publications related to immunological factors in cirrhosis between 2003 to 2022 from the Web of Science Core Collection database on December 7,2022.The search strategy was TS=((Liver Cirrhosis OR hepatic cirrhosis OR liver fibrosis)AND(Immunologic*Factor*OR Immune Factor*OR Immunomodulator*OR Biological Response Modifier*OR Biomodulator*)).Only original articles and reviews were included.A total of 2873 publications were analyzed using indicators of publication and citation metrics,countries,institutes,authors,journals,references,and keywords by CiteSpace and VOSviewer.RESULTS A total of 5104 authors from 1173 institutions across 51 countries published 2873 papers on cirrhosis and immunological factors in 281 journals.In the past 20 years,the increasing number of related annual publications and citations indicates that research on immunological factors in cirrhosis has become the focus of attention and has entered a period of accelerated development.The United States(781/27.18%),China(538/18.73%),and Germany(300/10.44%)were the leading countries in this field.Most of the top 10 authors were from the United States(4)and Germany(3),with Gershwin ME contributing the most related articles(42).World Journal of Gastroenterology was the most productive journal,whereas Hepatology was the most co-cited journal.Current research hotspots regarding immunological factors in cirrhosis include fibrosis,cirrhosis,inflammation,liver fibrosis,expression,hepatocellular carcinoma,activation,primary biliary cirrhosis,disease,and hepatic stellate cells.Burst keywords(e.g.,epidemiology,gut microbiota,and pathways)represent research frontiers that have attracted the interest of researchers in recent years.CONCLUSION This bibliometric study comprehensively summarizes the research developments and directions of immunological factors in cirrhosis,providing new ideas for promoting scientific research and clinical applications.展开更多
Objective:To discuss the effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis(G.uralensis) Fisch polysaccharide on growth performance and immunologic function in mice in Ural City,Xinjiang and to provide important data supporting the appl...Objective:To discuss the effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis(G.uralensis) Fisch polysaccharide on growth performance and immunologic function in mice in Ural City,Xinjiang and to provide important data supporting the application of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide.Methods:A total of100 Kunming mice aged 3 weeks old were randomly divided into 5 groups with 20 mice in each group(10 were females and 10 were males).About 0.5 mL normal saline was given to the mice of control group every day and 0.5 mL G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide was given to the mice of other groups at the concentration of 1,20,50 and 100 mg/mL respectively.The growth performance(average body weight,average daily feed intake and feed efficiency),immune organ indexes(spleen index and thymus index) and immunologic function(serum IL-2,CD4^+/CD8^+ and the activity of NK cells) of mice in each group were detected continuously.Results:The average body weight,feed efficiency,serum IL-2,CD4^+/CD8^+ and the activity of NK cells of mice were increased with the increase of administrated time after administrating G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide and were reached up the largest level on Day 28.At the same time,each index was proportional to the given dose and was significantly higher than those of control group and reached up the largest level at the administrated dose of 100 mg/mL.After administrating G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide,the spleen index and thymus index of mice were increased with the increase of administrated dose and the spleen index and thymus index of mice administrated with the dose of 100 mg/mL were maximum which was more than 1.51 times and 1.43 times of that in control group respectively and the comparative differences showed statistical significance(P<0.05).The average daily feed intake of mice in each group was increased with the passage of lime and at the same time,the comparison of average daily feed intake of mice in each group was not significantly different(P>0.05).Conclusions:G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide can significantly improve the growth performance and immunologic function of mice and laid a research basis for the clinical application of G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide.展开更多
Objective This study aimed to characterize the diagnostic and vaccine potential of a novel Mycobacterium tuberculosisantigen Rv0674. Methods To evaluate thediagnostic potential and antigenicity of Rv0674, IgG was eval...Objective This study aimed to characterize the diagnostic and vaccine potential of a novel Mycobacterium tuberculosisantigen Rv0674. Methods To evaluate thediagnostic potential and antigenicity of Rv0674, IgG was evaluated using ELISA and interferon (IFN)-γ was done by using ELISpot assay among TB patients and healthy donors. For immunogenicity evaluation, BALB/c mice were immunized with Rv0674. Cytokine production was determined by cytokine release assay using an ELISA kit, and the antibodies were tested using ELISA. Results The results of serum Elisa tests showed that Rv0674 specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) response was higher in TB patients than negative controls. And Rv0674 had good performance in serological test with sensitivity and specificity of 77.1% and 81.1%, respectively. While it shows poor sensitivity and specificity of 26.23% and 79.69% for IFN-γ tests. In BALB/c mice, Rv0674 adjuvant by DDA/PolyI:C could also induce a high level of IFN-γ, interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 as well as a high IgG titer in both high-and low-dose groups indicating that Rv0674 is essential in humoral and cellular immunity. Moreover, the cytokine profile and IgG isotypecharacterized Rv0674 as a Th1/Th2-mixed-type protective immunity with the predominance of Th1 cytokines. Conclusion Rv0674 may be a good potential candidate for the development of TB serological diagnosis and a new TB vaccine.展开更多
The results of treatment of 54 cases of rheumatoid arthritis(RA)by warm needling(WN)and point-injection(PI)with Zhuifengsu are reported.Good clinical results were observedwith an effective rate of 100%.At the same tim...The results of treatment of 54 cases of rheumatoid arthritis(RA)by warm needling(WN)and point-injection(PI)with Zhuifengsu are reported.Good clinical results were observedwith an effective rate of 100%.At the same time,changes in cellular and humoral immunityand other parameters in peripheral blood were noted before and after treatment.The NK ac-tivity and IL-2 value in RA patients were found to be lower than those of normalindividuals;both increased after treatment(P【0.01).This suggests that the WN and PIwith Zhuifengsu exert a regulatory effect on the cellular immunological function.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the immunological effect of Vernonia amygdalina(V.amygdalina) leaf extract and immunace on HIV infected patients taking highly active antiretrwiral therapy. Methods:Fresh V.amygdalina leaves w...Objective:To investigate the immunological effect of Vernonia amygdalina(V.amygdalina) leaf extract and immunace on HIV infected patients taking highly active antiretrwiral therapy. Methods:Fresh V.amygdalina leaves were collected within Nsukka area in Enugu State.The leaves were rinsed with distilled water.Two handful of cleaned fresh leaves were soaked in 200 mL water and squeezed gently by hand to a mixture.Clients were divided into four groups and each group was given different combination.They took the medication for four weeks.The immune effect was tested against marketed immune booster in some retroviral clients.Results:The mean absolute CD4 count was increased in the client who took the extract or supplement.And the clients who took both the extract and supplement had a greater increase in the CD4 count.The increased CD4 was significant as compared with the control group(P<0.05).The skin rashes were also improved in the entire groups.Conclusions:It can be concluded that the aqueous extract of V.amygdalina and immunace or both have immunological effect on HIV infected patients. Therefore,we suggest that the V.amygdalina extract or immunace or both could be used as adjuvant in the management of HIV/AIDS clients.展开更多
BACKGROUND:Artificial materials composed of acellular heterogeneous nerves can resolve donor shortage problems for the repair of peripheral nerve defects.However,it remains unclear whether artificial materials can ove...BACKGROUND:Artificial materials composed of acellular heterogeneous nerves can resolve donor shortage problems for the repair of peripheral nerve defects.However,it remains unclear whether artificial materials can overcome immunological rejection of heterogeneous nerve grafts and obtain similar effects as allogeneic nerve grafts.OBJECTIVE:To analyze regeneration and immunological rejection of defective sciatic nerves in rats through the use of acellular heterogeneous nerve grafts.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:A randomized,controlled study was performed at the Department of Anatomy,China Medical University and the Experimental Center,First Affiliated Hospital,China Medical University between January and December 2008.MATERIALS:TritonX-100 (Sigma,USA) and deoxycholate (Pierce,USA) were used.METHODS:Bilateral sciatic nerves were collected from adult rabbits and treated with TritonX-100 and sodium deoxycholate to prepare acellular sciatic nerves,which were used to bridge 1-cm defective sciatic nerves in adult rats.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The lymphocyte percentage in leukocytes was quantified following hemocyte staining.Neural regeneration and the recovery of motor end plates in the gastrocnemius muscle were observed under optical and electronic microscopy following toluidine blue staining,as well as acetylcholinesterase and succinate dehydrogenase histochemical staining.RESULTS:There was no significant difference in the lymphocyte percentage in leucocytes between transplanted and normal rats (P > 0.05).At 3 months after surgery,the rat toes on the operated side were separated and the rats could walk.In addition,the footplates exhibited an escape response when acupunctured.A large number of regenerated nerve fibers were observed in the transplant group,and acetylcholinesterase-positive motor end plates were visible in fibers of the gastrocnemius muscle.CONCLUSION:Acellular heterogeneous nerve transplants for the repair of defective sciatic nerves in rats promote neural regeneration without significant immunological rejection.展开更多
Many factors, such as environmental, microbial and endogenous stress, antigen localization, can trigger the immunological events that affect the ending of the diverse spectrum of ocular disorders. Significant advances...Many factors, such as environmental, microbial and endogenous stress, antigen localization, can trigger the immunological events that affect the ending of the diverse spectrum of ocular disorders. Significant advances in understanding of immunological and molecular mechanisms have been researched to improve the diagnosis and therapy for patients with ocular inflammatory diseases. Some kinds of ocular diseases are inadequately responsive to current medications;therefore, immunotherapy may be a potential choice as an alternative or adjunctive treatment, even in the prophylactic setting. This article first provides an overview of the immunological and molecular mechanisms concerning several typical and common ocular diseases; second, the functions of immunological roles in some of systemic autoimmunity will be discussed; third, we will provide a summary of the mechanisms that dictate immune cell trafficking to ocular local microenvironment in response to inflammation.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is a major factor responsible for HBV+hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).AIM An immunological classification of HBV+HCC may provide both biological insights and clinical implicati...BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is a major factor responsible for HBV+hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).AIM An immunological classification of HBV+HCC may provide both biological insights and clinical implications for this disease.METHODS Based on the enrichment of 23 immune signatures,we identified two immunespecific subtypes(Imm-H and Imm-L)of HBV+HCC by unsupervised clustering.We showed that this subtyping method was reproducible and predictable by analyzing three different datasets.RESULTS Compared to Imm-L,Imm-H displayed stronger immunity,more stromal components,lower tumor purity,lower stemness and intratumor heterogeneity,lower-level copy number alterations,higher global methylation level,and better overall and disease-free survival prognosis.Besides immune-related pathways,stromal pathways(ECM receptor interaction,focal adhesion,and regulation of actin cytoskeleton)and neuro-related pathways(neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,and prion diseases)were more highly enriched in Imm-H than in Imm-L.We identified nine proteins differentially expressed between Imm-H and Imm-L,of which MYH11,PDCD4,Dvl3,and Syk were upregulated in Imm-H,while PCNA,Acetyl-a-Tubulin-Lys40,ER-α_pS118,Cyclin E2,andβ-Catenin were upregulated in Imm-L.CONCLUSION Our data suggest that“hot”tumors have a better prognosis than“cold”tumors in HBV+HCC and that“hot”tumors respond better to immunotherapy.展开更多
Objective: To explore the effect of Yanhuning in combined with azithromycin on the inflammatory cytokines and immunological function in children with mycoplasma pneumonia. Methods: A total of 130 children with mycopla...Objective: To explore the effect of Yanhuning in combined with azithromycin on the inflammatory cytokines and immunological function in children with mycoplasma pneumonia. Methods: A total of 130 children with mycoplasma pneumonia were included in the study and randomized into the treatment group (n=65) and the control group (n=65). The patients in the control group were given azithromycin. On the above basis, the patients in the treatment group were given Yanhuning. The patients in the two groups were continuously treated for 7 d. The levels of serum inflammatory cytokines and immunological function indicators before and after treatment in the two groups were detected and compared. Results: When compared with before treatment, the serum IL-2 level after treatment in the two groups was significantly elevated, while IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels were significantly reduced;moreover, the improvement in the treatment group was significantly superior to that in the control group. When compared with before treatment, CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ after treatment in the two groups were significantly elevated, and those in the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group, while CD8+ was significantly reduced, but the comparison between the two groups was not statistically significant. When compared with before treatment, RBC-C3bR after treatment in the two groups was significantly elevated, while RBC-ICR was significantly reduced;moreover, the improvement in the treatment group was significantly superior to that in the control group. Conclusions: Yanhuning in combined with azithromycin in the treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia in children can significantly enhance the immunological function, and reduce the inflammatory reaction, with an effect significantly superior to that by single application of azithromycin.展开更多
The present paper reports 11 cases of light chain disease (LCD) sequently found in several citles over Fujian province, Immunological classification of this group of LCD ww as follows: six of me cases belonged to type...The present paper reports 11 cases of light chain disease (LCD) sequently found in several citles over Fujian province, Immunological classification of this group of LCD ww as follows: six of me cases belonged to type λ, four of them were type κ, and another one was a double LCD. We found that LCD was common in Fujlan only next to multiple myeloma (MM) of IgG class and accounted for 20% of the total 55 MM cases found in recent yean.It to well known that In matt patients of LCD M protein or Bence Jones proteinemia (BJPemia) to not detectable by conventional electro-phoresis. Our studies show that by making serum protein along with urinary BJP electrophoresis on the same one gel plate the sltuation can be greatly Improved It not only favour* the recognition of smail and faint band or bands of free light chain in serum, but also provides a repid and sensitive way, i. e. , immunofixation, to directly detect urinary light chain on the gel plate Immediately after electrophresis has been run.展开更多
Thirty-one multiple myeloma patients were classified chiefly by heavy and light chain detec-tion of myeloma protein (M protein).The results were as follows:19 out of the 31 casesbelonged to the IgG class,including the...Thirty-one multiple myeloma patients were classified chiefly by heavy and light chain detec-tion of myeloma protein (M protein).The results were as follows:19 out of the 31 casesbelonged to the IgG class,including the following subclasses—IgG1-λ.7;IgG1-k.5;IgG3-λ,1;IgG3-k,2;double M myeoma,2 (IgG3-λ+IgG2-k,IgG1-λ+IgG4-λ);IgG-λ,1;andIgG1-k 1.Seven cases were light chain diseases,of which 4 belonged to λ type.2 were k.and one was a double light chain disease.Five cases belonged to the IgA class (IgA-λ,3;IgA-k,2).We found no correlation between electrophoretic mobility and the antigenicity ofM protein even within subclasses,and the highly concentrated BJP in urine had a tendencyto form light chain polymers,possibly along different polymerization pathways.展开更多
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is closely associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)and considered one of the major risk factors[1]. A limited number of viral proteins, such as latent membrane proteins (LMP1, ...Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is closely associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)and considered one of the major risk factors[1]. A limited number of viral proteins, such as latent membrane proteins (LMP1, LMP2) and EB nuclear antigen1 (EBNA1), are expressed in NPC cells[2].Recognition epitopes for CD8+and CD4+T cells were included in the LMP2 antigen and EBNA1 C-terminal region (amino acid No. 380-641), respectively[3,4].Both CD4+and CD8+memory T-cell responses were efficiently reactivated by EBNA1 and LMP2[5;6].展开更多
Background: There are two approved non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor antiretroviral drugs;namely Nevirapine (NVP) and Efavirenz (EFV). Nevirapine and EFV have comparable clinical efficacy when administere...Background: There are two approved non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor antiretroviral drugs;namely Nevirapine (NVP) and Efavirenz (EFV). Nevirapine and EFV have comparable clinical efficacy when administered in combination regimens. But there is a lack of recent evidence showing the effect of NVP and EFV-based ARTs on immunological responses in HIV infected individuals in Ethiopia in general and Addis Ababa in particular. Methods: Retrospective cohort study design was used to compare immunological response rate of NVP and EFV based HAART regimen in Addis Ababa. Four hundred ninety two HIV infected patients who started HAART in ten selected health facilities were included in the study. Rate of immunologic response was examined at the 6th, 12th, 18th, and 24th months of follow-up period. The time required to get immunological response was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Adjusted hazard ratio was calculated with a 95% confidence interval by Cox proportional hazards model to determine the rate of immunological response. To ascertain the association, bivariate and multi variable Cox proportional hazard model was used. Statistical significance was considered with two sides P-value of 0.05. Results: The mean CD4 count ranged between 132.2 cell/μl at baseline and 302.3 cell/μl at the end of the follow-up period. This change was significant at 95% of CI but did not show significant differences among the comparison group. The median time to get immunological response was 18 (75% percental 12) months. At the end of the follow-up period, 73.2% (76.6% for NVP and 69.8% for EVF P-value 0.13) of the study population had immunological response. Conclusion: As a conclusion, there was a robust and sustained CD4 response and the effect of NVP and EFV based ART on change of mean CD4 count and immunological response was comparable and effective. Initiation of ART with high baseline CD4 count, in combination of IPT and with either NVP or EFV based NNTI was recommended.展开更多
Indroduction: National Aids control Organisation in India implementing National AIDS control?program uses WHO’s immunological criteria to screen virological failure. Using immunological criteria to detect virological...Indroduction: National Aids control Organisation in India implementing National AIDS control?program uses WHO’s immunological criteria to screen virological failure. Using immunological criteria to detect virological failure has to be assessed. Predicting virological failure with immunological criteria in resource limited settings had low sensitivity. Factors that influence the outcome are studied. Methods: Retrospective study in tertiary care centre for HIV and TB, Chennai, India. Out of 35,044 on ART between January 2008 and September 2009, 452 suspected immunological failures were referred. 273 screened for virological failure.?Frequency, sensitivity/specificity, positive/negative predictive values, chi-square test, odds-ratio, independent sample t test for viral load greater than 10,000 and 1000 of each immunological criterion using Epi-Info and SPSS version 19. Results: 172 had virological failure (62.09%). Average age of failed was 37.33. Single criteria’s sensitivity was 60 to 84 for detecting virolological failure. Two or more criteria had specificity 55 to 79. Combination of two or more criteria increased odds ratio for virological failure. Positive predictive value was above 63 for all criteria. PPV was above 80 to the criterion all three positive. Conclusions: ART naive patients with >95% adherence the sensitivity of immunological criteria to detect virological failure is three times than earlier studies. Combination of criteria is more significantly associated with virological failure. Odds ratio doubled for two or more combination of criteria. Immunological criteria is affordable/acceptable for screening virological failure, with adherence > 95% and longer the duration of ART.展开更多
Among shrimp viral pathogens, white spot syndrome virus(WSSV) and yellow head virus(YHV) are the most lethal agents, causing serious problems for both the whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus(Litopenaeus) vannamei, and the black ...Among shrimp viral pathogens, white spot syndrome virus(WSSV) and yellow head virus(YHV) are the most lethal agents, causing serious problems for both the whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus(Litopenaeus) vannamei, and the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus(Penaeus) monodon. Another important virus that infects P. vannamei is infectious myonecrosis virus(IMNV), which induces the white discoloration of affected muscle. In the cases of taura syndrome virus and Penaeus stylirostris densovirus(Pst DNV; formerly known as infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus), their impacts were greatly diminished after the introduction of tolerant stocks of P. vannamei. Less important viruses are Penaeus monodon densovirus(Pm DNV; formerly called hepatopancreatic parvovirus), and Penaeus monodon nucleopolyhedrovirus(Pemo NPV; previously called monodon baculovirus). For freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus and extra small virus are considered important viral pathogens. Monoclonal antibodies(MAbs) specific to the shrimp viruses described above have been generated and used as an alternative tool in various immunoassays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, dot blotting, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Some of these MAbs were further developed into immunochromatographic strip tests for the detection of WSSV, YHV, IMNV and Pemo NPV and into a dual strip test for the simultaneous detection of WSSV/YHV. The strip test has the advantages of speed, as the result can be obtained within 15 min, and simplicity, as laboratory equipment and specialized skills are not required. Therefore, strip tests can be used by shrimp farmers for the pond-side monitoring of viral infection.展开更多
Objective: Our aim is to establish the immunologic profile of PPD-intoxicated persons based on monitoring of the inflammatory reaction. Methods and patients: A prospective study of 21 patients hospitalized in a medica...Objective: Our aim is to establish the immunologic profile of PPD-intoxicated persons based on monitoring of the inflammatory reaction. Methods and patients: A prospective study of 21 patients hospitalized in a medical ICU with PPD intoxication during 2010. A follow-up of demographic, clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and evolutive parameters as well as evaluation of the scores of gravity (SAPS II, APACHE II, OSF) was carried out in all our patients, and an inflammatory check-up (white blood cell, Creactive protein, C3 and C4 fractions of complement and lymphocyte subpopulations CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD19) was realized for all patients. The kinetic of these parameters was compared with clinical and paraclinical evolution. Results: The monitoring of the inflammatory reaction in our patients shows an evolution at three times for this reaction, with the first time of inflammatory stress during the first 3 days after the intoxication characterized by a relative immunodepression, the second time from the third day when the rhabdomyolysis exerts its pro-inflammatory power and the third time (from the sixth day) corresponds to the immunomodulative action of PPD and to its oxidative metabolism. It’s a systemic and specific inflammatory reaction to a cytotoxic cell support, which would explain the secondary worsening of the clinical and paraclinical parameters of our patients (hemodynamic shock, multivisceral failure, etc.). Conclusion: It seems that the immunological aspect may present the answer to several questions that rhabdomyolysis alone could not answer during PPD-poisoning. This study tried to establish a first immunologic profile of PPD-intoxicated persons, and to correlate it with their evolution.展开更多
The plasticity and dynamism in the immune responses to both self and environmental stimulation promote the maintenance and adaptation of a system that tends to harmoniously survive and evolve. Fluctuating antigenic fo...The plasticity and dynamism in the immune responses to both self and environmental stimulation promote the maintenance and adaptation of a system that tends to harmoniously survive and evolve. Fluctuating antigenic forces coexist within the immune system and oscillate between order and chaos to the equilibrium. Thus, when mounting a response to internal or environmental antigens, the main host responses can be divided into two immunological categories. The first, a well-adapted mechanism of complex multi-cellular organisms classically known as tolerance, promotes persistent immunological responses. In the second, opposite way, the modulation of inflammatory immune responses occurs, which we call “intolerance”. Tolerance and intolerance can be mediated by humoral molecules, such as inflammatory compounds, complement, and antibodies, and by different cell types, such as sentinel cells, antigen-presenting cells, and cells that orchestrate the immune response. Tolerogenesis is important in vertebrates because it predisposes species to adapt to self and environmental negative-selective forces. This process depends, in large part, on antigenic co-stimulation (AgCS), which operates as a multi-integrated network formed by all immune and non-immune cells of the body that establishes tolerant immunoregulatory interactions from cells to cells and from cells to the environment. Antigenic distribution, quantity, nature, route of administration, and antigenic convergence on co-stimulatory pathways, and concurrent infections, and the presence of microorganisms (commensals and pathogens) in more than one site are important factors for activating AgCS. To conclude, the AgCS route is a natural immune response generated by heterogeneous APC profile with centralized regulation that promote the counterbalance between intolerant e tolerant status, which can have several applications in the medical and biological fields.展开更多
Goal: To describe the clinical and immunological characteristics in the HIV-infected patients at the antiretroviral treatment initiation. Methods: This was a descriptive and retrospective study on the cohort of the pa...Goal: To describe the clinical and immunological characteristics in the HIV-infected patients at the antiretroviral treatment initiation. Methods: This was a descriptive and retrospective study on the cohort of the patients living with HIV followed at Parakou teaching hospital from the 1st January 2004 to the 31st December 2012. Persons under the age of 15 and the pregnant women have been excluded from the study. Results: The active file was composed of 988 patients under antiretroviral treatment. They were 339 men and 649 women. The sex ratio was 0.52. The average age of the patients was 35.49 ± 9.72 years. The immunodeficiency was profound with 57.65% of patients at the stage 3 of WHO and 42.35% at the stage 4. Opportunistic infections at the antiretroviral treatment initiation were dominated by oral candidiasis (30.16%), the diarrhea (20.45%) and zona (11.03%). Conclusion: HIV infection touched young adults who consult at an advanced stage of immunodeficiency.展开更多
文摘Hepatitis B virus(HBV)reactivation is a clinically significant challenge in disease management.This review explores the immunological mechanisms underlying HBV reactivation,emphasizing disease progression and management.It delves into host immune responses and reactivation’s delicate balance,spanning innate and adaptive immunity.Viral factors’disruption of this balance,as are interac-tions between viral antigens,immune cells,cytokine networks,and immune checkpoint pathways,are examined.Notably,the roles of T cells,natural killer cells,and antigen-presenting cells are discussed,highlighting their influence on disease progression.HBV reactivation’s impact on disease severity,hepatic flares,liver fibrosis progression,and hepatocellular carcinoma is detailed.Management strategies,including anti-viral and immunomodulatory approaches,are critically analyzed.The role of prophylactic anti-viral therapy during immunosuppressive treatments is explored alongside novel immunotherapeutic interventions to restore immune control and prevent reactivation.In conclusion,this compre-hensive review furnishes a holistic view of the immunological mechanisms that propel HBV reactivation.With a dedicated focus on understanding its implic-ations for disease progression and the prospects of efficient management stra-tegies,this article contributes significantly to the knowledge base.The more profound insights into the intricate interactions between viral elements and the immune system will inform evidence-based approaches,ultimately enhancing disease management and elevating patient outcomes.The dynamic landscape of management strategies is critically scrutinized,spanning anti-viral and immunomodulatory approaches.The role of prophylactic anti-viral therapy in preventing reactivation during immunosuppressive treatments and the potential of innovative immunotherapeutic interventions to restore immune control and proactively deter reactivation.
基金the National Multi-Center Clinical Research Project of Peking University First Hospital,No.2022CR57.
文摘BACKGROUND Cirrhosis results from persistent liver injury that leads to liver fibrosis.Immunological factors play important regulatory roles in the development and progression of cirrhosis.Bibliometrics is one of the most commonly used methods for systematic evaluation of a field of study.To date,there are no bibliometric studies on the role of immunological factors in cirrhosis.AIM To provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and research hotspots of immunological factors in cirrhosis.METHODS We retrieved publications related to immunological factors in cirrhosis between 2003 to 2022 from the Web of Science Core Collection database on December 7,2022.The search strategy was TS=((Liver Cirrhosis OR hepatic cirrhosis OR liver fibrosis)AND(Immunologic*Factor*OR Immune Factor*OR Immunomodulator*OR Biological Response Modifier*OR Biomodulator*)).Only original articles and reviews were included.A total of 2873 publications were analyzed using indicators of publication and citation metrics,countries,institutes,authors,journals,references,and keywords by CiteSpace and VOSviewer.RESULTS A total of 5104 authors from 1173 institutions across 51 countries published 2873 papers on cirrhosis and immunological factors in 281 journals.In the past 20 years,the increasing number of related annual publications and citations indicates that research on immunological factors in cirrhosis has become the focus of attention and has entered a period of accelerated development.The United States(781/27.18%),China(538/18.73%),and Germany(300/10.44%)were the leading countries in this field.Most of the top 10 authors were from the United States(4)and Germany(3),with Gershwin ME contributing the most related articles(42).World Journal of Gastroenterology was the most productive journal,whereas Hepatology was the most co-cited journal.Current research hotspots regarding immunological factors in cirrhosis include fibrosis,cirrhosis,inflammation,liver fibrosis,expression,hepatocellular carcinoma,activation,primary biliary cirrhosis,disease,and hepatic stellate cells.Burst keywords(e.g.,epidemiology,gut microbiota,and pathways)represent research frontiers that have attracted the interest of researchers in recent years.CONCLUSION This bibliometric study comprehensively summarizes the research developments and directions of immunological factors in cirrhosis,providing new ideas for promoting scientific research and clinical applications.
基金supported by Scientific Research Innovation Project of Graduate Education Innovation Fund from Xinjiang(Grant No. XJGRI2014057)
文摘Objective:To discuss the effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis(G.uralensis) Fisch polysaccharide on growth performance and immunologic function in mice in Ural City,Xinjiang and to provide important data supporting the application of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide.Methods:A total of100 Kunming mice aged 3 weeks old were randomly divided into 5 groups with 20 mice in each group(10 were females and 10 were males).About 0.5 mL normal saline was given to the mice of control group every day and 0.5 mL G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide was given to the mice of other groups at the concentration of 1,20,50 and 100 mg/mL respectively.The growth performance(average body weight,average daily feed intake and feed efficiency),immune organ indexes(spleen index and thymus index) and immunologic function(serum IL-2,CD4^+/CD8^+ and the activity of NK cells) of mice in each group were detected continuously.Results:The average body weight,feed efficiency,serum IL-2,CD4^+/CD8^+ and the activity of NK cells of mice were increased with the increase of administrated time after administrating G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide and were reached up the largest level on Day 28.At the same time,each index was proportional to the given dose and was significantly higher than those of control group and reached up the largest level at the administrated dose of 100 mg/mL.After administrating G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide,the spleen index and thymus index of mice were increased with the increase of administrated dose and the spleen index and thymus index of mice administrated with the dose of 100 mg/mL were maximum which was more than 1.51 times and 1.43 times of that in control group respectively and the comparative differences showed statistical significance(P<0.05).The average daily feed intake of mice in each group was increased with the passage of lime and at the same time,the comparison of average daily feed intake of mice in each group was not significantly different(P>0.05).Conclusions:G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide can significantly improve the growth performance and immunologic function of mice and laid a research basis for the clinical application of G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide.
基金National Science and Technology Major Project of China [2018ZX10731301-002]
文摘Objective This study aimed to characterize the diagnostic and vaccine potential of a novel Mycobacterium tuberculosisantigen Rv0674. Methods To evaluate thediagnostic potential and antigenicity of Rv0674, IgG was evaluated using ELISA and interferon (IFN)-γ was done by using ELISpot assay among TB patients and healthy donors. For immunogenicity evaluation, BALB/c mice were immunized with Rv0674. Cytokine production was determined by cytokine release assay using an ELISA kit, and the antibodies were tested using ELISA. Results The results of serum Elisa tests showed that Rv0674 specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) response was higher in TB patients than negative controls. And Rv0674 had good performance in serological test with sensitivity and specificity of 77.1% and 81.1%, respectively. While it shows poor sensitivity and specificity of 26.23% and 79.69% for IFN-γ tests. In BALB/c mice, Rv0674 adjuvant by DDA/PolyI:C could also induce a high level of IFN-γ, interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 as well as a high IgG titer in both high-and low-dose groups indicating that Rv0674 is essential in humoral and cellular immunity. Moreover, the cytokine profile and IgG isotypecharacterized Rv0674 as a Th1/Th2-mixed-type protective immunity with the predominance of Th1 cytokines. Conclusion Rv0674 may be a good potential candidate for the development of TB serological diagnosis and a new TB vaccine.
文摘The results of treatment of 54 cases of rheumatoid arthritis(RA)by warm needling(WN)and point-injection(PI)with Zhuifengsu are reported.Good clinical results were observedwith an effective rate of 100%.At the same time,changes in cellular and humoral immunityand other parameters in peripheral blood were noted before and after treatment.The NK ac-tivity and IL-2 value in RA patients were found to be lower than those of normalindividuals;both increased after treatment(P【0.01).This suggests that the WN and PIwith Zhuifengsu exert a regulatory effect on the cellular immunological function.
文摘Objective:To investigate the immunological effect of Vernonia amygdalina(V.amygdalina) leaf extract and immunace on HIV infected patients taking highly active antiretrwiral therapy. Methods:Fresh V.amygdalina leaves were collected within Nsukka area in Enugu State.The leaves were rinsed with distilled water.Two handful of cleaned fresh leaves were soaked in 200 mL water and squeezed gently by hand to a mixture.Clients were divided into four groups and each group was given different combination.They took the medication for four weeks.The immune effect was tested against marketed immune booster in some retroviral clients.Results:The mean absolute CD4 count was increased in the client who took the extract or supplement.And the clients who took both the extract and supplement had a greater increase in the CD4 count.The increased CD4 was significant as compared with the control group(P<0.05).The skin rashes were also improved in the entire groups.Conclusions:It can be concluded that the aqueous extract of V.amygdalina and immunace or both have immunological effect on HIV infected patients. Therefore,we suggest that the V.amygdalina extract or immunace or both could be used as adjuvant in the management of HIV/AIDS clients.
基金the Science and Technology Research Foundation of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education,No. 2008777
文摘BACKGROUND:Artificial materials composed of acellular heterogeneous nerves can resolve donor shortage problems for the repair of peripheral nerve defects.However,it remains unclear whether artificial materials can overcome immunological rejection of heterogeneous nerve grafts and obtain similar effects as allogeneic nerve grafts.OBJECTIVE:To analyze regeneration and immunological rejection of defective sciatic nerves in rats through the use of acellular heterogeneous nerve grafts.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:A randomized,controlled study was performed at the Department of Anatomy,China Medical University and the Experimental Center,First Affiliated Hospital,China Medical University between January and December 2008.MATERIALS:TritonX-100 (Sigma,USA) and deoxycholate (Pierce,USA) were used.METHODS:Bilateral sciatic nerves were collected from adult rabbits and treated with TritonX-100 and sodium deoxycholate to prepare acellular sciatic nerves,which were used to bridge 1-cm defective sciatic nerves in adult rats.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The lymphocyte percentage in leukocytes was quantified following hemocyte staining.Neural regeneration and the recovery of motor end plates in the gastrocnemius muscle were observed under optical and electronic microscopy following toluidine blue staining,as well as acetylcholinesterase and succinate dehydrogenase histochemical staining.RESULTS:There was no significant difference in the lymphocyte percentage in leucocytes between transplanted and normal rats (P > 0.05).At 3 months after surgery,the rat toes on the operated side were separated and the rats could walk.In addition,the footplates exhibited an escape response when acupunctured.A large number of regenerated nerve fibers were observed in the transplant group,and acetylcholinesterase-positive motor end plates were visible in fibers of the gastrocnemius muscle.CONCLUSION:Acellular heterogeneous nerve transplants for the repair of defective sciatic nerves in rats promote neural regeneration without significant immunological rejection.
文摘Many factors, such as environmental, microbial and endogenous stress, antigen localization, can trigger the immunological events that affect the ending of the diverse spectrum of ocular disorders. Significant advances in understanding of immunological and molecular mechanisms have been researched to improve the diagnosis and therapy for patients with ocular inflammatory diseases. Some kinds of ocular diseases are inadequately responsive to current medications;therefore, immunotherapy may be a potential choice as an alternative or adjunctive treatment, even in the prophylactic setting. This article first provides an overview of the immunological and molecular mechanisms concerning several typical and common ocular diseases; second, the functions of immunological roles in some of systemic autoimmunity will be discussed; third, we will provide a summary of the mechanisms that dictate immune cell trafficking to ocular local microenvironment in response to inflammation.
文摘BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is a major factor responsible for HBV+hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).AIM An immunological classification of HBV+HCC may provide both biological insights and clinical implications for this disease.METHODS Based on the enrichment of 23 immune signatures,we identified two immunespecific subtypes(Imm-H and Imm-L)of HBV+HCC by unsupervised clustering.We showed that this subtyping method was reproducible and predictable by analyzing three different datasets.RESULTS Compared to Imm-L,Imm-H displayed stronger immunity,more stromal components,lower tumor purity,lower stemness and intratumor heterogeneity,lower-level copy number alterations,higher global methylation level,and better overall and disease-free survival prognosis.Besides immune-related pathways,stromal pathways(ECM receptor interaction,focal adhesion,and regulation of actin cytoskeleton)and neuro-related pathways(neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,and prion diseases)were more highly enriched in Imm-H than in Imm-L.We identified nine proteins differentially expressed between Imm-H and Imm-L,of which MYH11,PDCD4,Dvl3,and Syk were upregulated in Imm-H,while PCNA,Acetyl-a-Tubulin-Lys40,ER-α_pS118,Cyclin E2,andβ-Catenin were upregulated in Imm-L.CONCLUSION Our data suggest that“hot”tumors have a better prognosis than“cold”tumors in HBV+HCC and that“hot”tumors respond better to immunotherapy.
文摘Objective: To explore the effect of Yanhuning in combined with azithromycin on the inflammatory cytokines and immunological function in children with mycoplasma pneumonia. Methods: A total of 130 children with mycoplasma pneumonia were included in the study and randomized into the treatment group (n=65) and the control group (n=65). The patients in the control group were given azithromycin. On the above basis, the patients in the treatment group were given Yanhuning. The patients in the two groups were continuously treated for 7 d. The levels of serum inflammatory cytokines and immunological function indicators before and after treatment in the two groups were detected and compared. Results: When compared with before treatment, the serum IL-2 level after treatment in the two groups was significantly elevated, while IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels were significantly reduced;moreover, the improvement in the treatment group was significantly superior to that in the control group. When compared with before treatment, CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ after treatment in the two groups were significantly elevated, and those in the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group, while CD8+ was significantly reduced, but the comparison between the two groups was not statistically significant. When compared with before treatment, RBC-C3bR after treatment in the two groups was significantly elevated, while RBC-ICR was significantly reduced;moreover, the improvement in the treatment group was significantly superior to that in the control group. Conclusions: Yanhuning in combined with azithromycin in the treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia in children can significantly enhance the immunological function, and reduce the inflammatory reaction, with an effect significantly superior to that by single application of azithromycin.
文摘The present paper reports 11 cases of light chain disease (LCD) sequently found in several citles over Fujian province, Immunological classification of this group of LCD ww as follows: six of me cases belonged to type λ, four of them were type κ, and another one was a double LCD. We found that LCD was common in Fujlan only next to multiple myeloma (MM) of IgG class and accounted for 20% of the total 55 MM cases found in recent yean.It to well known that In matt patients of LCD M protein or Bence Jones proteinemia (BJPemia) to not detectable by conventional electro-phoresis. Our studies show that by making serum protein along with urinary BJP electrophoresis on the same one gel plate the sltuation can be greatly Improved It not only favour* the recognition of smail and faint band or bands of free light chain in serum, but also provides a repid and sensitive way, i. e. , immunofixation, to directly detect urinary light chain on the gel plate Immediately after electrophresis has been run.
文摘Thirty-one multiple myeloma patients were classified chiefly by heavy and light chain detec-tion of myeloma protein (M protein).The results were as follows:19 out of the 31 casesbelonged to the IgG class,including the following subclasses—IgG1-λ.7;IgG1-k.5;IgG3-λ,1;IgG3-k,2;double M myeoma,2 (IgG3-λ+IgG2-k,IgG1-λ+IgG4-λ);IgG-λ,1;andIgG1-k 1.Seven cases were light chain diseases,of which 4 belonged to λ type.2 were k.and one was a double light chain disease.Five cases belonged to the IgA class (IgA-λ,3;IgA-k,2).We found no correlation between electrophoretic mobility and the antigenicity ofM protein even within subclasses,and the highly concentrated BJP in urine had a tendencyto form light chain polymers,possibly along different polymerization pathways.
基金supported by the Mega Project of Research on the Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS,Viral Hepatitis Infectious Diseases [2018ZX10711001]
文摘Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is closely associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)and considered one of the major risk factors[1]. A limited number of viral proteins, such as latent membrane proteins (LMP1, LMP2) and EB nuclear antigen1 (EBNA1), are expressed in NPC cells[2].Recognition epitopes for CD8+and CD4+T cells were included in the LMP2 antigen and EBNA1 C-terminal region (amino acid No. 380-641), respectively[3,4].Both CD4+and CD8+memory T-cell responses were efficiently reactivated by EBNA1 and LMP2[5;6].
文摘Background: There are two approved non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor antiretroviral drugs;namely Nevirapine (NVP) and Efavirenz (EFV). Nevirapine and EFV have comparable clinical efficacy when administered in combination regimens. But there is a lack of recent evidence showing the effect of NVP and EFV-based ARTs on immunological responses in HIV infected individuals in Ethiopia in general and Addis Ababa in particular. Methods: Retrospective cohort study design was used to compare immunological response rate of NVP and EFV based HAART regimen in Addis Ababa. Four hundred ninety two HIV infected patients who started HAART in ten selected health facilities were included in the study. Rate of immunologic response was examined at the 6th, 12th, 18th, and 24th months of follow-up period. The time required to get immunological response was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Adjusted hazard ratio was calculated with a 95% confidence interval by Cox proportional hazards model to determine the rate of immunological response. To ascertain the association, bivariate and multi variable Cox proportional hazard model was used. Statistical significance was considered with two sides P-value of 0.05. Results: The mean CD4 count ranged between 132.2 cell/μl at baseline and 302.3 cell/μl at the end of the follow-up period. This change was significant at 95% of CI but did not show significant differences among the comparison group. The median time to get immunological response was 18 (75% percental 12) months. At the end of the follow-up period, 73.2% (76.6% for NVP and 69.8% for EVF P-value 0.13) of the study population had immunological response. Conclusion: As a conclusion, there was a robust and sustained CD4 response and the effect of NVP and EFV based ART on change of mean CD4 count and immunological response was comparable and effective. Initiation of ART with high baseline CD4 count, in combination of IPT and with either NVP or EFV based NNTI was recommended.
文摘Indroduction: National Aids control Organisation in India implementing National AIDS control?program uses WHO’s immunological criteria to screen virological failure. Using immunological criteria to detect virological failure has to be assessed. Predicting virological failure with immunological criteria in resource limited settings had low sensitivity. Factors that influence the outcome are studied. Methods: Retrospective study in tertiary care centre for HIV and TB, Chennai, India. Out of 35,044 on ART between January 2008 and September 2009, 452 suspected immunological failures were referred. 273 screened for virological failure.?Frequency, sensitivity/specificity, positive/negative predictive values, chi-square test, odds-ratio, independent sample t test for viral load greater than 10,000 and 1000 of each immunological criterion using Epi-Info and SPSS version 19. Results: 172 had virological failure (62.09%). Average age of failed was 37.33. Single criteria’s sensitivity was 60 to 84 for detecting virolological failure. Two or more criteria had specificity 55 to 79. Combination of two or more criteria increased odds ratio for virological failure. Positive predictive value was above 63 for all criteria. PPV was above 80 to the criterion all three positive. Conclusions: ART naive patients with >95% adherence the sensitivity of immunological criteria to detect virological failure is three times than earlier studies. Combination of criteria is more significantly associated with virological failure. Odds ratio doubled for two or more combination of criteria. Immunological criteria is affordable/acceptable for screening virological failure, with adherence > 95% and longer the duration of ART.
基金Srinakharinwirot University, the Thai National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, the Thailand Research Fund, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Thailand for their funding supports to our research works
文摘Among shrimp viral pathogens, white spot syndrome virus(WSSV) and yellow head virus(YHV) are the most lethal agents, causing serious problems for both the whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus(Litopenaeus) vannamei, and the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus(Penaeus) monodon. Another important virus that infects P. vannamei is infectious myonecrosis virus(IMNV), which induces the white discoloration of affected muscle. In the cases of taura syndrome virus and Penaeus stylirostris densovirus(Pst DNV; formerly known as infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus), their impacts were greatly diminished after the introduction of tolerant stocks of P. vannamei. Less important viruses are Penaeus monodon densovirus(Pm DNV; formerly called hepatopancreatic parvovirus), and Penaeus monodon nucleopolyhedrovirus(Pemo NPV; previously called monodon baculovirus). For freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus and extra small virus are considered important viral pathogens. Monoclonal antibodies(MAbs) specific to the shrimp viruses described above have been generated and used as an alternative tool in various immunoassays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, dot blotting, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Some of these MAbs were further developed into immunochromatographic strip tests for the detection of WSSV, YHV, IMNV and Pemo NPV and into a dual strip test for the simultaneous detection of WSSV/YHV. The strip test has the advantages of speed, as the result can be obtained within 15 min, and simplicity, as laboratory equipment and specialized skills are not required. Therefore, strip tests can be used by shrimp farmers for the pond-side monitoring of viral infection.
文摘Objective: Our aim is to establish the immunologic profile of PPD-intoxicated persons based on monitoring of the inflammatory reaction. Methods and patients: A prospective study of 21 patients hospitalized in a medical ICU with PPD intoxication during 2010. A follow-up of demographic, clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and evolutive parameters as well as evaluation of the scores of gravity (SAPS II, APACHE II, OSF) was carried out in all our patients, and an inflammatory check-up (white blood cell, Creactive protein, C3 and C4 fractions of complement and lymphocyte subpopulations CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD19) was realized for all patients. The kinetic of these parameters was compared with clinical and paraclinical evolution. Results: The monitoring of the inflammatory reaction in our patients shows an evolution at three times for this reaction, with the first time of inflammatory stress during the first 3 days after the intoxication characterized by a relative immunodepression, the second time from the third day when the rhabdomyolysis exerts its pro-inflammatory power and the third time (from the sixth day) corresponds to the immunomodulative action of PPD and to its oxidative metabolism. It’s a systemic and specific inflammatory reaction to a cytotoxic cell support, which would explain the secondary worsening of the clinical and paraclinical parameters of our patients (hemodynamic shock, multivisceral failure, etc.). Conclusion: It seems that the immunological aspect may present the answer to several questions that rhabdomyolysis alone could not answer during PPD-poisoning. This study tried to establish a first immunologic profile of PPD-intoxicated persons, and to correlate it with their evolution.
文摘The plasticity and dynamism in the immune responses to both self and environmental stimulation promote the maintenance and adaptation of a system that tends to harmoniously survive and evolve. Fluctuating antigenic forces coexist within the immune system and oscillate between order and chaos to the equilibrium. Thus, when mounting a response to internal or environmental antigens, the main host responses can be divided into two immunological categories. The first, a well-adapted mechanism of complex multi-cellular organisms classically known as tolerance, promotes persistent immunological responses. In the second, opposite way, the modulation of inflammatory immune responses occurs, which we call “intolerance”. Tolerance and intolerance can be mediated by humoral molecules, such as inflammatory compounds, complement, and antibodies, and by different cell types, such as sentinel cells, antigen-presenting cells, and cells that orchestrate the immune response. Tolerogenesis is important in vertebrates because it predisposes species to adapt to self and environmental negative-selective forces. This process depends, in large part, on antigenic co-stimulation (AgCS), which operates as a multi-integrated network formed by all immune and non-immune cells of the body that establishes tolerant immunoregulatory interactions from cells to cells and from cells to the environment. Antigenic distribution, quantity, nature, route of administration, and antigenic convergence on co-stimulatory pathways, and concurrent infections, and the presence of microorganisms (commensals and pathogens) in more than one site are important factors for activating AgCS. To conclude, the AgCS route is a natural immune response generated by heterogeneous APC profile with centralized regulation that promote the counterbalance between intolerant e tolerant status, which can have several applications in the medical and biological fields.
文摘Goal: To describe the clinical and immunological characteristics in the HIV-infected patients at the antiretroviral treatment initiation. Methods: This was a descriptive and retrospective study on the cohort of the patients living with HIV followed at Parakou teaching hospital from the 1st January 2004 to the 31st December 2012. Persons under the age of 15 and the pregnant women have been excluded from the study. Results: The active file was composed of 988 patients under antiretroviral treatment. They were 339 men and 649 women. The sex ratio was 0.52. The average age of the patients was 35.49 ± 9.72 years. The immunodeficiency was profound with 57.65% of patients at the stage 3 of WHO and 42.35% at the stage 4. Opportunistic infections at the antiretroviral treatment initiation were dominated by oral candidiasis (30.16%), the diarrhea (20.45%) and zona (11.03%). Conclusion: HIV infection touched young adults who consult at an advanced stage of immunodeficiency.
