Different growing conditions with temperature and sunlight variation could vary in flower growth and quality of marigold. Plant growth and flowering characteristics are compared in three different conditions viz. plas...Different growing conditions with temperature and sunlight variation could vary in flower growth and quality of marigold. Plant growth and flowering characteristics are compared in three different conditions viz. plastic house, shade house and open field. Three varieties of marigold viz. Marvel Yellow, Marvel Orange and Marvel Garland with similar cultural practices were grown and observed. Each variety with 6 replications was grown in three different growing conditions. Plant height, leaves formation, length of leaves, number of days to flower, number of flowers per plant and post harvest analysis were recorded. Plant growth characteristics followed by flowering behavior were found significantly better in plants grown under plastic house. During post harvest experiment Marvel Garland variety grown under plastic house with wet post harvest treatment was found significantly better compared to other conditions.展开更多
Dezfol embayment in the Southwest of Iran is located in the Zagros fold-thrust belt, which is one of the world’s largest petroleum provinces. Ilam Formation (Santonian-Companian) is one of the reservoir formations in...Dezfol embayment in the Southwest of Iran is located in the Zagros fold-thrust belt, which is one of the world’s largest petroleum provinces. Ilam Formation (Santonian-Companian) is one of the reservoir formations in this area that has been less studied. This paper focused on reservoir properties in this formation using petrography and petrophysics data. According to the petrography studies Ilam Formation composed of limestone as dominant lithology. Detailed petrographic analyses, have led to identification of 10 micro-facies which are represented as a carbonate ramp depositional model. Also petrographic analyses are revealed that cementation, dissolution, compaction and dolomitization are most important digenetic processes. Detailed petrographic analyses and petrophysics data showed that due to mud-supported nature of more facies (inherited low reservoir potential from their depositional settings), diagenetic process plays an important role in increasing of reservoir quality. However cementation and dissolution had negative and positive effects on Ilam reservoir formation, respectively. Finally at the end for better correlation and to create a flow unit, according to the petrography data and using petrophysics log, this reservoir is divided into 5 units (flow unite) by using Geolog software and then they have been correlated across the field.展开更多
The evolution of the Active Tectonics of the Ilam Formation (Santonin) form potential reservoir rocks at oilfields and structures in costal fars. Core and cuttings samples and wire-line logs from wells in the East Gar...The evolution of the Active Tectonics of the Ilam Formation (Santonin) form potential reservoir rocks at oilfields and structures in costal fars. Core and cuttings samples and wire-line logs from wells in the East Gardan field were used to investigate microfacies types and porosity evolution. Facies modelling was applied to predict the relationship between facies distribution and reservoir characteristics to construct a predictive geologic model which will assist future exploration in East Gardan field. Microfacies analysis and electrofacies identification and correlations indicate that the limestones of the Ilam Formation were deposited in a ramp setting. The ramp developed over the distal margin of the Santonin proforeland basin, adjacent to the evolved forebulge. Inner ramp facies are characterized by carbonate bank bioclastic packstones. Middle ramp facies dominate the Ilam Formation and consist of bioturbated, massive, dolomitic and bioclastic limestones. Bioclasts include benthic and planktonic foraminifera. Intense less common Palaeophycus bioturbation has enhanced the porosity of this facies. Outer ramp deposits consist of alternating mid-ramp bioturbated bioclastic massive limestones and argillaceous and marly limestones. Bioclastic packstones and intensively bioturbated bioclastic limestones of the mid-outer ramp are the primary source of fabric-selective porosity which is greatly enhanced by diagenetic overprints.展开更多
The main aim of this study was to evaluate methods for fixed area and distance sampling in the Zagros open forest area in western Iran. Basic forest management and planning required appropriate quantitative and qualit...The main aim of this study was to evaluate methods for fixed area and distance sampling in the Zagros open forest area in western Iran. Basic forest management and planning required appropriate quantitative and qualitative information. Two sampling methods were compared on the basis of the actual means of characteristics derived from the 100 % survey. In total, 37 sampling plots were systematically installed with a grid of 100 m × 100 m in the study area. Density, crown canopy, and basal area of the stands were measured. The 100 % survey showed that tree density above 12.5 cm diameter at breast height was 68.04 stem ha-1, basal area was 15.16 m2 ha-1 and crown canopy percentage was 35.71% ha-1. The values for the traits determined by the two sampling methods differed significantly （P = 0.05）. When the time required for the methods was compared, transect sampling required less than systematic-random sampling. Therefore, the transect sampling method was the more economical method for the Zagros open forests. The transect sampling method was statistically defensible and practical for quantitating characteristics of the Zagros open forests.展开更多
Introduction: Health care system structure is prone to human error. Medical errors are one of the major challenges that health systems in all countries are grappling with to minimize and reduce the damage caused by th...Introduction: Health care system structure is prone to human error. Medical errors are one of the major challenges that health systems in all countries are grappling with to minimize and reduce the damage caused by them. The aim of this study was to assess the Patient Safety Attitudes, Skills, Knowledge and Barriers Related to Reporting Medical Errors by Nursing Students in Ilam, Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional mixed method was conducted to this study. Sampling was conducted by census of all students entering nursing criteria in Ilam in 2016. A number of 140 students participated in this study. The tool used in this study was created by Schnall et al. that measures knowledge, attitudes and skills related to medical errors reporting. Data were analyzed with t test, regression and correlation coefficients and descriptive statistical methods. Results: The results showed that nursing students had a positive attitude with respect to the reporting of medical errors (p = 0.01). They also have the low knowledge to medical errors and reporting them. There were significant differences in all groups and subgroups of knowledge, attitude, and skills (except creating of safety culture subgroup) between the two group’s students. Moreover, the main reason for not reporting was the lack of knowledge and fear of punishment. Conclusions: The results of this study help those who involve in the health care system to improve patient safety and improve the process of reporting medical errors by nursing students’ participation in the process of reporting error, while improving knowledge and attitudes through nursing education with the effective educational models. As a result, there is a need to educate students on reporting systems.展开更多
Investigation of the relationship between catchment hydrology with climate is essential for understanding of the impact of future climate on hydrological extremes, which may cause frequent flooding, drought, and short...Investigation of the relationship between catchment hydrology with climate is essential for understanding of the impact of future climate on hydrological extremes, which may cause frequent flooding, drought, and shortage of water supply. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of climate change on extreme flows in one of the subcatchments of the Ilam dam catchment, Iran. The changes in climate parameters were predicted using the outputs of HadCM3 model for up to the end of the current century in three time periods including 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s. For A2 scenario, increases of 1.09℃, 2.03℃, and 3.62℃, and for B2 scenario rises of 1.18℃, 1.84℃, and 2.55℃ have been predicted. The results suggest that for A2 scenario, the amount of precipitation would decrease by 12.63, 49.13, and 63.42 and for B2 scenario by 47.02,48.51, and 70.26 mm per year. Also the values of PET for A2 scenario would increase by 51.18, 101.47 and 108.71 and for B2 scenario by 60.09, 89.86, and 124.32 mm per year. The results of running the SWAT model revealed that the average annual runoff would decrease by 0.11, 0.41, and 0.61 m3/s and for B2 scenario by 0.39, 0.47, and 0.59 m3/s. The extreme flows were then analyzed by running WETSPRO model. According to the results, the amounts of low flows for A2 scenario will decrease by 0.02, 0.21 and 0.33 m^3/s and for B2 scenario by 0.19, 0.26 and 0.29 m^3/s in the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s, respectively. On the other hand, the results show an increase of peak flows by 11.5, 19.1 and 48.7 m^3/s in A2 scenario and 11.12, 25.93 and 48.1 m^3/s in B2 scenario, respectively. Overall, the results indicated that an increase in return period leads to elevated levels of high flows and diminished low flows.展开更多
文摘Different growing conditions with temperature and sunlight variation could vary in flower growth and quality of marigold. Plant growth and flowering characteristics are compared in three different conditions viz. plastic house, shade house and open field. Three varieties of marigold viz. Marvel Yellow, Marvel Orange and Marvel Garland with similar cultural practices were grown and observed. Each variety with 6 replications was grown in three different growing conditions. Plant height, leaves formation, length of leaves, number of days to flower, number of flowers per plant and post harvest analysis were recorded. Plant growth characteristics followed by flowering behavior were found significantly better in plants grown under plastic house. During post harvest experiment Marvel Garland variety grown under plastic house with wet post harvest treatment was found significantly better compared to other conditions.
文摘Dezfol embayment in the Southwest of Iran is located in the Zagros fold-thrust belt, which is one of the world’s largest petroleum provinces. Ilam Formation (Santonian-Companian) is one of the reservoir formations in this area that has been less studied. This paper focused on reservoir properties in this formation using petrography and petrophysics data. According to the petrography studies Ilam Formation composed of limestone as dominant lithology. Detailed petrographic analyses, have led to identification of 10 micro-facies which are represented as a carbonate ramp depositional model. Also petrographic analyses are revealed that cementation, dissolution, compaction and dolomitization are most important digenetic processes. Detailed petrographic analyses and petrophysics data showed that due to mud-supported nature of more facies (inherited low reservoir potential from their depositional settings), diagenetic process plays an important role in increasing of reservoir quality. However cementation and dissolution had negative and positive effects on Ilam reservoir formation, respectively. Finally at the end for better correlation and to create a flow unit, according to the petrography data and using petrophysics log, this reservoir is divided into 5 units (flow unite) by using Geolog software and then they have been correlated across the field.
文摘The evolution of the Active Tectonics of the Ilam Formation (Santonin) form potential reservoir rocks at oilfields and structures in costal fars. Core and cuttings samples and wire-line logs from wells in the East Gardan field were used to investigate microfacies types and porosity evolution. Facies modelling was applied to predict the relationship between facies distribution and reservoir characteristics to construct a predictive geologic model which will assist future exploration in East Gardan field. Microfacies analysis and electrofacies identification and correlations indicate that the limestones of the Ilam Formation were deposited in a ramp setting. The ramp developed over the distal margin of the Santonin proforeland basin, adjacent to the evolved forebulge. Inner ramp facies are characterized by carbonate bank bioclastic packstones. Middle ramp facies dominate the Ilam Formation and consist of bioturbated, massive, dolomitic and bioclastic limestones. Bioclasts include benthic and planktonic foraminifera. Intense less common Palaeophycus bioturbation has enhanced the porosity of this facies. Outer ramp deposits consist of alternating mid-ramp bioturbated bioclastic massive limestones and argillaceous and marly limestones. Bioclastic packstones and intensively bioturbated bioclastic limestones of the mid-outer ramp are the primary source of fabric-selective porosity which is greatly enhanced by diagenetic overprints.
文摘The main aim of this study was to evaluate methods for fixed area and distance sampling in the Zagros open forest area in western Iran. Basic forest management and planning required appropriate quantitative and qualitative information. Two sampling methods were compared on the basis of the actual means of characteristics derived from the 100 % survey. In total, 37 sampling plots were systematically installed with a grid of 100 m × 100 m in the study area. Density, crown canopy, and basal area of the stands were measured. The 100 % survey showed that tree density above 12.5 cm diameter at breast height was 68.04 stem ha-1, basal area was 15.16 m2 ha-1 and crown canopy percentage was 35.71% ha-1. The values for the traits determined by the two sampling methods differed significantly （P = 0.05）. When the time required for the methods was compared, transect sampling required less than systematic-random sampling. Therefore, the transect sampling method was the more economical method for the Zagros open forests. The transect sampling method was statistically defensible and practical for quantitating characteristics of the Zagros open forests.
文摘Introduction: Health care system structure is prone to human error. Medical errors are one of the major challenges that health systems in all countries are grappling with to minimize and reduce the damage caused by them. The aim of this study was to assess the Patient Safety Attitudes, Skills, Knowledge and Barriers Related to Reporting Medical Errors by Nursing Students in Ilam, Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional mixed method was conducted to this study. Sampling was conducted by census of all students entering nursing criteria in Ilam in 2016. A number of 140 students participated in this study. The tool used in this study was created by Schnall et al. that measures knowledge, attitudes and skills related to medical errors reporting. Data were analyzed with t test, regression and correlation coefficients and descriptive statistical methods. Results: The results showed that nursing students had a positive attitude with respect to the reporting of medical errors (p = 0.01). They also have the low knowledge to medical errors and reporting them. There were significant differences in all groups and subgroups of knowledge, attitude, and skills (except creating of safety culture subgroup) between the two group’s students. Moreover, the main reason for not reporting was the lack of knowledge and fear of punishment. Conclusions: The results of this study help those who involve in the health care system to improve patient safety and improve the process of reporting medical errors by nursing students’ participation in the process of reporting error, while improving knowledge and attitudes through nursing education with the effective educational models. As a result, there is a need to educate students on reporting systems.
文摘Investigation of the relationship between catchment hydrology with climate is essential for understanding of the impact of future climate on hydrological extremes, which may cause frequent flooding, drought, and shortage of water supply. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of climate change on extreme flows in one of the subcatchments of the Ilam dam catchment, Iran. The changes in climate parameters were predicted using the outputs of HadCM3 model for up to the end of the current century in three time periods including 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s. For A2 scenario, increases of 1.09℃, 2.03℃, and 3.62℃, and for B2 scenario rises of 1.18℃, 1.84℃, and 2.55℃ have been predicted. The results suggest that for A2 scenario, the amount of precipitation would decrease by 12.63, 49.13, and 63.42 and for B2 scenario by 47.02,48.51, and 70.26 mm per year. Also the values of PET for A2 scenario would increase by 51.18, 101.47 and 108.71 and for B2 scenario by 60.09, 89.86, and 124.32 mm per year. The results of running the SWAT model revealed that the average annual runoff would decrease by 0.11, 0.41, and 0.61 m3/s and for B2 scenario by 0.39, 0.47, and 0.59 m3/s. The extreme flows were then analyzed by running WETSPRO model. According to the results, the amounts of low flows for A2 scenario will decrease by 0.02, 0.21 and 0.33 m^3/s and for B2 scenario by 0.19, 0.26 and 0.29 m^3/s in the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s, respectively. On the other hand, the results show an increase of peak flows by 11.5, 19.1 and 48.7 m^3/s in A2 scenario and 11.12, 25.93 and 48.1 m^3/s in B2 scenario, respectively. Overall, the results indicated that an increase in return period leads to elevated levels of high flows and diminished low flows.
