In order to study the effects of 1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino) propane hydrochloride (DDPH) on proliferation and immunophenotypes of newborn rat pulmonary vascular pericytes induced by hypo...In order to study the effects of 1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino) propane hydrochloride (DDPH) on proliferation and immunophenotypes of newborn rat pulmonary vascular pericytes induced by hypoxic endothelial cell conditioned medium (HECCM) from porcine pulmonary arteries, the cultured pericytes were divided into 4 groups according to the endothelial cell conditioned medium (ECCM) used: normoxic ECCM (NECCM) group, NECCM+DDPH group, HECCM group and HECCM+DDPH group. Cell culture, immunocytochemical staining, image analysis and flow cytometric method were used to investigate the effects of HECCM and DDPH on the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SM-Actin) antigen, CD34 antigen, S-100 antigen and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cell cycle in pericytes. The results showed that the α-SM-Actin antigen in the pericytes in HECCM group was stronger positively expressed than in the other three groups, but CD34 antigen and S-100 antigen were negatively expressed. The expression of α-SM-Actin antigen, CD34 antigen and S-100 antigen was positive in the groups of NECCM, NECCM+DDPH and HECCM+DDPH; The expression of α-SM-Actin and PCNA in HECCM group was 1.32 times (P<0.01) and 1.24 times (P<0.05) that in NECCM group, 1.30 times (P<0.01) and 1.21 times (P<0.05) that in HECCM+DDPH group, respectively. The percentage of the cells in the GO-G1 phase in the HECCM group was lower by 11.7 % and 9.1 %, in S phase higher by 5.6 % and 4.2 %, in G2-M phase higher by 6.1 % and 4.9 % than in the groups of NECCM,HECCM+DDPH, respectively. The inhibitory rate of DDPH on the increased α-SM-Actin and PCNA syntheses in pericytes induced by HECCM were 23.4 % and 17.1 % respectively. The inhibitory rate on the increased pericytes from GO-G1 phase to S phase was 8.3 %. These results suggest that DDPH can directly inhibit pericytes from proliferation and immunophenotypical transformation of smooth muscle-like cells induced by HECCM.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish a method for detecting the immunophenotypes of venous blood CIK cells in healthy donors and patients with triple-negative breast cancer or lung cancer by flow cytometr...[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish a method for detecting the immunophenotypes of venous blood CIK cells in healthy donors and patients with triple-negative breast cancer or lung cancer by flow cytometry,and to further analyze and discuss the proportion of cellular immunophenotypes such as CD3^(+),CD4^(+),CD8^(+),CD3^(+)CD8^(+),CD3^(+)CD56^(+)in CIK cells.[Methods]Human venous blood was drawn,then anticoagulated with heparin and isolated with lymphocyte isolation solution,and the relevant immunophenotypes were detected by flow cytometry after 21 d of culture.[Results]The expression of CD3^(+)CD8^(+)and CD3^(+)CD56^(+)in the venous blood CIK cells was significantly higher in healthy donors than that in triple-negative breast and lung cancer patients.[Conclusions]CD3^(+)CD8^(+)and CD3^(+)CD56^(+)CIK cells have high anti-tumor activity.展开更多
BACKGROUND The mucosal barrier's immune-brain interactions,pivotal for neural development and function,are increasingly recognized for their potential causal and therapeutic relevance to irritable bowel syndrome(I...BACKGROUND The mucosal barrier's immune-brain interactions,pivotal for neural development and function,are increasingly recognized for their potential causal and therapeutic relevance to irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).Prior studies linking immune inflammation with IBS have been inconsistent.To further elucidate this relationship,we conducted a Mendelian randomization(MR)analysis of 731 immune cell markers to dissect the influence of various immune phenotypes on IBS.Our goal was to deepen our understanding of the disrupted brain-gut axis in IBS and to identify novel therapeutic targets.AIM To leverage publicly available data to perform MR analysis on 731 immune cell markers and explore their impact on IBS.We aimed to uncover immunophenotypic associations with IBS that could inform future drug development and therapeutic strategies.METHODS We performed a comprehensive two-sample MR analysis to evaluate the causal relationship between immune cell markers and IBS.By utilizing genetic data from public databases,we examined the causal associations between 731 immune cell markers,encompassing median fluorescence intensity,relative cell abundance,absolute cell count,and morphological parameters,with IBS susceptibility.Sensitivity analyses were conducted to validate our findings and address potential heterogeneity and pleiotropy.RESULTS Bidirectional false discovery rate correction indicated no significant influence of IBS on immunophenotypes.However,our analysis revealed a causal impact of IBS on 30 out of 731 immune phenotypes(P<0.05).Nine immune phenotypes demonstrated a protective effect against IBS[inverse variance weighting(IVW)<0.05,odd ratio(OR)<1],while 21 others were associated with an increased risk of IBS onset(IVW≥0.05,OR≥1).CONCLUSION Our findings underscore a substantial genetic correlation between immune cell phenotypes and IBS,providing valuable insights into the pathophysiology of the condition.These results pave the way for the development of more precise biomarkers and targeted therapies for IBS.Furthermore,this research enriches our comprehension of immune cell roles in IBS pathogenesis,offering a foundation for more effective,personalized treatment approaches.These advancements hold promise for improving IBS patient quality of life and reducing the disease burden on individuals and their families.展开更多
We specifically discuss the mechanisms of the pathogenesis,diagnosis,and management of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN),a rare but aggressive haematologic malignancy characterized by frequent skin m...We specifically discuss the mechanisms of the pathogenesis,diagnosis,and management of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN),a rare but aggressive haematologic malignancy characterized by frequent skin manifestations and systemic dissemination.The article enriches our understanding of BPDCN through detailed case reports showing the clinical,immunophenotypic,and histopathological features that are critical for diagnosing this disease.These cases highlight the essential role of pathologists in employing advanced immunophenotyping techniques to accurately identify the disease early in its course and guide treatment decisions.Furthermore,we explore the implications of these findings for management strategies,emphasizing the use of targeted therapies such as tagraxofusp and the potential of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in achieving remission.The editorial underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in managing BPDCN,pointing towards a future where precision medicine could significantly improve patient outcomes.展开更多
BACKGROUND Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN)is a rare and clinically aggressive hematologic malignancy originating from the precursors of plasmacytoid dendritic cells.BPDCN often involves the skin,ly...BACKGROUND Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN)is a rare and clinically aggressive hematologic malignancy originating from the precursors of plasmacytoid dendritic cells.BPDCN often involves the skin,lymph nodes,and bone marrow,with rapid clinical progression and a poor prognosis.The BPDCN diagnosis is mainly based on the immunophenotype.CASE SUMMARY In this paper,we retrospectively analyzed 2 cases of BPDCN.Both patients were elderly males.The lesions manifested as skin masses.Morphological manifestations included diffuse and dense tumor cell infiltration of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.Immunohistochemistry staining showed that cluster of differentiation CD4,CD56,CD43,and CD123 were positive.CONCLUSION In this paper,we retrospectively analyzed 2 cases of BPDCN.Both patients were elderly males.The lesions manifested as skin masses.Morphological manifestations included diffuse and dense tumor cell infiltration of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.Immunohistochemistry staining showed that cluster of differentiation CD4,CD56,CD43,and CD123 were positive.展开更多
Introduction: Since it is impossible to establish a diagnosis in the presence of hyperlymphocytosis not secondary to lymphocytic hyperactivation, we considered a B-lymphoid hematopathy with a non-specific phenotypic p...Introduction: Since it is impossible to establish a diagnosis in the presence of hyperlymphocytosis not secondary to lymphocytic hyperactivation, we considered a B-lymphoid hematopathy with a non-specific phenotypic profile. We report one case of this. Observation: This is a forty-eight (48) year old patient with hyperlymphocytosis at 139,000 elements per cubic millimeter, heterogeneous splenomegaly at 25.6 cm in diameter on abdominal ultrasound without detectable deep or peripheral lymphadenopathy. Peripheral blood cytology shows lymphocyte cell proliferation suggestive of the circulating phase of chronic lymphoproliferative B syndrome. The expression profile of cell membrane markers did not allow for the definition of a specific phenotypic profile. Faced with this immunophenotyping result, we considered a B-lymphoid hemopathy with a non-specific phenotypic profile. After three courses, the MINICHOP treatment was used to achieve partial remission with wasting of more than 80% of the evaluable masses. Conclusion: Despite the contribution of immunophenotyping in the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative syndromes, it is possible to consider the diagnosis of a B-lymphoid hemopathy with a phenotypic non-specific profile of CD45+, monotypic kappa, CD19+, FMC7+, CD22+, CD5−, CD79b−, CD23−, CD43−, CD38−, CD200−.展开更多
BACKGROUND Intestinal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma(NKTCL)is a rare and aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,and its occurrence is closely related to Epstein-Barr virus infection.In addition,the clinical symptoms of NK...BACKGROUND Intestinal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma(NKTCL)is a rare and aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,and its occurrence is closely related to Epstein-Barr virus infection.In addition,the clinical symptoms of NKTCL are not obvious,and the specific pathogenesis is still uncertain.While NKTCL may occur in any segment of the intestinal tract,its distinct location in the periampullary region,which leads clinicians to consider mimics of a pancreatic head mass,should also be addressed.Therefore,there remain huge challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of intestinal NKTCL.CASE SUMMARY In this case,we introduce a male who presented to the clinic with edema of both lower limbs,accompanied by diarrhea,and abdominal pain.Endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)showed well-defined homogeneous hypoechoic lesions with abundant blood flow signals and compression signs in the head of the pancreas.Under the guidance of EUS-fine needle biopsy(FNB)with 19 gauge or 22 gauge needles,combined with multicolor flow cytometry immunophenotyping(MFCI)helped us diagnose NKTCL.During treatments,the patient was prescribed the steroid(dexamethasone),methotrexate,ifosfamide,L-asparaginase,and etoposide chemotherapy regimen.Unfortunately,he died of leukopenia and severe septic shock in a local hospital.CONCLUSION Clinicians should enhance their understanding of NKTCL.Some key factors,including EUS characteristics,the right choice of FNB needle,and combination with MFCI,are crucial for improving the diagnostic rate and reducing the misdiagnosis rate.展开更多
BACKGROUND Lung endometriosis is an extremely rare gynecological disease.Current literature reports suggest that the majority of patients will present with only generic symptoms,such as hemoptysis,pneumothorax,and hem...BACKGROUND Lung endometriosis is an extremely rare gynecological disease.Current literature reports suggest that the majority of patients will present with only generic symptoms,such as hemoptysis,pneumothorax,and hemopneumothorax,which often leads to misdiagnosis.To date,there are 18 case reports of lung endometriosis that describe the clinical manifestation,imaging changes,treatment,and prognosis of the disease.To provide further insights into this rare disease,we present a new case report and a brief review of pulmonary endometriosis.CASE SUMMARY We report here about a 19-year-old woman who was admitted to the hospital for repeated catamenial hemoptysis over a 3-mo period.computed tomography(CT)imaging during menstruation revealed patchy high-density shadows,approximately 0.5 cm3 in size,in the right middle lobe of the lung.The patient’s hemoptysis and changes in the CT scans resolved after menstruation.Thoracoscopic right middle lobectomy,right lower lung repair,and closed thoracic drainage were performed.Postoperative histopathology confirmed lung endometriosis.There was no recurrence of symptoms at the 6 mo follow-up.CONCLUSION We propose diagnosing lung endometriosis by thoroughly taking reproductive history,clinical details,imaging,and histopathology followed by treatment with surgical resection.展开更多
Objective： To study the characteristics of immunophenotype in acute lymphoblastic leukemia （ALL） and its clinical significance. Methods： Immunophenotyping was performed on 81 ALL patients by three-color flow cytom...Objective： To study the characteristics of immunophenotype in acute lymphoblastic leukemia （ALL） and its clinical significance. Methods： Immunophenotyping was performed on 81 ALL patients by three-color flow cytometry analysis using CD45/SSC gating, meanwhile the cytogenetic analysis was performed on 45 cases out of 81 ALL patients. Results： （1） CD19 was the most commonly expressed of all B-lineage antigens detected with the positive rate being 100%. In T-ALL, the positive expression rate of CD5 and CD7 was the highest, being 90%. Both B-ALL and T-ALL overlapped in expression of lineage antigens. There was no significant difference in the complete remission rate （CR rate） between T-ALL and B-ALL. （2） The incidence of ALL with rayeloid antigens expression （My＋ALL） was 39.5%. CD13 was most often seen among the myeloid markers. My＋ALL always involved in B-lineage antigens and the CR rate in children and adults was 72.2% and 78.6% respectively. （3） The incidence of HAL was 19.8%. Coexpression of B-lineage and myeloid-assoeiated antigens was the commonest subtype in HAL. The expression of CD34 was commonly seen in HAL patients （81.3%）. The CR rate was low in HAL, 50% for children and 40% for adults. （4） Compared to T-ALL, B-ALL, My＋ALL, and HAL had a higher positive rate of CD34 expression with the difference being significant （P〈0.025）. Conclusion： Immunophenotyping had remarkable predominance in diagnosing special category of ALL （such as HAL and My＋ALL）; CD19 and CD5 were highly sensitive in diagnosing B-ALL and T-ALL, but less special, and overlapping was found in expression. No significant association was found between the expression of CD34 or myeloid antigens and CR rate, while low CR rate was found in HAL patients, especially for those coexpressing CD34 antigen.展开更多
BACKGROUND Immune dysfunction following major traumatic injury is complex and strongly associated with significant morbidity and mortality through the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS),persisten...BACKGROUND Immune dysfunction following major traumatic injury is complex and strongly associated with significant morbidity and mortality through the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS),persistent inflammation,immunosuppression,and catabolism syndrome and sepsis.Neutrophils are thought to be a pivotal mediator in the development of immune dysfunction.AIM To provide a review with a systematic approach of the recent literature describing neutrophil kinetics and functional changes after major trauma in humans and discuss hypotheses as to the mechanisms of the observed neutrophil dysfunction in this setting.METHODS Medline,Embase and PubMed were searched on January 15,2021.Papers were screened by two reviewers and those included had their reference list hand searched for additional papers of interest.Inclusion criteria were adults>18 years old,with an injury severity score>12 requiring admission to an intensive care unit.Papers that analysed major trauma patients as a subgroup were included.RESULTS Of 107 papers screened,48 were included in the review.Data were heterogeneous and most studies had a moderate to significant risk of bias owing to their observational nature and small sample sizes.Key findings included a persistently elevated neutrophil count,stereotyped alterations in cell-surface markers of activation,and the elaboration of heterogeneous and immunosuppressive populations of cells in the circulation.Some of these changes correlate with clinical outcomes such as MODS and secondary infection.Neutrophil phenotype remains a promising avenue for the development of predictive markers for immune dysfunction.CONCLUSION Understanding of neutrophil phenotypes after traumatic injury is expanding.A greater emphasis on incorporating functional and clinically significant markers,greater uniformity in study design and assessment of extravasated neutrophils may facilitate risk stratification in patients affected by major trauma.展开更多
BACKGROUND Follicular lymphoma(FL),a common type of indolent lymphoma,carries markers of the germinal center,and the rearrangement of the BCL-2 gene is regarded as an initiating event and a hallmark of the neoplasm.Wh...BACKGROUND Follicular lymphoma(FL),a common type of indolent lymphoma,carries markers of the germinal center,and the rearrangement of the BCL-2 gene is regarded as an initiating event and a hallmark of the neoplasm.When FL has marginal zone differentiation,some marginal zone features are carried by the neoplasm.CASE SUMMARY A 54-year-old male with lymphadenopathy,splenomegaly and hyperlymphocytosis was diagnosed with FL with marginal zone differentiation.The tumor demonstrated different features in the bone marrow(BM)compared with the follicle of the lymph node(LN).Some component of the neoplasm mimicked marginal zone lymphoma,such as infiltrating the marginal zone of the LN,displaying a monocytoid shape and lacking the expression of CD10 in the BM.The diagnosis of FL was made due to the concurrent detection of BCL-2 rearrangement in the LN and BM.CONCLUSION Discordant pathological features in LN and BM could mislead diagnosis.When clinical and pathological manifestations are confusing in diagnosis,typical genetic abnormalities are decisive.展开更多
AIM: To characterize the anticancer function of cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) and develop an adoptive immunotherapy for the patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we evaluated the proliferation ra...AIM: To characterize the anticancer function of cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) and develop an adoptive immunotherapy for the patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we evaluated the proliferation rate, phenotype and the antitumor activity of human CIK cells from healthy donors and HCC patients in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors and patients with primary HCC were incubated in vitro and induced into CIK cells in the presence of various cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2 and monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CD3. The phenotype and characterization of CIK cells were identified by flow cytometric analysis. The cytotoxicity of CIK cells was determined by (51)Cr release assay. RESULTS: The CIK cells were shown to be a heterogeneous population with different cellular phenotypes. The percentage of CD3+/CD56+ positive cells, the dominant effector cells, in total CIK cells from healthy donors and HCC patients, significantly increased from 0.1-0.13% at day 0 to 19.0-20.5% at day 21 incubation, which suggested that the CD3+ CD56+ positive cells proliferated faster than other cell populations of CIK cells in the protocol used in this study. After 28 day in vitro incubation, the CIK cells from patients with HCC and healthy donors increased by more than 300-fold and 500-fold in proliferation cell number, respectively. CIK cells originated from HCC patients possessed a higher in vitro antitumor cytotoxic activity on autologous HCC cells than the autologous lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and PBMC cells. In in vivo animal experiment, CIK cells had stronger effects on the inhibition of tumor growth in Balb/c nude mice bearing BEL-7402-producing tumor than LAK cells (mean inhibitory rate, 84.7% vs 52.8%, P【0.05) or PBMC (mean inhibitory rate, 84.7% vs 37.1%, P【0.01). CONCLUSION: Autologous CIK cells are of highly efficient cytotoxic effector cells against primary hepatocellular carcinoma cells and might serve as an alternative adoptive therapeutic strategy for HCC patients.展开更多
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN)is a rare hematological malignancy characterized by recurrent skin nodules,an aggressive clinical course with rapid involvement of hematological organs,and a poor pro...Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN)is a rare hematological malignancy characterized by recurrent skin nodules,an aggressive clinical course with rapid involvement of hematological organs,and a poor prognosis with poor overall survival.BPDCN is derived from plasmacytoid dendritic cells(pDCs)and its pathogenesis is unclear.The tumor cells show aberrant expression of CD4,CD56,interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain(CD 123),blood dendritic cell antigen 2(BDCA 2/CD303),blood dendritic cell antigen 4(BDCA4)and transcription factor(E protein)E2-2(TCF4).The best treatment drugs are based on experience by adopting those used for either leukemia or lymphoma.Relapse with drug resistance generally occurs quickly.Stem cell transplantation after the first complete remission is recommended and tagraxofusp is the first targeted therapy.In this review,we summarize the differentiation of BPDCN from its cell origin,its connection with normal pDCs,clinical characteristics,genetic mutations and advances in treatment of BPDCN.This review provides insights into the mechanisms of and new therapeutic approaches for BPDCN.展开更多
AIM: To explore the feasibility of placenta tissue as a reliable and efficient source for generating mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). METHODS: MSC were generated from human placenta tissue by enzymatic digestion and mech...AIM: To explore the feasibility of placenta tissue as a reliable and efficient source for generating mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). METHODS: MSC were generated from human placenta tissue by enzymatic digestion and mechanical dissociation. The placenta MSC (PLC-MSC) were characterized for expression of cell surface markers, embryonic stem cell (ECS) gene expression and their differentiation ability into adipocytes and osteocytes. The immunosuppressive properties of PLC-MSC on resting and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated allogenic T cells were assessed by means of cell proliferation via incorporation of tritium thymidine (3H-TdR). RESULTS: The generated PLC-MSC appeared as spindle-shaped cells, expressed common MSC surface markers and ESC transcriptional factors. They also differen-tiated into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages when induced. However, continuous cultivation up to passage 15 caused changes in morphological appearance and cellular senescence, although the stem cell nature of their protein expression was unchanged. In terms of their immunosuppressive properties, PLC-MSC were unable to stimulate resting T cell proliferation; they inhibited the PHA stimulated T cells in a dose dependent manner through cell to cell contact. In our study, MSC generated from human placenta exhibited similar mesenchymal cell surface markers; MSC-like gene expression pattern and MSC-like differentiation potential were comparable to other sources of MSC. CONCLUSION: We suggest that placenta tissues can serve as an alternative source of MSC for future experimental and clinical studies.展开更多
The immunophenotyping expression levels of lymphocyte in the peripheral blood from 21 patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus were analyzed by using the immunofluorescence labeling flow cytometry technique...The immunophenotyping expression levels of lymphocyte in the peripheral blood from 21 patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus were analyzed by using the immunofluorescence labeling flow cytometry technique to investigate the immunophenotyping expression of lymphocytes T and B in the peripheral blood of active SLE patients and its clinical value. It was showed that, compared with normal controls, the expression of CD + 3, CD + 4 and the ratio of CD + 4/CD + 8 in the peripheral blood of these patients were decreased , while the expression of CD + 8, CD + 20 was significantly increased . It was suggested that both T and B cells in patients with active SLE involved in immunoregulation, were activated. The abnormal expression of lymphocyte immunophenotyping could influence the immune reaction in SLE patients, which might be one of the important pathogenesis factors in SLE.展开更多
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare chronic inflammatory disease of the liver, which affects a group of patients who lost their immunological tolerance to antigens of the liver. It is clinically characterized by hype...Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare chronic inflammatory disease of the liver, which affects a group of patients who lost their immunological tolerance to antigens of the liver. It is clinically characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, elevated liver enzymes, presence of autoantibodies and histological changes. Although being rare in children, it represents a serious cause of chronic hepatic disease that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatic failure. Clinical findings, exclusion of more common liver disorders and the detection of antibodies antinuclear antibodies, smooth muscle antibodies and anti-LKM1 are usually enough for diagnosis on clinical practice. The pathogenic mechanisms that lead to AIH remain obscure, but some research findings suggest the participation of immunologic and genetic factors. It is not yet knew the triggering factor or factors that stimulate inflammatory response. Several mechanisms proposed partially explain the immunologic findings of AIH. The knowledge of immune factors evolved might result in better markers of prognosis and response to treatment. In this review, we aim to evaluate the findings of research about genetic and immune markers and their perspectives of application in clinical practice especially in pediatric population.展开更多
The role of endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) in evaluating pancreatic pathology has been well documented from the beginning of its clinical use. High spatial resolution and the close proximity to the evaluated organs within...The role of endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) in evaluating pancreatic pathology has been well documented from the beginning of its clinical use. High spatial resolution and the close proximity to the evaluated organs within the mediastinum and abdominal cavity allow detection of small focal lesions and precise tissue acquisition from suspected lesions within the reach of this method. Fine needle aspiration(FNA) is considered of additional value to EUS and is performed to obtain tissue diagnosis. Tissue acquisition from suspected lesions for cytological or histological analysis allows, not only the differentiation between malignant and non-malignant lesions, but, in most cases, also the accurate distinction between the various types of malignant lesions. It is well documented that the best results are achieved only if an adequate sample is obtained for further analysis, if the material is processed in an appropriate way, and if adequate ancillary methods are performed. This is a multi-step process and could be quite a challenge in some cases. In this article, we discuss the technical aspects of tissue acquisition by EUS-guided-FNA(EUS-FNA), as well as the role of an on-site cytopathologist, various means of specimen processing, and the selection of the appropriate ancillary method for providing an accurate tissue diagnosis and maximizing the yield of this method. The main goal of this review is to alert endosonographers, not only to the different possibilities of tissue acquisition, namely EUS-FNA, but also to bring to their attention the importance of proper sample processing in the evaluation of various lesions in the gastrointestinal tract and other accessible organs. All aspects of tissue acquisition(needles, suction, use of stylet, complications, etc.) have been well discussed lately. Adequate tissue samples enable comprehensive diagnoses, which answer the main clinical questions, thus enabling targeted therapy.展开更多
Immunophenotype is critical for diagnosing common B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (common ALL) and detecting minimal residual disease. We developed a protocol to explore the immunophenotypic profiles of common ALL...Immunophenotype is critical for diagnosing common B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (common ALL) and detecting minimal residual disease. We developed a protocol to explore the immunophenotypic profiles of common ALL based on the expression levels of the antigens associated with B lymphoid development, including IL-7Rα (CD127), cytoplasmic CD79a (cCD79a), CD19, VpreB (CD179a), and sIgM, which are successive and essential for progression of B cells along their developmental pathway. Analysis of the immunophenotypes of 48 common ALL cases showed that the immunophenotypic patterns were highly heterogeneous, with the leukemic cell population differing from case to case. Through the comprehensive analysis of immunophenotypic patterns, the profiles of patient-specific composite leukemia cell populations could provide detailed information helpful for the diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and individualized therapies for common ALL.展开更多
In cell therapy protocols, many tissues were proposed as a source of mesenchymal stem cells(MSC) isolation. So far, bone marrow(BM) has been presented as the main source of MSC despite the invasive isolation pro-cedur...In cell therapy protocols, many tissues were proposed as a source of mesenchymal stem cells(MSC) isolation. So far, bone marrow(BM) has been presented as the main source of MSC despite the invasive isolation pro-cedure related to this source. During the last years, the umbilical cord(UC) matrix was cited in different studies as a reliable source from which long term ex vivo prolif-erating fibroblasts were isolated but with contradictory data about their immunophenotype, gene expression profile, and differentiation potential. Hence, an inter-esting question emerged: Are cells isolated from cord matrix(UC-MSC) different from other MSCs? In this re-view, we will summarize different studies that isolated and characterized UC-MSC. Considering BM-MSC as gold standard, we will discuss if UC-MSC fulfill different criteria that define MSC, and what remain to be done in this issue.展开更多
In this paper,experimental findings concerning the kinetics of hematopoietic reconstitution are compared to corresponding clinical data.Although not clearly apparent,the transplantation practice seems to confirm the b...In this paper,experimental findings concerning the kinetics of hematopoietic reconstitution are compared to corresponding clinical data.Although not clearly apparent,the transplantation practice seems to confirm the basic proposals of experimental hematology concerning hematopoietic reconstitution resulting from successive waves of repopulation stemming from different subpopulations of progenitor and stem cells.One of the "f irst rate" parameters in clinical transplantations in hematology;i.e.the CD34+ positive cell dose,has been discussed with respect to the functional heterogeneity and variability of cell populations endowed by expression of CD34.This parameter is useful only if the relative proportion of stem and progenitor cells in the CD34+ cell population is more or less maintained in a series of patients or donors.This proportion could vary with respect to the source,pathology,treatment,processing procedure,the graft ex vivo treatment and so on.Therefore,a universal dose of CD34+ cells cannot be def ined.In addition,to avoid further confusion,the CD34+ cells should not be named "stem cells" or "progenitor cells" since these denominations only concern functionally characterized cell entities.展开更多
文摘In order to study the effects of 1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino) propane hydrochloride (DDPH) on proliferation and immunophenotypes of newborn rat pulmonary vascular pericytes induced by hypoxic endothelial cell conditioned medium (HECCM) from porcine pulmonary arteries, the cultured pericytes were divided into 4 groups according to the endothelial cell conditioned medium (ECCM) used: normoxic ECCM (NECCM) group, NECCM+DDPH group, HECCM group and HECCM+DDPH group. Cell culture, immunocytochemical staining, image analysis and flow cytometric method were used to investigate the effects of HECCM and DDPH on the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SM-Actin) antigen, CD34 antigen, S-100 antigen and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cell cycle in pericytes. The results showed that the α-SM-Actin antigen in the pericytes in HECCM group was stronger positively expressed than in the other three groups, but CD34 antigen and S-100 antigen were negatively expressed. The expression of α-SM-Actin antigen, CD34 antigen and S-100 antigen was positive in the groups of NECCM, NECCM+DDPH and HECCM+DDPH; The expression of α-SM-Actin and PCNA in HECCM group was 1.32 times (P<0.01) and 1.24 times (P<0.05) that in NECCM group, 1.30 times (P<0.01) and 1.21 times (P<0.05) that in HECCM+DDPH group, respectively. The percentage of the cells in the GO-G1 phase in the HECCM group was lower by 11.7 % and 9.1 %, in S phase higher by 5.6 % and 4.2 %, in G2-M phase higher by 6.1 % and 4.9 % than in the groups of NECCM,HECCM+DDPH, respectively. The inhibitory rate of DDPH on the increased α-SM-Actin and PCNA syntheses in pericytes induced by HECCM were 23.4 % and 17.1 % respectively. The inhibitory rate on the increased pericytes from GO-G1 phase to S phase was 8.3 %. These results suggest that DDPH can directly inhibit pericytes from proliferation and immunophenotypical transformation of smooth muscle-like cells induced by HECCM.
基金Supported by The 2021 Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Guangdong Province(S202110564094)Horizontal Project of South China Agricultural University(h20220138).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish a method for detecting the immunophenotypes of venous blood CIK cells in healthy donors and patients with triple-negative breast cancer or lung cancer by flow cytometry,and to further analyze and discuss the proportion of cellular immunophenotypes such as CD3^(+),CD4^(+),CD8^(+),CD3^(+)CD8^(+),CD3^(+)CD56^(+)in CIK cells.[Methods]Human venous blood was drawn,then anticoagulated with heparin and isolated with lymphocyte isolation solution,and the relevant immunophenotypes were detected by flow cytometry after 21 d of culture.[Results]The expression of CD3^(+)CD8^(+)and CD3^(+)CD56^(+)in the venous blood CIK cells was significantly higher in healthy donors than that in triple-negative breast and lung cancer patients.[Conclusions]CD3^(+)CD8^(+)and CD3^(+)CD56^(+)CIK cells have high anti-tumor activity.
文摘BACKGROUND The mucosal barrier's immune-brain interactions,pivotal for neural development and function,are increasingly recognized for their potential causal and therapeutic relevance to irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).Prior studies linking immune inflammation with IBS have been inconsistent.To further elucidate this relationship,we conducted a Mendelian randomization(MR)analysis of 731 immune cell markers to dissect the influence of various immune phenotypes on IBS.Our goal was to deepen our understanding of the disrupted brain-gut axis in IBS and to identify novel therapeutic targets.AIM To leverage publicly available data to perform MR analysis on 731 immune cell markers and explore their impact on IBS.We aimed to uncover immunophenotypic associations with IBS that could inform future drug development and therapeutic strategies.METHODS We performed a comprehensive two-sample MR analysis to evaluate the causal relationship between immune cell markers and IBS.By utilizing genetic data from public databases,we examined the causal associations between 731 immune cell markers,encompassing median fluorescence intensity,relative cell abundance,absolute cell count,and morphological parameters,with IBS susceptibility.Sensitivity analyses were conducted to validate our findings and address potential heterogeneity and pleiotropy.RESULTS Bidirectional false discovery rate correction indicated no significant influence of IBS on immunophenotypes.However,our analysis revealed a causal impact of IBS on 30 out of 731 immune phenotypes(P<0.05).Nine immune phenotypes demonstrated a protective effect against IBS[inverse variance weighting(IVW)<0.05,odd ratio(OR)<1],while 21 others were associated with an increased risk of IBS onset(IVW≥0.05,OR≥1).CONCLUSION Our findings underscore a substantial genetic correlation between immune cell phenotypes and IBS,providing valuable insights into the pathophysiology of the condition.These results pave the way for the development of more precise biomarkers and targeted therapies for IBS.Furthermore,this research enriches our comprehension of immune cell roles in IBS pathogenesis,offering a foundation for more effective,personalized treatment approaches.These advancements hold promise for improving IBS patient quality of life and reducing the disease burden on individuals and their families.
基金Supported by The Chongqing Health Commission and Science and Technology Bureau,No.2023MSXM060.
文摘We specifically discuss the mechanisms of the pathogenesis,diagnosis,and management of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN),a rare but aggressive haematologic malignancy characterized by frequent skin manifestations and systemic dissemination.The article enriches our understanding of BPDCN through detailed case reports showing the clinical,immunophenotypic,and histopathological features that are critical for diagnosing this disease.These cases highlight the essential role of pathologists in employing advanced immunophenotyping techniques to accurately identify the disease early in its course and guide treatment decisions.Furthermore,we explore the implications of these findings for management strategies,emphasizing the use of targeted therapies such as tagraxofusp and the potential of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in achieving remission.The editorial underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in managing BPDCN,pointing towards a future where precision medicine could significantly improve patient outcomes.
文摘BACKGROUND Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN)is a rare and clinically aggressive hematologic malignancy originating from the precursors of plasmacytoid dendritic cells.BPDCN often involves the skin,lymph nodes,and bone marrow,with rapid clinical progression and a poor prognosis.The BPDCN diagnosis is mainly based on the immunophenotype.CASE SUMMARY In this paper,we retrospectively analyzed 2 cases of BPDCN.Both patients were elderly males.The lesions manifested as skin masses.Morphological manifestations included diffuse and dense tumor cell infiltration of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.Immunohistochemistry staining showed that cluster of differentiation CD4,CD56,CD43,and CD123 were positive.CONCLUSION In this paper,we retrospectively analyzed 2 cases of BPDCN.Both patients were elderly males.The lesions manifested as skin masses.Morphological manifestations included diffuse and dense tumor cell infiltration of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.Immunohistochemistry staining showed that cluster of differentiation CD4,CD56,CD43,and CD123 were positive.
文摘Introduction: Since it is impossible to establish a diagnosis in the presence of hyperlymphocytosis not secondary to lymphocytic hyperactivation, we considered a B-lymphoid hematopathy with a non-specific phenotypic profile. We report one case of this. Observation: This is a forty-eight (48) year old patient with hyperlymphocytosis at 139,000 elements per cubic millimeter, heterogeneous splenomegaly at 25.6 cm in diameter on abdominal ultrasound without detectable deep or peripheral lymphadenopathy. Peripheral blood cytology shows lymphocyte cell proliferation suggestive of the circulating phase of chronic lymphoproliferative B syndrome. The expression profile of cell membrane markers did not allow for the definition of a specific phenotypic profile. Faced with this immunophenotyping result, we considered a B-lymphoid hemopathy with a non-specific phenotypic profile. After three courses, the MINICHOP treatment was used to achieve partial remission with wasting of more than 80% of the evaluable masses. Conclusion: Despite the contribution of immunophenotyping in the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative syndromes, it is possible to consider the diagnosis of a B-lymphoid hemopathy with a phenotypic non-specific profile of CD45+, monotypic kappa, CD19+, FMC7+, CD22+, CD5−, CD79b−, CD23−, CD43−, CD38−, CD200−.
基金Supported by the Major Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology,No.2020C03030the Foundation of Zhejiang Educational Committee,No.Y202146136.
文摘BACKGROUND Intestinal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma(NKTCL)is a rare and aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,and its occurrence is closely related to Epstein-Barr virus infection.In addition,the clinical symptoms of NKTCL are not obvious,and the specific pathogenesis is still uncertain.While NKTCL may occur in any segment of the intestinal tract,its distinct location in the periampullary region,which leads clinicians to consider mimics of a pancreatic head mass,should also be addressed.Therefore,there remain huge challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of intestinal NKTCL.CASE SUMMARY In this case,we introduce a male who presented to the clinic with edema of both lower limbs,accompanied by diarrhea,and abdominal pain.Endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)showed well-defined homogeneous hypoechoic lesions with abundant blood flow signals and compression signs in the head of the pancreas.Under the guidance of EUS-fine needle biopsy(FNB)with 19 gauge or 22 gauge needles,combined with multicolor flow cytometry immunophenotyping(MFCI)helped us diagnose NKTCL.During treatments,the patient was prescribed the steroid(dexamethasone),methotrexate,ifosfamide,L-asparaginase,and etoposide chemotherapy regimen.Unfortunately,he died of leukopenia and severe septic shock in a local hospital.CONCLUSION Clinicians should enhance their understanding of NKTCL.Some key factors,including EUS characteristics,the right choice of FNB needle,and combination with MFCI,are crucial for improving the diagnostic rate and reducing the misdiagnosis rate.
文摘BACKGROUND Lung endometriosis is an extremely rare gynecological disease.Current literature reports suggest that the majority of patients will present with only generic symptoms,such as hemoptysis,pneumothorax,and hemopneumothorax,which often leads to misdiagnosis.To date,there are 18 case reports of lung endometriosis that describe the clinical manifestation,imaging changes,treatment,and prognosis of the disease.To provide further insights into this rare disease,we present a new case report and a brief review of pulmonary endometriosis.CASE SUMMARY We report here about a 19-year-old woman who was admitted to the hospital for repeated catamenial hemoptysis over a 3-mo period.computed tomography(CT)imaging during menstruation revealed patchy high-density shadows,approximately 0.5 cm3 in size,in the right middle lobe of the lung.The patient’s hemoptysis and changes in the CT scans resolved after menstruation.Thoracoscopic right middle lobectomy,right lower lung repair,and closed thoracic drainage were performed.Postoperative histopathology confirmed lung endometriosis.There was no recurrence of symptoms at the 6 mo follow-up.CONCLUSION We propose diagnosing lung endometriosis by thoroughly taking reproductive history,clinical details,imaging,and histopathology followed by treatment with surgical resection.
文摘Objective： To study the characteristics of immunophenotype in acute lymphoblastic leukemia （ALL） and its clinical significance. Methods： Immunophenotyping was performed on 81 ALL patients by three-color flow cytometry analysis using CD45/SSC gating, meanwhile the cytogenetic analysis was performed on 45 cases out of 81 ALL patients. Results： （1） CD19 was the most commonly expressed of all B-lineage antigens detected with the positive rate being 100%. In T-ALL, the positive expression rate of CD5 and CD7 was the highest, being 90%. Both B-ALL and T-ALL overlapped in expression of lineage antigens. There was no significant difference in the complete remission rate （CR rate） between T-ALL and B-ALL. （2） The incidence of ALL with rayeloid antigens expression （My＋ALL） was 39.5%. CD13 was most often seen among the myeloid markers. My＋ALL always involved in B-lineage antigens and the CR rate in children and adults was 72.2% and 78.6% respectively. （3） The incidence of HAL was 19.8%. Coexpression of B-lineage and myeloid-assoeiated antigens was the commonest subtype in HAL. The expression of CD34 was commonly seen in HAL patients （81.3%）. The CR rate was low in HAL, 50% for children and 40% for adults. （4） Compared to T-ALL, B-ALL, My＋ALL, and HAL had a higher positive rate of CD34 expression with the difference being significant （P〈0.025）. Conclusion： Immunophenotyping had remarkable predominance in diagnosing special category of ALL （such as HAL and My＋ALL）; CD19 and CD5 were highly sensitive in diagnosing B-ALL and T-ALL, but less special, and overlapping was found in expression. No significant association was found between the expression of CD34 or myeloid antigens and CR rate, while low CR rate was found in HAL patients, especially for those coexpressing CD34 antigen.
基金Supported by the Clinical Research Career Development Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust,No.WT 205214/Z/16/Zthe MRC Clinician Scientist Fellowship,No.MR/V006118/1the Career Development Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia,No.APP1141870.
文摘BACKGROUND Immune dysfunction following major traumatic injury is complex and strongly associated with significant morbidity and mortality through the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS),persistent inflammation,immunosuppression,and catabolism syndrome and sepsis.Neutrophils are thought to be a pivotal mediator in the development of immune dysfunction.AIM To provide a review with a systematic approach of the recent literature describing neutrophil kinetics and functional changes after major trauma in humans and discuss hypotheses as to the mechanisms of the observed neutrophil dysfunction in this setting.METHODS Medline,Embase and PubMed were searched on January 15,2021.Papers were screened by two reviewers and those included had their reference list hand searched for additional papers of interest.Inclusion criteria were adults>18 years old,with an injury severity score>12 requiring admission to an intensive care unit.Papers that analysed major trauma patients as a subgroup were included.RESULTS Of 107 papers screened,48 were included in the review.Data were heterogeneous and most studies had a moderate to significant risk of bias owing to their observational nature and small sample sizes.Key findings included a persistently elevated neutrophil count,stereotyped alterations in cell-surface markers of activation,and the elaboration of heterogeneous and immunosuppressive populations of cells in the circulation.Some of these changes correlate with clinical outcomes such as MODS and secondary infection.Neutrophil phenotype remains a promising avenue for the development of predictive markers for immune dysfunction.CONCLUSION Understanding of neutrophil phenotypes after traumatic injury is expanding.A greater emphasis on incorporating functional and clinically significant markers,greater uniformity in study design and assessment of extravasated neutrophils may facilitate risk stratification in patients affected by major trauma.
文摘BACKGROUND Follicular lymphoma(FL),a common type of indolent lymphoma,carries markers of the germinal center,and the rearrangement of the BCL-2 gene is regarded as an initiating event and a hallmark of the neoplasm.When FL has marginal zone differentiation,some marginal zone features are carried by the neoplasm.CASE SUMMARY A 54-year-old male with lymphadenopathy,splenomegaly and hyperlymphocytosis was diagnosed with FL with marginal zone differentiation.The tumor demonstrated different features in the bone marrow(BM)compared with the follicle of the lymph node(LN).Some component of the neoplasm mimicked marginal zone lymphoma,such as infiltrating the marginal zone of the LN,displaying a monocytoid shape and lacking the expression of CD10 in the BM.The diagnosis of FL was made due to the concurrent detection of BCL-2 rearrangement in the LN and BM.CONCLUSION Discordant pathological features in LN and BM could mislead diagnosis.When clinical and pathological manifestations are confusing in diagnosis,typical genetic abnormalities are decisive.
基金Science and Technology Development Foundation of Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases,No.01 Z094
文摘AIM: To characterize the anticancer function of cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) and develop an adoptive immunotherapy for the patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we evaluated the proliferation rate, phenotype and the antitumor activity of human CIK cells from healthy donors and HCC patients in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors and patients with primary HCC were incubated in vitro and induced into CIK cells in the presence of various cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2 and monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CD3. The phenotype and characterization of CIK cells were identified by flow cytometric analysis. The cytotoxicity of CIK cells was determined by (51)Cr release assay. RESULTS: The CIK cells were shown to be a heterogeneous population with different cellular phenotypes. The percentage of CD3+/CD56+ positive cells, the dominant effector cells, in total CIK cells from healthy donors and HCC patients, significantly increased from 0.1-0.13% at day 0 to 19.0-20.5% at day 21 incubation, which suggested that the CD3+ CD56+ positive cells proliferated faster than other cell populations of CIK cells in the protocol used in this study. After 28 day in vitro incubation, the CIK cells from patients with HCC and healthy donors increased by more than 300-fold and 500-fold in proliferation cell number, respectively. CIK cells originated from HCC patients possessed a higher in vitro antitumor cytotoxic activity on autologous HCC cells than the autologous lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and PBMC cells. In in vivo animal experiment, CIK cells had stronger effects on the inhibition of tumor growth in Balb/c nude mice bearing BEL-7402-producing tumor than LAK cells (mean inhibitory rate, 84.7% vs 52.8%, P【0.05) or PBMC (mean inhibitory rate, 84.7% vs 37.1%, P【0.01). CONCLUSION: Autologous CIK cells are of highly efficient cytotoxic effector cells against primary hepatocellular carcinoma cells and might serve as an alternative adoptive therapeutic strategy for HCC patients.
基金the National NaOiral Science Foundation of China(No.81460030,81770221).
文摘Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN)is a rare hematological malignancy characterized by recurrent skin nodules,an aggressive clinical course with rapid involvement of hematological organs,and a poor prognosis with poor overall survival.BPDCN is derived from plasmacytoid dendritic cells(pDCs)and its pathogenesis is unclear.The tumor cells show aberrant expression of CD4,CD56,interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain(CD 123),blood dendritic cell antigen 2(BDCA 2/CD303),blood dendritic cell antigen 4(BDCA4)and transcription factor(E protein)E2-2(TCF4).The best treatment drugs are based on experience by adopting those used for either leukemia or lymphoma.Relapse with drug resistance generally occurs quickly.Stem cell transplantation after the first complete remission is recommended and tagraxofusp is the first targeted therapy.In this review,we summarize the differentiation of BPDCN from its cell origin,its connection with normal pDCs,clinical characteristics,genetic mutations and advances in treatment of BPDCN.This review provides insights into the mechanisms of and new therapeutic approaches for BPDCN.
基金Supported by Research University Grant Scheme, Universiti Putra Malaysia, No. 04-01-09-0781RUScience Fund, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia, No. 02-01-04-SF1022
文摘AIM: To explore the feasibility of placenta tissue as a reliable and efficient source for generating mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). METHODS: MSC were generated from human placenta tissue by enzymatic digestion and mechanical dissociation. The placenta MSC (PLC-MSC) were characterized for expression of cell surface markers, embryonic stem cell (ECS) gene expression and their differentiation ability into adipocytes and osteocytes. The immunosuppressive properties of PLC-MSC on resting and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated allogenic T cells were assessed by means of cell proliferation via incorporation of tritium thymidine (3H-TdR). RESULTS: The generated PLC-MSC appeared as spindle-shaped cells, expressed common MSC surface markers and ESC transcriptional factors. They also differen-tiated into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages when induced. However, continuous cultivation up to passage 15 caused changes in morphological appearance and cellular senescence, although the stem cell nature of their protein expression was unchanged. In terms of their immunosuppressive properties, PLC-MSC were unable to stimulate resting T cell proliferation; they inhibited the PHA stimulated T cells in a dose dependent manner through cell to cell contact. In our study, MSC generated from human placenta exhibited similar mesenchymal cell surface markers; MSC-like gene expression pattern and MSC-like differentiation potential were comparable to other sources of MSC. CONCLUSION: We suggest that placenta tissues can serve as an alternative source of MSC for future experimental and clinical studies.
文摘The immunophenotyping expression levels of lymphocyte in the peripheral blood from 21 patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus were analyzed by using the immunofluorescence labeling flow cytometry technique to investigate the immunophenotyping expression of lymphocytes T and B in the peripheral blood of active SLE patients and its clinical value. It was showed that, compared with normal controls, the expression of CD + 3, CD + 4 and the ratio of CD + 4/CD + 8 in the peripheral blood of these patients were decreased , while the expression of CD + 8, CD + 20 was significantly increased . It was suggested that both T and B cells in patients with active SLE involved in immunoregulation, were activated. The abnormal expression of lymphocyte immunophenotyping could influence the immune reaction in SLE patients, which might be one of the important pathogenesis factors in SLE.
基金Supported by CAPES, INCT-MM (FAPEMIG: CBB-APQ- 00075-09/CNPq 573646/2008-2)
文摘Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare chronic inflammatory disease of the liver, which affects a group of patients who lost their immunological tolerance to antigens of the liver. It is clinically characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, elevated liver enzymes, presence of autoantibodies and histological changes. Although being rare in children, it represents a serious cause of chronic hepatic disease that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatic failure. Clinical findings, exclusion of more common liver disorders and the detection of antibodies antinuclear antibodies, smooth muscle antibodies and anti-LKM1 are usually enough for diagnosis on clinical practice. The pathogenic mechanisms that lead to AIH remain obscure, but some research findings suggest the participation of immunologic and genetic factors. It is not yet knew the triggering factor or factors that stimulate inflammatory response. Several mechanisms proposed partially explain the immunologic findings of AIH. The knowledge of immune factors evolved might result in better markers of prognosis and response to treatment. In this review, we aim to evaluate the findings of research about genetic and immune markers and their perspectives of application in clinical practice especially in pediatric population.
文摘The role of endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) in evaluating pancreatic pathology has been well documented from the beginning of its clinical use. High spatial resolution and the close proximity to the evaluated organs within the mediastinum and abdominal cavity allow detection of small focal lesions and precise tissue acquisition from suspected lesions within the reach of this method. Fine needle aspiration(FNA) is considered of additional value to EUS and is performed to obtain tissue diagnosis. Tissue acquisition from suspected lesions for cytological or histological analysis allows, not only the differentiation between malignant and non-malignant lesions, but, in most cases, also the accurate distinction between the various types of malignant lesions. It is well documented that the best results are achieved only if an adequate sample is obtained for further analysis, if the material is processed in an appropriate way, and if adequate ancillary methods are performed. This is a multi-step process and could be quite a challenge in some cases. In this article, we discuss the technical aspects of tissue acquisition by EUS-guided-FNA(EUS-FNA), as well as the role of an on-site cytopathologist, various means of specimen processing, and the selection of the appropriate ancillary method for providing an accurate tissue diagnosis and maximizing the yield of this method. The main goal of this review is to alert endosonographers, not only to the different possibilities of tissue acquisition, namely EUS-FNA, but also to bring to their attention the importance of proper sample processing in the evaluation of various lesions in the gastrointestinal tract and other accessible organs. All aspects of tissue acquisition(needles, suction, use of stylet, complications, etc.) have been well discussed lately. Adequate tissue samples enable comprehensive diagnoses, which answer the main clinical questions, thus enabling targeted therapy.
基金supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China (No.2007CB947802)the Natural Science Foundation of China to H.X. (No.30771228) and to X.M. (No.30771227)
文摘Immunophenotype is critical for diagnosing common B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (common ALL) and detecting minimal residual disease. We developed a protocol to explore the immunophenotypic profiles of common ALL based on the expression levels of the antigens associated with B lymphoid development, including IL-7Rα (CD127), cytoplasmic CD79a (cCD79a), CD19, VpreB (CD179a), and sIgM, which are successive and essential for progression of B cells along their developmental pathway. Analysis of the immunophenotypes of 48 common ALL cases showed that the immunophenotypic patterns were highly heterogeneous, with the leukemic cell population differing from case to case. Through the comprehensive analysis of immunophenotypic patterns, the profiles of patient-specific composite leukemia cell populations could provide detailed information helpful for the diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and individualized therapies for common ALL.
文摘In cell therapy protocols, many tissues were proposed as a source of mesenchymal stem cells(MSC) isolation. So far, bone marrow(BM) has been presented as the main source of MSC despite the invasive isolation pro-cedure related to this source. During the last years, the umbilical cord(UC) matrix was cited in different studies as a reliable source from which long term ex vivo prolif-erating fibroblasts were isolated but with contradictory data about their immunophenotype, gene expression profile, and differentiation potential. Hence, an inter-esting question emerged: Are cells isolated from cord matrix(UC-MSC) different from other MSCs? In this re-view, we will summarize different studies that isolated and characterized UC-MSC. Considering BM-MSC as gold standard, we will discuss if UC-MSC fulfill different criteria that define MSC, and what remain to be done in this issue.
文摘In this paper,experimental findings concerning the kinetics of hematopoietic reconstitution are compared to corresponding clinical data.Although not clearly apparent,the transplantation practice seems to confirm the basic proposals of experimental hematology concerning hematopoietic reconstitution resulting from successive waves of repopulation stemming from different subpopulations of progenitor and stem cells.One of the "f irst rate" parameters in clinical transplantations in hematology;i.e.the CD34+ positive cell dose,has been discussed with respect to the functional heterogeneity and variability of cell populations endowed by expression of CD34.This parameter is useful only if the relative proportion of stem and progenitor cells in the CD34+ cell population is more or less maintained in a series of patients or donors.This proportion could vary with respect to the source,pathology,treatment,processing procedure,the graft ex vivo treatment and so on.Therefore,a universal dose of CD34+ cells cannot be def ined.In addition,to avoid further confusion,the CD34+ cells should not be named "stem cells" or "progenitor cells" since these denominations only concern functionally characterized cell entities.
