With the implementation of China’s innovation-driven development strategy,the competition among sci-tech talents has become increasingly fierce.Stimulating the innovative vigor of sci-tech talents has become a hot to...With the implementation of China’s innovation-driven development strategy,the competition among sci-tech talents has become increasingly fierce.Stimulating the innovative vigor of sci-tech talents has become a hot topic in theoretical research and policy practice.Based on the data from 246 questionnaires collected from sci-tech talents in Hebei province,this study explored the influence mechanism of an inclusive organizational climate on innovation input from technological talents and verified the mediating effects of innovation self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation.The results indicate that an inclusive organizational climate has a significant positive impact on innovation input,innovation self-efficacy,and intrinsic motivation of sci-tech talents.Both innovation self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation play a partial mediating role between an inclusive climate and innovation input.This study verified the important role of an inclusive climate in an organization’s human resource management practices and encouraged managers to emphasize enhancing the innovation self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation of sci-tech talents,thereby continuously improving the level of innovation.展开更多
With the support of the Belgian FPS Economy,SBS and CEN-CENELEC are co-organizing the workshop,under the High-Level Forum on European standardization(HLF)and its workstream on inclusiveness in national standardization...With the support of the Belgian FPS Economy,SBS and CEN-CENELEC are co-organizing the workshop,under the High-Level Forum on European standardization(HLF)and its workstream on inclusiveness in national standardization,to tackle issues of access and participation in standardization at the national level and discuss and promote best practices.展开更多
We introduce a model of a market where risk-averse consumers pay a fee to transfer their future losses to one or more firms.The future loss of each consumer is stochastic with a unique,known mean and variance.The law ...We introduce a model of a market where risk-averse consumers pay a fee to transfer their future losses to one or more firms.The future loss of each consumer is stochastic with a unique,known mean and variance.The law of large numbers allows the firms to know with certainty the expected aggregate loss of the consumers to whom they sell.The model could describe the behavior of agents in the market for property insurance where an insurance company sells a single type of policy to a specific group of consumers based upon the expected losses of those consumers and their willingness to pay for coverage.The model demonstrates how a single firm can choose the optimal segment of the market to which they sell a policy and how that choice might change when the distribution of consumers and their risk aversion changes.The model also demonstrates how two firms might engage in a cooperative strategy and share the market.The model shows how a firm entering the market will find it more advantageous to target a segment of the market with consumers that have a lower expected loss.展开更多
This paper reveals that the implementation of inclusive education is an unfinished challenge,both within the system and for individual self-improvement.This process of changing practices,by continually questioning the...This paper reveals that the implementation of inclusive education is an unfinished challenge,both within the system and for individual self-improvement.This process of changing practices,by continually questioning the school’s responsibility for the(re)production of inequalities,exclusion,and unequal social relations,is riddled with obstacles,unpredictable situations,and strong emotions.In particular,the researchers point out that many systemic mechanisms of school culture contribute to replicating and reifying hierarchical school experiences and exacerbating processes of institutional discrimination against immigrant backgrounds and/or racialized students.The empirical research presented also highlights the school staff’s deficit thinking toward immigrant students and their parents.The results show that staff tend to use linguistic and cultural gaps between students and the school system to explain academic failure.Be that as it may,the researchers as well as the school actors and students interviewed in this paper suggest multiple ways to improve inclusion in the school context,stressing the importance of giving voice to the various actors in order to move toward institutional transformation.展开更多
Context: To facilitate financial access to care for the population, health insurance mechanisms have been established, in particular the National Health Insurance Institute, which covers civil servants and their depen...Context: To facilitate financial access to care for the population, health insurance mechanisms have been established, in particular the National Health Insurance Institute, which covers civil servants and their dependents. In addition, other voluntary and community mechanisms have been developed. After several years of implementation, the level of catastrophic health expenditures among insured individuals shows that there is still a considerable level of financial risk associated with health care. This study aims to assess the impact of health insurance in Togo on insured populations. Methodology: The data used in this study come from the harmonized survey on household living conditions carried out in 2018 by the National Institute of Statistics, Economic and Demographic Studies. The propensity score matching method was used according to the following steps: estimation of propensity scores, verification of the conditional independence hypothesis (balancing property) and estimation of the average treatment effect on treated. Stata V14.2 software was used. Findings: The average effect of health insurance on household financial protection is −0.012 for the nearest neighbor method, −0.013 for the matching radius method, −0.015 for the Kernel and −0.016 for the stratification method. Results showed that health insurance contributes to reducing catastrophic health expenditures, but their effect remains very limited. This could be explained by the level of care package covered and the cost covered. Conclusion: Health insurance contributes to the reduction of catastrophic health expenses for households. However, it is important to widen the range of care covered and the cost covered. In addition, measures to extend this coverage to a larger proportion of the population will make it possible to have a greater impact.展开更多
Inclusive education is the transformation of the system,it highlights difference and diversity,to strengthen the development of skills,under the premise of respect for difference and diversity(Barton L,(2013).Today,ed...Inclusive education is the transformation of the system,it highlights difference and diversity,to strengthen the development of skills,under the premise of respect for difference and diversity(Barton L,(2013).Today,educational inclusion is carries out and attends to the educational needs of students individually,where the actors of the educational process contribute to learning while respecting the differences and diversity of each individual,by fulfilling the transforming and integrating role that improves skills and breaks with barriers to learning.Contemporary education has taken on the challenge of promoting different programs aimed at promoting inclusive teaching-learning processes that facilitate attention to diversity.It is evident that the integration of students with special needs in regular educational centers has caused significant changes in the curriculum,infrastructure,and training among teachers.In the last 10 years,educational inclusion has made significant progress,but much remains to be done to expand inclusive spaces.展开更多
This study aims to examine whether life insurance futures can serve as a hedge against the COVID-19 pandemic and whether they have the characteristics of a safe haven under the impact of the health shocks of the COVID...This study aims to examine whether life insurance futures can serve as a hedge against the COVID-19 pandemic and whether they have the characteristics of a safe haven under the impact of the health shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic.We chose three life insurance stock futures in India and one in Taiwan as samples,including the market index of the two countries and the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases as sample variables.We used the growth rate of COVID-19 cases as the threshold variable,esti-mated the asymmetric threshold vector autoregression model,and found that insur-ance futures in the regime with a significant growth rate of confirmed COVID-19 cases can hedge against COVID-19 risks;therefore,insurance futures are a safe haven for the market.We further estimated the time-varying parameter vector autoregression model,and the impulse response results showed that insurance futures are a safe haven for COVID-19 pandemic risks.展开更多
The development of a multi-pillar pension insurance system is an effective solution for an aging society.Commercial pension insurance,as the third pillar of pension insurance,is an integral part of this system in Chin...The development of a multi-pillar pension insurance system is an effective solution for an aging society.Commercial pension insurance,as the third pillar of pension insurance,is an integral part of this system in China and can play a critical and complementary role in rural areas where support for the elderly is a more pressing concern and a second pillar of pension insurance remains absent.To this end,we first elaborate on the theoretical logic that commercial pension insurance can develop into one of the pillars of rural pension insurance.We then empirically test rural residents’willingness to participate in a commercial pension insurance plan(CPIP)in a probit model with household research data from rural areas in major labor-exporting provinces,such as Sichuan and Henan so as to explore whether commercial pension insurance has the potential to become one of the pillars of rural pension insurance.Our research findings can be synthesized in three points.First,rural residents out of agricultural production for five consecutive years are more willing to participate in a CPIP than other rural residents,indicating that progress in industrialization and urbanization can significantly boost such willingness.Second,the younger rural residents are more inclined to participate in a CPIP than the older generation.Third,income increases can significantly boost rural residents’willingness to participate in a CPIP.Thus,with progress in industrialization and urbanization and an increase in rural disposable income,commercial pension insurance has a promising potential in rural areas and can hopefully develop into one of the pillars of rural pension insurance.展开更多
According to the Report to the 20^(th) CPC National Congress,delivering common prosperity for all the people is an intrinsic requirement of Chinese modernization.Based on China Household Finance Survey(CHFS)data from ...According to the Report to the 20^(th) CPC National Congress,delivering common prosperity for all the people is an intrinsic requirement of Chinese modernization.Based on China Household Finance Survey(CHFS)data from 2015 to 2019,this study examines the effects of inclusive finance on China’s household income disparities and demonstrates how inclusive finance contributes to shared prosperity.Our empirical research reveals that inclusive finance has significantly decreased the income disparities between Chinese households.Inclusive finance has significantly increased the income levels of households below the 40^(th) percentile,making it more likely for them to move above the 40^(th) percentile of incomes,which is conducive to delivering common prosperity.Our analysis indicates that inclusive finance will reduce income disparities by assisting low-income households in starting a business and by promoting rural household employment.Reflecting its inclusive nature,further investigation reveals that inclusive finance has a greater positive impact on the income level of vulnerable households.Our research offers new evidence for comprehending the role of inclusive finance and a new interpretation of income disparities,with policy implications for accelerating Chinese modernization.展开更多
Introduction: The launch of health insurance in the Republic of the Congo took place against a backdrop of extremely high costs for dialysis, which was not one of the services financed within this framework. The aim o...Introduction: The launch of health insurance in the Republic of the Congo took place against a backdrop of extremely high costs for dialysis, which was not one of the services financed within this framework. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of including dialysis in the health insurance package in Congo. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with an evaluative aim, analyzing the impact of dialysis on the financing capacity of health insurance and health facilities to provide this type of care. Results: The results show that including dialysis in the universal health insurance package will require an additional financial effort of 6.20% of the current total financing capacity of the care basket. Most dialysis sessions are provided by the private health sector (87.5%), whose health facilities are unevenly distributed across the country, and concentrated in the country’s two major cities. This problem is the dual consequence of the very high cost of a dialysis session (average cost 140,234,375 FCFA or 229 US Dollars) and the number of patients under care, which will increase in the absence of effective and ongoing prevention efforts against chronic diseases in general and end-stage renal failure in particular. Conclusion: Dialysis is a high-impact public health intervention. The impact of its inclusion in the universal health insurance care package is difficult to bear financially. For dialysis to be covered by universal health insurance, additional funding and improved technical facilities are needed.展开更多
In China,the integration of digital technology and finance has gradually formed a digital supply mode of inclusive finance,which alleviates the financing limitations of small and medium-sized businesses to a certain e...In China,the integration of digital technology and finance has gradually formed a digital supply mode of inclusive finance,which alleviates the financing limitations of small and medium-sized businesses to a certain extent and is significant for enterprise innovation activities that need financial support.Under the National Innovation-driven Development Strategy,it is particularly meaningful to evaluate whether digital inclusive finance can foster company innovation.This article empirically evaluates the impact of digital inclusive finance on firm innovation and development using data from all listed companies on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2018 together with the city level digital inclusive finance index.The result shows how digital inclusive financing may support businesses’innovative processes,and its role in promoting innovation differs among enterprises of different scales,but such heterogeneity effect can be absorbed by industry effect and time effect.The result of this paper sheds lights on the role of digital inclusive finance in improving enterprise performance by solving the financing dilemma of them,and according to the empirical results,this paper suggests that the support for digital inclusive finance should be further improved in order to promote the good and healthy development of the real economy,which refers to the part of a country’s economy that produces goods and services,rather than the part that consists of financial services such as banks and stock markets.展开更多
In the European Union(EU),the revised Payment Services Directive(PSD2)aims to provide more convenient and customized financial products through open banking(OB)platforms.However,little attention has been paid to the r...In the European Union(EU),the revised Payment Services Directive(PSD2)aims to provide more convenient and customized financial products through open banking(OB)platforms.However,little attention has been paid to the role of OB in improving the financial well-being of the growing number of the EU’s underserved groups,which currently constitute approximately a quarter of its population.This study examines how the PSD2 and OB impact inclusive finance in the EU based on the perspectives of the Netherlands’ecosystem,one of the leaders in the EU’s financial technology(FinTech)landscape.A fundamental distinction can be drawn between the OB users and the ecosystem’s players.Regarding the impact of financial services on the users’inclusivity,while the PSD2 strengthens the infrastructure necessary for financial inclusion,many challenges remain,mainly because it was not designed for this purpose.This study identifies several areas of improvement that include adjustments to the know your customer and anti-money laundering processes for underserved customers,innovative ways to communicate the PSD2’s potential,and the regulation of technology providers’activities to build trust.Meanwhile,from the ecosystem’s position,there is a need to strengthen and improve microfinance regulation according to the opportunities provided by the PSD2 to support microfinance institutions(MFIs)in scaling up and reaching underserved clients across borders with innovative services.OB improvements can also be achieved by organizations formed by MFIs and FinTechs in collaboration with banks.Such hybrid institutions will combine the best features of each of them:knowledge of the needs of local underserved clients from MFIs,technological innovations from FinTechs,and large and trusted customer bases,infrastructures,and access to institutional investments and governments from banks.Finally,an EU inclusive OB sector depends on the centrality of trusted regulators as coordination bodies.The PSD2 requires adjustments for underserved populations’specific needs.OB improvements can be achieved by organizations formed by MFIs and Fin-Techs in collaboration with banks.Regulated technical service providers(TSPs)are crucial to building trust and customer adoption in OB.The European Banking Authority(EBA)may function as coordination body to design inclusive rules by engaging with OB stakeholders.As inclusive finance moves into open-finance and data eras,an increasing regulatory complexity and scope will require networks of innovative and trusted regulators.展开更多
By studying high-quality development process of Henan agriculture and rural areas empowered by digital inclusive finance,it is found that the construction of digital financial infrastructure in Henan Province is relat...By studying high-quality development process of Henan agriculture and rural areas empowered by digital inclusive finance,it is found that the construction of digital financial infrastructure in Henan Province is relatively complete,and the level of deposit and loan of rural enterprises and farmers is constantly improving,and the market and government are constantly upgrading the financial risk insurance compensation mechanism.At the same time,there are also problems such as insufficient demand and supply of digital finance,single digital financial products,and weak market supervision.Based on this,some implementation paths are proposed,such as continuing to strengthen the construction of rural financial infrastructure in Henan Province,improving farmers’financial literacy,and enriching digital financial products and services.The government should continue to improve the construction of market system,and broaden the market supervision and management,to actively promote the digitalization of agricultural finance to enable the high-quality development of agriculture and rural areas in Henan Province.展开更多
Traditional machine learning metrics(TMLMs)are quite useful for the current research work precision,recall,accuracy,MSE and RMSE.Not enough for a practitioner to be confident about the performance and dependability of...Traditional machine learning metrics(TMLMs)are quite useful for the current research work precision,recall,accuracy,MSE and RMSE.Not enough for a practitioner to be confident about the performance and dependability of innovative interpretable model 85%–92%.We included in the prediction process,machine learning models(MLMs)with greater than 99%accuracy with a sensitivity of 95%–98%and specifically in the database.We need to explain the model to domain specialists through the MLMs.Human-understandable explanations in addition to ML professionals must establish trust in the prediction of our model.This is achieved by creating a model-independent,locally accurate explanation set that makes it better than the primary model.As we know that human interaction with machine learning systems on this model’s interpretability is more crucial.For supporting set validations in model selection insurance premium prediction.In this study,we proposed the use of the(LIME and SHAP)approach to understand research properly and explain a model developed using random forest regression to predict insurance premiums.The SHAP algorithm’s drawback,as seen in our experiments,is its lengthy computing time—to produce the findings,it must compute every possible combination.In addition,the experiments conducted were intended to focus on the model’s interpretability and explain its ability using LIME and SHAP,not the insurance premium charge prediction.Three experiments were conducted through experiment,one was to interpret the random forest regression model using LIME techniques.In experiment 2,we used the SHAP technique to interpret the model insurance premium prediction(IPP).展开更多
City centres in today’s big cities,particularly in metropolises and megalopolises,play a crucial role in revival of human scale in an urban context.Nowadays,a city centre that corresponds to needs of various groups o...City centres in today’s big cities,particularly in metropolises and megalopolises,play a crucial role in revival of human scale in an urban context.Nowadays,a city centre that corresponds to needs of various groups of users,contributes to creating a safe,healthy,vibrant,inclusive and sustainable city.Accordingly,identification of the major and minor groups of users of city centres as well as their likes,dislikes and preferences is a primary step.To this end,this paper investigates the city centre of Tehran and a recently pedestrianised street called 30-E-Tir.With a focus on the three indicators of age,gender and speed,this paper aims to elucidate the existing divergent groups of users of 30-E-Tir and their physical,mental,and spiritual expectations of this street.This 1.3-km street-as a linear path incorporating food&junk food kiosks and the associated small-scale canopies,and flagstone floorscaping-passes through many famous museums of Tehran.These specific features have converted 30-E-Tir Street into a convivial destination point for Tehranians.The existing problems,however,necessitate a detailed investigation of the current situation.The applied methodology for this qualitative-quantitative analysis of the present condition includes the literature review and the related analysis,direct appraisal,photography,and dot-based analysis.展开更多
Objective To study the innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards in foreign countries and to provide reference for China’s government.Methods The official websites were searched for info...Objective To study the innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards in foreign countries and to provide reference for China’s government.Methods The official websites were searched for information and related literature,and literature review was used.Results and Conclusion In foreign countries,the clinical value of innovative drugs and their impact on medical insurance funds were comprehensively evaluated based on factors such as quality-adjusted life years,clinical benefit,and improvement of clinical benefit.Then,the evaluation results were taken as an important basis for whether innovative drugs were admitted to the medical insurance catalog and establishing medical insurance payment standards.By using international experience for reference,innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards for China’s national conditions can be improved by establishing a basic database of clinical value and drug economic evaluation of innovative drugs,as well as innovative drug payment models based on decision thresholds.展开更多
Independent living and freedom of choice are closely linked to the social inclusion of PwD(Persons with Disabilities)in society.The paper reports on a recent study focused on investigating and understanding the needs ...Independent living and freedom of choice are closely linked to the social inclusion of PwD(Persons with Disabilities)in society.The paper reports on a recent study focused on investigating and understanding the needs and desires of persons with intellectual disabilities,with reduced mobility and with visual impairments while performing daily activities in order to design user-friendly and inclusive home environments for their life project.The case study concerns an apartment on the ground floor of a building well embedded in a neighborhood urban and social context.It was selected by Anffas Trentino Onlus to train young adults in independent living.Anffas is the National Association of Families of People Intellectual and/or Relational Disabilities,present and operating throughout Italy.Since 2008,important projects have been promoted by Anffas Trentino Onlus aimed at stimulating a personal and housing autonomy in PwD for“during and after us”,or rather when there are no more family members to take care of them.The design process involved a representative focus group of end users.With them and some Anffas staff components,it was possible to implement a participatory design process by sharing and verifying needs,desires,expectations.This approach was adopted in order to jointly develop a design proposal for a new inclusive apartment changing the paradigm from design for to design with,and building awareness both in the end users and designers.展开更多
Objective To explore the impact of population aging on the expenditures of medical insurance funds against the background that great changes in population structure influences economic development.Methods Through anal...Objective To explore the impact of population aging on the expenditures of medical insurance funds against the background that great changes in population structure influences economic development.Methods Through analyzing the impact of the population aging,the income and accumulated balance of the medical insurance fund,and other related factors on the expenditure of the medical insurance fund,development status of the medical insurance fund for urban employees in China since 2003 was obtained.Stata 16.0 was used to perform multiple linear regression analysis on related factors to determine the correlation between population aging and the change in medical insurance expenditures.Results and Conclusion The factors that have a greater impact on the expenditure of the medical insurance fund are the amount of income from the medical insurance,followed by the number of people over the age of 65 in China and the urban retired employees participating in medical insurance.We should focus on the sustainable development of the urban employee medical insurance fund to deal with the threat of aging.展开更多
Pension insurance is a vital component of China's social security system,ensuring the welfare of the general publie.This study centers on the revenue and expenses of City S's urban employee basic pension insur...Pension insurance is a vital component of China's social security system,ensuring the welfare of the general publie.This study centers on the revenue and expenses of City S's urban employee basic pension insurance fund.It introduces and analyzes the fund's accounting status from four key perspectives:fund raising.expenditure,financial statement system,and accounting information disclosure.The research identifes existing problems in City S's accounting system and conducts in-depth research on these issues.Furthermore,an empirical analysis is conducted on the management of the pension insurance fund.Through this empirical study,the paper aims to offer insights and recommendations for promoting stable and healthy development measures for City S'8 urban employee basic pension insurance fund.展开更多
基金This paper is funded by Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project of the Ministry of Education:The Research on the Influence Mechanism of Chinese Enterprise Employees’Participation on Adaptive Performance—An Explanation Based on the JDR Theory and Self-Consistency Theory(19YJC630226)Soft Science Project of Hebei Provincial Department of Science and Technology:The Research on the Incentive Mechanism for Innovation of Sci-Tech Talents in Hebei Province from the Perspective of AMO Theory(225576109D)Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation of Hebei Normal University:The Research on the Influence Mechanism of Enterprise Employees’Participation on Growth Performance in the Context of Technological Change(S20GD009).
文摘With the implementation of China’s innovation-driven development strategy,the competition among sci-tech talents has become increasingly fierce.Stimulating the innovative vigor of sci-tech talents has become a hot topic in theoretical research and policy practice.Based on the data from 246 questionnaires collected from sci-tech talents in Hebei province,this study explored the influence mechanism of an inclusive organizational climate on innovation input from technological talents and verified the mediating effects of innovation self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation.The results indicate that an inclusive organizational climate has a significant positive impact on innovation input,innovation self-efficacy,and intrinsic motivation of sci-tech talents.Both innovation self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation play a partial mediating role between an inclusive climate and innovation input.This study verified the important role of an inclusive climate in an organization’s human resource management practices and encouraged managers to emphasize enhancing the innovation self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation of sci-tech talents,thereby continuously improving the level of innovation.
文摘With the support of the Belgian FPS Economy,SBS and CEN-CENELEC are co-organizing the workshop,under the High-Level Forum on European standardization(HLF)and its workstream on inclusiveness in national standardization,to tackle issues of access and participation in standardization at the national level and discuss and promote best practices.
文摘We introduce a model of a market where risk-averse consumers pay a fee to transfer their future losses to one or more firms.The future loss of each consumer is stochastic with a unique,known mean and variance.The law of large numbers allows the firms to know with certainty the expected aggregate loss of the consumers to whom they sell.The model could describe the behavior of agents in the market for property insurance where an insurance company sells a single type of policy to a specific group of consumers based upon the expected losses of those consumers and their willingness to pay for coverage.The model demonstrates how a single firm can choose the optimal segment of the market to which they sell a policy and how that choice might change when the distribution of consumers and their risk aversion changes.The model also demonstrates how two firms might engage in a cooperative strategy and share the market.The model shows how a firm entering the market will find it more advantageous to target a segment of the market with consumers that have a lower expected loss.
文摘This paper reveals that the implementation of inclusive education is an unfinished challenge,both within the system and for individual self-improvement.This process of changing practices,by continually questioning the school’s responsibility for the(re)production of inequalities,exclusion,and unequal social relations,is riddled with obstacles,unpredictable situations,and strong emotions.In particular,the researchers point out that many systemic mechanisms of school culture contribute to replicating and reifying hierarchical school experiences and exacerbating processes of institutional discrimination against immigrant backgrounds and/or racialized students.The empirical research presented also highlights the school staff’s deficit thinking toward immigrant students and their parents.The results show that staff tend to use linguistic and cultural gaps between students and the school system to explain academic failure.Be that as it may,the researchers as well as the school actors and students interviewed in this paper suggest multiple ways to improve inclusion in the school context,stressing the importance of giving voice to the various actors in order to move toward institutional transformation.
文摘Context: To facilitate financial access to care for the population, health insurance mechanisms have been established, in particular the National Health Insurance Institute, which covers civil servants and their dependents. In addition, other voluntary and community mechanisms have been developed. After several years of implementation, the level of catastrophic health expenditures among insured individuals shows that there is still a considerable level of financial risk associated with health care. This study aims to assess the impact of health insurance in Togo on insured populations. Methodology: The data used in this study come from the harmonized survey on household living conditions carried out in 2018 by the National Institute of Statistics, Economic and Demographic Studies. The propensity score matching method was used according to the following steps: estimation of propensity scores, verification of the conditional independence hypothesis (balancing property) and estimation of the average treatment effect on treated. Stata V14.2 software was used. Findings: The average effect of health insurance on household financial protection is −0.012 for the nearest neighbor method, −0.013 for the matching radius method, −0.015 for the Kernel and −0.016 for the stratification method. Results showed that health insurance contributes to reducing catastrophic health expenditures, but their effect remains very limited. This could be explained by the level of care package covered and the cost covered. Conclusion: Health insurance contributes to the reduction of catastrophic health expenses for households. However, it is important to widen the range of care covered and the cost covered. In addition, measures to extend this coverage to a larger proportion of the population will make it possible to have a greater impact.
文摘Inclusive education is the transformation of the system,it highlights difference and diversity,to strengthen the development of skills,under the premise of respect for difference and diversity(Barton L,(2013).Today,educational inclusion is carries out and attends to the educational needs of students individually,where the actors of the educational process contribute to learning while respecting the differences and diversity of each individual,by fulfilling the transforming and integrating role that improves skills and breaks with barriers to learning.Contemporary education has taken on the challenge of promoting different programs aimed at promoting inclusive teaching-learning processes that facilitate attention to diversity.It is evident that the integration of students with special needs in regular educational centers has caused significant changes in the curriculum,infrastructure,and training among teachers.In the last 10 years,educational inclusion has made significant progress,but much remains to be done to expand inclusive spaces.
基金supported in part by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology,Taiwan,under Grant no.MOST 111-2410-H-240-001-.
文摘This study aims to examine whether life insurance futures can serve as a hedge against the COVID-19 pandemic and whether they have the characteristics of a safe haven under the impact of the health shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic.We chose three life insurance stock futures in India and one in Taiwan as samples,including the market index of the two countries and the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases as sample variables.We used the growth rate of COVID-19 cases as the threshold variable,esti-mated the asymmetric threshold vector autoregression model,and found that insur-ance futures in the regime with a significant growth rate of confirmed COVID-19 cases can hedge against COVID-19 risks;therefore,insurance futures are a safe haven for the market.We further estimated the time-varying parameter vector autoregression model,and the impulse response results showed that insurance futures are a safe haven for COVID-19 pandemic risks.
基金part of“Research in the Return of Migrant Workers to Major Labor Exporting Provinces and Corresponding Allocation of Old Age Support Resources in Rural Areas”(16BSH132)a program funded by the National Social Science Fund of China(NSSFC)“Research in the Path to,and Measures for,High-Quality Rural Development Driven by Entrepreneurial Agglomeration from the Perspective of Triple Coupling”(22FH54)。
文摘The development of a multi-pillar pension insurance system is an effective solution for an aging society.Commercial pension insurance,as the third pillar of pension insurance,is an integral part of this system in China and can play a critical and complementary role in rural areas where support for the elderly is a more pressing concern and a second pillar of pension insurance remains absent.To this end,we first elaborate on the theoretical logic that commercial pension insurance can develop into one of the pillars of rural pension insurance.We then empirically test rural residents’willingness to participate in a commercial pension insurance plan(CPIP)in a probit model with household research data from rural areas in major labor-exporting provinces,such as Sichuan and Henan so as to explore whether commercial pension insurance has the potential to become one of the pillars of rural pension insurance.Our research findings can be synthesized in three points.First,rural residents out of agricultural production for five consecutive years are more willing to participate in a CPIP than other rural residents,indicating that progress in industrialization and urbanization can significantly boost such willingness.Second,the younger rural residents are more inclined to participate in a CPIP than the older generation.Third,income increases can significantly boost rural residents’willingness to participate in a CPIP.Thus,with progress in industrialization and urbanization and an increase in rural disposable income,commercial pension insurance has a promising potential in rural areas and can hopefully develop into one of the pillars of rural pension insurance.
基金sponsored by the Major Project of the National Social Sciences Fund of China(NSSFC)“Measurement,Causes and Spillovers of China’s Household Economic Risks”(21andZD087).
文摘According to the Report to the 20^(th) CPC National Congress,delivering common prosperity for all the people is an intrinsic requirement of Chinese modernization.Based on China Household Finance Survey(CHFS)data from 2015 to 2019,this study examines the effects of inclusive finance on China’s household income disparities and demonstrates how inclusive finance contributes to shared prosperity.Our empirical research reveals that inclusive finance has significantly decreased the income disparities between Chinese households.Inclusive finance has significantly increased the income levels of households below the 40^(th) percentile,making it more likely for them to move above the 40^(th) percentile of incomes,which is conducive to delivering common prosperity.Our analysis indicates that inclusive finance will reduce income disparities by assisting low-income households in starting a business and by promoting rural household employment.Reflecting its inclusive nature,further investigation reveals that inclusive finance has a greater positive impact on the income level of vulnerable households.Our research offers new evidence for comprehending the role of inclusive finance and a new interpretation of income disparities,with policy implications for accelerating Chinese modernization.
文摘Introduction: The launch of health insurance in the Republic of the Congo took place against a backdrop of extremely high costs for dialysis, which was not one of the services financed within this framework. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of including dialysis in the health insurance package in Congo. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with an evaluative aim, analyzing the impact of dialysis on the financing capacity of health insurance and health facilities to provide this type of care. Results: The results show that including dialysis in the universal health insurance package will require an additional financial effort of 6.20% of the current total financing capacity of the care basket. Most dialysis sessions are provided by the private health sector (87.5%), whose health facilities are unevenly distributed across the country, and concentrated in the country’s two major cities. This problem is the dual consequence of the very high cost of a dialysis session (average cost 140,234,375 FCFA or 229 US Dollars) and the number of patients under care, which will increase in the absence of effective and ongoing prevention efforts against chronic diseases in general and end-stage renal failure in particular. Conclusion: Dialysis is a high-impact public health intervention. The impact of its inclusion in the universal health insurance care package is difficult to bear financially. For dialysis to be covered by universal health insurance, additional funding and improved technical facilities are needed.
文摘In China,the integration of digital technology and finance has gradually formed a digital supply mode of inclusive finance,which alleviates the financing limitations of small and medium-sized businesses to a certain extent and is significant for enterprise innovation activities that need financial support.Under the National Innovation-driven Development Strategy,it is particularly meaningful to evaluate whether digital inclusive finance can foster company innovation.This article empirically evaluates the impact of digital inclusive finance on firm innovation and development using data from all listed companies on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2018 together with the city level digital inclusive finance index.The result shows how digital inclusive financing may support businesses’innovative processes,and its role in promoting innovation differs among enterprises of different scales,but such heterogeneity effect can be absorbed by industry effect and time effect.The result of this paper sheds lights on the role of digital inclusive finance in improving enterprise performance by solving the financing dilemma of them,and according to the empirical results,this paper suggests that the support for digital inclusive finance should be further improved in order to promote the good and healthy development of the real economy,which refers to the part of a country’s economy that produces goods and services,rather than the part that consists of financial services such as banks and stock markets.
基金Financial Inclusion through Digitalisation in Europe]research project.SFIDE is funded by The European Investment Bank Institute,EIBURS research grant(2020-22)on the theme“Building the future of inclusive finance:the role of FinTechs and digitalisation”.The funding body had no role in the design of the study,collection,analysis,and interpretation of data,as well as in writing or revising the manuscript.
文摘In the European Union(EU),the revised Payment Services Directive(PSD2)aims to provide more convenient and customized financial products through open banking(OB)platforms.However,little attention has been paid to the role of OB in improving the financial well-being of the growing number of the EU’s underserved groups,which currently constitute approximately a quarter of its population.This study examines how the PSD2 and OB impact inclusive finance in the EU based on the perspectives of the Netherlands’ecosystem,one of the leaders in the EU’s financial technology(FinTech)landscape.A fundamental distinction can be drawn between the OB users and the ecosystem’s players.Regarding the impact of financial services on the users’inclusivity,while the PSD2 strengthens the infrastructure necessary for financial inclusion,many challenges remain,mainly because it was not designed for this purpose.This study identifies several areas of improvement that include adjustments to the know your customer and anti-money laundering processes for underserved customers,innovative ways to communicate the PSD2’s potential,and the regulation of technology providers’activities to build trust.Meanwhile,from the ecosystem’s position,there is a need to strengthen and improve microfinance regulation according to the opportunities provided by the PSD2 to support microfinance institutions(MFIs)in scaling up and reaching underserved clients across borders with innovative services.OB improvements can also be achieved by organizations formed by MFIs and FinTechs in collaboration with banks.Such hybrid institutions will combine the best features of each of them:knowledge of the needs of local underserved clients from MFIs,technological innovations from FinTechs,and large and trusted customer bases,infrastructures,and access to institutional investments and governments from banks.Finally,an EU inclusive OB sector depends on the centrality of trusted regulators as coordination bodies.The PSD2 requires adjustments for underserved populations’specific needs.OB improvements can be achieved by organizations formed by MFIs and Fin-Techs in collaboration with banks.Regulated technical service providers(TSPs)are crucial to building trust and customer adoption in OB.The European Banking Authority(EBA)may function as coordination body to design inclusive rules by engaging with OB stakeholders.As inclusive finance moves into open-finance and data eras,an increasing regulatory complexity and scope will require networks of innovative and trusted regulators.
文摘By studying high-quality development process of Henan agriculture and rural areas empowered by digital inclusive finance,it is found that the construction of digital financial infrastructure in Henan Province is relatively complete,and the level of deposit and loan of rural enterprises and farmers is constantly improving,and the market and government are constantly upgrading the financial risk insurance compensation mechanism.At the same time,there are also problems such as insufficient demand and supply of digital finance,single digital financial products,and weak market supervision.Based on this,some implementation paths are proposed,such as continuing to strengthen the construction of rural financial infrastructure in Henan Province,improving farmers’financial literacy,and enriching digital financial products and services.The government should continue to improve the construction of market system,and broaden the market supervision and management,to actively promote the digitalization of agricultural finance to enable the high-quality development of agriculture and rural areas in Henan Province.
文摘Traditional machine learning metrics(TMLMs)are quite useful for the current research work precision,recall,accuracy,MSE and RMSE.Not enough for a practitioner to be confident about the performance and dependability of innovative interpretable model 85%–92%.We included in the prediction process,machine learning models(MLMs)with greater than 99%accuracy with a sensitivity of 95%–98%and specifically in the database.We need to explain the model to domain specialists through the MLMs.Human-understandable explanations in addition to ML professionals must establish trust in the prediction of our model.This is achieved by creating a model-independent,locally accurate explanation set that makes it better than the primary model.As we know that human interaction with machine learning systems on this model’s interpretability is more crucial.For supporting set validations in model selection insurance premium prediction.In this study,we proposed the use of the(LIME and SHAP)approach to understand research properly and explain a model developed using random forest regression to predict insurance premiums.The SHAP algorithm’s drawback,as seen in our experiments,is its lengthy computing time—to produce the findings,it must compute every possible combination.In addition,the experiments conducted were intended to focus on the model’s interpretability and explain its ability using LIME and SHAP,not the insurance premium charge prediction.Three experiments were conducted through experiment,one was to interpret the random forest regression model using LIME techniques.In experiment 2,we used the SHAP technique to interpret the model insurance premium prediction(IPP).
文摘City centres in today’s big cities,particularly in metropolises and megalopolises,play a crucial role in revival of human scale in an urban context.Nowadays,a city centre that corresponds to needs of various groups of users,contributes to creating a safe,healthy,vibrant,inclusive and sustainable city.Accordingly,identification of the major and minor groups of users of city centres as well as their likes,dislikes and preferences is a primary step.To this end,this paper investigates the city centre of Tehran and a recently pedestrianised street called 30-E-Tir.With a focus on the three indicators of age,gender and speed,this paper aims to elucidate the existing divergent groups of users of 30-E-Tir and their physical,mental,and spiritual expectations of this street.This 1.3-km street-as a linear path incorporating food&junk food kiosks and the associated small-scale canopies,and flagstone floorscaping-passes through many famous museums of Tehran.These specific features have converted 30-E-Tir Street into a convivial destination point for Tehranians.The existing problems,however,necessitate a detailed investigation of the current situation.The applied methodology for this qualitative-quantitative analysis of the present condition includes the literature review and the related analysis,direct appraisal,photography,and dot-based analysis.
文摘Objective To study the innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards in foreign countries and to provide reference for China’s government.Methods The official websites were searched for information and related literature,and literature review was used.Results and Conclusion In foreign countries,the clinical value of innovative drugs and their impact on medical insurance funds were comprehensively evaluated based on factors such as quality-adjusted life years,clinical benefit,and improvement of clinical benefit.Then,the evaluation results were taken as an important basis for whether innovative drugs were admitted to the medical insurance catalog and establishing medical insurance payment standards.By using international experience for reference,innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards for China’s national conditions can be improved by establishing a basic database of clinical value and drug economic evaluation of innovative drugs,as well as innovative drug payment models based on decision thresholds.
文摘Independent living and freedom of choice are closely linked to the social inclusion of PwD(Persons with Disabilities)in society.The paper reports on a recent study focused on investigating and understanding the needs and desires of persons with intellectual disabilities,with reduced mobility and with visual impairments while performing daily activities in order to design user-friendly and inclusive home environments for their life project.The case study concerns an apartment on the ground floor of a building well embedded in a neighborhood urban and social context.It was selected by Anffas Trentino Onlus to train young adults in independent living.Anffas is the National Association of Families of People Intellectual and/or Relational Disabilities,present and operating throughout Italy.Since 2008,important projects have been promoted by Anffas Trentino Onlus aimed at stimulating a personal and housing autonomy in PwD for“during and after us”,or rather when there are no more family members to take care of them.The design process involved a representative focus group of end users.With them and some Anffas staff components,it was possible to implement a participatory design process by sharing and verifying needs,desires,expectations.This approach was adopted in order to jointly develop a design proposal for a new inclusive apartment changing the paradigm from design for to design with,and building awareness both in the end users and designers.
文摘Objective To explore the impact of population aging on the expenditures of medical insurance funds against the background that great changes in population structure influences economic development.Methods Through analyzing the impact of the population aging,the income and accumulated balance of the medical insurance fund,and other related factors on the expenditure of the medical insurance fund,development status of the medical insurance fund for urban employees in China since 2003 was obtained.Stata 16.0 was used to perform multiple linear regression analysis on related factors to determine the correlation between population aging and the change in medical insurance expenditures.Results and Conclusion The factors that have a greater impact on the expenditure of the medical insurance fund are the amount of income from the medical insurance,followed by the number of people over the age of 65 in China and the urban retired employees participating in medical insurance.We should focus on the sustainable development of the urban employee medical insurance fund to deal with the threat of aging.
文摘Pension insurance is a vital component of China's social security system,ensuring the welfare of the general publie.This study centers on the revenue and expenses of City S's urban employee basic pension insurance fund.It introduces and analyzes the fund's accounting status from four key perspectives:fund raising.expenditure,financial statement system,and accounting information disclosure.The research identifes existing problems in City S's accounting system and conducts in-depth research on these issues.Furthermore,an empirical analysis is conducted on the management of the pension insurance fund.Through this empirical study,the paper aims to offer insights and recommendations for promoting stable and healthy development measures for City S'8 urban employee basic pension insurance fund.
