China has been continuously improving its monitoring methods and strategies to address key infectious diseases(KIDs).After the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in 2003,China established a comprehensive repor...China has been continuously improving its monitoring methods and strategies to address key infectious diseases(KIDs).After the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in 2003,China established a comprehensive report-ing system for infectious diseases(IDs)and public health emergencies.The relatively lagging warning thresholds,limited warning information,and outdated warning technology are insufficient to meet the needs of comprehensive monitoring for modern KIDs.Strengthening early monitoring and warning capabilities to enhance the public health system has become a top priority,with increasing demand for early warning thresholds,information,and tech-niques,thanks to constant innovation and development in molecular biology,bioinformatics,artificial intelligence,and other identification and analysis technologies.A panel of 31 experts has recommended a fourth-generation comprehensive surveillance system targeting KIDs(41 notifiable diseases and emerging IDs).The aim of this surveil-lance system is to systematically monitor the epidemiology and causal pathogens of KIDs in hosts such as humans,animals,and vectors,along with associated environmental pathogens.By integrating factors influencing epidemic spread and risk assessment,the surveillance system can serve to detect,predict,and provide early warnings for the occurrence,development,variation,and spread of known or novel KIDs.Moreover,we recommend comprehensive ID monitoring based on the fourth-generation surveillance system,along with a data-integrated monitoring and early warning platform and a consortium pathogen detection technology system.This series of considerations is based on systematic and comprehensive monitoring across multiple sectors,dimensions,factors,and pathogens that is sup-ported by data integration and connectivity.This expert consensus will provides an opportunity for collaboration in various fields and relies on interdisciplinary application to enhance comprehensive monitoring,prediction,and early warning capabilities for the next generation of ID surveillance.This expert consensus will serve as a reference for ID prevention and control as well as other related activities.展开更多
Background: Recruit training sites are places with a high incidence of respiratory infectious diseases. Effective surveillance for acute respiratory infectious diseases in a recruit training site is an important way t...Background: Recruit training sites are places with a high incidence of respiratory infectious diseases. Effective surveillance for acute respiratory infectious diseases in a recruit training site is an important way to prevent disease outbreaks.Methods: Eight hundred recruits(722 males and 78 females) enlisted in autumn 2015 received a background survey within 24 h of settlement at the recruit training site, including their general personal information, vaccination history, mental status and clinical symptoms. Then, nasopharyngeal swabs of these recruits were collected to detect common respiratory pathogens [influenza virus type A, influenza virus type B, adenovirus(Adv), human respiratory syncytial virus, human bocavirus and human metapneumovirus] by PCR. In addition, fasting venous blood was collected in the morning for Adv Ig G antibody detection. During the three months of training, the recruits were monitored for symptoms of respiratory infection, and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from those with an axillary temperature ≥38℃ and other respiratory symptoms within 4 h of symptom onset. Samples were further examined by PCR.Results: Among the 795 effective nasopharyngeal swab samples collected during survey, two cases of group C type 1 Adv were identified by PCR. During the 3 months of training, fever and respiratory symptoms occurred in 39 recruits(incidence rate of 4.9%) and 5 cases of Adv were detected(positive rate of 12.8%). Genotyping showed 3 cases of type 4 Adv and 2 of type 3 Adv. No type 7, 14 or 55 Adv was detected. The Adv-Ig G positive rate of recruits was 48.2%. Among the 5 Adv positive cases with fever and respiratory symptoms, 4 were Adv-Ig G positive.Conclusion: The pathogen carrier rate in recruits was low, and only group C Adv, which causes mild infection in humans, was detected. No respiratory outbreak was observed at the recruit training site, and sporadic cases were mainly caused by type 3 and type 4 Adv.展开更多
In Japan, the incidence of almost all common pediatric infectious diseases has been monitored, with 7 - 10 day delays, at medical institutions through the National Official Sentinel Surveillance of Infectious Diseases...In Japan, the incidence of almost all common pediatric infectious diseases has been monitored, with 7 - 10 day delays, at medical institutions through the National Official Sentinel Surveillance of Infectious Diseases (NOSSID). On the other hand, based on prescriptions filled at external pharmacies, Prescription Surveillance (PS) collects information and provides estimated numbers of influenza, varicella, and gastroenteritis infectious (GI) patients to the public the following morning. For precise, and real-time estimation of incidences of common pediatric infectious diseases, we evaluated predictive power of PS for diseases other than influenza, varicella, and GI. Results demonstrated that PS information has sufficient predictive power for pharyngoconjunctival fever, group A streptococcal pharyngitis, exanthem subitum, and mumps, some predictive power for RS virus infection, erythema infectiosum and herpangina, but insufficient predictive power for hand, foot and mouth disease.展开更多
A national system of infectious disease surveillance was established in 1959 in China.Now it consists of three subunits, namely, national disease reporting system (NDRS), nationwide disease surveillance points (DSPs),...A national system of infectious disease surveillance was established in 1959 in China.Now it consists of three subunits, namely, national disease reporting system (NDRS), nationwide disease surveillance points (DSPs), and surveillance network for specific infectious diseases. There are 35 notifiable infectious diseases, which are divided into Classes A, B, and C. The functions of the surveillance include explaining the natural history of infectious diseases, describing the distribution of case occurrence, triggering disease-control effort, monitoring epidemic of infectious diseases during natural disasters, predicting and controlling epidemics and providing the base of policy adjustment.展开更多
In recent years,the risk of acute emerging infectious diseases has increased significantly due to changes in environmental conditions and social factors,posing a serious threat to public health security and human heal...In recent years,the risk of acute emerging infectious diseases has increased significantly due to changes in environmental conditions and social factors,posing a serious threat to public health security and human health.The general susceptibility of the population and the unpredictability and increasing infectiousness of emerging infectious diseases reflect the inadequacy of the existing infectious disease surveillance system for timely detection and screening of emerging infectious diseases,often leading to a certain scale of epidemic outbreaks that seriously harm humans before being detected passively.This is a literature review on symptom surveillance of acute emerging infectious diseases at home and abroad,emphasizing on the subject matter and development of symptom surveillance of emerging infectious diseases,so as to provide a scientific basis for the establishment and improvement of symptom surveillance of acute emerging infectious diseases.展开更多
Background Respiratory infectious diseases(RIDs)remain a pressing public health concern,posing a signifcant threat to the well-being and lives of individuals.This study delves into the incidence of seven primary RIDs ...Background Respiratory infectious diseases(RIDs)remain a pressing public health concern,posing a signifcant threat to the well-being and lives of individuals.This study delves into the incidence of seven primary RIDs dur‑ing the period 2017-2021,aiming to gain deeper insights into their epidemiological characteristics for the purpose of enhancing control and prevention strategies.Methods Data pertaining to seven notifable RIDs,namely,seasonal infuenza,pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB),mumps,scarlet fever,pertussis,rubella and measles,in the mainland of China between 2017 and 2021 were obtained from the National Notifable Disease Reporting System(NNDRS).Joinpoint regression software was utilized to analyze temporal trends,while SaTScan software with a Poisson probability model was used to assess seasonal and spatial patterns.Results A total of 11,963,886 cases of the seven RIDs were reported during 2017-2021,and yielding a fve-year aver‑age incidence rate of 170.73 per 100,000 individuals.Among these RIDs,seasonal infuenza exhibited the highest aver‑age incidence rate(94.14 per 100,000),followed by PTB(55.52 per 100,000),mumps(15.16 per 100,000),scarlet fever(4.02 per 100,000),pertussis(1.10 per 100,000),rubella(0.59 per 100,000),and measles(0.21 per 100,000).Males experi‑enced higher incidence rates across all seven RIDs.PTB incidence was notably elevated among farmers and individu‑als aged over 65,whereas the other RIDs primarily afected children and students under 15 years of age.The inci‑dences of PTB and measles exhibited a declining trend from 2017 to 2021(APC=−7.53%,P=0.009;APC=−40.87%,P=0.02),while the other fve RIDs peaked in 2019.Concerning seasonal and spatial distribution,the seven RIDs displayed distinct characteristics,with variations observed for the same RIDs across diferent regions.The proportion of laboratory-confrmed cases fuctuated among the seven RIDs from 2017 to 2021,with measles and rubella exhibit‑ing higher proportions and mumps and scarlet fever showing lower proportions.Conclusions The incidence of PTB and measles demonstrated a decrease in the mainland of China between 2017 and 2021,while the remaining fve RIDs reached a peak in 2019.Overall,RIDs continue to pose a signifcant public health challenge.Urgent action is required to bolster capacity-building eforts and enhance control and prevention strategies for RIDs,taking into account regional disparities and epidemiological nuances.With the rapid advancement of high-tech solutions,the development and efective implementation of a digital/intelligent RIDs control and pre‑vention system are imperative to facilitate precise surveillance,early warnings,and swift responses.展开更多
Objective To identify patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease （HFMD） incidence in China during declining incidence periods of 2008, 2009, and 2010. Methods Reported HFMD cases over a period of 25 months were extrac...Objective To identify patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease （HFMD） incidence in China during declining incidence periods of 2008, 2009, and 2010. Methods Reported HFMD cases over a period of 25 months were extracted from the National Disease Reporting System （NDRS） and analyzed. An interrupted time series （ITS） technique was used to detect changes in HFMD incidence rates in terms of level and slope between declining incidence periods of the three years. Results Over 3.58 million HFMD cases younger than 5 years were reported to the NDRS between May 1, 2008, and May 31, 2011. Males comprised 63.4% of the cases. ITS analyses demonstrated a significant increase in incidence rate level （P〈0.0001） when comparing the current period with the previous period. There were significant changes in declining slopes when comparing 2010 to 2009, and 2010 to 2008 （all P〈O.O05）, but not 2009 to 2008. Conclusion Incremental changes in incidence rate level during the declining incidence periods of 2009 and 2010 can potentially be attributed to a few factors. The more steeply declining slope in 2010 compared with previous years could be ascribed to the implementation of more effective interventions and preventive strategies in 2010. Further investigation is required to examine this possibility.展开更多
There is growing concern in Sub-Saharan Africa about the spread of the Ebola virus disease(EVD),formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever,and the public health burden that it ensues.Since 1976,there have been 885,343...There is growing concern in Sub-Saharan Africa about the spread of the Ebola virus disease(EVD),formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever,and the public health burden that it ensues.Since 1976,there have been 885,343 suspected and laboratory confirmed cases of EVD and the disease has claimed 2,512 cases and 932 fatality in West Africa.There are certain requirements that must be met when responding to EVD outbreaks and this process could incur certain challenges.For the purposes of this paper,five have been identified:(i)the deficiency in the development and implementation of surveillance response systems against Ebola and others infectious disease outbreaks in Africa;(ii)the lack of education and knowledge resulting in an EVD outbreak triggering panic,anxiety,psychosocial trauma,isolation and dignity impounding,stigmatisation,community ostracism and resistance to associated socio-ecological and public health consequences;(iii)limited financial resources,human technical capacity and weak community and national health system operational plans for prevention and control responses,practices and management;(iv)inadequate leadership and coordination;and(v)the lack of development of new strategies,tools and approaches,such as improved diagnostics and novel therapies including vaccines which can assist in preventing,controlling and containing Ebola outbreaks as well as the spread of the disease.Hence,there is an urgent need to develop and implement an active early warning alert and surveillance response system for outbreak response and control of emerging infectious diseases.Understanding the unending risks of transmission dynamics and resurgence is essential in implementing rapid effective response interventions tailored to specific local settings and contexts.Therefore,the following actions are recommended:(i)national and regional inter-sectorial and trans-disciplinary surveillance response systems that include early warnings,as well as critical human resources development,must be quickly adopted by allied ministries and organisations in African countries in epidemic and pandemic responses;(ii)harnessing all stakeholders commitment and advocacy in sustained funding,collaboration,communication and networking including community participation to enhance a coordinated responses,as well as tracking and prompt case management to combat challenges;(iii)more research and development in new drug discovery and vaccines;and(iv)understanding the involvement of global health to promote the establishment of public health surveillance response systems with functions of early warning,as well as monitoring and evaluation in upholding research-action programmes and innovative interventions.展开更多
The peer-reviewed journal Infectious Diseases of Poverty provides a new platform to engage with,and disseminate in an open-access format,science outside traditional disciplinary boundaries.The current piece reviews a ...The peer-reviewed journal Infectious Diseases of Poverty provides a new platform to engage with,and disseminate in an open-access format,science outside traditional disciplinary boundaries.The current piece reviews a thematic series on surveillance-response systems for elimination of tropical diseases.Overall,22 contributions covering a broad array of diseases are featured–i.e.clonorchiasis,dengue,hepatitis,human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS),H7N9 avian influenza,lymphatic filariasis,malaria,Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS),rabies,schistosomiasis and tuberculosis(TB).There are five scoping reviews,a commentary,a letter to the editor,an opinion piece and an editorial pertaining to the theme“Elimination of tropical disease through surveillance and response”.The remaining 13 articles are original contributions mainly covering(i)drug resistance;(ii)innovation and validation in the field of mathematical modelling;(iii)elimination of infectious diseases;and(iv)social media reports on disease outbreak notifications released by national health authorities.Analysis of the authors’affiliations reveals that scientists from the People’s Republic of China(P.R.China)are prominently represented.Possible explanations include the fact that the 2012 and 2014 international conferences pertaining to surveillance-response mechanisms were both hosted by the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases(NIPD)in Shanghai,coupled with P.R.China’s growing importance with regard to the control of infectious diseases.Within 4 to 22 months of publication,three of the 22 contributions were viewed more than 10000 times each.With sustained efforts focusing on relevant and strategic information towards control and elimination of infectious diseases,Infectious Diseases of Poverty has become a leading journal in the field of surveillance and response systems in infectious diseases and beyond.展开更多
Surveillance is critical for the prevention and control of infectious disease.China’s real-time web-based infectious disease reporting system is a distinguished achievement.However,many aspects of the current China I...Surveillance is critical for the prevention and control of infectious disease.China’s real-time web-based infectious disease reporting system is a distinguished achievement.However,many aspects of the current China Infectious Disease Surveillance System do not yet meet the demand for timely outbreak detection and identification of emerging infectious disease.PulseNet,the national molecular typing network for foodborne disease surveillance was first established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States in 1995 and has proven valuable in the early detection of outbreaks and tracing the pathogen source.Since 2001,the China CDC laboratory for bacterial pathogen analysis has been a member of the PulseNet International family;and has been adapting the idea and methodology of PulseNet to develop a model for a future national laboratory-based surveillance system for all bacterial infectious disease.We summarized the development progress for the PulseNet China system and discussed it as a model for the future of China’s national laboratory-based surveillance system.展开更多
Emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, continue to pose significant threats to human beings and their surroundings. In addition, biological warfare, bioterrorism, biological accidents, and harmful consequence...Emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, continue to pose significant threats to human beings and their surroundings. In addition, biological warfare, bioterrorism, biological accidents, and harmful consequences arising from dual-use biotechnology also pose a challenge for global biosecurity. Improving the early surveillance capabilities is necessary for building a common biosecurity shield for the global community of health for all. Furthermore, surveillance could provide early warning and situational awareness of biosecurity risks. However, current surveillance systems face enormous challenges, including technical shortages, fragmented management, and limited international cooperation. Detecting emerging biological risks caused by unknown or novel pathogens is of particular concern. Surveillance systems must be enhanced to effectively mitigate biosecurity risks. Thus, a global strategy of meaningful cooperation based on efficient integration of surveillance at all levels, including interdisciplinary integration of techniques and interdepartmental integration for effective management, is urgently needed. In this paper, we review the biosecurity risks by analyzing potential factors at all levels globally. In addition to describing biosecurity risks and their impact on global security, we also focus on analyzing the challenges to traditional surveillance and propose suggestions on how to integrate current technologies and resources to conduct effective global surveillance.展开更多
Notifiable infectious diseases are a major public health concern in China,causing about five million illnesses and twelve thousand deaths every year.Early detection of disease activity,when followed by a rapid respons...Notifiable infectious diseases are a major public health concern in China,causing about five million illnesses and twelve thousand deaths every year.Early detection of disease activity,when followed by a rapid response,can reduce both social and medical impact of the disease.We aim to improve early detection by monitoring health-seeking behavior and disease-related news over the Internet.Specifically,we counted unique search queries submitted to the Baidu search engine in 2008 that contained disease-related search terms.Meanwhile we counted the news articles aggregated by Baidu's robot programs that contained disease-related keywords.We found that the search frequency data and the news count data both have distinct temporal association with disease activity.We adopted a linear model and used searches and news with 1–200-day lead time as explanatory variables to predict the number of infections and deaths attributable to four notifiable infectious diseases,i.e.,scarlet fever,dysentery,AIDS,and tuberculosis.With the search frequency data and news count data,our approach can quantitatively estimate up-to-date epidemic trends 10–40 days ahead of the release of Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(Chinese CDC)reports.This approach may provide an additional tool for notifiable infectious disease surveillance.展开更多
Technological advances in the first two decades of the 21^(st)century have profoundly impacted medical research in many ways,with large population cohorts,biological sample collections and datasets through biobanks be...Technological advances in the first two decades of the 21^(st)century have profoundly impacted medical research in many ways,with large population cohorts,biological sample collections and datasets through biobanks becoming valued global resources to guide biomedical research,drug development,and medical practice.However,in order for biobanks to maximize their impact and scientific reach of their resources,they would need to act within a complex network of infrastructures and activities.Therefore,different ways have emerged in which biobanks,including those for infectious diseases,can emerge as(part of)infrastructures,integrate within existing ones,or become an independent,yet an interoperable component of the existing infrastructural landscape.However,there has been a limited understanding and study of such mechanisms to date.This perspective aims to address this knowledge gap and illustrates these three high-level ways in which such infrastructures could integrate their activities and identifies the necessary key pre-conditions for doing so,while drawing from specific examples.展开更多
目的/意义系统梳理基于互联网数据的传染病预测模型相关研究,助力实现传染病监测关口前移,为构建传染病智慧化立体防治体系提供参考。方法/过程对Web of Science核心数据库和中国知网收录的近20年基于互联网数据的传染病监测预警研究发...目的/意义系统梳理基于互联网数据的传染病预测模型相关研究,助力实现传染病监测关口前移,为构建传染病智慧化立体防治体系提供参考。方法/过程对Web of Science核心数据库和中国知网收录的近20年基于互联网数据的传染病监测预警研究发展历程及研究方向进行梳理,分析当前主要问题与挑战,总结常见预测模型及其优化方向。结果/结论互联网传染病监测研究呈监测疾病多样化、数据来源精细化和专业化等趋势。由于互联网数据的复杂性和不确定性,现有模型大多仅适用于短时或实时预测。通过构建组合模型、加强多源数据融合、完善关键词与影响因素选择等方式,可进一步优化模型,加强拟合效果和预测能力。展开更多
基金supported by the Shenzhen Key Discipline of Medicine,the Key Specialty of Public Health(SZXK064)the research on intelligent prediction,early warning,prevention,and control decision support system of Infectious diseases based on multi-source big data(Key Project of Basic Research of Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan,JCYJ20200109150715644)+3 种基金the research on comprehensive monitoring system for emerging infectious diseases and key insect-borne pathogens(supported by the Basic Research Funds of Central Public Welfare Research Institutes,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,2020-PT330-006)the research on new precision diagnosis technology for emerging infectious diseases and public emergency prevention and control system(Shenzhen Sustainable Development Science and Technology Project,KCXFZ202002011006190)the Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen(Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee,SZSM202011008)the research and development of key technologies for rapid detection kit of novel coronavirus variant(Key Project of Shenzhen Innovation and Entrepreneurship Plan,JSGG20210901145004012).
文摘China has been continuously improving its monitoring methods and strategies to address key infectious diseases(KIDs).After the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in 2003,China established a comprehensive report-ing system for infectious diseases(IDs)and public health emergencies.The relatively lagging warning thresholds,limited warning information,and outdated warning technology are insufficient to meet the needs of comprehensive monitoring for modern KIDs.Strengthening early monitoring and warning capabilities to enhance the public health system has become a top priority,with increasing demand for early warning thresholds,information,and tech-niques,thanks to constant innovation and development in molecular biology,bioinformatics,artificial intelligence,and other identification and analysis technologies.A panel of 31 experts has recommended a fourth-generation comprehensive surveillance system targeting KIDs(41 notifiable diseases and emerging IDs).The aim of this surveil-lance system is to systematically monitor the epidemiology and causal pathogens of KIDs in hosts such as humans,animals,and vectors,along with associated environmental pathogens.By integrating factors influencing epidemic spread and risk assessment,the surveillance system can serve to detect,predict,and provide early warnings for the occurrence,development,variation,and spread of known or novel KIDs.Moreover,we recommend comprehensive ID monitoring based on the fourth-generation surveillance system,along with a data-integrated monitoring and early warning platform and a consortium pathogen detection technology system.This series of considerations is based on systematic and comprehensive monitoring across multiple sectors,dimensions,factors,and pathogens that is sup-ported by data integration and connectivity.This expert consensus will provides an opportunity for collaboration in various fields and relies on interdisciplinary application to enhance comprehensive monitoring,prediction,and early warning capabilities for the next generation of ID surveillance.This expert consensus will serve as a reference for ID prevention and control as well as other related activities.
基金supported by the grants from the Military Medical Healthcare Program(CWS14BJ34)
文摘Background: Recruit training sites are places with a high incidence of respiratory infectious diseases. Effective surveillance for acute respiratory infectious diseases in a recruit training site is an important way to prevent disease outbreaks.Methods: Eight hundred recruits(722 males and 78 females) enlisted in autumn 2015 received a background survey within 24 h of settlement at the recruit training site, including their general personal information, vaccination history, mental status and clinical symptoms. Then, nasopharyngeal swabs of these recruits were collected to detect common respiratory pathogens [influenza virus type A, influenza virus type B, adenovirus(Adv), human respiratory syncytial virus, human bocavirus and human metapneumovirus] by PCR. In addition, fasting venous blood was collected in the morning for Adv Ig G antibody detection. During the three months of training, the recruits were monitored for symptoms of respiratory infection, and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from those with an axillary temperature ≥38℃ and other respiratory symptoms within 4 h of symptom onset. Samples were further examined by PCR.Results: Among the 795 effective nasopharyngeal swab samples collected during survey, two cases of group C type 1 Adv were identified by PCR. During the 3 months of training, fever and respiratory symptoms occurred in 39 recruits(incidence rate of 4.9%) and 5 cases of Adv were detected(positive rate of 12.8%). Genotyping showed 3 cases of type 4 Adv and 2 of type 3 Adv. No type 7, 14 or 55 Adv was detected. The Adv-Ig G positive rate of recruits was 48.2%. Among the 5 Adv positive cases with fever and respiratory symptoms, 4 were Adv-Ig G positive.Conclusion: The pathogen carrier rate in recruits was low, and only group C Adv, which causes mild infection in humans, was detected. No respiratory outbreak was observed at the recruit training site, and sporadic cases were mainly caused by type 3 and type 4 Adv.
文摘In Japan, the incidence of almost all common pediatric infectious diseases has been monitored, with 7 - 10 day delays, at medical institutions through the National Official Sentinel Surveillance of Infectious Diseases (NOSSID). On the other hand, based on prescriptions filled at external pharmacies, Prescription Surveillance (PS) collects information and provides estimated numbers of influenza, varicella, and gastroenteritis infectious (GI) patients to the public the following morning. For precise, and real-time estimation of incidences of common pediatric infectious diseases, we evaluated predictive power of PS for diseases other than influenza, varicella, and GI. Results demonstrated that PS information has sufficient predictive power for pharyngoconjunctival fever, group A streptococcal pharyngitis, exanthem subitum, and mumps, some predictive power for RS virus infection, erythema infectiosum and herpangina, but insufficient predictive power for hand, foot and mouth disease.
文摘A national system of infectious disease surveillance was established in 1959 in China.Now it consists of three subunits, namely, national disease reporting system (NDRS), nationwide disease surveillance points (DSPs), and surveillance network for specific infectious diseases. There are 35 notifiable infectious diseases, which are divided into Classes A, B, and C. The functions of the surveillance include explaining the natural history of infectious diseases, describing the distribution of case occurrence, triggering disease-control effort, monitoring epidemic of infectious diseases during natural disasters, predicting and controlling epidemics and providing the base of policy adjustment.
文摘In recent years,the risk of acute emerging infectious diseases has increased significantly due to changes in environmental conditions and social factors,posing a serious threat to public health security and human health.The general susceptibility of the population and the unpredictability and increasing infectiousness of emerging infectious diseases reflect the inadequacy of the existing infectious disease surveillance system for timely detection and screening of emerging infectious diseases,often leading to a certain scale of epidemic outbreaks that seriously harm humans before being detected passively.This is a literature review on symptom surveillance of acute emerging infectious diseases at home and abroad,emphasizing on the subject matter and development of symptom surveillance of emerging infectious diseases,so as to provide a scientific basis for the establishment and improvement of symptom surveillance of acute emerging infectious diseases.
文摘Background Respiratory infectious diseases(RIDs)remain a pressing public health concern,posing a signifcant threat to the well-being and lives of individuals.This study delves into the incidence of seven primary RIDs dur‑ing the period 2017-2021,aiming to gain deeper insights into their epidemiological characteristics for the purpose of enhancing control and prevention strategies.Methods Data pertaining to seven notifable RIDs,namely,seasonal infuenza,pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB),mumps,scarlet fever,pertussis,rubella and measles,in the mainland of China between 2017 and 2021 were obtained from the National Notifable Disease Reporting System(NNDRS).Joinpoint regression software was utilized to analyze temporal trends,while SaTScan software with a Poisson probability model was used to assess seasonal and spatial patterns.Results A total of 11,963,886 cases of the seven RIDs were reported during 2017-2021,and yielding a fve-year aver‑age incidence rate of 170.73 per 100,000 individuals.Among these RIDs,seasonal infuenza exhibited the highest aver‑age incidence rate(94.14 per 100,000),followed by PTB(55.52 per 100,000),mumps(15.16 per 100,000),scarlet fever(4.02 per 100,000),pertussis(1.10 per 100,000),rubella(0.59 per 100,000),and measles(0.21 per 100,000).Males experi‑enced higher incidence rates across all seven RIDs.PTB incidence was notably elevated among farmers and individu‑als aged over 65,whereas the other RIDs primarily afected children and students under 15 years of age.The inci‑dences of PTB and measles exhibited a declining trend from 2017 to 2021(APC=−7.53%,P=0.009;APC=−40.87%,P=0.02),while the other fve RIDs peaked in 2019.Concerning seasonal and spatial distribution,the seven RIDs displayed distinct characteristics,with variations observed for the same RIDs across diferent regions.The proportion of laboratory-confrmed cases fuctuated among the seven RIDs from 2017 to 2021,with measles and rubella exhibit‑ing higher proportions and mumps and scarlet fever showing lower proportions.Conclusions The incidence of PTB and measles demonstrated a decrease in the mainland of China between 2017 and 2021,while the remaining fve RIDs reached a peak in 2019.Overall,RIDs continue to pose a signifcant public health challenge.Urgent action is required to bolster capacity-building eforts and enhance control and prevention strategies for RIDs,taking into account regional disparities and epidemiological nuances.With the rapid advancement of high-tech solutions,the development and efective implementation of a digital/intelligent RIDs control and pre‑vention system are imperative to facilitate precise surveillance,early warnings,and swift responses.
文摘Objective To identify patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease （HFMD） incidence in China during declining incidence periods of 2008, 2009, and 2010. Methods Reported HFMD cases over a period of 25 months were extracted from the National Disease Reporting System （NDRS） and analyzed. An interrupted time series （ITS） technique was used to detect changes in HFMD incidence rates in terms of level and slope between declining incidence periods of the three years. Results Over 3.58 million HFMD cases younger than 5 years were reported to the NDRS between May 1, 2008, and May 31, 2011. Males comprised 63.4% of the cases. ITS analyses demonstrated a significant increase in incidence rate level （P〈0.0001） when comparing the current period with the previous period. There were significant changes in declining slopes when comparing 2010 to 2009, and 2010 to 2008 （all P〈O.O05）, but not 2009 to 2008. Conclusion Incremental changes in incidence rate level during the declining incidence periods of 2009 and 2010 can potentially be attributed to a few factors. The more steeply declining slope in 2010 compared with previous years could be ascribed to the implementation of more effective interventions and preventive strategies in 2010. Further investigation is required to examine this possibility.
文摘There is growing concern in Sub-Saharan Africa about the spread of the Ebola virus disease(EVD),formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever,and the public health burden that it ensues.Since 1976,there have been 885,343 suspected and laboratory confirmed cases of EVD and the disease has claimed 2,512 cases and 932 fatality in West Africa.There are certain requirements that must be met when responding to EVD outbreaks and this process could incur certain challenges.For the purposes of this paper,five have been identified:(i)the deficiency in the development and implementation of surveillance response systems against Ebola and others infectious disease outbreaks in Africa;(ii)the lack of education and knowledge resulting in an EVD outbreak triggering panic,anxiety,psychosocial trauma,isolation and dignity impounding,stigmatisation,community ostracism and resistance to associated socio-ecological and public health consequences;(iii)limited financial resources,human technical capacity and weak community and national health system operational plans for prevention and control responses,practices and management;(iv)inadequate leadership and coordination;and(v)the lack of development of new strategies,tools and approaches,such as improved diagnostics and novel therapies including vaccines which can assist in preventing,controlling and containing Ebola outbreaks as well as the spread of the disease.Hence,there is an urgent need to develop and implement an active early warning alert and surveillance response system for outbreak response and control of emerging infectious diseases.Understanding the unending risks of transmission dynamics and resurgence is essential in implementing rapid effective response interventions tailored to specific local settings and contexts.Therefore,the following actions are recommended:(i)national and regional inter-sectorial and trans-disciplinary surveillance response systems that include early warnings,as well as critical human resources development,must be quickly adopted by allied ministries and organisations in African countries in epidemic and pandemic responses;(ii)harnessing all stakeholders commitment and advocacy in sustained funding,collaboration,communication and networking including community participation to enhance a coordinated responses,as well as tracking and prompt case management to combat challenges;(iii)more research and development in new drug discovery and vaccines;and(iv)understanding the involvement of global health to promote the establishment of public health surveillance response systems with functions of early warning,as well as monitoring and evaluation in upholding research-action programmes and innovative interventions.
基金supported by the National S&T Major Program(grant no.2012ZX10004220)the fourth round of Three-year Public Health Action Plan of Shanghai(2015-2017,No.GWIV-29).
文摘The peer-reviewed journal Infectious Diseases of Poverty provides a new platform to engage with,and disseminate in an open-access format,science outside traditional disciplinary boundaries.The current piece reviews a thematic series on surveillance-response systems for elimination of tropical diseases.Overall,22 contributions covering a broad array of diseases are featured–i.e.clonorchiasis,dengue,hepatitis,human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS),H7N9 avian influenza,lymphatic filariasis,malaria,Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS),rabies,schistosomiasis and tuberculosis(TB).There are five scoping reviews,a commentary,a letter to the editor,an opinion piece and an editorial pertaining to the theme“Elimination of tropical disease through surveillance and response”.The remaining 13 articles are original contributions mainly covering(i)drug resistance;(ii)innovation and validation in the field of mathematical modelling;(iii)elimination of infectious diseases;and(iv)social media reports on disease outbreak notifications released by national health authorities.Analysis of the authors’affiliations reveals that scientists from the People’s Republic of China(P.R.China)are prominently represented.Possible explanations include the fact that the 2012 and 2014 international conferences pertaining to surveillance-response mechanisms were both hosted by the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases(NIPD)in Shanghai,coupled with P.R.China’s growing importance with regard to the control of infectious diseases.Within 4 to 22 months of publication,three of the 22 contributions were viewed more than 10000 times each.With sustained efforts focusing on relevant and strategic information towards control and elimination of infectious diseases,Infectious Diseases of Poverty has become a leading journal in the field of surveillance and response systems in infectious diseases and beyond.
文摘Surveillance is critical for the prevention and control of infectious disease.China’s real-time web-based infectious disease reporting system is a distinguished achievement.However,many aspects of the current China Infectious Disease Surveillance System do not yet meet the demand for timely outbreak detection and identification of emerging infectious disease.PulseNet,the national molecular typing network for foodborne disease surveillance was first established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States in 1995 and has proven valuable in the early detection of outbreaks and tracing the pathogen source.Since 2001,the China CDC laboratory for bacterial pathogen analysis has been a member of the PulseNet International family;and has been adapting the idea and methodology of PulseNet to develop a model for a future national laboratory-based surveillance system for all bacterial infectious disease.We summarized the development progress for the PulseNet China system and discussed it as a model for the future of China’s national laboratory-based surveillance system.
文摘Emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, continue to pose significant threats to human beings and their surroundings. In addition, biological warfare, bioterrorism, biological accidents, and harmful consequences arising from dual-use biotechnology also pose a challenge for global biosecurity. Improving the early surveillance capabilities is necessary for building a common biosecurity shield for the global community of health for all. Furthermore, surveillance could provide early warning and situational awareness of biosecurity risks. However, current surveillance systems face enormous challenges, including technical shortages, fragmented management, and limited international cooperation. Detecting emerging biological risks caused by unknown or novel pathogens is of particular concern. Surveillance systems must be enhanced to effectively mitigate biosecurity risks. Thus, a global strategy of meaningful cooperation based on efficient integration of surveillance at all levels, including interdisciplinary integration of techniques and interdepartmental integration for effective management, is urgently needed. In this paper, we review the biosecurity risks by analyzing potential factors at all levels globally. In addition to describing biosecurity risks and their impact on global security, we also focus on analyzing the challenges to traditional surveillance and propose suggestions on how to integrate current technologies and resources to conduct effective global surveillance.
文摘Notifiable infectious diseases are a major public health concern in China,causing about five million illnesses and twelve thousand deaths every year.Early detection of disease activity,when followed by a rapid response,can reduce both social and medical impact of the disease.We aim to improve early detection by monitoring health-seeking behavior and disease-related news over the Internet.Specifically,we counted unique search queries submitted to the Baidu search engine in 2008 that contained disease-related search terms.Meanwhile we counted the news articles aggregated by Baidu's robot programs that contained disease-related keywords.We found that the search frequency data and the news count data both have distinct temporal association with disease activity.We adopted a linear model and used searches and news with 1–200-day lead time as explanatory variables to predict the number of infections and deaths attributable to four notifiable infectious diseases,i.e.,scarlet fever,dysentery,AIDS,and tuberculosis.With the search frequency data and news count data,our approach can quantitatively estimate up-to-date epidemic trends 10–40 days ahead of the release of Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(Chinese CDC)reports.This approach may provide an additional tool for notifiable infectious disease surveillance.
基金funded in part by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)Biobank Feasibility Study Project,managed by the Field Epidemiology Training Program Alumni Foundation,Inc,and funded under the ASEAN-Canada's Global Partnership Programme(GPP).
文摘Technological advances in the first two decades of the 21^(st)century have profoundly impacted medical research in many ways,with large population cohorts,biological sample collections and datasets through biobanks becoming valued global resources to guide biomedical research,drug development,and medical practice.However,in order for biobanks to maximize their impact and scientific reach of their resources,they would need to act within a complex network of infrastructures and activities.Therefore,different ways have emerged in which biobanks,including those for infectious diseases,can emerge as(part of)infrastructures,integrate within existing ones,or become an independent,yet an interoperable component of the existing infrastructural landscape.However,there has been a limited understanding and study of such mechanisms to date.This perspective aims to address this knowledge gap and illustrates these three high-level ways in which such infrastructures could integrate their activities and identifies the necessary key pre-conditions for doing so,while drawing from specific examples.
文摘目的/意义系统梳理基于互联网数据的传染病预测模型相关研究,助力实现传染病监测关口前移,为构建传染病智慧化立体防治体系提供参考。方法/过程对Web of Science核心数据库和中国知网收录的近20年基于互联网数据的传染病监测预警研究发展历程及研究方向进行梳理,分析当前主要问题与挑战,总结常见预测模型及其优化方向。结果/结论互联网传染病监测研究呈监测疾病多样化、数据来源精细化和专业化等趋势。由于互联网数据的复杂性和不确定性,现有模型大多仅适用于短时或实时预测。通过构建组合模型、加强多源数据融合、完善关键词与影响因素选择等方式,可进一步优化模型,加强拟合效果和预测能力。
