Infectious diseases are the common enemies of mankind.In the course of historical development,they persistently threaten human health and safety.Even today,despite the developments in medical science,we cannot escape ...Infectious diseases are the common enemies of mankind.In the course of historical development,they persistently threaten human health and safety.Even today,despite the developments in medical science,we cannot escape the fear and suffering caused by infectious diseases.Whether in ancient or modern times,the source of infection,route of transmission,and a susceptible population are the three key conditions for the prevalence and spread of infectious diseases.All factors closely related to these three conditions can affect the prevalence of infectious diseases.China is one of the cradles of world civilization.The ancient people accumulated a great deal of experience and lessons in the long struggle against infectious diseases.In the face of the current threat posed by widespread infectious disease,it is imperative to review and summarize ancient Chinese ideas and health policies on epidemic prevention and control to inspire contemporary efforts in the prevention and control of infectious disease.The combination of prevention-oriented epidemic prevention ideology and traditional medicine provides valuable insights,especially for impoverished and medically underserved regions.展开更多
Infectious diseases are a global public health problem,with emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases on the rise worldwide.Therefore,their prevention and treatment are still major challenges.Bile acids are common ...Infectious diseases are a global public health problem,with emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases on the rise worldwide.Therefore,their prevention and treatment are still major challenges.Bile acids are common metabolites in both hosts and microorganisms that play a significant role in controlling the metabolism of lipids,glucose,and energy.Bile acids have historically been utilized as first-line,valuable therapeutic agents for related metabolic and hepatobiliary diseases.Notably,bile acids are the major active ingredients of cow bezoar and bear bile,which are commonly used traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)with the therapeutic effects of clearing heat,detoxification,and relieving wind and spasm.In recent years,the promising performance of bile acids against infectious diseases has attracted attention from the scientific community.This paper reviews for the first time the biological activities,possible mechanisms,production routes,and potential applications of bile acids in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases.Compared with previous reviews,we comprehensively summarize existing studies on the use of bile acids against infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that are leading causes of global morbidity and mortality.In addition,to ensure a stable supply of bile acids at affordable prices,it is necessary to clarify the biosynthesis of bile acids in vivo,which will assist scientists in elucidating the accumulation of bile acids and discovering how to engineer various bile acids by means of chemosynthesis,biosynthesis,and chemoenzymatic synthesis.Finally,we explore the current challenges in the field and recommend a development strategy for bile-acid-based drugs and the sustainable production of bile acids.The presented studies suggest that bile acids are potential novel therapeutic agents for managing infectious diseases and can be artificially synthesized in a sustainable way.展开更多
The global incidence of infectious diseases has increased in recent years,posing a significant threat to human health.Hospitals typically serve as frontline institutions for detecting infectious diseases.However,accur...The global incidence of infectious diseases has increased in recent years,posing a significant threat to human health.Hospitals typically serve as frontline institutions for detecting infectious diseases.However,accurately identifying warning signals of infectious diseases in a timely manner,especially emerging infectious diseases,can be challenging.Consequently,there is a pressing need to integrate treatment and disease prevention data to conduct comprehensive analyses aimed at preventing and controlling infectious diseases within hospitals.This paper examines the role of medical data in the early identification of infectious diseases,explores early warning technologies for infectious disease recognition,and assesses monitoring and early warning mechanisms for infectious diseases.We propose that hospitals adopt novel multidimensional early warning technologies to mine and analyze medical data from various systems,in compliance with national strategies to integrate clinical treatment and disease prevention.Furthermore,hospitals should establish institution-specific,clinical-based early warning models for infectious diseases to actively monitor early signals and enhance preparedness for infectious disease prevention and control.展开更多
Experts expressed severe concerns over the possibility of increasing burden of infectious diseases as the planet’s climate began to change years ago.There have been increased rates of climate-related catastrophes and...Experts expressed severe concerns over the possibility of increasing burden of infectious diseases as the planet’s climate began to change years ago.There have been increased rates of climate-related catastrophes and as global temperatures rise,emergence of certain viruses has become a serious concern.Vectors are susceptible to changing temperatures as they exhibit innate responses to thermal stress to increase survivability.Climate change impacts virus reservoirs,increasing transmission rates of vectors.Vector-borne diseases have already witnessed increasing numbers compared to before.Certain non-endemic areas are encountering their first-ever infectious disease cases due to increasing temperatures.Tick-borne diseases are undergoing transformations provoking a heightened prevalence.Food-borne illnesses are expected to increase owing to warmer temperatures.It is important to recognize that climate change has a multivariable impact on the transmission of viruses.With climate change comes the potential of increasing interspecies interactions promoting jumps.These factors must be considered,and an informed strategy must be formulated.Adaptation and mitigation strategies are required to curb these diseases from spreading.Despite significant evidence that climate change affects infectious diseases,gaps in research exist.We conducted this review to identify the potential role climate change plays in the emergence of new viruses.展开更多
In this paper, a disease transmission model with two treatment stages is proposed and analyzed. The results indicate that the basic reproduction number is a critical threshold for the prevalence of the disease. If the...In this paper, a disease transmission model with two treatment stages is proposed and analyzed. The results indicate that the basic reproduction number is a critical threshold for the prevalence of the disease. If the basic reproduction number is less than one, the disease free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Otherwise, the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Therefore, besides the basic reproduction number, a new marker for characterizing the seriousness of the disease, named as dynamical final infective size, is proposed, which differs from traditional final size because the proposed model includes the natural birth and death. Finally, optimization strategies for limited medical resources are obtained from the perspectives of basic reproduction number and dynamical final infective size, and the real-world disease management scenarios are given based on these finding.展开更多
Microbial pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and together account for a significant percentage of acute and chronic human diseases. In addition to understanding the mechanisms by which various p...Microbial pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and together account for a significant percentage of acute and chronic human diseases. In addition to understanding the mechanisms by which various pathogens cause human disease, research in microbial pathogenesis also addresses mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and the development of new antimicrobial agents and vaccines. Answering fundamental questions regarding host-microbe interactions requires an interdisciplinary approach, including microbiology, genomics, informatics, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, immunology, epidemiology, environment and interaction between host and microbe. Studies investigating the direct effects of pollutants on respiratory tract infections are very vast, but those interested in the role of a pre-existing disease and effects of the exposure on the response to secondary stresses are few. In an experimental study at concentrations of air pollutants found in urban environments, frank toxicological responses are rarely observed, however, exposure to secondary stress like the respiratory challenge with infectious bacteria can exacerbate the response of the experimental host. The models like experimental, mechanical, and mathematical are the most abstract, but they allow analysis and logical proofs in a way that other approaches do not permit. The present review is mostly concerned with these model representations particularly with a novel mathematical model explaining the interaction between pathogen and immunity including the equivalence point.展开更多
This paper first applies the sequential cluster method to set up the classification standard of infectious disease incidence state based on the fact that there are many uncertainty characteristics in the incidence cou...This paper first applies the sequential cluster method to set up the classification standard of infectious disease incidence state based on the fact that there are many uncertainty characteristics in the incidence course.Then the paper presents a weighted Markov chain,a method which is used to predict the future incidence state.This method assumes the standardized self-coefficients as weights based on the special characteristics of infectious disease incidence being a dependent stochastic variable.It also analyzes the characteristics of infectious diseases incidence via the Markov chain Monte Carlo method to make the long-term benefit of decision optimal.Our method is successfully validated using existing incidents data of infectious diseases in Jiangsu Province.In summation,this paper proposes ways to improve the accuracy of the weighted Markov chain,specifically in the field of infection epidemiology.展开更多
Infectious diseases are an enormous public health burden and a growing threat to human health worldwide.Emerging or classic recurrent pathogens,or pathogens with resistant traits,challenge our ability to diagnose and ...Infectious diseases are an enormous public health burden and a growing threat to human health worldwide.Emerging or classic recurrent pathogens,or pathogens with resistant traits,challenge our ability to diagnose and control infectious diseases.Nanopore sequencing technology has the potential to enhance our ability to diagnose,interrogate,and track infectious diseases due to the unrestricted read length and system portability.This review focuses on the application of nanopore sequencing technology in the clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases and includes the following:(i)a brief introduction to nanopore sequencing technology and Oxford Nanopore Technologies(ONT)sequencing platforms;(ii)strategies for nanopore-based sequencing technologies;and(iii)applications of nanopore sequencing technology in monitoring emerging pathogenic microorganisms,molecular detection of clinically relevant drug-resistance genes,and characterization of disease-related microbial communities.Finally,we discuss the current challenges,potential opportunities,and future outlook for applying nanopore sequencing technology in the diagnosis of infectious diseases.展开更多
In recent years,the impact of new major infectious diseases on people’s normal life is becoming more and more frequent,which has brought great impact on people’s life safety and social economy,especially the corona ...In recent years,the impact of new major infectious diseases on people’s normal life is becoming more and more frequent,which has brought great impact on people’s life safety and social economy,especially the corona virus disease 2019,which has been sweeping the globe.Public health and disease prevention and control systems in different countries have different performances in response to the pandemic,but they all have exposed many shortcomings.Countries around the world urgently need to improve the monitoring,early warning and emergency response systems for new major infectious diseases.As the outpost and main part of medical rescue,the hospital urgently needs to establish a set of scientifically advanced emergency response mechanism that is suitable for the business process of the medical system and unified standards in order to improve the response efficiency and quality of emergency treatment.展开更多
The therapeutic value of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of infectious diseases and the repair of disease-induced tissue damage has been explored extensively. MSCs inhibit inflammation, reduce pathogen...The therapeutic value of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of infectious diseases and the repair of disease-induced tissue damage has been explored extensively. MSCs inhibit inflammation, reduce pathogen load and tissue damage encountered during infectious diseases through the secretion of antimicrobial factors for pathogen clearance and they phagocytose certain bacteria themselves. MSCs dampen tissue damage during infection by downregulating thelevels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibiting the excessive recruitment ofneutrophils and proliferation of T cells at the site of injury. MSCs aid in theregeneration of damaged tissue by differentiating into the damaged cell types orby releasing paracrine factors that direct tissue regeneration, differentiation, andwound healing. In this review, we discuss in detail the various mechanisms bywhich MSCs help combat pathogens, tissue damage associated with infectiousdiseases, and challenges in utilizing MSCs for therapy.展开更多
Objective We aimed to assess the features of notifiable infectious diseases found commonly in foreign nationals in China between 2004 and 2017 to improve public health policy and responses for infectious diseases.Meth...Objective We aimed to assess the features of notifiable infectious diseases found commonly in foreign nationals in China between 2004 and 2017 to improve public health policy and responses for infectious diseases.Methods We performed a descriptive study of notifiable infectious diseases among foreigners reported from 2004 to 2017 in China using data from the Chinese National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System(NNIDRIS). Demographic, temporal-spatial distribution were described and analyzed.Results A total of 67,939 cases of 33 different infectious diseases were reported among foreigners.These diseases were seen in 31 provinces of China and originated from 146 countries of the world. The infectious diseases with the highest incidence number were human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) of18,713 cases, hepatitis B(6,461 cases), hand, foot, and mouth disease(6,327 cases). Yunnan province had the highest number of notifiable infectious diseases in foreigners. There were different trends of the major infectious diseases among foreign cases seen in China and varied among provinces.Conclusions This is the first description of the epidemiological characteristic of notifiable infectious diseases among foreigners in China from 2004 to 2017. These data can be used to better inform policymakers about national health priorities for future research and control strategies.展开更多
Xiyanping injection,a traditional Chinese medicine injection made of andrographolide sulfonate,consisting of well-defined ingredients with antiviral,antibacterial,anti-inflammatory and antipyretic efficacy,has been wi...Xiyanping injection,a traditional Chinese medicine injection made of andrographolide sulfonate,consisting of well-defined ingredients with antiviral,antibacterial,anti-inflammatory and antipyretic efficacy,has been widely used for treating infectious diseases of respiratory and digestive systems.However,its wide applications may easily lead to unreasonable clinical medication.In order to guide the precise clinical application and rational use of Xiyanping injection,experts in related fields conducted systematically literature review,evaluated and deliberated the application of Xiyanping injection in treating acute infectious diseases using evidence-based medicine method,and jointly drafted the consensus to summarize types of acute infectious diseases in children and adults that can be treated with Xiyanping injection,and recommend the intervention time,usage and dosage,course of treatment and combined medication of the injection.Besides,the consensus elucidates the safety,precautions and contraindications of the injection,so as to provide guidance for clinical use.展开更多
文摘Infectious diseases are the common enemies of mankind.In the course of historical development,they persistently threaten human health and safety.Even today,despite the developments in medical science,we cannot escape the fear and suffering caused by infectious diseases.Whether in ancient or modern times,the source of infection,route of transmission,and a susceptible population are the three key conditions for the prevalence and spread of infectious diseases.All factors closely related to these three conditions can affect the prevalence of infectious diseases.China is one of the cradles of world civilization.The ancient people accumulated a great deal of experience and lessons in the long struggle against infectious diseases.In the face of the current threat posed by widespread infectious disease,it is imperative to review and summarize ancient Chinese ideas and health policies on epidemic prevention and control to inspire contemporary efforts in the prevention and control of infectious disease.The combination of prevention-oriented epidemic prevention ideology and traditional medicine provides valuable insights,especially for impoverished and medically underserved regions.
基金funded by the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CACMS)Innovation Fund(CI2021A00601)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(ZZ16-YQ-037 and JJPY2022022)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CI2021B017-09).
文摘Infectious diseases are a global public health problem,with emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases on the rise worldwide.Therefore,their prevention and treatment are still major challenges.Bile acids are common metabolites in both hosts and microorganisms that play a significant role in controlling the metabolism of lipids,glucose,and energy.Bile acids have historically been utilized as first-line,valuable therapeutic agents for related metabolic and hepatobiliary diseases.Notably,bile acids are the major active ingredients of cow bezoar and bear bile,which are commonly used traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)with the therapeutic effects of clearing heat,detoxification,and relieving wind and spasm.In recent years,the promising performance of bile acids against infectious diseases has attracted attention from the scientific community.This paper reviews for the first time the biological activities,possible mechanisms,production routes,and potential applications of bile acids in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases.Compared with previous reviews,we comprehensively summarize existing studies on the use of bile acids against infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that are leading causes of global morbidity and mortality.In addition,to ensure a stable supply of bile acids at affordable prices,it is necessary to clarify the biosynthesis of bile acids in vivo,which will assist scientists in elucidating the accumulation of bile acids and discovering how to engineer various bile acids by means of chemosynthesis,biosynthesis,and chemoenzymatic synthesis.Finally,we explore the current challenges in the field and recommend a development strategy for bile-acid-based drugs and the sustainable production of bile acids.The presented studies suggest that bile acids are potential novel therapeutic agents for managing infectious diseases and can be artificially synthesized in a sustainable way.
文摘The global incidence of infectious diseases has increased in recent years,posing a significant threat to human health.Hospitals typically serve as frontline institutions for detecting infectious diseases.However,accurately identifying warning signals of infectious diseases in a timely manner,especially emerging infectious diseases,can be challenging.Consequently,there is a pressing need to integrate treatment and disease prevention data to conduct comprehensive analyses aimed at preventing and controlling infectious diseases within hospitals.This paper examines the role of medical data in the early identification of infectious diseases,explores early warning technologies for infectious disease recognition,and assesses monitoring and early warning mechanisms for infectious diseases.We propose that hospitals adopt novel multidimensional early warning technologies to mine and analyze medical data from various systems,in compliance with national strategies to integrate clinical treatment and disease prevention.Furthermore,hospitals should establish institution-specific,clinical-based early warning models for infectious diseases to actively monitor early signals and enhance preparedness for infectious disease prevention and control.
文摘Experts expressed severe concerns over the possibility of increasing burden of infectious diseases as the planet’s climate began to change years ago.There have been increased rates of climate-related catastrophes and as global temperatures rise,emergence of certain viruses has become a serious concern.Vectors are susceptible to changing temperatures as they exhibit innate responses to thermal stress to increase survivability.Climate change impacts virus reservoirs,increasing transmission rates of vectors.Vector-borne diseases have already witnessed increasing numbers compared to before.Certain non-endemic areas are encountering their first-ever infectious disease cases due to increasing temperatures.Tick-borne diseases are undergoing transformations provoking a heightened prevalence.Food-borne illnesses are expected to increase owing to warmer temperatures.It is important to recognize that climate change has a multivariable impact on the transmission of viruses.With climate change comes the potential of increasing interspecies interactions promoting jumps.These factors must be considered,and an informed strategy must be formulated.Adaptation and mitigation strategies are required to curb these diseases from spreading.Despite significant evidence that climate change affects infectious diseases,gaps in research exist.We conducted this review to identify the potential role climate change plays in the emergence of new viruses.
文摘In this paper, a disease transmission model with two treatment stages is proposed and analyzed. The results indicate that the basic reproduction number is a critical threshold for the prevalence of the disease. If the basic reproduction number is less than one, the disease free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Otherwise, the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Therefore, besides the basic reproduction number, a new marker for characterizing the seriousness of the disease, named as dynamical final infective size, is proposed, which differs from traditional final size because the proposed model includes the natural birth and death. Finally, optimization strategies for limited medical resources are obtained from the perspectives of basic reproduction number and dynamical final infective size, and the real-world disease management scenarios are given based on these finding.
文摘Microbial pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and together account for a significant percentage of acute and chronic human diseases. In addition to understanding the mechanisms by which various pathogens cause human disease, research in microbial pathogenesis also addresses mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and the development of new antimicrobial agents and vaccines. Answering fundamental questions regarding host-microbe interactions requires an interdisciplinary approach, including microbiology, genomics, informatics, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, immunology, epidemiology, environment and interaction between host and microbe. Studies investigating the direct effects of pollutants on respiratory tract infections are very vast, but those interested in the role of a pre-existing disease and effects of the exposure on the response to secondary stresses are few. In an experimental study at concentrations of air pollutants found in urban environments, frank toxicological responses are rarely observed, however, exposure to secondary stress like the respiratory challenge with infectious bacteria can exacerbate the response of the experimental host. The models like experimental, mechanical, and mathematical are the most abstract, but they allow analysis and logical proofs in a way that other approaches do not permit. The present review is mostly concerned with these model representations particularly with a novel mathematical model explaining the interaction between pathogen and immunity including the equivalence point.
基金supported in part by"National S&T Major Project Foundation of China"(2009ZX10004-904)Universities Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(09KJB330004),National Science Foundation Grant DMS-9971405National Institutes of Health Contract N01-HV-28183
文摘This paper first applies the sequential cluster method to set up the classification standard of infectious disease incidence state based on the fact that there are many uncertainty characteristics in the incidence course.Then the paper presents a weighted Markov chain,a method which is used to predict the future incidence state.This method assumes the standardized self-coefficients as weights based on the special characteristics of infectious disease incidence being a dependent stochastic variable.It also analyzes the characteristics of infectious diseases incidence via the Markov chain Monte Carlo method to make the long-term benefit of decision optimal.Our method is successfully validated using existing incidents data of infectious diseases in Jiangsu Province.In summation,this paper proposes ways to improve the accuracy of the weighted Markov chain,specifically in the field of infection epidemiology.
基金supported by CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS)[2021-I2M-1-038]
文摘Infectious diseases are an enormous public health burden and a growing threat to human health worldwide.Emerging or classic recurrent pathogens,or pathogens with resistant traits,challenge our ability to diagnose and control infectious diseases.Nanopore sequencing technology has the potential to enhance our ability to diagnose,interrogate,and track infectious diseases due to the unrestricted read length and system portability.This review focuses on the application of nanopore sequencing technology in the clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases and includes the following:(i)a brief introduction to nanopore sequencing technology and Oxford Nanopore Technologies(ONT)sequencing platforms;(ii)strategies for nanopore-based sequencing technologies;and(iii)applications of nanopore sequencing technology in monitoring emerging pathogenic microorganisms,molecular detection of clinically relevant drug-resistance genes,and characterization of disease-related microbial communities.Finally,we discuss the current challenges,potential opportunities,and future outlook for applying nanopore sequencing technology in the diagnosis of infectious diseases.
文摘In recent years,the impact of new major infectious diseases on people’s normal life is becoming more and more frequent,which has brought great impact on people’s life safety and social economy,especially the corona virus disease 2019,which has been sweeping the globe.Public health and disease prevention and control systems in different countries have different performances in response to the pandemic,but they all have exposed many shortcomings.Countries around the world urgently need to improve the monitoring,early warning and emergency response systems for new major infectious diseases.As the outpost and main part of medical rescue,the hospital urgently needs to establish a set of scientifically advanced emergency response mechanism that is suitable for the business process of the medical system and unified standards in order to improve the response efficiency and quality of emergency treatment.
文摘The therapeutic value of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of infectious diseases and the repair of disease-induced tissue damage has been explored extensively. MSCs inhibit inflammation, reduce pathogen load and tissue damage encountered during infectious diseases through the secretion of antimicrobial factors for pathogen clearance and they phagocytose certain bacteria themselves. MSCs dampen tissue damage during infection by downregulating thelevels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibiting the excessive recruitment ofneutrophils and proliferation of T cells at the site of injury. MSCs aid in theregeneration of damaged tissue by differentiating into the damaged cell types orby releasing paracrine factors that direct tissue regeneration, differentiation, andwound healing. In this review, we discuss in detail the various mechanisms bywhich MSCs help combat pathogens, tissue damage associated with infectiousdiseases, and challenges in utilizing MSCs for therapy.
基金sponsored by National Science and Technology Major Project No. 2016ZX10004222-001。
文摘Objective We aimed to assess the features of notifiable infectious diseases found commonly in foreign nationals in China between 2004 and 2017 to improve public health policy and responses for infectious diseases.Methods We performed a descriptive study of notifiable infectious diseases among foreigners reported from 2004 to 2017 in China using data from the Chinese National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System(NNIDRIS). Demographic, temporal-spatial distribution were described and analyzed.Results A total of 67,939 cases of 33 different infectious diseases were reported among foreigners.These diseases were seen in 31 provinces of China and originated from 146 countries of the world. The infectious diseases with the highest incidence number were human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) of18,713 cases, hepatitis B(6,461 cases), hand, foot, and mouth disease(6,327 cases). Yunnan province had the highest number of notifiable infectious diseases in foreigners. There were different trends of the major infectious diseases among foreign cases seen in China and varied among provinces.Conclusions This is the first description of the epidemiological characteristic of notifiable infectious diseases among foreigners in China from 2004 to 2017. These data can be used to better inform policymakers about national health priorities for future research and control strategies.
文摘Xiyanping injection,a traditional Chinese medicine injection made of andrographolide sulfonate,consisting of well-defined ingredients with antiviral,antibacterial,anti-inflammatory and antipyretic efficacy,has been widely used for treating infectious diseases of respiratory and digestive systems.However,its wide applications may easily lead to unreasonable clinical medication.In order to guide the precise clinical application and rational use of Xiyanping injection,experts in related fields conducted systematically literature review,evaluated and deliberated the application of Xiyanping injection in treating acute infectious diseases using evidence-based medicine method,and jointly drafted the consensus to summarize types of acute infectious diseases in children and adults that can be treated with Xiyanping injection,and recommend the intervention time,usage and dosage,course of treatment and combined medication of the injection.Besides,the consensus elucidates the safety,precautions and contraindications of the injection,so as to provide guidance for clinical use.
