Due to the need for massive device connectivity,low communication latency,and various customizations in 6G architecture,a distributed cloud deployment approach will be more relevant to the space-air-ground-sea integra...Due to the need for massive device connectivity,low communication latency,and various customizations in 6G architecture,a distributed cloud deployment approach will be more relevant to the space-air-ground-sea integrated network scenario.However,the openness and heterogeneity of the 6G network cause the problems of network security.To improve the trustworthiness of 6G networks,we propose a trusted computing-based approach for establishing trust relationships inmulti-cloud scenarios.The proposed method shows the relationship of trust based on dual-level verification.It separates the trustworthy states of multiple complex cloud units in 6G architecture into the state within and between cloud units.Firstly,SM3 algorithm establishes the chain of trust for the system’s trusted boot phase.Then,the remote attestation server(RAS)of distributed cloud units verifies the physical servers.Meanwhile,the physical servers use a ring approach to verify the cloud servers.Eventually,the centralized RAS takes one-time authentication to the critical evidence information of distributed cloud unit servers.Simultaneously,the centralized RAS also verifies the evidence of distributed RAS.We establish our proposed approach in a natural OpenStack-based cloud environment.The simulation results show that the proposed method achieves higher security with less than a 1%system performance loss.展开更多
With the growth of the online market,demand for logistics and courier cargo is increasing rapidly.Accordingly,in the case of urban areas,road congestion and environmental problems due to cargo vehicles are mainly occu...With the growth of the online market,demand for logistics and courier cargo is increasing rapidly.Accordingly,in the case of urban areas,road congestion and environmental problems due to cargo vehicles are mainly occurring.The joint courier logistics system,a plan to solve this problem,aims to establish an efficient logistics transportation system by utilizing one joint logistics delivery terminal by several logistics and delivery companies.However,several courier companies use different types of courier invoices.Such a system has a problem of information data transmission interruption.Therefore,the data processing process was systematically analyzed,a practically feasible methodology was devised,and delivery invoice information processing standards were established for this.In addition,the importance of this paper can be emphasized in terms of data processing in the logistics sector,which is expected to grow rapidly in the future.The results of this study can be used as basic data for the implementation of the logistics joint delivery terminal system in the future.And it can be used as a basis for securing the operational reliability of the joint courier logistics system.展开更多
Transport infrastructure development and perception vary across and within countries, influencing mode choice among road users. This study explores how road users perceive the development of infrastructure modes, serv...Transport infrastructure development and perception vary across and within countries, influencing mode choice among road users. This study explores how road users perceive the development of infrastructure modes, service attributes, embedded safety levels, and commuting modes. Additionally, the research examines whether participants’ environmental backgrounds impact their mode choice patterns. The study gathered responses from 1169 participants residing in two regions of Amman, Jordan, each with distinct infrastructure development and population densities. Participants completed a standardized questionnaire, and several statistical techniques were employed for analysis. The findings revealed that facilities’ infrastructure attributes, development, and safety were assessed using three indices. Both participant groups perceived these indices differently on average. Residents of low population density areas with relatively developed infrastructure showed more consistent assessments, irrespective of their most frequently used mode of transportation, tending towards lower scores. Interestingly, subjective ratings of infrastructure development were higher (4.96) than attribute-based ratings (4.32). Despite their generally low-quality perception, public transportation services received the highest appraisal (4.9). Conversely, pedestrian infrastructure complementing public transport received the lowest assessment (4.57), only slightly higher than street environments (4.59). The study found weak associations between subjective service characteristics ratings. Traveler and trip characteristics influenced mode choice and trips more than infrastructure perception. In conclusion, the study suggests that policies should be developed to encourage green transportation, ensure social equality and safety. In addition, the study contributes to understanding perceptions about transport infrastructure, modes of transportation, and the factors that influence sustainable and equitable transportation systems.展开更多
Visible Light Communication(VLC)technology is aggressive research for the next generation of communication.Currently,Radio Frequency(RF)communication has crowed spectrum.An Intelligent Transportation System(ITS)has be...Visible Light Communication(VLC)technology is aggressive research for the next generation of communication.Currently,Radio Frequency(RF)communication has crowed spectrum.An Intelligent Transportation System(ITS)has been improved in the communication network for Vehicle-to-Vehicle(V2 V),Vehicle-to-Infrastructure(V2I),and Infrastructure-to-Vehicle(I2V)by using the visible light spectrum instead of the RF spectrum.This article studies the characterization of Line-of-Sight(LOS)optical performance in an Outdoor Wireless Visible Light Communication(OWVLC)system employing a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output(MIMO)technique for I2V communications in ITS regulations.We design the new configuration of the OWVLC-I2V system,which is an alternative approach to communication for I2V system at nighttime.The results show the Channel Impulse Response(CIR)of the LOS links in visible light communication for I2V system in ITS by investigating the receiver on the vehicle moving along the coverage communication area.Furthermore,the OWVLC-I2V system using the MIMO technique depicts the performance of throughput and Bit Error Rate(BER)vs.vehicle speed while the vehicle passes a street light.展开更多
Advanced Metering Infrastructure(AMI)is the metering network of the smart grid that enables bidirectional communications between each consumer’s premises and the provider’s control center.The massive amount of data ...Advanced Metering Infrastructure(AMI)is the metering network of the smart grid that enables bidirectional communications between each consumer’s premises and the provider’s control center.The massive amount of data collected supports the real-time decision-making required for diverse applications.The communication infrastructure relies on different network types,including the Internet.This makes the infrastructure vulnerable to various attacks,which could compromise security or have devastating effects.However,traditional machine learning solutions cannot adapt to the increasing complexity and diversity of attacks.The objective of this paper is to develop an Anomaly Detection System(ADS)based on deep learning using the CIC-IDS2017 dataset.However,this dataset is highly imbalanced;thus,a two-step sampling technique:random under-sampling and the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique(SMOTE),is proposed to balance the dataset.The proposed system utilizes a multiple hidden layer Auto-encoder(AE)for feature extraction and dimensional reduction.In addition,an ensemble voting based on both Random Forest(RF)and Convolu-tional Neural Network(CNN)is developed to classify the multiclass attack cate-gories.The proposed system is evaluated and compared with six different state-of-the-art machine learning and deep learning algorithms:Random Forest(RF),Light Gradient Boosting Machine(LightGBM),eXtreme Gradient Boosting(XGboost),Convolutional Neural Network(CNN),Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM),and bidirectional LSTM(biLSTM).Experimental results show that the proposed model enhances the detection for each attack class compared with the other machine learning and deep learning models with overall accuracy(98.29%),precision(99%),recall(98%),F_(1) score(98%),and the UNDetection rate(UND)(8%).展开更多
Based on the panel data of China’s foreign aid in 2003-2014 from AidData,this paper empirically investigates the relationship between China’s foreign aid and economic growth in recipient countries.Using the principa...Based on the panel data of China’s foreign aid in 2003-2014 from AidData,this paper empirically investigates the relationship between China’s foreign aid and economic growth in recipient countries.Using the principal component analysis(PCA),the authors propose a variable,i.e.the infrastructure index,to measure the effects of aid on the economic growth of recipient countries.This study shows that aid from China has significantly improved the level of economic growth in recipient countries,which provides a new evidence of China’s aid effectiveness.Through analysis of the ways by which aid in infrastructure induces economic growth,the authors conclude that the improvement of local infrastructure accounts for 55.30%of the aggregate economic growth effect of China’s aid to recipient countries.展开更多
This study discussed the water sector as a critical infrastructural element in Jordan where the sector is exposed to the extreme events. The exposure of the country to extreme events has initiated this study. Such eve...This study discussed the water sector as a critical infrastructural element in Jordan where the sector is exposed to the extreme events. The exposure of the country to extreme events has initiated this study. Such events are Pollution accidents, flooding, draughts, overexploitation, failure in electricity supply, climate changes, earthquakes, landslides, failure of dams, failure of wastewater treatment plants, failure of desalination plants, sabotage, fire, water theft, migration and demographic changes (immigration and urban migration), relations to neighboring countries, epidemics, and others. These extreme events are discussed in this article and the results show that failures in the water infrastructure and water supply, in Jordan, with its water sector situation have rigorous percussions on the country’s health, food supply, economy, societal stability, the built environment, and on other water-related issues. The study concludes that developing national programs to protect the water infrastructure in the water-fragile country has become very crucial to reach a robust and resilient water sector which not only means providing the inhabitants with quantitatively sufficient and qualitatively healthy water but also aims to incorporate guaranteeing social, economic and political stability.展开更多
Sand excavations in river beds have compromised the safety of several bridges in recent years. Large scale sand mining from river beds is now common in the Niger Delta, due to the necessity of reclaiming land for deve...Sand excavations in river beds have compromised the safety of several bridges in recent years. Large scale sand mining from river beds is now common in the Niger Delta, due to the necessity of reclaiming land for development purposes and to meet construction needs in the region. There is currently no regulation as to where sand can be mined in river channels because of the lack of adequate understanding of the risks to coastal infrastructure involved with its abstraction. The phenomenon of bridge Abutment and bank failure induced by excessive dredging of sand river bed is considered. Two types of instability were distinguished, one relating to the equilibrium slope of the riverbed and the other riverbank instability. An empirical relationship in the form X<sub>s</sub> = 3Htan(90 - α) has been developed through analysis, supported by examples that a minimum distance of 94 m (for sand river beds) from a bridge should be observed for sand abstraction in order to guaranty the safety of bridge foundation. For clay riverbeds, slightly shorter minimum distances can be considered safe. The study further shows that the capacity of sand borrowing in river channels to generate bank instability is dependent on the composition and stratigraphy beneath the river bed.展开更多
The United States of America faces an increasing number of threats to its critical infrastructure due to cyber-attacks. With the constant advancement of technology and the interconnectedness of various systems, the vu...The United States of America faces an increasing number of threats to its critical infrastructure due to cyber-attacks. With the constant advancement of technology and the interconnectedness of various systems, the vulnerabilities in the nation’s infrastructure have become more pronounced. Cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure, such as power grids, transportation networks, and financial systems, pose a significant risk to national security and public safety. These attacks can disrupt essential services, cause economic losses, and potentially have severe consequences for the well-being of individuals and communities. The rise of cyber-terrorism is also a concern. Cyber-terrorists can exploit vulnerabilities in cyberspace to compromise infrastructure systems, causing chaos and panic among the population. The potential for destructive attacks on critical infrastructure is a pressing issue requiring constant attention and proactive measures.展开更多
Urban ecological infrastructure is the ecological background of urban sustainable development and is the basic guarantee for the construction of ecological cities. According to the characteristics of the ecological in...Urban ecological infrastructure is the ecological background of urban sustainable development and is the basic guarantee for the construction of ecological cities. According to the characteristics of the ecological infrastructure of coal-based cities, the ecological infrastructure is divided into two subsystems:natural infrastructure subsystem and artificial infrastructure subsystem. According to each subsystem and its main components(such as atmosphere, green space, hydrology, traffic and transportation), 36 indicators were selected to establish the evaluation system. In addition, the evaluation model was established by means of mean square deviation method and composite index method, and a dynamic analysis was carried out on the ecological infrastructure quality of Huainan City in 2006-2015. The results show that the composite index of ecological infrastructure in Huainan City in 2006-2015 remained at the medium level, and the natural infrastructure at the worse and poor levels, while the artificial infrastructure remained at the medium and excellent levels.展开更多
This paper classifies total fixed capital into three categories,namely,economic infrastructure capital,social infrastructure capital and non-infrastructure capital,and then offers complete and detailed estimates of th...This paper classifies total fixed capital into three categories,namely,economic infrastructure capital,social infrastructure capital and non-infrastructure capital,and then offers complete and detailed estimates of the national time series data(1981-2012) and the provincial panel data of 31 administrative regions(1997-2012).On this basis,this paper estimates the output elasticities of the three categories of capital and then tests whether or not the production function of China shows constant returns to scale.展开更多
The importance of a nation’s infrastructure is a vital core for economic growth, development, and innovation. Health, wealth, access to education, public safety, and helping prepare for global crises like pandemics a...The importance of a nation’s infrastructure is a vital core for economic growth, development, and innovation. Health, wealth, access to education, public safety, and helping prepare for global crises like pandemics are all dependent on functioning and reliable infrastructures. In decades, the substantial threats affecting infrastructures globally whether in the form of extreme weather, Covid-19 pandemic, or the threats of state and non-state actors’ hackers, demanded urgency in building resilience infrastructures both during crises and in more stable conditions. At the same time, the adoption of emerging and innovative technologies boosts the development of the infrastructures using information, communication, and technology (ICT) platform. This shift accelerated its evolution toward digitization where interdependent and interconnected cyberspace demands collaborative and holistic strategies in protecting critical and high risks infrastructure assets from a growing number of disruptive cyberattacks. These ever-evolving cyber threats are creating increasingly dangerous and targeted cyberattacks to damage or disrupt the critical infrastructures delivering vital services to government, energy, healthcare, transportation, telecommunication, and other critical sectors. The infrastructure’s high risks assets present serious challenges and are crucial to safety, efficiency, and reliability. Any nation must recognize and determine how to cope with any type of threats to their critical infrastructure as well as the strategies to remain resilient. This article first describes the challenges and the need for critical infrastructure protection including the related global risks challenges. It then reviews the United Nations, the European Union, and the United States’ strategies, priorities, and urgencies of critical infrastructure protection. Subsequently, it surveys the critical infrastructure protection resilience strategies including ISO, IEC, ISA, NIST, CAF and CMM frameworks.展开更多
The pursuit of the higher performance mobile communications forces the emergence of the fifth generation mobile communication(5G). 5G network, integrating wireless and wired domain, can be qualified for the complex vi...The pursuit of the higher performance mobile communications forces the emergence of the fifth generation mobile communication(5G). 5G network, integrating wireless and wired domain, can be qualified for the complex virtual network work oriented to the cross-domain requirement. In this paper, we focus on the multi-domain virtual network embedding in a heterogeneous 5G network infrastructure, which facilitates the resource sharing for diverse-function demands from fixed/mobile end users. We proposed the mathematical ILP model for this problem.And based on the layered-substrate-resource auxiliary graph and an effective six-quadrant service-type-judgment method, 5G embedding demands can be classified accurately to match different user access densities. A collection of novel heuristic algorithms of virtual 5G network embedding are proposed. A great deal of numerical simulation results testified that our algorithm performed better in terms of average blocking rate, routing latency and wireless/wired resource utilization, compared with the benchmark.展开更多
In the design of geotechnical infrastructure,engineers have to deal with naturally occurring soils and rocks which are subjected to spatial variability as well as other uncertainties such as errors in measurement and ...In the design of geotechnical infrastructure,engineers have to deal with naturally occurring soils and rocks which are subjected to spatial variability as well as other uncertainties such as errors in measurement and in modeling methods.Reliability assessment which provides a systematic approach for quantifying the risk of failure has been shown to be a promising tool for solving these challenging geotechnical engineering problems.The method provides a more consistent measure of the level of safety or“structural reliability”through the evaluation of a reliability index and the associated“failure”probability,and is a method that satisfies the need to clearly convey safety issues to the public and regulatory authorities.Various methods for calculating the reliability of geotechnical infrastructures with regard to the assessment of the ultimate and serviceability limit states have been proposed by many researchers and these approaches include:the direct Monte Carlo Simulation,Bayesian and other sampling techniques,the first-order reliability method and the second-order reliability method,the random field method,the response surface method and other surrogate models with the related probabilistic procedures.In this special issue of Geoscience Frontiers,we assemble eleven invited papers which provide insights on the latest developments and challenges in applying probabilistic and reliability methods to geotechnical infrastructure design.展开更多
Research infrastructure is crucial for development of research,and thus the evaluation of its performance is important.However,existing researches mostly focus on its past observations,lacking of a prediction for futu...Research infrastructure is crucial for development of research,and thus the evaluation of its performance is important.However,existing researches mostly focus on its past observations,lacking of a prediction for future. In this paper, procedures are proposed to predict the distribution for the number of papers published in a certain future year. The publication reliability,which is defined as the probability that the number of published papers in the future year is bigger than a pre-specified number,is evaluated. Illustrative examples are proposed to show the applications of the model.展开更多
The transition to a non-emitting energy mix for power generation will take decades. This transition will need to be sustainable, e.g.economically affordable. Fossil fuels which are abundant have an important role to p...The transition to a non-emitting energy mix for power generation will take decades. This transition will need to be sustainable, e.g.economically affordable. Fossil fuels which are abundant have an important role to play in this respect, provided that Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS) is progressively implemented. CCS is the only way to reduce emissions from energy intensive industries.Thus, the need for upgraded and new CCS research facilities is widely recognised among stakeholders across Europe, as emphasised by the Zero Emissions Platform(ZEP) [1] and the European Energy Research Alliance on CCS(EERA-CCS) [2].The European Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory Infrastructure, ECCSEL, provides funders, operators and researchers with significant benefits by offering access to world-class research facilities that, in many cases, are unlikely for a single nation to support in isolation.This implies creation of synergy and the avoidance of duplication as well as streamlining of funding for research facilities.ECCSEL offers open access to its advanced laboratories for talented scientists and visiting researchers to conduct cutting-edge research.In the planning of ECCSEL, gap analyses were performed and CCS technologies have been reviewed to underpin and envisage the future experimental setup; 1) Making use of readily available facilities, 2) Modifying existing facilities, and 3) Planning and building entirely new advanced facilities.The investments required for the first ten years(2015-2025) are expected to be in the range of €80-120 miilion. These investments show the current level of ambition, as proposed during the preparatory phase(2011-2014).Entering the implementation phase in 2015, 9 European countries signed Letter of Intent(LoI) to join a ECCSEL legal entity: France, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Poland, Greece, Norway and Switzerland(active observer). As the EU ERIC-regulation [3] would offer the most suitable legal framework for ECCSEL, the host country, Norway, will apply for establishing ERIC as the ECCSEL Research Infrastructure(RI)legal entity in 2017. Until the ECCSEL ERIC is approved by the European Commission(probably by summer 2017), an interim MoU agreement for the implementation phase of ECCSEL RI has been signed by 13 research institutions and universities representing the 9 countries. A consortium of these partners were granted 3 million EURO from Horizon 2020 to boost implementation of ECCSEL from September 2015 and two years onwards.?2016, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).展开更多
In recent years, the Sponge City program (SCP) of China, as a sustainable stormwater management approach, has been strengthened as a national strategic level program. The Green Infrastructure (GI), due to its multi-ob...In recent years, the Sponge City program (SCP) of China, as a sustainable stormwater management approach, has been strengthened as a national strategic level program. The Green Infrastructure (GI), due to its multi-objective and multi-benefits, has been adopted as an important measure of this new nationwide initiative. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive quantitative evaluation system for neighbourhood scale SCP. Hence, in the process of GI plan optimization, selection of implementation methods to balance its multi-benefits has become one of the key obstacles in the practice of SCP. To support robust decision making on multi-objective GI planning and comprehensive assessment, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been used as a structural and systematic technique. In addition, a set of sustainability key performance indicators (KPIs) including requisite dimensions is the foundation for neighbourhood scale sustainability. Hence, AHP-based evaluation system including selection, weighting and ranking of the KPIs, is defined as a key performance indicator framework (KPIF), which is still in need for further development. Taking the GI planning for the Liangnong, Siming Lake sponge node restoration as an example, this paper develops KPIF with a comprehensive evaluation system for high-quality “Sponge Node” transitional construction. This KPIF consists of three basic criteria: “Environmental Performance”, “Economic and Adaptability Performance”, and “Social-cultural Performance and Wellbeing Performance”. In addition, 15 weighted KPIs are concluded and amongst them, the followings were relatively high: weight of the ATRCR, the promotion of biodiversity, the construction cost saving, the maintenance cost saving, and the level of recreational and wellbeing improvements for all people. In addition, the developed KPIF provides a reference for similar program’s decision-making, not only for the Jiangnan area of China, but also for quantitatively comprehensive evaluations of SCP in other regions.展开更多
Infrastructure construction is the precondition for promoting regionaleconomy and intemational cooperation. In this sense, the Newlyopened AsianEuropean Continental Land Bridge (NOAECLB) will provide a great opportuni...Infrastructure construction is the precondition for promoting regionaleconomy and intemational cooperation. In this sense, the Newlyopened AsianEuropean Continental Land Bridge (NOAECLB) will provide a great opportunityfor all the ropons along its sides to speed up their econondc growth. This paperfocuses on evaluatin the Changing pattem of economic growth in the repions alongNOAECLB within China’s boundary in general and discusses the problems, majortasks and relative polides for infastructllre construction in this area in particLilar.展开更多
On the strength of the status quo of Beijing rural infrastructure, I probe into the SWOT analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of rural infrastructure in Beijing municipal. Among them, the s...On the strength of the status quo of Beijing rural infrastructure, I probe into the SWOT analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of rural infrastructure in Beijing municipal. Among them, the strengths of rural infrastructure in Beijing municipal are analyzed from two aspects, namely, the strong financial support and great importance attached to by the government; the weaknesses are analyzed in terms of the serious shortage of funds invested and disparate investment in rural infrastructure; the opportunities faced by the rural infrastructure construction are analyzed in terms of support form the macrocontrol of the state and the threats are analyzed from the aspects of land preservation and environmental protection. Thus in order to further promote the Beijing rural infrastructure construction and increase the investment in rural infrastructure construction, the following countermeasures are put forward. In the first place, the government should adjust the fiscal policies and increase the investment in rural infrastructure construction. In the second place, the laws should be perfected to provide constitutional guarantee for infrastructure construction. In the third place, healthy supervision system of rural infrastructure should be managed well and use well. In the fourth place, the government should attach importance to disparate demands and shift from the unified standard to classified standard. In the fifth place, the government should enforce the supervision on capital and operation so as to improve the service efficiency of capital.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and China Mobile Research Fund Project(MCM20200102)the 173 Project(No.2019-JCJQ-ZD-342-00)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U19A2081)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2023SCU12129)the Science and Engineering Connotation Development Project of Sichuan University(No.2020SCUNG129).
文摘Due to the need for massive device connectivity,low communication latency,and various customizations in 6G architecture,a distributed cloud deployment approach will be more relevant to the space-air-ground-sea integrated network scenario.However,the openness and heterogeneity of the 6G network cause the problems of network security.To improve the trustworthiness of 6G networks,we propose a trusted computing-based approach for establishing trust relationships inmulti-cloud scenarios.The proposed method shows the relationship of trust based on dual-level verification.It separates the trustworthy states of multiple complex cloud units in 6G architecture into the state within and between cloud units.Firstly,SM3 algorithm establishes the chain of trust for the system’s trusted boot phase.Then,the remote attestation server(RAS)of distributed cloud units verifies the physical servers.Meanwhile,the physical servers use a ring approach to verify the cloud servers.Eventually,the centralized RAS takes one-time authentication to the critical evidence information of distributed cloud unit servers.Simultaneously,the centralized RAS also verifies the evidence of distributed RAS.We establish our proposed approach in a natural OpenStack-based cloud environment.The simulation results show that the proposed method achieves higher security with less than a 1%system performance loss.
基金supported by a grant from R&D program of the Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology(20015047).
文摘With the growth of the online market,demand for logistics and courier cargo is increasing rapidly.Accordingly,in the case of urban areas,road congestion and environmental problems due to cargo vehicles are mainly occurring.The joint courier logistics system,a plan to solve this problem,aims to establish an efficient logistics transportation system by utilizing one joint logistics delivery terminal by several logistics and delivery companies.However,several courier companies use different types of courier invoices.Such a system has a problem of information data transmission interruption.Therefore,the data processing process was systematically analyzed,a practically feasible methodology was devised,and delivery invoice information processing standards were established for this.In addition,the importance of this paper can be emphasized in terms of data processing in the logistics sector,which is expected to grow rapidly in the future.The results of this study can be used as basic data for the implementation of the logistics joint delivery terminal system in the future.And it can be used as a basis for securing the operational reliability of the joint courier logistics system.
文摘Transport infrastructure development and perception vary across and within countries, influencing mode choice among road users. This study explores how road users perceive the development of infrastructure modes, service attributes, embedded safety levels, and commuting modes. Additionally, the research examines whether participants’ environmental backgrounds impact their mode choice patterns. The study gathered responses from 1169 participants residing in two regions of Amman, Jordan, each with distinct infrastructure development and population densities. Participants completed a standardized questionnaire, and several statistical techniques were employed for analysis. The findings revealed that facilities’ infrastructure attributes, development, and safety were assessed using three indices. Both participant groups perceived these indices differently on average. Residents of low population density areas with relatively developed infrastructure showed more consistent assessments, irrespective of their most frequently used mode of transportation, tending towards lower scores. Interestingly, subjective ratings of infrastructure development were higher (4.96) than attribute-based ratings (4.32). Despite their generally low-quality perception, public transportation services received the highest appraisal (4.9). Conversely, pedestrian infrastructure complementing public transport received the lowest assessment (4.57), only slightly higher than street environments (4.59). The study found weak associations between subjective service characteristics ratings. Traveler and trip characteristics influenced mode choice and trips more than infrastructure perception. In conclusion, the study suggests that policies should be developed to encourage green transportation, ensure social equality and safety. In addition, the study contributes to understanding perceptions about transport infrastructure, modes of transportation, and the factors that influence sustainable and equitable transportation systems.
基金supported in part by the Ministry of Higher Education,Science and Research Innovation of Thailand.
文摘Visible Light Communication(VLC)technology is aggressive research for the next generation of communication.Currently,Radio Frequency(RF)communication has crowed spectrum.An Intelligent Transportation System(ITS)has been improved in the communication network for Vehicle-to-Vehicle(V2 V),Vehicle-to-Infrastructure(V2I),and Infrastructure-to-Vehicle(I2V)by using the visible light spectrum instead of the RF spectrum.This article studies the characterization of Line-of-Sight(LOS)optical performance in an Outdoor Wireless Visible Light Communication(OWVLC)system employing a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output(MIMO)technique for I2V communications in ITS regulations.We design the new configuration of the OWVLC-I2V system,which is an alternative approach to communication for I2V system at nighttime.The results show the Channel Impulse Response(CIR)of the LOS links in visible light communication for I2V system in ITS by investigating the receiver on the vehicle moving along the coverage communication area.Furthermore,the OWVLC-I2V system using the MIMO technique depicts the performance of throughput and Bit Error Rate(BER)vs.vehicle speed while the vehicle passes a street light.
文摘Advanced Metering Infrastructure(AMI)is the metering network of the smart grid that enables bidirectional communications between each consumer’s premises and the provider’s control center.The massive amount of data collected supports the real-time decision-making required for diverse applications.The communication infrastructure relies on different network types,including the Internet.This makes the infrastructure vulnerable to various attacks,which could compromise security or have devastating effects.However,traditional machine learning solutions cannot adapt to the increasing complexity and diversity of attacks.The objective of this paper is to develop an Anomaly Detection System(ADS)based on deep learning using the CIC-IDS2017 dataset.However,this dataset is highly imbalanced;thus,a two-step sampling technique:random under-sampling and the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique(SMOTE),is proposed to balance the dataset.The proposed system utilizes a multiple hidden layer Auto-encoder(AE)for feature extraction and dimensional reduction.In addition,an ensemble voting based on both Random Forest(RF)and Convolu-tional Neural Network(CNN)is developed to classify the multiclass attack cate-gories.The proposed system is evaluated and compared with six different state-of-the-art machine learning and deep learning algorithms:Random Forest(RF),Light Gradient Boosting Machine(LightGBM),eXtreme Gradient Boosting(XGboost),Convolutional Neural Network(CNN),Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM),and bidirectional LSTM(biLSTM).Experimental results show that the proposed model enhances the detection for each attack class compared with the other machine learning and deep learning models with overall accuracy(98.29%),precision(99%),recall(98%),F_(1) score(98%),and the UNDetection rate(UND)(8%).
基金This study was sponsored by the Tianjin Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project“Study on China’s Outward Direct Investment Risks and Early Warning System”(Grant No.JLJ18-003).
文摘Based on the panel data of China’s foreign aid in 2003-2014 from AidData,this paper empirically investigates the relationship between China’s foreign aid and economic growth in recipient countries.Using the principal component analysis(PCA),the authors propose a variable,i.e.the infrastructure index,to measure the effects of aid on the economic growth of recipient countries.This study shows that aid from China has significantly improved the level of economic growth in recipient countries,which provides a new evidence of China’s aid effectiveness.Through analysis of the ways by which aid in infrastructure induces economic growth,the authors conclude that the improvement of local infrastructure accounts for 55.30%of the aggregate economic growth effect of China’s aid to recipient countries.
文摘This study discussed the water sector as a critical infrastructural element in Jordan where the sector is exposed to the extreme events. The exposure of the country to extreme events has initiated this study. Such events are Pollution accidents, flooding, draughts, overexploitation, failure in electricity supply, climate changes, earthquakes, landslides, failure of dams, failure of wastewater treatment plants, failure of desalination plants, sabotage, fire, water theft, migration and demographic changes (immigration and urban migration), relations to neighboring countries, epidemics, and others. These extreme events are discussed in this article and the results show that failures in the water infrastructure and water supply, in Jordan, with its water sector situation have rigorous percussions on the country’s health, food supply, economy, societal stability, the built environment, and on other water-related issues. The study concludes that developing national programs to protect the water infrastructure in the water-fragile country has become very crucial to reach a robust and resilient water sector which not only means providing the inhabitants with quantitatively sufficient and qualitatively healthy water but also aims to incorporate guaranteeing social, economic and political stability.
文摘Sand excavations in river beds have compromised the safety of several bridges in recent years. Large scale sand mining from river beds is now common in the Niger Delta, due to the necessity of reclaiming land for development purposes and to meet construction needs in the region. There is currently no regulation as to where sand can be mined in river channels because of the lack of adequate understanding of the risks to coastal infrastructure involved with its abstraction. The phenomenon of bridge Abutment and bank failure induced by excessive dredging of sand river bed is considered. Two types of instability were distinguished, one relating to the equilibrium slope of the riverbed and the other riverbank instability. An empirical relationship in the form X<sub>s</sub> = 3Htan(90 - α) has been developed through analysis, supported by examples that a minimum distance of 94 m (for sand river beds) from a bridge should be observed for sand abstraction in order to guaranty the safety of bridge foundation. For clay riverbeds, slightly shorter minimum distances can be considered safe. The study further shows that the capacity of sand borrowing in river channels to generate bank instability is dependent on the composition and stratigraphy beneath the river bed.
文摘The United States of America faces an increasing number of threats to its critical infrastructure due to cyber-attacks. With the constant advancement of technology and the interconnectedness of various systems, the vulnerabilities in the nation’s infrastructure have become more pronounced. Cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure, such as power grids, transportation networks, and financial systems, pose a significant risk to national security and public safety. These attacks can disrupt essential services, cause economic losses, and potentially have severe consequences for the well-being of individuals and communities. The rise of cyber-terrorism is also a concern. Cyber-terrorists can exploit vulnerabilities in cyberspace to compromise infrastructure systems, causing chaos and panic among the population. The potential for destructive attacks on critical infrastructure is a pressing issue requiring constant attention and proactive measures.
基金Sponsored by Scientific Research Project of Higher Learning Institutions in Anhui Province(KJ2016A150)Project of National Natural Science Foundation(41471422)
文摘Urban ecological infrastructure is the ecological background of urban sustainable development and is the basic guarantee for the construction of ecological cities. According to the characteristics of the ecological infrastructure of coal-based cities, the ecological infrastructure is divided into two subsystems:natural infrastructure subsystem and artificial infrastructure subsystem. According to each subsystem and its main components(such as atmosphere, green space, hydrology, traffic and transportation), 36 indicators were selected to establish the evaluation system. In addition, the evaluation model was established by means of mean square deviation method and composite index method, and a dynamic analysis was carried out on the ecological infrastructure quality of Huainan City in 2006-2015. The results show that the composite index of ecological infrastructure in Huainan City in 2006-2015 remained at the medium level, and the natural infrastructure at the worse and poor levels, while the artificial infrastructure remained at the medium and excellent levels.
基金the financial supports of the Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.LR14G03001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71673237)
文摘This paper classifies total fixed capital into three categories,namely,economic infrastructure capital,social infrastructure capital and non-infrastructure capital,and then offers complete and detailed estimates of the national time series data(1981-2012) and the provincial panel data of 31 administrative regions(1997-2012).On this basis,this paper estimates the output elasticities of the three categories of capital and then tests whether or not the production function of China shows constant returns to scale.
文摘The importance of a nation’s infrastructure is a vital core for economic growth, development, and innovation. Health, wealth, access to education, public safety, and helping prepare for global crises like pandemics are all dependent on functioning and reliable infrastructures. In decades, the substantial threats affecting infrastructures globally whether in the form of extreme weather, Covid-19 pandemic, or the threats of state and non-state actors’ hackers, demanded urgency in building resilience infrastructures both during crises and in more stable conditions. At the same time, the adoption of emerging and innovative technologies boosts the development of the infrastructures using information, communication, and technology (ICT) platform. This shift accelerated its evolution toward digitization where interdependent and interconnected cyberspace demands collaborative and holistic strategies in protecting critical and high risks infrastructure assets from a growing number of disruptive cyberattacks. These ever-evolving cyber threats are creating increasingly dangerous and targeted cyberattacks to damage or disrupt the critical infrastructures delivering vital services to government, energy, healthcare, transportation, telecommunication, and other critical sectors. The infrastructure’s high risks assets present serious challenges and are crucial to safety, efficiency, and reliability. Any nation must recognize and determine how to cope with any type of threats to their critical infrastructure as well as the strategies to remain resilient. This article first describes the challenges and the need for critical infrastructure protection including the related global risks challenges. It then reviews the United Nations, the European Union, and the United States’ strategies, priorities, and urgencies of critical infrastructure protection. Subsequently, it surveys the critical infrastructure protection resilience strategies including ISO, IEC, ISA, NIST, CAF and CMM frameworks.
基金supported in part by Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications (Grant No. IPOC2014B009)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. N130817002, N150401002)+1 种基金Foundation of the Education Department of Liaoning Province (Grant No. L2014089)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61302070, 61401082, 61471109, 61502075, 91438110)
文摘The pursuit of the higher performance mobile communications forces the emergence of the fifth generation mobile communication(5G). 5G network, integrating wireless and wired domain, can be qualified for the complex virtual network work oriented to the cross-domain requirement. In this paper, we focus on the multi-domain virtual network embedding in a heterogeneous 5G network infrastructure, which facilitates the resource sharing for diverse-function demands from fixed/mobile end users. We proposed the mathematical ILP model for this problem.And based on the layered-substrate-resource auxiliary graph and an effective six-quadrant service-type-judgment method, 5G embedding demands can be classified accurately to match different user access densities. A collection of novel heuristic algorithms of virtual 5G network embedding are proposed. A great deal of numerical simulation results testified that our algorithm performed better in terms of average blocking rate, routing latency and wireless/wired resource utilization, compared with the benchmark.
文摘In the design of geotechnical infrastructure,engineers have to deal with naturally occurring soils and rocks which are subjected to spatial variability as well as other uncertainties such as errors in measurement and in modeling methods.Reliability assessment which provides a systematic approach for quantifying the risk of failure has been shown to be a promising tool for solving these challenging geotechnical engineering problems.The method provides a more consistent measure of the level of safety or“structural reliability”through the evaluation of a reliability index and the associated“failure”probability,and is a method that satisfies the need to clearly convey safety issues to the public and regulatory authorities.Various methods for calculating the reliability of geotechnical infrastructures with regard to the assessment of the ultimate and serviceability limit states have been proposed by many researchers and these approaches include:the direct Monte Carlo Simulation,Bayesian and other sampling techniques,the first-order reliability method and the second-order reliability method,the random field method,the response surface method and other surrogate models with the related probabilistic procedures.In this special issue of Geoscience Frontiers,we assemble eleven invited papers which provide insights on the latest developments and challenges in applying probabilistic and reliability methods to geotechnical infrastructure design.
基金Ministry of Education Project,China(No.2014GL15)
文摘Research infrastructure is crucial for development of research,and thus the evaluation of its performance is important.However,existing researches mostly focus on its past observations,lacking of a prediction for future. In this paper, procedures are proposed to predict the distribution for the number of papers published in a certain future year. The publication reliability,which is defined as the probability that the number of published papers in the future year is bigger than a pre-specified number,is evaluated. Illustrative examples are proposed to show the applications of the model.
文摘The transition to a non-emitting energy mix for power generation will take decades. This transition will need to be sustainable, e.g.economically affordable. Fossil fuels which are abundant have an important role to play in this respect, provided that Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS) is progressively implemented. CCS is the only way to reduce emissions from energy intensive industries.Thus, the need for upgraded and new CCS research facilities is widely recognised among stakeholders across Europe, as emphasised by the Zero Emissions Platform(ZEP) [1] and the European Energy Research Alliance on CCS(EERA-CCS) [2].The European Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory Infrastructure, ECCSEL, provides funders, operators and researchers with significant benefits by offering access to world-class research facilities that, in many cases, are unlikely for a single nation to support in isolation.This implies creation of synergy and the avoidance of duplication as well as streamlining of funding for research facilities.ECCSEL offers open access to its advanced laboratories for talented scientists and visiting researchers to conduct cutting-edge research.In the planning of ECCSEL, gap analyses were performed and CCS technologies have been reviewed to underpin and envisage the future experimental setup; 1) Making use of readily available facilities, 2) Modifying existing facilities, and 3) Planning and building entirely new advanced facilities.The investments required for the first ten years(2015-2025) are expected to be in the range of €80-120 miilion. These investments show the current level of ambition, as proposed during the preparatory phase(2011-2014).Entering the implementation phase in 2015, 9 European countries signed Letter of Intent(LoI) to join a ECCSEL legal entity: France, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Poland, Greece, Norway and Switzerland(active observer). As the EU ERIC-regulation [3] would offer the most suitable legal framework for ECCSEL, the host country, Norway, will apply for establishing ERIC as the ECCSEL Research Infrastructure(RI)legal entity in 2017. Until the ECCSEL ERIC is approved by the European Commission(probably by summer 2017), an interim MoU agreement for the implementation phase of ECCSEL RI has been signed by 13 research institutions and universities representing the 9 countries. A consortium of these partners were granted 3 million EURO from Horizon 2020 to boost implementation of ECCSEL from September 2015 and two years onwards.?2016, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
文摘In recent years, the Sponge City program (SCP) of China, as a sustainable stormwater management approach, has been strengthened as a national strategic level program. The Green Infrastructure (GI), due to its multi-objective and multi-benefits, has been adopted as an important measure of this new nationwide initiative. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive quantitative evaluation system for neighbourhood scale SCP. Hence, in the process of GI plan optimization, selection of implementation methods to balance its multi-benefits has become one of the key obstacles in the practice of SCP. To support robust decision making on multi-objective GI planning and comprehensive assessment, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been used as a structural and systematic technique. In addition, a set of sustainability key performance indicators (KPIs) including requisite dimensions is the foundation for neighbourhood scale sustainability. Hence, AHP-based evaluation system including selection, weighting and ranking of the KPIs, is defined as a key performance indicator framework (KPIF), which is still in need for further development. Taking the GI planning for the Liangnong, Siming Lake sponge node restoration as an example, this paper develops KPIF with a comprehensive evaluation system for high-quality “Sponge Node” transitional construction. This KPIF consists of three basic criteria: “Environmental Performance”, “Economic and Adaptability Performance”, and “Social-cultural Performance and Wellbeing Performance”. In addition, 15 weighted KPIs are concluded and amongst them, the followings were relatively high: weight of the ATRCR, the promotion of biodiversity, the construction cost saving, the maintenance cost saving, and the level of recreational and wellbeing improvements for all people. In addition, the developed KPIF provides a reference for similar program’s decision-making, not only for the Jiangnan area of China, but also for quantitatively comprehensive evaluations of SCP in other regions.
文摘Infrastructure construction is the precondition for promoting regionaleconomy and intemational cooperation. In this sense, the Newlyopened AsianEuropean Continental Land Bridge (NOAECLB) will provide a great opportunityfor all the ropons along its sides to speed up their econondc growth. This paperfocuses on evaluatin the Changing pattem of economic growth in the repions alongNOAECLB within China’s boundary in general and discusses the problems, majortasks and relative polides for infastructllre construction in this area in particLilar.
基金Supported by the Technology Innovation Items of Capital University of Economics and Business
文摘On the strength of the status quo of Beijing rural infrastructure, I probe into the SWOT analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of rural infrastructure in Beijing municipal. Among them, the strengths of rural infrastructure in Beijing municipal are analyzed from two aspects, namely, the strong financial support and great importance attached to by the government; the weaknesses are analyzed in terms of the serious shortage of funds invested and disparate investment in rural infrastructure; the opportunities faced by the rural infrastructure construction are analyzed in terms of support form the macrocontrol of the state and the threats are analyzed from the aspects of land preservation and environmental protection. Thus in order to further promote the Beijing rural infrastructure construction and increase the investment in rural infrastructure construction, the following countermeasures are put forward. In the first place, the government should adjust the fiscal policies and increase the investment in rural infrastructure construction. In the second place, the laws should be perfected to provide constitutional guarantee for infrastructure construction. In the third place, healthy supervision system of rural infrastructure should be managed well and use well. In the fourth place, the government should attach importance to disparate demands and shift from the unified standard to classified standard. In the fifth place, the government should enforce the supervision on capital and operation so as to improve the service efficiency of capital.
