Death due to scorpion envenoming syndrome is a common event in many of the tropical and non-tropical counties. Initial transient hypertension is commonly observed in scorpion sting victims. Scorpion envenoming causes ...Death due to scorpion envenoming syndrome is a common event in many of the tropical and non-tropical counties. Initial transient hypertension is commonly observed in scorpion sting victims. Scorpion envenoming causes autonomic storm resulting in initial transient hypertension followed by hypotension, cold clammy skin, hypothermia, cardiovascular disturbances, acute myocarditis, sarcolemmal defects, pulmonary oedema, acute pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and many other clinical manifestations. All these manifestations could be due to sudden increase in catecholamines, angiotensin II, glucagon, Cortisol and either due to suppressed insulin secretion or insulin resistance and death. The sudden increase of metabolic A in counter-regulatory hormones along with either suppressed insulin secretion/or insulin resistance results in glycogenolysis in liver, cardiac and skeletal muscles causing hyperglycemia and a sudden increase in free fatty acid levels. Free Fatty Acids increase the susceptibility of the ventricles to the disorganized electrical behavior, inhibit cardiac sarcolemmal Na+-K+ ATPase activity, increase the tendency to intravascular thrombus, increase myocardial oxygen consumption, interfere with tropomyosin-troponin activation of Actin-Myosin coupling, show detergent effects on cell membranes and they could alter the stabilization of lysosomal membranes and probably become toxic to the myocardium. Based on our animal experiments in which insulin administration reversed the metabolic and ECG changes induced by scorpion envenoming and treating the poisonous scorpion sting victims with insulin, we consider that insulin has a primary metabolic role in preventing, counter-acting and reversing all the deleterious effects of FFA by inhibiting the catecholamine induced by lipolysis, and increasing intra-cellular K+, facilitating glucose transport to the myocardium and glucose metabolism through different pathways. Administration of insulin-glucose infusion to scorpion sting victims appears to be the physiological basis for the control of the metabolic response when that has become a determinant to survival. Treatment using continuous infusion of regular crystalline insulin should be given at the rate of 0.3 U/g glucose and glucose at the rate of 0.1 g/kg body weight/hour, for 48 - 72 hours, with supplementation of potassium as needed and maintenance of fluid, electrolytes and acid-base balance.展开更多
In recent decades, due to the increasing risk of diabetes, the measurement and control of the blood sugar is of great importance. In typeI diabetes, because of the lack of insulin secretion, the cells cannot absorb gl...In recent decades, due to the increasing risk of diabetes, the measurement and control of the blood sugar is of great importance. In typeI diabetes, because of the lack of insulin secretion, the cells cannot absorb glucose, and thus have a low level of glucose. To control blood glucose, the insulin must be injected to the body. In fact, the injection must be in a completely controlled environment. If the level of the insulin exceeds the physiological limits, it may cause death. This paper presents an online approach to control the blood glucose level using a nonlinear model predictive control. This method, maintains the level of blood glucose concentration within a normal range. Thus, the blood glucose level is measured in each minute and predicted for the next time interval. If that is not in the normal range, amount of the insulin which must be injected will be determined. The proposed control approach includes important features such as model uncertainties and prevents acute decrease in the blood glucose level, and instability. In order to assess performance of the proposed controller, computer simulations have been carried out in Matlab/Simulink. Simulation results will reveal the effectiveness of the proposed nonlinear model predictive controller in adjusting the blood glucose level by injecting required insulin. So if the nutrition of the person decreases instantly, the hypoglycemia does not happen.展开更多
Mathematical models based on advanced differential equations are utilized to analyze the glucose-insulin regulatory system, and how it affects the detection of Type I and Type II diabetes. In this paper, we have incor...Mathematical models based on advanced differential equations are utilized to analyze the glucose-insulin regulatory system, and how it affects the detection of Type I and Type II diabetes. In this paper, we have incorporated several models of prominent mathematicians in this field of work. Three of these models are single time delays, where either there is a time delay of how long it takes insulin produced by the pancreas to take effect, or a delay in the glucose production after the insulin has taken effect on the body. Three other models are two-time delay models, and based on the specific models, the time delay takes place in some sort of insulin production delay or glucose production delay. The intent of this paper is to use these multiple delays to analyze the glucose-insulin regulatory system, and how if it is not properly working at any point, the high risk of diabetes becomes a reality.展开更多
文摘Death due to scorpion envenoming syndrome is a common event in many of the tropical and non-tropical counties. Initial transient hypertension is commonly observed in scorpion sting victims. Scorpion envenoming causes autonomic storm resulting in initial transient hypertension followed by hypotension, cold clammy skin, hypothermia, cardiovascular disturbances, acute myocarditis, sarcolemmal defects, pulmonary oedema, acute pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and many other clinical manifestations. All these manifestations could be due to sudden increase in catecholamines, angiotensin II, glucagon, Cortisol and either due to suppressed insulin secretion or insulin resistance and death. The sudden increase of metabolic A in counter-regulatory hormones along with either suppressed insulin secretion/or insulin resistance results in glycogenolysis in liver, cardiac and skeletal muscles causing hyperglycemia and a sudden increase in free fatty acid levels. Free Fatty Acids increase the susceptibility of the ventricles to the disorganized electrical behavior, inhibit cardiac sarcolemmal Na+-K+ ATPase activity, increase the tendency to intravascular thrombus, increase myocardial oxygen consumption, interfere with tropomyosin-troponin activation of Actin-Myosin coupling, show detergent effects on cell membranes and they could alter the stabilization of lysosomal membranes and probably become toxic to the myocardium. Based on our animal experiments in which insulin administration reversed the metabolic and ECG changes induced by scorpion envenoming and treating the poisonous scorpion sting victims with insulin, we consider that insulin has a primary metabolic role in preventing, counter-acting and reversing all the deleterious effects of FFA by inhibiting the catecholamine induced by lipolysis, and increasing intra-cellular K+, facilitating glucose transport to the myocardium and glucose metabolism through different pathways. Administration of insulin-glucose infusion to scorpion sting victims appears to be the physiological basis for the control of the metabolic response when that has become a determinant to survival. Treatment using continuous infusion of regular crystalline insulin should be given at the rate of 0.3 U/g glucose and glucose at the rate of 0.1 g/kg body weight/hour, for 48 - 72 hours, with supplementation of potassium as needed and maintenance of fluid, electrolytes and acid-base balance.
文摘In recent decades, due to the increasing risk of diabetes, the measurement and control of the blood sugar is of great importance. In typeI diabetes, because of the lack of insulin secretion, the cells cannot absorb glucose, and thus have a low level of glucose. To control blood glucose, the insulin must be injected to the body. In fact, the injection must be in a completely controlled environment. If the level of the insulin exceeds the physiological limits, it may cause death. This paper presents an online approach to control the blood glucose level using a nonlinear model predictive control. This method, maintains the level of blood glucose concentration within a normal range. Thus, the blood glucose level is measured in each minute and predicted for the next time interval. If that is not in the normal range, amount of the insulin which must be injected will be determined. The proposed control approach includes important features such as model uncertainties and prevents acute decrease in the blood glucose level, and instability. In order to assess performance of the proposed controller, computer simulations have been carried out in Matlab/Simulink. Simulation results will reveal the effectiveness of the proposed nonlinear model predictive controller in adjusting the blood glucose level by injecting required insulin. So if the nutrition of the person decreases instantly, the hypoglycemia does not happen.
文摘Mathematical models based on advanced differential equations are utilized to analyze the glucose-insulin regulatory system, and how it affects the detection of Type I and Type II diabetes. In this paper, we have incorporated several models of prominent mathematicians in this field of work. Three of these models are single time delays, where either there is a time delay of how long it takes insulin produced by the pancreas to take effect, or a delay in the glucose production after the insulin has taken effect on the body. Three other models are two-time delay models, and based on the specific models, the time delay takes place in some sort of insulin production delay or glucose production delay. The intent of this paper is to use these multiple delays to analyze the glucose-insulin regulatory system, and how if it is not properly working at any point, the high risk of diabetes becomes a reality.
