Carbon neutrality(or climate neutrality)has been a global consensus,and international experience exchange is essential.Given the differences in the degree of social development,resource endowment and technological lev...Carbon neutrality(or climate neutrality)has been a global consensus,and international experience exchange is essential.Given the differences in the degree of social development,resource endowment and technological level,each country should build a carbon-neutral plan based on its national conditions.Compared with other major developed countries(e.g.,Germany,the United States and Japan),China's carbon neutrality has much bigger challenges,including a heavy and time-pressured carbon reduction task and the current energy structure that is over-dependent on fossil fuels.Here we provide a comprehensive review of the status and prospects of the key technologies for low-carbon,near-zero carbon,and negative carbon emissions.Technological innovations associated with coal,oil-gas and hydrogen industries and their future potential in reducing carbon emissions are particularly explained and assessed.Based on integrated analysis of international experience from the world's major developed countries,in-depth knowledge of the current and future technologies,and China's energy and ecological resources potential,five lessons for the implementation of China's carbon neutrality are proposed:(1)transformation of energy production pattern from a coal-dominated pattern to a diversified renewable energy pattern;(2)renewable power-to-X and large-scale underground energy storage;(3)integration of green hydrogen production,storage,transport and utilization;(4)construction of clean energy systems based on smart sector coupling(ENSYSCO);(5)improvement of ecosystem carbon sinks both in nationwide forest land and potential desert in Northwest China.This paper provides an international perspective for a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities of carbon neutrality in China,and can serve as a theoretical foundation for medium-long term carbon neutral policy formulation.展开更多
The issue of income distribution in the modern sense emerged with the creation of the capitalist mode of production-a process characterized by income gaps, at first widening, then narrowing, and widening once again. I...The issue of income distribution in the modern sense emerged with the creation of the capitalist mode of production-a process characterized by income gaps, at first widening, then narrowing, and widening once again. In the classical economic stage featuring dual economy, income distribution was dominated by capital due to scarce capital and cheap labor, which led to widening income gaps. Entering the neoclassical economic stage, income distribution was dominated by the game between capital and labor due to diminishing marginal return to capital and relatively scarce labor, which led to the growing share of labor compensation and narrowing income gaps. Yet since the 1970s, the deepening of financialization of capital has once again magnified the effect of capital-dominated income distribution, which, together with working class polarization, led to another round of widening income gaps. An observation of the long-term evolution of world economic development and income distribution gives us a clearer view on the intrinsic rationale of change in income distribution: The mode of production determines the mode of distribution and functional distribution shares intrinsic consistency with quantitative distribution.展开更多
Pension funds remain scarce no matter what institutional design is adopted. China has a host of unique issues facing its pension system,issues that must be confronted; for instance,the disappearance of its demographic...Pension funds remain scarce no matter what institutional design is adopted. China has a host of unique issues facing its pension system,issues that must be confronted; for instance,the disappearance of its demographic dividends and legacy costs incurred due to institutional transition. Such features determine that China’s pension system is merely passable at the present time. In this article,Professor Cai Fang offers new and incisive perspectives on this issue,such as the potential stimulus for economic growth by ageing people’s desire to save money for old-age provisions.展开更多
People-to-people diplomacy refers to nongovernmental external relations by NGOs including foreign exchanges and cooperation in certain areas of expertise that could influence state foreign relations.People-to-people d...People-to-people diplomacy refers to nongovernmental external relations by NGOs including foreign exchanges and cooperation in certain areas of expertise that could influence state foreign relations.People-to-people diplomacy has five characteristics:firstly,it is non-governmental,thus it neither represents the state or the展开更多
There are many problems in our city in the process of resource allocation, inequality, income gap, inequality of opportunity, a large gap between urban and rural development. The process of urbanization in developed c...There are many problems in our city in the process of resource allocation, inequality, income gap, inequality of opportunity, a large gap between urban and rural development. The process of urbanization in developed countries, ＂to flee the city, yearning for the country＂ concept and China ＂left the countryside into the city＂ concept in the opposite. In developed countries, higher family income families are more willing to live in the countryside, and family income relatively more inclined to live in the city. This paper will study the foreign classic the characteristics of town development model of them, hoping to learn from the experience and lessons of their construction, and puts forward suggestions on the construction characteristics of our country at the present stage of the town.展开更多
Comparative Vision article from Social Security Intemational, discusses the need for international comparison focuses on the typical characteristics of the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States established the de...Comparative Vision article from Social Security Intemational, discusses the need for international comparison focuses on the typical characteristics of the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States established the developed capitalist countries and emerging East Asian countries social security model, and on this basis, summed up the country should learn fi＇om each experience, its essence, as I used to promote the construction of China＇s social security system towards healthy and sustainable direction.展开更多
In the current severe employment situation, it is widely accepted by society that adopts entrepreneurship to promote employment. However, the problem is that the entrepreneurial enthusiasm is high but the rate of succ...In the current severe employment situation, it is widely accepted by society that adopts entrepreneurship to promote employment. However, the problem is that the entrepreneurial enthusiasm is high but the rate of success is low. Hence, we need to provide a more complete entrepreneurial business environment. The thesis aims to provide experience and further improve our business environment by analyzing the international business support policy.展开更多
The ground-floor economy has a long history as a significant part of the informal economy.Due to the dependence on its own social status and relationship to the government’s political and economic objectives,it has d...The ground-floor economy has a long history as a significant part of the informal economy.Due to the dependence on its own social status and relationship to the government’s political and economic objectives,it has developed precariously in recent years.In the face of post-epidemic problems,a shortcut is to learn from international experience.This paper used the structural theory and drew from the secondary data,demonstrating the background of informal economy and exploring the rational ways to maintain and develop street vending.Spatialization,legalization and network digitization are proven international approaches,which display the empirical and theoretical implications to urban practice and studies.展开更多
According tothe unified arrangement of Document No.12 of 2018 issued by the Central Committee of Communist Party of China(CPC)and the State Council,the first free trade port(FTP)with Chinese characteristics was to be ...According tothe unified arrangement of Document No.12 of 2018 issued by the Central Committee of Communist Party of China(CPC)and the State Council,the first free trade port(FTP)with Chinese characteristics was to be built in Hainan.Certain difficulties and challenges will inevitably arise during the building of the port,including lack of a unified foreign trade structure,low added value for the tourism industry,low utilization rate of foreign investment,and lack of innovation and openness within the financial industry.However,Hainan also enjoys certain advantages that are conducive to the building of a FTP,such as the existence of its natural outlying islands,a sound ecological environment,experience in reform and innovation of special economic zones,and policy support from the central government,as well as other basic conditions beneficial to the construction of such a port.Hainan must learn from the successful experience of other international FTPs in areas such as trade regulation,business environment,port clearance,financial openness,and fiscal and tax policies.It will be necessary for China to benchmark not only against the highest international standards but also to focus on positioning by differentiated functions,lay a solid foundation for development and transcend policy incentives,make up for financial shortcomings,encourage financial openness and innovation,and carry out differentiated fiscal and tax policies.At the same time,the division of powers and functions between the central and local governments must be properly handled,and an integrated administrative organization that promotes collaboration between the central and local governments mustbeestablished.展开更多
Carbon market,which is capable of scientific quantifying and marked-based pricing of carbon emission,is an important way for countries to achieve the target of carbon emission reduction.The global carbon market,after ...Carbon market,which is capable of scientific quantifying and marked-based pricing of carbon emission,is an important way for countries to achieve the target of carbon emission reduction.The global carbon market,after more than ten years of development,has developed a mature mechanism.China started the trial of carbon market in 2011.After ten years of exploration,the national carbon trading market was officially launched in mid-July 2021.Against the backdrop of carbon neutrality,the national carbon market will shoulder a greater mission of carbon emission reduction and speed up its financialization and internationalization.However,it should take a dialectical attitude toward the opportunities and risks of carbon market financialization.In the future,China can promote the development of carbon market through efforts to develop market participants,clarify the attributes of carbon finance,prevent potential risks of carbon finance,improve the connection mechanism with the international carbon market,and innovate carbon finance services.展开更多
Government regulation on building energy saving starts earlier in America, Holland, Japan and other developed countries, and has accumulated wealthy experience which is worth reference for China. According to practica...Government regulation on building energy saving starts earlier in America, Holland, Japan and other developed countries, and has accumulated wealthy experience which is worth reference for China. According to practical work of building energy efficiency in China, the government regulation should to be divided into two stages: recent advance and forward continued promotion of industry. In short term, we should cultivate and improve energy efficiency market as the main task by means of enhancing awareness of energy conservation, accelerating heating system reform, implementing effective encouraging policy and setting up building energy efficiency sign system and etc. While in long term, we should put emphasis on upgrading and development of building energy efficiency industry by ways of improving standard and norm system, constructing technological guarantee system and forming socialized cooperation system and etc.展开更多
Due to globalization, there is a need for nurses with skills and competence in providing safe, competent and culturally appropriate care. The aim of the study was to investigate whether International Study Experiences...Due to globalization, there is a need for nurses with skills and competence in providing safe, competent and culturally appropriate care. The aim of the study was to investigate whether International Study Experiences (ISE) in other countries during basic nursing education had an impact on newly graduated nurses as regards to self-reported competence. Moreover, a second aim was to explore what background factors that facilitated or constituted a hindrance for nursing students to choose to conduct part of their basic nursing education abroad. At 11 Universities/University Colleges (henceforth called Higher Education Institutions [HEIs]) in Sweden, 565 nursing students responded to the Nurse Professional Competence (NPC) Scale. Students with ISE rated their competence significantly higher on three NPC competence areas—“Legislation in nursing and safety planning”, “Leadership and development of nursing” and “Education and supervision of staff/students”. Background factors that significantly seemed to enhance ISE were living alone, not having children or other commitments in relation to family, international focus at the HEI and previous international experience. Lack of financial means was reported to prevent students from choosing ISE. The study implies that several background factors are of importance whether students choose ISE or not. ISE during basic nursing education might result in better self-reported competence in leading and developing nursing care, including education of future nurses, and in providing safe care.展开更多
Objective To summarize the experience and evaluate the efficacy of treatment of urethral stricture using direct visual internal urethrotomy ( DVIU) . Methods The clinical data of 361 patients ( age range 16 - 72 years...Objective To summarize the experience and evaluate the efficacy of treatment of urethral stricture using direct visual internal urethrotomy ( DVIU) . Methods The clinical data of 361 patients ( age range 16 - 72 years, mean age 38 years) with urethral stricture who underwent urethrotomy from 1990 to 2010 was retrospectively ana-展开更多
Objective To study the innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards in foreign countries and to provide reference for China’s government.Methods The official websites were searched for info...Objective To study the innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards in foreign countries and to provide reference for China’s government.Methods The official websites were searched for information and related literature,and literature review was used.Results and Conclusion In foreign countries,the clinical value of innovative drugs and their impact on medical insurance funds were comprehensively evaluated based on factors such as quality-adjusted life years,clinical benefit,and improvement of clinical benefit.Then,the evaluation results were taken as an important basis for whether innovative drugs were admitted to the medical insurance catalog and establishing medical insurance payment standards.By using international experience for reference,innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards for China’s national conditions can be improved by establishing a basic database of clinical value and drug economic evaluation of innovative drugs,as well as innovative drug payment models based on decision thresholds.展开更多
In today＇s economic situation, overcapacity of Chinese traditional manufacturing industry poses a serious threat to sustaineck rapid and healthy development of economy. The primary reasons of excess capacity of Chine...In today＇s economic situation, overcapacity of Chinese traditional manufacturing industry poses a serious threat to sustaineck rapid and healthy development of economy. The primary reasons of excess capacity of Chinese traditional manufacturing industry are the discordant between consumption and investment, the irrational industrial structure, export is not ideal and other causes. Overcapacity of traditional manufacturing industry will lead to business failures, unemployment citizen, deflation, financial risk and other series consequences. We should learn from foreign experience in the processing of excess capacity of traditional manufacturing industry and deal with excess capacity of traditional manufacturing industry in different aspects, so as to ensure stable and healthy development of our country＇ s economy.展开更多
The problem of aging, as a severe test in the world, has attracted wide attention all over the world. This article will study the development of the tourism pension industry on the basis of traditional old-age mode, c...The problem of aging, as a severe test in the world, has attracted wide attention all over the world. This article will study the development of the tourism pension industry on the basis of traditional old-age mode, compare the experience of the development of foreign tourism for the aged, and finally put forward some suggestions and thinking for the development of China＇s special color.展开更多
Several ray-type 1D and 2D KdV equations for two-layer stratified ocean with topographic effect are derived in detail in the present study. A simplified version of these equations, ray type 1D KdV equation, is used to...Several ray-type 1D and 2D KdV equations for two-layer stratified ocean with topographic effect are derived in detail in the present study. A simplified version of these equations, ray type 1D KdV equation, is used to calculate numerically the disintegration of initial interface soliton from the deep sea to the continental shelf. At the same time, a laboratory experiment is carried out in a 2D stratified flow and internal wave tank to examine the numerical results. A comparison of the numerical results with the experimental results shows that they are in good agreement. The numerical results also show that the ray-type KdV equation has high accuracy in describing the evolution of initial interface waves in shelf/slope regions. Form these results, it can be concluded that the fission process is a dominant generating mechanism of interface soliton packets on the continental shelf.展开更多
Land consolidation(LC) stands as a globally recognized strategy for rural development. In China, it has evolved towards comprehensive land consolidation(CLC) to support the rural revitalization initiative. However, th...Land consolidation(LC) stands as a globally recognized strategy for rural development. In China, it has evolved towards comprehensive land consolidation(CLC) to support the rural revitalization initiative. However, there are ongoing challenges in understanding CLC's specific pathway and mechanism, particularly its role in stimulating rural endogenous development. This study aims to investigate the localization process of international experiences, examine the pathway of CLC, and scrutinize its mechanism in rural development from a novel perspective of neo-endogenous development. Field research and semi-structured interviews were conducted in Nanzhanglou village, renowned for its early adoption of CLC practices inspired by German experiences since 1988. Overall, key findings underscore the advantages of CLC in spatial restructuring, industrial development, and human capital enhancement in rural areas. Additionally, international experiences emerge as crucial exogenous forces, primarily by knowledge embedding, which catalyzes rural neo-endogenous development via the “resource-engagement-identity-endogenous” mechanism. Collectively, by introducing a neo-endogenous theoretical framework, this study offers valuable insights into the CLC implementation in China and beyond, and emphasizes the positive impact of knowledge embedding as an exogenous force in promoting rural neo-endogenous development to address existing research gaps. Recommendations for sustainable rural development involve enhancing rural planning practicality, governance capacity, and local leadership, while prioritizing agricultural modernization and increasing investments in education and vocational training to ensure that villagers benefit from industrial development.展开更多
The market mechanism for forest ecosystem service has already become common knowledge among countries in the international movement to address global climate change.In this paper,international experiences of forest ec...The market mechanism for forest ecosystem service has already become common knowledge among countries in the international movement to address global climate change.In this paper,international experiences of forest ecosystem market such as better understanding of concept,public participation, sound trading rules and measurement standards are analyzed,and its implication for China is also summarized.Finally,the prospects of forest ecosystem service market in China are discussed.The purpose of this paper i...展开更多
基金supported by the Henan Institute for Chinese Development Strategy of Engineering&Technology(Grant No.2022HENZDA02)by the Science&Technology Department of Sichuan Province Project(Grant No.2021YFH0010).
文摘Carbon neutrality(or climate neutrality)has been a global consensus,and international experience exchange is essential.Given the differences in the degree of social development,resource endowment and technological level,each country should build a carbon-neutral plan based on its national conditions.Compared with other major developed countries(e.g.,Germany,the United States and Japan),China's carbon neutrality has much bigger challenges,including a heavy and time-pressured carbon reduction task and the current energy structure that is over-dependent on fossil fuels.Here we provide a comprehensive review of the status and prospects of the key technologies for low-carbon,near-zero carbon,and negative carbon emissions.Technological innovations associated with coal,oil-gas and hydrogen industries and their future potential in reducing carbon emissions are particularly explained and assessed.Based on integrated analysis of international experience from the world's major developed countries,in-depth knowledge of the current and future technologies,and China's energy and ecological resources potential,five lessons for the implementation of China's carbon neutrality are proposed:(1)transformation of energy production pattern from a coal-dominated pattern to a diversified renewable energy pattern;(2)renewable power-to-X and large-scale underground energy storage;(3)integration of green hydrogen production,storage,transport and utilization;(4)construction of clean energy systems based on smart sector coupling(ENSYSCO);(5)improvement of ecosystem carbon sinks both in nationwide forest land and potential desert in Northwest China.This paper provides an international perspective for a better understanding of the challenges and opportunities of carbon neutrality in China,and can serve as a theoretical foundation for medium-long term carbon neutral policy formulation.
文摘The issue of income distribution in the modern sense emerged with the creation of the capitalist mode of production-a process characterized by income gaps, at first widening, then narrowing, and widening once again. In the classical economic stage featuring dual economy, income distribution was dominated by capital due to scarce capital and cheap labor, which led to widening income gaps. Entering the neoclassical economic stage, income distribution was dominated by the game between capital and labor due to diminishing marginal return to capital and relatively scarce labor, which led to the growing share of labor compensation and narrowing income gaps. Yet since the 1970s, the deepening of financialization of capital has once again magnified the effect of capital-dominated income distribution, which, together with working class polarization, led to another round of widening income gaps. An observation of the long-term evolution of world economic development and income distribution gives us a clearer view on the intrinsic rationale of change in income distribution: The mode of production determines the mode of distribution and functional distribution shares intrinsic consistency with quantitative distribution.
文摘Pension funds remain scarce no matter what institutional design is adopted. China has a host of unique issues facing its pension system,issues that must be confronted; for instance,the disappearance of its demographic dividends and legacy costs incurred due to institutional transition. Such features determine that China’s pension system is merely passable at the present time. In this article,Professor Cai Fang offers new and incisive perspectives on this issue,such as the potential stimulus for economic growth by ageing people’s desire to save money for old-age provisions.
文摘People-to-people diplomacy refers to nongovernmental external relations by NGOs including foreign exchanges and cooperation in certain areas of expertise that could influence state foreign relations.People-to-people diplomacy has five characteristics:firstly,it is non-governmental,thus it neither represents the state or the
文摘There are many problems in our city in the process of resource allocation, inequality, income gap, inequality of opportunity, a large gap between urban and rural development. The process of urbanization in developed countries, ＂to flee the city, yearning for the country＂ concept and China ＂left the countryside into the city＂ concept in the opposite. In developed countries, higher family income families are more willing to live in the countryside, and family income relatively more inclined to live in the city. This paper will study the foreign classic the characteristics of town development model of them, hoping to learn from the experience and lessons of their construction, and puts forward suggestions on the construction characteristics of our country at the present stage of the town.
文摘Comparative Vision article from Social Security Intemational, discusses the need for international comparison focuses on the typical characteristics of the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States established the developed capitalist countries and emerging East Asian countries social security model, and on this basis, summed up the country should learn fi＇om each experience, its essence, as I used to promote the construction of China＇s social security system towards healthy and sustainable direction.
文摘In the current severe employment situation, it is widely accepted by society that adopts entrepreneurship to promote employment. However, the problem is that the entrepreneurial enthusiasm is high but the rate of success is low. Hence, we need to provide a more complete entrepreneurial business environment. The thesis aims to provide experience and further improve our business environment by analyzing the international business support policy.
文摘The ground-floor economy has a long history as a significant part of the informal economy.Due to the dependence on its own social status and relationship to the government’s political and economic objectives,it has developed precariously in recent years.In the face of post-epidemic problems,a shortcut is to learn from international experience.This paper used the structural theory and drew from the secondary data,demonstrating the background of informal economy and exploring the rational ways to maintain and develop street vending.Spatialization,legalization and network digitization are proven international approaches,which display the empirical and theoretical implications to urban practice and studies.
基金a phased research result of"Research on the Building Path and Legal Guarantee of FTPs with Chinese Characteristics"(No.:18ZDA156)a program sponsored by the National Social Science Fund+1 种基金"Research on Offshore Financial Innovation System and Supervision Mode of FTPs with Chinese Characteristics,"a program(No.:HNSK(JD)19-18)sponsored by Hainan Research Base for Philosophy and Social Sciences in 2019"lnnovative Supervision and Legal Guarantee of Offshore Finance in Hainan FTp"(No.:hnfx2018a07),a key project of"Hainan under the Rule of Law"of Hainan Law Society in 2018.
文摘According tothe unified arrangement of Document No.12 of 2018 issued by the Central Committee of Communist Party of China(CPC)and the State Council,the first free trade port(FTP)with Chinese characteristics was to be built in Hainan.Certain difficulties and challenges will inevitably arise during the building of the port,including lack of a unified foreign trade structure,low added value for the tourism industry,low utilization rate of foreign investment,and lack of innovation and openness within the financial industry.However,Hainan also enjoys certain advantages that are conducive to the building of a FTP,such as the existence of its natural outlying islands,a sound ecological environment,experience in reform and innovation of special economic zones,and policy support from the central government,as well as other basic conditions beneficial to the construction of such a port.Hainan must learn from the successful experience of other international FTPs in areas such as trade regulation,business environment,port clearance,financial openness,and fiscal and tax policies.It will be necessary for China to benchmark not only against the highest international standards but also to focus on positioning by differentiated functions,lay a solid foundation for development and transcend policy incentives,make up for financial shortcomings,encourage financial openness and innovation,and carry out differentiated fiscal and tax policies.At the same time,the division of powers and functions between the central and local governments must be properly handled,and an integrated administrative organization that promotes collaboration between the central and local governments mustbeestablished.
文摘Carbon market,which is capable of scientific quantifying and marked-based pricing of carbon emission,is an important way for countries to achieve the target of carbon emission reduction.The global carbon market,after more than ten years of development,has developed a mature mechanism.China started the trial of carbon market in 2011.After ten years of exploration,the national carbon trading market was officially launched in mid-July 2021.Against the backdrop of carbon neutrality,the national carbon market will shoulder a greater mission of carbon emission reduction and speed up its financialization and internationalization.However,it should take a dialectical attitude toward the opportunities and risks of carbon market financialization.In the future,China can promote the development of carbon market through efforts to develop market participants,clarify the attributes of carbon finance,prevent potential risks of carbon finance,improve the connection mechanism with the international carbon market,and innovate carbon finance services.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 71171141)Post-funded Projects of Social Science Planning in Tianjin (Grant No. TJGLHQ1403)
文摘Government regulation on building energy saving starts earlier in America, Holland, Japan and other developed countries, and has accumulated wealthy experience which is worth reference for China. According to practical work of building energy efficiency in China, the government regulation should to be divided into two stages: recent advance and forward continued promotion of industry. In short term, we should cultivate and improve energy efficiency market as the main task by means of enhancing awareness of energy conservation, accelerating heating system reform, implementing effective encouraging policy and setting up building energy efficiency sign system and etc. While in long term, we should put emphasis on upgrading and development of building energy efficiency industry by ways of improving standard and norm system, constructing technological guarantee system and forming socialized cooperation system and etc.
文摘Due to globalization, there is a need for nurses with skills and competence in providing safe, competent and culturally appropriate care. The aim of the study was to investigate whether International Study Experiences (ISE) in other countries during basic nursing education had an impact on newly graduated nurses as regards to self-reported competence. Moreover, a second aim was to explore what background factors that facilitated or constituted a hindrance for nursing students to choose to conduct part of their basic nursing education abroad. At 11 Universities/University Colleges (henceforth called Higher Education Institutions [HEIs]) in Sweden, 565 nursing students responded to the Nurse Professional Competence (NPC) Scale. Students with ISE rated their competence significantly higher on three NPC competence areas—“Legislation in nursing and safety planning”, “Leadership and development of nursing” and “Education and supervision of staff/students”. Background factors that significantly seemed to enhance ISE were living alone, not having children or other commitments in relation to family, international focus at the HEI and previous international experience. Lack of financial means was reported to prevent students from choosing ISE. The study implies that several background factors are of importance whether students choose ISE or not. ISE during basic nursing education might result in better self-reported competence in leading and developing nursing care, including education of future nurses, and in providing safe care.
文摘Objective To summarize the experience and evaluate the efficacy of treatment of urethral stricture using direct visual internal urethrotomy ( DVIU) . Methods The clinical data of 361 patients ( age range 16 - 72 years, mean age 38 years) with urethral stricture who underwent urethrotomy from 1990 to 2010 was retrospectively ana-
文摘Objective To study the innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards in foreign countries and to provide reference for China’s government.Methods The official websites were searched for information and related literature,and literature review was used.Results and Conclusion In foreign countries,the clinical value of innovative drugs and their impact on medical insurance funds were comprehensively evaluated based on factors such as quality-adjusted life years,clinical benefit,and improvement of clinical benefit.Then,the evaluation results were taken as an important basis for whether innovative drugs were admitted to the medical insurance catalog and establishing medical insurance payment standards.By using international experience for reference,innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards for China’s national conditions can be improved by establishing a basic database of clinical value and drug economic evaluation of innovative drugs,as well as innovative drug payment models based on decision thresholds.
文摘In today＇s economic situation, overcapacity of Chinese traditional manufacturing industry poses a serious threat to sustaineck rapid and healthy development of economy. The primary reasons of excess capacity of Chinese traditional manufacturing industry are the discordant between consumption and investment, the irrational industrial structure, export is not ideal and other causes. Overcapacity of traditional manufacturing industry will lead to business failures, unemployment citizen, deflation, financial risk and other series consequences. We should learn from foreign experience in the processing of excess capacity of traditional manufacturing industry and deal with excess capacity of traditional manufacturing industry in different aspects, so as to ensure stable and healthy development of our country＇ s economy.
文摘The problem of aging, as a severe test in the world, has attracted wide attention all over the world. This article will study the development of the tourism pension industry on the basis of traditional old-age mode, compare the experience of the development of foreign tourism for the aged, and finally put forward some suggestions and thinking for the development of China＇s special color.
基金This project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40576010)by the Fund of the Physical Oceanography Laboratery,Ocean University of China(Grant No.0203)
文摘Several ray-type 1D and 2D KdV equations for two-layer stratified ocean with topographic effect are derived in detail in the present study. A simplified version of these equations, ray type 1D KdV equation, is used to calculate numerically the disintegration of initial interface soliton from the deep sea to the continental shelf. At the same time, a laboratory experiment is carried out in a 2D stratified flow and internal wave tank to examine the numerical results. A comparison of the numerical results with the experimental results shows that they are in good agreement. The numerical results also show that the ray-type KdV equation has high accuracy in describing the evolution of initial interface waves in shelf/slope regions. Form these results, it can be concluded that the fission process is a dominant generating mechanism of interface soliton packets on the continental shelf.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42271259The Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection,Ministry of Natural Resources,China,No.2021CZEPK07。
文摘Land consolidation(LC) stands as a globally recognized strategy for rural development. In China, it has evolved towards comprehensive land consolidation(CLC) to support the rural revitalization initiative. However, there are ongoing challenges in understanding CLC's specific pathway and mechanism, particularly its role in stimulating rural endogenous development. This study aims to investigate the localization process of international experiences, examine the pathway of CLC, and scrutinize its mechanism in rural development from a novel perspective of neo-endogenous development. Field research and semi-structured interviews were conducted in Nanzhanglou village, renowned for its early adoption of CLC practices inspired by German experiences since 1988. Overall, key findings underscore the advantages of CLC in spatial restructuring, industrial development, and human capital enhancement in rural areas. Additionally, international experiences emerge as crucial exogenous forces, primarily by knowledge embedding, which catalyzes rural neo-endogenous development via the “resource-engagement-identity-endogenous” mechanism. Collectively, by introducing a neo-endogenous theoretical framework, this study offers valuable insights into the CLC implementation in China and beyond, and emphasizes the positive impact of knowledge embedding as an exogenous force in promoting rural neo-endogenous development to address existing research gaps. Recommendations for sustainable rural development involve enhancing rural planning practicality, governance capacity, and local leadership, while prioritizing agricultural modernization and increasing investments in education and vocational training to ensure that villagers benefit from industrial development.
文摘The market mechanism for forest ecosystem service has already become common knowledge among countries in the international movement to address global climate change.In this paper,international experiences of forest ecosystem market such as better understanding of concept,public participation, sound trading rules and measurement standards are analyzed,and its implication for China is also summarized.Finally,the prospects of forest ecosystem service market in China are discussed.The purpose of this paper i...
