Internet of Vehicles(IoV)is an evolution of the Internet of Things(IoT)to improve the capabilities of vehicular ad-hoc networks(VANETs)in intelligence transport systems.The network topology in IoV paradigm is highly d...Internet of Vehicles(IoV)is an evolution of the Internet of Things(IoT)to improve the capabilities of vehicular ad-hoc networks(VANETs)in intelligence transport systems.The network topology in IoV paradigm is highly dynamic.Clustering is one of the promising solutions to maintain the route stability in the dynamic network.However,existing algorithms consume a considerable amount of time in the cluster head(CH)selection process.Thus,this study proposes a mobility aware dynamic clustering-based routing(MADCR)protocol in IoV to maximize the lifespan of networks and reduce the end-to-end delay of vehicles.The MADCR protocol consists of cluster formation and CH selection processes.A cluster is formed on the basis of Euclidean distance.The CH is then chosen using the mayfly optimization algorithm(MOA).The CH subsequently receives vehicle data and forwards such data to the Road Side Unit(RSU).The performance of the MADCR protocol is compared with that ofAnt Colony Optimization(ACO),Comprehensive Learning Particle Swarm Optimization(CLPSO),and Clustering Algorithm for Internet of Vehicles based on Dragonfly Optimizer(CAVDO).The proposed MADCR protocol decreases the end-toend delay by 5–80 ms and increases the packet delivery ratio by 5%–15%.展开更多
In order to incorporate smart elements into distribution networks at ITELCA laboratories in Bogotá-Colombia, a Machine-to-Machine-based solution has been developed. This solution aids in the process of low-cost e...In order to incorporate smart elements into distribution networks at ITELCA laboratories in Bogotá-Colombia, a Machine-to-Machine-based solution has been developed. This solution aids in the process of low-cost electrical fault location, which contributes to improving quality of service, particularly by shortening interruption time spans in mid-voltage grids. The implementation makes use of MQTT protocol with an intensive use of Internet of things (IoT) environment which guarantees the following properties within the automation process: Advanced reports and statistics, remote command execution on one or more units (groups of units), detailed monitoring of remote units and custom alarm mechanism and firmware upgrade on one or more units (groups of units). This kind of implementation is the first one in Colombia and it is able to automatically recover from an N-1 fault.展开更多
This study focuses on testing and quality measurement and analysis of VoIPv6 performance. A client, server codes were developed using FreeBSD. This is a step before analyzing the Architectures of VoIPv6 in the current...This study focuses on testing and quality measurement and analysis of VoIPv6 performance. A client, server codes were developed using FreeBSD. This is a step before analyzing the Architectures of VoIPv6 in the current internet in order for it to cope with IPv6 traffic transmission requirements in general and specifically voice traffic, which is being attracting the efforts of research, bodes currently. These tests were conducted in the application level without looking into the network level of the network. VoIPv6 performance tests were conducted in the current tunneled and native IPv6 aiming for better end-to-end VoIPv6 performance. The results obtained in this study were shown in deferent codec's for different bit rates in Kilo bits per second, which act as an indicator for the better performance of G.711 compared with the rest of the tested codes.展开更多
This paper evaluates the performance of Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) based Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) virtual private network (VPN) in a small to medium sized organization. The demand for security in d...This paper evaluates the performance of Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) based Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) virtual private network (VPN) in a small to medium sized organization. The demand for security in data networks has been increasing owing to the high cyber attacks and potential risks associated with networks spread over distant geographical locations. The MPLS networks ride on the public network backbone that is porous and highly susceptible to attacks and so the need for reliable security mechanisms to be part of the deployment plan. The evaluation criteria concentrated on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Video conferencing with keen interest in jitter, end to end delivery and general data flow. This study used both structured questionnaire and observation methods. The structured questionnaire was administered to a group of 70 VPN users in a company. This provided the study with precise responses. The observation method was used in data simulations using OPNET Version 14.5 Simulation software. The results show that the IPSec features increase the size of data packets by approximately 9.98% translating into approximately 90.02% effectiveness. The tests showed that the performance metrics are all well within the recommended standards. The IPSec Based MPLS Virtual private network is more stable and secure than one without IPSec.展开更多
The ubiquitous deployment and restricted consumption are the requirements restricting the development of Internet of Things.Thus,a promising technology named Internet of Lamps(Io L)is discussed in this paper to addres...The ubiquitous deployment and restricted consumption are the requirements restricting the development of Internet of Things.Thus,a promising technology named Internet of Lamps(Io L)is discussed in this paper to address these challenges.Compared with other communication networks,the remarkable advantage of Io L is that it can make full use of the existing lighting networks with sufficient power supply.The lamps can be connected to the Internet through wired power line communication and/or wireless communication,while the integration of integrated sensing,hybrid interconnection,and intelligent illumination is realized.In this paper,the Io L is discussed from three aspects including sensing layer,network layer,and application layer,realizing the comprehensive upgrade based on the conventional communication and illumination systems.Meanwhile,several novel technologies of Io L are discussed based on the requirements of sensing,communication,and control,which have put forward practical solutions to the issues faced by Io L.Moreover,the challenges and opportunities for Io L are highlighted from various parts of the system structure,so as to provide future insights and potential trends for researchers in this field.展开更多
Energy conservation is a significant task in the Internet of Things(IoT)because IoT involves highly resource-constrained devices.Clustering is an effective technique for saving energy by reducing duplicate data.In a c...Energy conservation is a significant task in the Internet of Things(IoT)because IoT involves highly resource-constrained devices.Clustering is an effective technique for saving energy by reducing duplicate data.In a clustering protocol,the selection of a cluster head(CH)plays a key role in prolonging the lifetime of a network.However,most cluster-based protocols,including routing protocols for low-power and lossy networks(RPLs),have used fuzzy logic and probabilistic approaches to select the CH node.Consequently,early battery depletion is produced near the sink.To overcome this issue,a lion optimization algorithm(LOA)for selecting CH in RPL is proposed in this study.LOA-RPL comprises three processes:cluster formation,CH selection,and route establishment.A cluster is formed using the Euclidean distance.CH selection is performed using LOA.Route establishment is implemented using residual energy information.An extensive simulation is conducted in the network simulator ns-3 on various parameters,such as network lifetime,power consumption,packet delivery ratio(PDR),and throughput.The performance of LOA-RPL is also compared with those of RPL,fuzzy rule-based energyefficient clustering and immune-inspired routing(FEEC-IIR),and the routing scheme for IoT that uses shuffled frog-leaping optimization algorithm(RISARPL).The performance evaluation metrics used in this study are network lifetime,power consumption,PDR,and throughput.The proposed LOARPL increases network lifetime by 20%and PDR by 5%–10%compared with RPL,FEEC-IIR,and RISA-RPL.LOA-RPL is also highly energy-efficient compared with other similar routing protocols.展开更多
The Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP)covert tunnel refers to a network attack that encapsulates malicious data in the data part of the ICMP protocol for transmission.Its concealment is stronger and it is not eas...The Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP)covert tunnel refers to a network attack that encapsulates malicious data in the data part of the ICMP protocol for transmission.Its concealment is stronger and it is not easy to be discovered.Most detection methods are detecting the existence of channels instead of clarifying specific attack intentions.In this paper,we propose an ICMP covert tunnel attack intent detection framework ICMPTend,which includes five steps:data collection,feature dictionary construction,data preprocessing,model construction,and attack intent prediction.ICMPTend can detect a variety of attack intentions,such as shell attacks,sensitive directory access,communication protocol traffic theft,filling tunnel reserved words,and other common network attacks.We extract features from five types of attack intent found in ICMP channels.We build a multi-dimensional dictionary of malicious features,including shell attacks,sensitive directory access,communication protocol traffic theft,filling tunnel reserved words,and other common network attack keywords.For the high-dimensional and independent characteristics of ICMP traffic,we use a support vector machine(SVM)as a multi-class classifier.The experimental results show that the average accuracy of ICMPTend is 92%,training ICMPTend only takes 55 s,and the prediction time is only 2 s,which can effectively identify the attack intention of ICMP.展开更多
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a large-scale network of devices capable of sensing, data processing, and communicating with each other through different communication protocols. In today's technology ecosystem, I...The Internet of Things (IoT) is a large-scale network of devices capable of sensing, data processing, and communicating with each other through different communication protocols. In today's technology ecosystem, IoT interacts with many application areas such as smart city, smart building, security, traffic, remote monitoring, health, energy, disaster, agriculture, industry. The IoT network in these scenarios comprises tiny devices, gateways, and cloud platforms. An IoT network is able to keep these fundamental components in transmission under many conditions with lightweight communication protocols taking into account the limited hardware features (memory, processor, energy, etc.) of tiny devices. These lightweight communication protocols affect the network traffic, reliability, bandwidth, and energy consumption of the IoT application. Therefore, determining the most proper communication protocol for application developers emerges as an important engineering problem. This paper presents a straightforward overview of the lightweight communication protocols, technological advancements in application layer for the IoT ecosystem. The survey then analyzes various recent lightweight communication protocols and reviews their strengths and limitations. In addition, the paper explains the experimental comparison of Constrained Applications Protocol (CoAP), Message Queuing Telemetry (MQTT), and WebSocket protocols, more convenient for tiny IoT devices. Finally, we discuss future research directions of communication protocols for IoT.展开更多
Based on the analysis of the covert channel’s working mechanism of the internet control message protocol (ICMP) in internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), the ICMP covert channel’s...Based on the analysis of the covert channel’s working mechanism of the internet control message protocol (ICMP) in internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), the ICMP covert channel’s algorithms of the IPv4 and IPv6 are presented, which enable automatic channeling upon IPv4/v6 nodes with non-IPv4-compatible address, and the key transmission is achieved by using this channel in the embedded Internet terminal. The result shows that the covert channel’s algorithm, which we implemented if, set correct, the messages of this covert channel might go through the gateway and enter the local area network.展开更多
The Internet of Things(IoT)consists of interconnected smart devices communicating and collecting data.The Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks(RPL)is the standard protocol for Internet Protocol Version 6(...The Internet of Things(IoT)consists of interconnected smart devices communicating and collecting data.The Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks(RPL)is the standard protocol for Internet Protocol Version 6(IPv6)in the IoT.However,RPL is vulnerable to various attacks,including the sinkhole attack,which disrupts the network by manipulating routing information.This paper proposes the Unweighted Voting Method(UVM)for sinkhole node identification,utilizing three key behavioral indicators:DODAG Information Object(DIO)Transaction Frequency,Rank Harmony,and Power Consumption.These indicators have been carefully selected based on their contribution to sinkhole attack detection and other relevant features used in previous research.The UVM method employs an unweighted voting mechanism,where each voter or rule holds equal weight in detecting the presence of a sinkhole attack based on the proposed indicators.The effectiveness of the UVM method is evaluated using the COOJA simulator and compared with existing approaches.Notably,the proposed approach fulfills power consumption requirements for constrained nodes without increasing consumption due to the deployment design.In terms of detection accuracy,simulation results demonstrate a high detection rate ranging from 90%to 100%,with a low false-positive rate of 0%to 0.2%.Consequently,the proposed approach surpasses Ensemble Learning Intrusion Detection Systems by leveraging three indicators and three supporting rules.展开更多
Interconnected devices and intelligent applications have slashed human intervention in the Internet of Things(IoT),making it possible to accomplish tasks with less human interaction.However,it faces many problems,incl...Interconnected devices and intelligent applications have slashed human intervention in the Internet of Things(IoT),making it possible to accomplish tasks with less human interaction.However,it faces many problems,including lower capacity links,energy utilization,enhancement of resources and limited resources due to its openness,heterogeneity,limited resources and extensiveness.It is challenging to route packets in such a constrained environment.In an IoT network constrained by limited resources,minimal routing control overhead is required without packet loss.Such constrained environments can be improved through the optimal routing protocol.It is challenging to route packets in such a constrained environment.Thus,this work is motivated to present an efficient routing protocol for enhancing the lifetime of the IoT network.Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol—Next Generation(LOADng)protocol is an extended version of the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector(AODV)protocol.Unlike AODV,LOADng is a lighter version that forbids the intermediate nodes on the route to send a route reply(RREP)for the route request(RREQ),which originated from the source.A resource-constrained IoT network demands minimal routing control overhead and faster packet delivery.So,in this paper,the parameters of the LOADng routing protocol are optimized using the black widow optimization(BWO)algorithm to reduce the control overhead and delay.Furthermore,the performance of the proposed model is analyzed with the default LOADng in terms of delay,delivery ratio and overhead.Obtained results show that the LOADng-BWO protocol outperforms the conventional LOADng protocol.展开更多
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61821001)Science and Tech-nology Key Project of Guangdong Province,China(2019B010157001).
文摘Internet of Vehicles(IoV)is an evolution of the Internet of Things(IoT)to improve the capabilities of vehicular ad-hoc networks(VANETs)in intelligence transport systems.The network topology in IoV paradigm is highly dynamic.Clustering is one of the promising solutions to maintain the route stability in the dynamic network.However,existing algorithms consume a considerable amount of time in the cluster head(CH)selection process.Thus,this study proposes a mobility aware dynamic clustering-based routing(MADCR)protocol in IoV to maximize the lifespan of networks and reduce the end-to-end delay of vehicles.The MADCR protocol consists of cluster formation and CH selection processes.A cluster is formed on the basis of Euclidean distance.The CH is then chosen using the mayfly optimization algorithm(MOA).The CH subsequently receives vehicle data and forwards such data to the Road Side Unit(RSU).The performance of the MADCR protocol is compared with that ofAnt Colony Optimization(ACO),Comprehensive Learning Particle Swarm Optimization(CLPSO),and Clustering Algorithm for Internet of Vehicles based on Dragonfly Optimizer(CAVDO).The proposed MADCR protocol decreases the end-toend delay by 5–80 ms and increases the packet delivery ratio by 5%–15%.
文摘In order to incorporate smart elements into distribution networks at ITELCA laboratories in Bogotá-Colombia, a Machine-to-Machine-based solution has been developed. This solution aids in the process of low-cost electrical fault location, which contributes to improving quality of service, particularly by shortening interruption time spans in mid-voltage grids. The implementation makes use of MQTT protocol with an intensive use of Internet of things (IoT) environment which guarantees the following properties within the automation process: Advanced reports and statistics, remote command execution on one or more units (groups of units), detailed monitoring of remote units and custom alarm mechanism and firmware upgrade on one or more units (groups of units). This kind of implementation is the first one in Colombia and it is able to automatically recover from an N-1 fault.
文摘This study focuses on testing and quality measurement and analysis of VoIPv6 performance. A client, server codes were developed using FreeBSD. This is a step before analyzing the Architectures of VoIPv6 in the current internet in order for it to cope with IPv6 traffic transmission requirements in general and specifically voice traffic, which is being attracting the efforts of research, bodes currently. These tests were conducted in the application level without looking into the network level of the network. VoIPv6 performance tests were conducted in the current tunneled and native IPv6 aiming for better end-to-end VoIPv6 performance. The results obtained in this study were shown in deferent codec's for different bit rates in Kilo bits per second, which act as an indicator for the better performance of G.711 compared with the rest of the tested codes.
文摘This paper evaluates the performance of Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) based Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) virtual private network (VPN) in a small to medium sized organization. The demand for security in data networks has been increasing owing to the high cyber attacks and potential risks associated with networks spread over distant geographical locations. The MPLS networks ride on the public network backbone that is porous and highly susceptible to attacks and so the need for reliable security mechanisms to be part of the deployment plan. The evaluation criteria concentrated on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Video conferencing with keen interest in jitter, end to end delivery and general data flow. This study used both structured questionnaire and observation methods. The structured questionnaire was administered to a group of 70 VPN users in a company. This provided the study with precise responses. The observation method was used in data simulations using OPNET Version 14.5 Simulation software. The results show that the IPSec features increase the size of data packets by approximately 9.98% translating into approximately 90.02% effectiveness. The tests showed that the performance metrics are all well within the recommended standards. The IPSec Based MPLS Virtual private network is more stable and secure than one without IPSec.
基金supported by Tsinghua University-China Mobile Research Institute Joint Innovation Centerin part by the Science,Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality(No.JSGG20201103095805015)+2 种基金in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61871255)in part by the Fok Ying-Tung Education Foundationin part by Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology(No.BNR2022RC01017)。
文摘The ubiquitous deployment and restricted consumption are the requirements restricting the development of Internet of Things.Thus,a promising technology named Internet of Lamps(Io L)is discussed in this paper to address these challenges.Compared with other communication networks,the remarkable advantage of Io L is that it can make full use of the existing lighting networks with sufficient power supply.The lamps can be connected to the Internet through wired power line communication and/or wireless communication,while the integration of integrated sensing,hybrid interconnection,and intelligent illumination is realized.In this paper,the Io L is discussed from three aspects including sensing layer,network layer,and application layer,realizing the comprehensive upgrade based on the conventional communication and illumination systems.Meanwhile,several novel technologies of Io L are discussed based on the requirements of sensing,communication,and control,which have put forward practical solutions to the issues faced by Io L.Moreover,the challenges and opportunities for Io L are highlighted from various parts of the system structure,so as to provide future insights and potential trends for researchers in this field.
基金This research was supported by X-mind Corps program of National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT(No.2019H1D8A1105622)the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.
文摘Energy conservation is a significant task in the Internet of Things(IoT)because IoT involves highly resource-constrained devices.Clustering is an effective technique for saving energy by reducing duplicate data.In a clustering protocol,the selection of a cluster head(CH)plays a key role in prolonging the lifetime of a network.However,most cluster-based protocols,including routing protocols for low-power and lossy networks(RPLs),have used fuzzy logic and probabilistic approaches to select the CH node.Consequently,early battery depletion is produced near the sink.To overcome this issue,a lion optimization algorithm(LOA)for selecting CH in RPL is proposed in this study.LOA-RPL comprises three processes:cluster formation,CH selection,and route establishment.A cluster is formed using the Euclidean distance.CH selection is performed using LOA.Route establishment is implemented using residual energy information.An extensive simulation is conducted in the network simulator ns-3 on various parameters,such as network lifetime,power consumption,packet delivery ratio(PDR),and throughput.The performance of LOA-RPL is also compared with those of RPL,fuzzy rule-based energyefficient clustering and immune-inspired routing(FEEC-IIR),and the routing scheme for IoT that uses shuffled frog-leaping optimization algorithm(RISARPL).The performance evaluation metrics used in this study are network lifetime,power consumption,PDR,and throughput.The proposed LOARPL increases network lifetime by 20%and PDR by 5%–10%compared with RPL,FEEC-IIR,and RISA-RPL.LOA-RPL is also highly energy-efficient compared with other similar routing protocols.
基金This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61972048,62072051).
文摘The Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP)covert tunnel refers to a network attack that encapsulates malicious data in the data part of the ICMP protocol for transmission.Its concealment is stronger and it is not easy to be discovered.Most detection methods are detecting the existence of channels instead of clarifying specific attack intentions.In this paper,we propose an ICMP covert tunnel attack intent detection framework ICMPTend,which includes five steps:data collection,feature dictionary construction,data preprocessing,model construction,and attack intent prediction.ICMPTend can detect a variety of attack intentions,such as shell attacks,sensitive directory access,communication protocol traffic theft,filling tunnel reserved words,and other common network attacks.We extract features from five types of attack intent found in ICMP channels.We build a multi-dimensional dictionary of malicious features,including shell attacks,sensitive directory access,communication protocol traffic theft,filling tunnel reserved words,and other common network attack keywords.For the high-dimensional and independent characteristics of ICMP traffic,we use a support vector machine(SVM)as a multi-class classifier.The experimental results show that the average accuracy of ICMPTend is 92%,training ICMPTend only takes 55 s,and the prediction time is only 2 s,which can effectively identify the attack intention of ICMP.
文摘The Internet of Things (IoT) is a large-scale network of devices capable of sensing, data processing, and communicating with each other through different communication protocols. In today's technology ecosystem, IoT interacts with many application areas such as smart city, smart building, security, traffic, remote monitoring, health, energy, disaster, agriculture, industry. The IoT network in these scenarios comprises tiny devices, gateways, and cloud platforms. An IoT network is able to keep these fundamental components in transmission under many conditions with lightweight communication protocols taking into account the limited hardware features (memory, processor, energy, etc.) of tiny devices. These lightweight communication protocols affect the network traffic, reliability, bandwidth, and energy consumption of the IoT application. Therefore, determining the most proper communication protocol for application developers emerges as an important engineering problem. This paper presents a straightforward overview of the lightweight communication protocols, technological advancements in application layer for the IoT ecosystem. The survey then analyzes various recent lightweight communication protocols and reviews their strengths and limitations. In addition, the paper explains the experimental comparison of Constrained Applications Protocol (CoAP), Message Queuing Telemetry (MQTT), and WebSocket protocols, more convenient for tiny IoT devices. Finally, we discuss future research directions of communication protocols for IoT.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China (90104005 ,66973034)
文摘Based on the analysis of the covert channel’s working mechanism of the internet control message protocol (ICMP) in internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), the ICMP covert channel’s algorithms of the IPv4 and IPv6 are presented, which enable automatic channeling upon IPv4/v6 nodes with non-IPv4-compatible address, and the key transmission is achieved by using this channel in the embedded Internet terminal. The result shows that the covert channel’s algorithm, which we implemented if, set correct, the messages of this covert channel might go through the gateway and enter the local area network.
基金funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Najran University for this research through a Grant(NU/RG/SERC/12/50)under the Research Groups at Najran University,Saudi Arabia.
文摘The Internet of Things(IoT)consists of interconnected smart devices communicating and collecting data.The Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks(RPL)is the standard protocol for Internet Protocol Version 6(IPv6)in the IoT.However,RPL is vulnerable to various attacks,including the sinkhole attack,which disrupts the network by manipulating routing information.This paper proposes the Unweighted Voting Method(UVM)for sinkhole node identification,utilizing three key behavioral indicators:DODAG Information Object(DIO)Transaction Frequency,Rank Harmony,and Power Consumption.These indicators have been carefully selected based on their contribution to sinkhole attack detection and other relevant features used in previous research.The UVM method employs an unweighted voting mechanism,where each voter or rule holds equal weight in detecting the presence of a sinkhole attack based on the proposed indicators.The effectiveness of the UVM method is evaluated using the COOJA simulator and compared with existing approaches.Notably,the proposed approach fulfills power consumption requirements for constrained nodes without increasing consumption due to the deployment design.In terms of detection accuracy,simulation results demonstrate a high detection rate ranging from 90%to 100%,with a low false-positive rate of 0%to 0.2%.Consequently,the proposed approach surpasses Ensemble Learning Intrusion Detection Systems by leveraging three indicators and three supporting rules.
文摘Interconnected devices and intelligent applications have slashed human intervention in the Internet of Things(IoT),making it possible to accomplish tasks with less human interaction.However,it faces many problems,including lower capacity links,energy utilization,enhancement of resources and limited resources due to its openness,heterogeneity,limited resources and extensiveness.It is challenging to route packets in such a constrained environment.In an IoT network constrained by limited resources,minimal routing control overhead is required without packet loss.Such constrained environments can be improved through the optimal routing protocol.It is challenging to route packets in such a constrained environment.Thus,this work is motivated to present an efficient routing protocol for enhancing the lifetime of the IoT network.Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol—Next Generation(LOADng)protocol is an extended version of the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector(AODV)protocol.Unlike AODV,LOADng is a lighter version that forbids the intermediate nodes on the route to send a route reply(RREP)for the route request(RREQ),which originated from the source.A resource-constrained IoT network demands minimal routing control overhead and faster packet delivery.So,in this paper,the parameters of the LOADng routing protocol are optimized using the black widow optimization(BWO)algorithm to reduce the control overhead and delay.Furthermore,the performance of the proposed model is analyzed with the default LOADng in terms of delay,delivery ratio and overhead.Obtained results show that the LOADng-BWO protocol outperforms the conventional LOADng protocol.
