This essay analyses Christopher Marlowe’s play Tamburlaine the Great and its intricate interweaving of historical events and cultural nuances.Focusing on the character of Tamburlaine,the essay explores themes of powe...This essay analyses Christopher Marlowe’s play Tamburlaine the Great and its intricate interweaving of historical events and cultural nuances.Focusing on the character of Tamburlaine,the essay explores themes of power,revenge,and divine justice within the context of the broader Shiite-Sunni conflict and the tragic history of Imam Al-Hussein.By examining Marlowe’s incorporation of historical accounts and creative narrative techniques,the essay highlights how the play provides insights into the complexities of human ambition,political manoeuvring,and the consequences of wielding authority.Ultimately,Tamburlaine the Great is shown to be a timeless exploration of the interplay between history,religion,and individual agency,inviting readers to reflect on the enduring relevance of its themes in both historical and contemporary contexts.展开更多
Iraq highly depends on its surface water resources. Now it is facing water shortage problems. For these reasons, the utilization of groundwater will be increasing with time. Karbala Governorate is located in the centr...Iraq highly depends on its surface water resources. Now it is facing water shortage problems. For these reasons, the utilization of groundwater will be increasing with time. Karbala Governorate is located in the central part of Iraq. It covers an area of 5034 km2 and the population exceeds one million. It is characterized by an arid or semiarid environment. Karbala Governorate lack surface water resource and consequently, groundwater is the only available resource. The main groundwater aquifer within the area is Dibdibba formation. It is composed of poorly sorted sand and sand stone with gravel. In this research hydrological and hydrogeological information were used to find out the magnitude and the direction of groundwater seepage velocity. The results indicate that groundwater flow toward the flood plain to the east of the study region. The seepage velocity ranges from 0 to 0.18 m/d, with a general increase when moving from the west to the east.展开更多
GNSS(global navigation satellite system)observations produce the geodetic position including latitude,longitude,and altitude(or ellipsoidal height)concerning the global reference datum WGS84(Word Geodetic System 1984)...GNSS(global navigation satellite system)observations produce the geodetic position including latitude,longitude,and altitude(or ellipsoidal height)concerning the global reference datum WGS84(Word Geodetic System 1984),which usually should be converted to another local datum to get the desired position meaning in a physical sense,coordinates of points in the local datum are usually calculated by the seven-parameter transformation method.This paper aims to validate the methods of position transformation between WGS84 and the Iraqi local datum Karbala 1979 using the UTM(universal transverse Mercator)projected coordinates directly.The proposed algorithm was tested for 10 ground control points in Erbil city and many selected points in other different cities over all Iraqi territory.The control points are measured by the CHCNAV i73 GNSS receiver.For the evaluation procedure,the RMSE(root mean square error)of the transformed coordinates is calculated with an average value of±10.715 m as an estimated uncertainty of the direct UTM coordinates transformation method over Erbil city territory,and more than±12 m over different places over Iraqi territory.展开更多
The global navigation satellite systems(GNSS)provide an accurate three-dimensional positioning including the geodetic(ellipsoidal)height(h),which is,in most cases,must be transformed to the local/regional orthometric ...The global navigation satellite systems(GNSS)provide an accurate three-dimensional positioning including the geodetic(ellipsoidal)height(h),which is,in most cases,must be transformed to the local/regional orthometric height(H)to have physically the desired meaning of the elevation above the national vertical datum(e.g.,MSL(Mean Sea Level)).Usually,the local orthometric heights are determined based on the value of geoid undulation(N),which is obtained by methods of gravimetrical observations or derived by methods of interpolation utilizing the local geoid models(LGM).The current paper highlights one of the methods of generating LGM that is based on the geometrical relationship between the global datum WGS84 and the Iraqi datum Karbala 1979.The DGPS(Differential GPS)method is used to get the geodetic coordinates of about 97 selected points to cover the experimental area,within the boundaries of Erbil municipality,which has been partitioned into four parts.Therefore,four LGM were generated individually for each one of the four parts with an estimated uncertainty equal to±0.076 m.展开更多
文摘This essay analyses Christopher Marlowe’s play Tamburlaine the Great and its intricate interweaving of historical events and cultural nuances.Focusing on the character of Tamburlaine,the essay explores themes of power,revenge,and divine justice within the context of the broader Shiite-Sunni conflict and the tragic history of Imam Al-Hussein.By examining Marlowe’s incorporation of historical accounts and creative narrative techniques,the essay highlights how the play provides insights into the complexities of human ambition,political manoeuvring,and the consequences of wielding authority.Ultimately,Tamburlaine the Great is shown to be a timeless exploration of the interplay between history,religion,and individual agency,inviting readers to reflect on the enduring relevance of its themes in both historical and contemporary contexts.
文摘Iraq highly depends on its surface water resources. Now it is facing water shortage problems. For these reasons, the utilization of groundwater will be increasing with time. Karbala Governorate is located in the central part of Iraq. It covers an area of 5034 km2 and the population exceeds one million. It is characterized by an arid or semiarid environment. Karbala Governorate lack surface water resource and consequently, groundwater is the only available resource. The main groundwater aquifer within the area is Dibdibba formation. It is composed of poorly sorted sand and sand stone with gravel. In this research hydrological and hydrogeological information were used to find out the magnitude and the direction of groundwater seepage velocity. The results indicate that groundwater flow toward the flood plain to the east of the study region. The seepage velocity ranges from 0 to 0.18 m/d, with a general increase when moving from the west to the east.
文摘GNSS(global navigation satellite system)observations produce the geodetic position including latitude,longitude,and altitude(or ellipsoidal height)concerning the global reference datum WGS84(Word Geodetic System 1984),which usually should be converted to another local datum to get the desired position meaning in a physical sense,coordinates of points in the local datum are usually calculated by the seven-parameter transformation method.This paper aims to validate the methods of position transformation between WGS84 and the Iraqi local datum Karbala 1979 using the UTM(universal transverse Mercator)projected coordinates directly.The proposed algorithm was tested for 10 ground control points in Erbil city and many selected points in other different cities over all Iraqi territory.The control points are measured by the CHCNAV i73 GNSS receiver.For the evaluation procedure,the RMSE(root mean square error)of the transformed coordinates is calculated with an average value of±10.715 m as an estimated uncertainty of the direct UTM coordinates transformation method over Erbil city territory,and more than±12 m over different places over Iraqi territory.
文摘The global navigation satellite systems(GNSS)provide an accurate three-dimensional positioning including the geodetic(ellipsoidal)height(h),which is,in most cases,must be transformed to the local/regional orthometric height(H)to have physically the desired meaning of the elevation above the national vertical datum(e.g.,MSL(Mean Sea Level)).Usually,the local orthometric heights are determined based on the value of geoid undulation(N),which is obtained by methods of gravimetrical observations or derived by methods of interpolation utilizing the local geoid models(LGM).The current paper highlights one of the methods of generating LGM that is based on the geometrical relationship between the global datum WGS84 and the Iraqi datum Karbala 1979.The DGPS(Differential GPS)method is used to get the geodetic coordinates of about 97 selected points to cover the experimental area,within the boundaries of Erbil municipality,which has been partitioned into four parts.Therefore,four LGM were generated individually for each one of the four parts with an estimated uncertainty equal to±0.076 m.
