This study proposes the use of the MERISE conceptual data model to create indicators for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of vocational training in the Republic of Congo. The importance of MERISE for struct...This study proposes the use of the MERISE conceptual data model to create indicators for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of vocational training in the Republic of Congo. The importance of MERISE for structuring and analyzing data is underlined, as it enables the measurement of the adequacy between training and the needs of the labor market. The innovation of the study lies in the adaptation of the MERISE model to the local context, the development of innovative indicators, and the integration of a participatory approach including all relevant stakeholders. Contextual adaptation and local innovation: The study suggests adapting MERISE to the specific context of the Republic of Congo, considering the local particularities of the labor market. Development of innovative indicators and new measurement tools: It proposes creating indicators to assess skills matching and employer satisfaction, which are crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of vocational training. Participatory approach and inclusion of stakeholders: The study emphasizes actively involving training centers, employers, and recruitment agencies in the evaluation process. This participatory approach ensures that the perspectives of all stakeholders are considered, leading to more relevant and practical outcomes. Using the MERISE model allows for: • Rigorous data structuring, organization, and standardization: Clearly defining entities and relationships facilitates data organization and standardization, crucial for effective data analysis. • Facilitation of monitoring, analysis, and relevant indicators: Developing both quantitative and qualitative indicators helps measure the effectiveness of training in relation to the labor market, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation. • Improved communication and common language: By providing a common language for different stakeholders, MERISE enhances communication and collaboration, ensuring that all parties have a shared understanding. The study’s approach and contribution to existing research lie in: • Structured theoretical and practical framework and holistic approach: The study offers a structured framework for data collection and analysis, covering both quantitative and qualitative aspects, thus providing a comprehensive view of the training system. • Reproducible methodology and international comparison: The proposed methodology can be replicated in other contexts, facilitating international comparison and the adoption of best practices. • Extension of knowledge and new perspective: By integrating a participatory approach and developing indicators adapted to local needs, the study extends existing research and offers new perspectives on vocational training evaluation.展开更多
Initial labor market conditions affect how individuals build their human capital and look for jobs and thus can have long-term effects on their income levels,work performance,and career development.Based on data from ...Initial labor market conditions affect how individuals build their human capital and look for jobs and thus can have long-term effects on their income levels,work performance,and career development.Based on data from the Urban Household Survey(UHS)of urban households in China from 1986 to 2009,we perform an empirical test of how initial labor market conditions affect the employability of individuals.Our research shows that people’s future incomes suffer if they start out in an adverse job market.Each percentage point of increase in the unemployment rate at an individual’s entry into the labor market is associated with a two-percentage-point drop in his or her average annual income.Even after looking at different parts of the job market and sample groups,this conclusion still holds.In the context of global economic instability,our findings may assist government policymakers in addressing adverse labor market conditions.展开更多
Many Middle Asia countries declaring their independence after the splitting of the Soviet Union, cannot meet the economical and social needs of their citizens by falling much behind of the era in terms of industry des...Many Middle Asia countries declaring their independence after the splitting of the Soviet Union, cannot meet the economical and social needs of their citizens by falling much behind of the era in terms of industry despite the natural wealth they have. In addition to all these, the problems in the ruling class and the chaos environment have resulted in the migration of many people to alternative living spaces. These migrations have affected labor market both positively and negatively besides the social life. The labor demand increased by the entrance of the immigrants into the market has affected the employee wages and also this situation has affected the life standards of the citizens In this study, the migration that took place in the countries established after the splitting of the Soviet Union, forming one of the two poles of the world before the cold war, and the effects of this migration on the labor market have been analyzed considering previous studies on the subject. The studies carried out on this subject have yielded various results according to the area in which it is carried out, the time interval it includes, and the period＇s structure For this reason, the points of views on the subject are compared by making a long literature review展开更多
Based on the historical development of the problem of rural surplus labor in China,this paper explored its development path.It made an in-depth analysis of the obstacles in the process of rural labor transfer and put ...Based on the historical development of the problem of rural surplus labor in China,this paper explored its development path.It made an in-depth analysis of the obstacles in the process of rural labor transfer and put forward relevant recommendations,including strengthening the cultural knowledge and skills training of the rural surplus labor,improving the relevant systems after migrant workers enter cities,strengthening the protection of the legal rights and interests of migrant workers,and vigorously developing the rural labor transfer market.展开更多
Soon after its founding in 1949,the People’s Republic of China established an all-round planned economic system,abolished the labor market,put labor authorities in charge of urban employment planning and placements,a...Soon after its founding in 1949,the People’s Republic of China established an all-round planned economic system,abolished the labor market,put labor authorities in charge of urban employment planning and placements,and assigned rural workforce as members of the People’s Communes.This planned labor system lasted until the reform and opening up program was launched in 1978.In the face of great employment pressures as educated youth returned from the countryside to cities,the government took a series of policies to bring the educated youth into the workforce through referral by labor authorities,voluntarily organized employment,and self-employment.With the abolition of the centralized job placement system,China’s labor market started to develop,giving play to the comparative advantage of abundant labor force,and the dual economic structure started to integrate.After decades of rapid growth and job creation,China’s labor market have turned from oversupply to undersupply since 2003,and labor remuneration increased sharply.China’s changing resource endowment structure was accompanied by a shift in its labor market policy from employment to the labor market.Over the past four decades of reform and opening up,the Chinese government enacted wise labor market policies in each critical stage.展开更多
With the establishment of labor market of China, market is playing a more and mare important role in allocation of human resources. However, with the transition of economy in China and industrial upgrading in recent y...With the establishment of labor market of China, market is playing a more and mare important role in allocation of human resources. However, with the transition of economy in China and industrial upgrading in recent years, many labor problems have occurred which do harm to the sustainable development of local economy. The paper researches on the labor market issues of China from the perspective of local labor market regulation. Firstly, it reviews the theories of local labor market regulation. And then the main components of local labor market regulation of China are identified and the evaluation index system is established. The results of analysis of the calculated output show that （1） the local labor market regulation of China has an obvious character of gradient distribution geographically and decreases gradually from east to west; （2） of all the regulations, the regulation of the development of human capital has the most significant impact on local economy currently which is followed by the regulation of labor relation and the regulation of market participation. As to the regulation of social security, it has no Significant impact on the development of local economy.展开更多
This paper reviews the situation,challenge,and consequence of the new college entrance examination(NEMT)reform in the Zhejiang Province of China.By analyzing the issues arising from the new NEMT reform,the researchers...This paper reviews the situation,challenge,and consequence of the new college entrance examination(NEMT)reform in the Zhejiang Province of China.By analyzing the issues arising from the new NEMT reform,the researchers analyze the effectiveness of the new college entrance examination reform in Zhejiang Province.Three main issues could be found in the new college entrance examination reform,which are difficult in class arrangements,increasing costs,and confusion for students in choosing future careers.The researchers compare the influence of these issues from the new college entrance examination reform with that of the labor markets.This review also indicates that the influence of the labor market exceeds that of issues from NEMT reform.Then the way career planning education under the new college entrance reform is discussed.展开更多
In 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,China has successfully transitioned from a closed economy to an open economy with the watershed year of reform and opening up in 1978 and modernized it...In 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,China has successfully transitioned from a closed economy to an open economy with the watershed year of reform and opening up in 1978 and modernized its social security system accordingly.This paper divides the transition of China’s social security system into seven stages before and after 1978.The traditional social security system was predicated on the dominant public ownership,a highly centralized economy,and“full employment.”It was congruous with the ownership structure,income distribution,and labor systems under the closed economy.The modern social security system is developed to meet the needs of an open economy and promotes economic development by giving play to consumption and investment,facilitating labor flow,and boosting productivity.The modern social security system requires further supply-side structural reforms to promote the high-quality development of the open economy.展开更多
This study examines how individuals'fertility outcomes were affected by the labor market conditions they experienced at graduation.Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey,it finds that poor labor market ...This study examines how individuals'fertility outcomes were affected by the labor market conditions they experienced at graduation.Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey,it finds that poor labor market conditions at graduation delayed individuals'entry into parenthood.Higher unemployment rates at graduation reduced the probability of having at least one child in the survey year for both men and women.The negative fertility effects generally followed a U-shape,reached the maximum around average childbearing ages,and faded out within 15 years after graduation.Low-skilled workers mainly contribute to the negative fertility effects observed in the whole sample.Employment and marital outcomes are also analyzed as potential mechanisms.Estimation results indicate that individuals who experienced poor labor market conditions at graduation delayed marriage and the birth of the first child due to a lower probability of being employed,reduced working hours,and adverse income shocks.The negative long-term fertility effects should be brought to policymakers'attention,especially when China's low fertility issue worsens.Policymakers are expected to create more favorable employment conditions for labor market entrants to encourage fertility and expand the future working-age population.展开更多
This paper examines the current status of Internet development in China; analyzes its contributions to Chinese economy from the perspective of economic structural changes, IT industry development, E-commerce, producti...This paper examines the current status of Internet development in China; analyzes its contributions to Chinese economy from the perspective of economic structural changes, IT industry development, E-commerce, productivity growth, foreign investment, and labor market, etc.; suggests its direction in terms of government policy orientations; and proposes strategies toward greater success of Internet in China. To promote economic growth, it is important for Chinese government to establish sturdy e-environments to enable its industries to compete in the global economy and to bring about a greater cohesion within its societies.展开更多
The chosen study mainly concerns on the migration issue,which has become a phenomenon in the European Union’s political economy in the contemporary era,within the recent years,which identifies the role of migrants in...The chosen study mainly concerns on the migration issue,which has become a phenomenon in the European Union’s political economy in the contemporary era,within the recent years,which identifies the role of migrants in Azerbaijani labor market and other areas of economic integration involving the current trends,challenges,and perspectives in the political or socio-economic fields.The long-brewing Civil War in Syria created a large-scale trajectory of migrants,resulting in a massive influx of refugees from Turkey to Greece and then to Germany.Recently,the issue of migration is now transforming into a phenomenon among the member states of the European Union prompting them to take immediate action and make crucial decisions in the country’s political economy.As a result,modern migration can play a pivotal role both for the EU and for Azerbaijan in the direction of flow of people,capital and services,remittances,improving socio-economic well-being and the cheap labor force in the international labor market.The key criterion of the study is to identify specific ways in which persons or migrants who are involved in the migration process can be able to also contribute to the sustainable economic development of the region by positively influencing IDPs on the local population,labor market activities,and overall political and economic activity.The main idea behind the research is to investigate the economic integration of immigrants in Azerbaijan through its original theoretical and empirical study of migration that plays an important role in the EU’s political economy.The research aims to better regulate labor migration processes in Azerbaijan with the help of the European Union and to optimize the impact on labor productivity in the country by providing economic integration of migrants in the local labor market.The main focus of this study is to identify the role of the European Union in the economic integration of immigrants in Azerbaijan,the legal migration and migration process,based on the Joint Declaration on Resettlement Partnership launched between the EU and Azerbaijan.展开更多
Recently, there is greater recognition and increased attempts to protect the rights of irregular workers within Korea and Japan, especially in Korea. This is because of more and more public awareness of the polarizati...Recently, there is greater recognition and increased attempts to protect the rights of irregular workers within Korea and Japan, especially in Korea. This is because of more and more public awareness of the polarization in material conditions between regular workers and irregular workers. So, this study focuses on the main factors explaining awareness of irregular worker issues of each of the classes, and relationship between class consciousness in both countries. The result shows that among factors affecting awareness of irregular work issues, negative effect of subjective employment stability was significant in both countries. In regard of anti-flexibility, while strong class effect was observed in Korea, negative effect of anti-neoliberalism was observed in Japan. This is seemingly contradictory that who opposes neoliberal economic policies agrees with labor market flexibilisation. This phenomenon could be explained by labor market characteristics in Korea and Japan. Japanese labor market is characterized by low flexibility and strong segmentation, while Korean labor market is characterized by high flexibility and strong segmentation. Interaction of these two characteristics increases the labor market inequality in Korea.展开更多
With the development of information and communications technology,the sharing economy grows dramatically.For example,the transaction value in China’s sharing economy was about 42942 billion RMB in 2018,increased of 4...With the development of information and communications technology,the sharing economy grows dramatically.For example,the transaction value in China’s sharing economy was about 42942 billion RMB in 2018,increased of 41.6%over the previous year.Critique of the sharing economy points that the presence of the sharing economy prevents its traditional counterpart from developing sustainably by creating unemployment in traditional industries related to the sharing economy.This paper is therefore to study the dual effect of the sharing economy on the restructuring the manufacturing industry and the development of career path.By constructing an economic model,we particularly investigate the change in the labor market structure due to the presence of the sharing economy and the welfare in such a case.We show that the presence of the sharing economy can bring two effects,i.e.,DIVERSIFICATION and INCLUSIVENESS,into the workplace,which enriches the job structure and allows more labor with relative low skills to join.Regardless of the labor skill,the rapid development of the sharing economy provides new paths for their career development.In addition,we demonstrate that the above two effects crucially rely on the characteristic of CORRECTNESS of the government’s policy.The results of the theoretical model explain the necessary of promoting moderate sharing economy in terms of career development and can also be applied in the traditional manufacturing industry to explain the effect of the sharing economy on such industry.展开更多
Human capital depreciation can be divided into stock depreciation and utility depreciation, which will cause the waste of human capital investment, and let human capital value fail to fully embody, affecting social de...Human capital depreciation can be divided into stock depreciation and utility depreciation, which will cause the waste of human capital investment, and let human capital value fail to fully embody, affecting social development. In the critical time of China facing population aging and economic transformation, as the new human capital of the labor market, college students play an important role to social and economic development. Therefore, preventing and mitigating their human capital depreciation is necessary. This article focus on human capital investment and configuration stage, analyze the influence of unreasonable human capital investment system and separate labor market segmentation system to college student human capital depreciation, and put forword the corresponding countermeasures.展开更多
The status of human capital should match economic development. Researching the unemployment of college students firstly needs to know about the economic development stage and economic structure in China. Employment of...The status of human capital should match economic development. Researching the unemployment of college students firstly needs to know about the economic development stage and economic structure in China. Employment of college students not only is the problem of unbalanced supply and demand of college students, but also has close relationship with supply-demand relationship of higher education market. Employment of college students has relationship with two markets, education market and labor market, in which higher education supply is middle. For two markets, the decision-making subject make the optimal decision according to the principle that marginal income is equal to marginal cost. Under the specific economic development stage and economic structure in China, the family has greater requirement on higher education in education market, and the supply of higher education is insufficient. For labor market, economic development is difficult to fully absorb the existing college graduates, and the supply of higher education is excess. The imbalance of two markets causes the increase of supply pressure of higher education and idle human resource.展开更多
Using data at micro and city levels, the present paper explores the policy evolution of the minimum wage system in China, and examines its coverage for migrant workers. The analysis indicates that minimum wage policy ...Using data at micro and city levels, the present paper explores the policy evolution of the minimum wage system in China, and examines its coverage for migrant workers. The analysis indicates that minimum wage policy has been substantially improved in terms of both coverage and the level of the minimum wage standard, but that the current policy tool that relies on the monthly wage rate is not effective. Because migrant workers tend to work more hours, use of an hourly wage rate is more appropriate than a monthly wage rate.展开更多
Since 2003, China＇s labor market has been facing two coexisting crises： a rural labor surplus and a severe shortage of migrant labor Using data from the 2000 China Health and Nutrition Survey questionnaire, which co...Since 2003, China＇s labor market has been facing two coexisting crises： a rural labor surplus and a severe shortage of migrant labor Using data from the 2000 China Health and Nutrition Survey questionnaire, which covers 288 villages in 36 counties, this paper attempts to find a solution to this dilemma. Specifically, a multinomial logit model, a Mincer- type model and a probit model are applied to examine the effect of educational level on the employment choices for rural laborers, and on the wages and the employment status of migrants. Based on the results of our analysis, we propose the implementation of policy aimed at increasing the educational level of rural dwellers, in conjunction with other policies to eliminate all artificial barriers, to facilitate the migration of rural laborers.展开更多
Since the recent economic crisis, the undervaluation of China＇s exchange rate has been a focus in the debate on the global policy mix. Using a non-competitive input-output table, we establish a comparative-static gen...Since the recent economic crisis, the undervaluation of China＇s exchange rate has been a focus in the debate on the global policy mix. Using a non-competitive input-output table, we establish a comparative-static general equilibrium model to simulate the impact of real exchange rate changes on Sino-US trade and labor markets. The simulation shows that the impacts of a lO-percent RMB revaluation on the trade surplus of China and the labor market of the USA are more modest than is generally perceived, and the negative impact on the output of the non-processing industry in China is more significant than that on the processing industry. The Sino--US trade imbalance will continue to deteriorate, China ＇s non-processing trade surplus will decline and the processing trade will increase, with the combined effect being small. For the USA, labor-intensive goods imported from China will shift to different Asian countries instead of transferring back to the US market. The simulation results indicate that the impacts of an RMB revaluation on both Chinese and US labor markets would be limited.展开更多
The year 1996 was a turning point both in terms of Chinese labor market reform aria m China＇s economic growth pattern. Before 1996, labor market reform was mainly implemented through adjustment of people＇s occupatio...The year 1996 was a turning point both in terms of Chinese labor market reform aria m China＇s economic growth pattern. Before 1996, labor market reform was mainly implemented through adjustment of people＇s occupation and income structure. Since 1996, employment restructuring has led to differentiation in terms of employment status. Labor market reform in the former stage resulted in slow growth in wages, whereas reform in the latter stage enhanced economic efficiency. Both stages have enabled the Chinese economy to apply its comparative advantage of low labor cost. Labor market reform has also increased income disparity and, therefore, new challenges are posed in sustaining economic growth. China needs to adjust its development strategies and introduce labor market reform that can improve income equality, so as to achieve sustainable economic development.展开更多
Using data from the ＂Survey of Social Networks and Occupational Experience in Chinese Cities in 2009＂ on five cities （Guangzhou, Shanghai, Xiamen, Jinan and Xi＇an）, this paper examines factors influencing Chinese...Using data from the ＂Survey of Social Networks and Occupational Experience in Chinese Cities in 2009＂ on five cities （Guangzhou, Shanghai, Xiamen, Jinan and Xi＇an）, this paper examines factors influencing Chinese urban workers＇ patterns of job mobility and acquisition of economic status in the post-reform era. The results show that workers with high educational levels and those with low educational levels occupy different segments of the labor market and have completely different paths to economic status acquisition. In the case of workers with a low educational level, job mobility is the most Jmpo^ant factor boosting income levels, while human capital variables （years of schooling and work experience） have no effect on income. By contrast, job mobility has no effect on the income of workers with a high educational level, whose income stratification Js most affected by their human capital. This research reveals the two-track model of urban workers＇ acquisition of economic status in different urban labor markets in transitional China.展开更多
文摘This study proposes the use of the MERISE conceptual data model to create indicators for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of vocational training in the Republic of Congo. The importance of MERISE for structuring and analyzing data is underlined, as it enables the measurement of the adequacy between training and the needs of the labor market. The innovation of the study lies in the adaptation of the MERISE model to the local context, the development of innovative indicators, and the integration of a participatory approach including all relevant stakeholders. Contextual adaptation and local innovation: The study suggests adapting MERISE to the specific context of the Republic of Congo, considering the local particularities of the labor market. Development of innovative indicators and new measurement tools: It proposes creating indicators to assess skills matching and employer satisfaction, which are crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of vocational training. Participatory approach and inclusion of stakeholders: The study emphasizes actively involving training centers, employers, and recruitment agencies in the evaluation process. This participatory approach ensures that the perspectives of all stakeholders are considered, leading to more relevant and practical outcomes. Using the MERISE model allows for: • Rigorous data structuring, organization, and standardization: Clearly defining entities and relationships facilitates data organization and standardization, crucial for effective data analysis. • Facilitation of monitoring, analysis, and relevant indicators: Developing both quantitative and qualitative indicators helps measure the effectiveness of training in relation to the labor market, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation. • Improved communication and common language: By providing a common language for different stakeholders, MERISE enhances communication and collaboration, ensuring that all parties have a shared understanding. The study’s approach and contribution to existing research lie in: • Structured theoretical and practical framework and holistic approach: The study offers a structured framework for data collection and analysis, covering both quantitative and qualitative aspects, thus providing a comprehensive view of the training system. • Reproducible methodology and international comparison: The proposed methodology can be replicated in other contexts, facilitating international comparison and the adoption of best practices. • Extension of knowledge and new perspective: By integrating a participatory approach and developing indicators adapted to local needs, the study extends existing research and offers new perspectives on vocational training evaluation.
基金supported by the General Project of the National Natural Science Fund of China(NSFC)“China’s Labor Market Matching Efficiency and Economic Effects”(Grant No.71973015)the Major Project of the National Social Science Fund of China(NSSFC)“Study on Enhancing Employment Priority for Stable Job Growth”(Grant No.21ZDA098).
文摘Initial labor market conditions affect how individuals build their human capital and look for jobs and thus can have long-term effects on their income levels,work performance,and career development.Based on data from the Urban Household Survey(UHS)of urban households in China from 1986 to 2009,we perform an empirical test of how initial labor market conditions affect the employability of individuals.Our research shows that people’s future incomes suffer if they start out in an adverse job market.Each percentage point of increase in the unemployment rate at an individual’s entry into the labor market is associated with a two-percentage-point drop in his or her average annual income.Even after looking at different parts of the job market and sample groups,this conclusion still holds.In the context of global economic instability,our findings may assist government policymakers in addressing adverse labor market conditions.
文摘Many Middle Asia countries declaring their independence after the splitting of the Soviet Union, cannot meet the economical and social needs of their citizens by falling much behind of the era in terms of industry despite the natural wealth they have. In addition to all these, the problems in the ruling class and the chaos environment have resulted in the migration of many people to alternative living spaces. These migrations have affected labor market both positively and negatively besides the social life. The labor demand increased by the entrance of the immigrants into the market has affected the employee wages and also this situation has affected the life standards of the citizens In this study, the migration that took place in the countries established after the splitting of the Soviet Union, forming one of the two poles of the world before the cold war, and the effects of this migration on the labor market have been analyzed considering previous studies on the subject. The studies carried out on this subject have yielded various results according to the area in which it is carried out, the time interval it includes, and the period＇s structure For this reason, the points of views on the subject are compared by making a long literature review
文摘Based on the historical development of the problem of rural surplus labor in China,this paper explored its development path.It made an in-depth analysis of the obstacles in the process of rural labor transfer and put forward relevant recommendations,including strengthening the cultural knowledge and skills training of the rural surplus labor,improving the relevant systems after migrant workers enter cities,strengthening the protection of the legal rights and interests of migrant workers,and vigorously developing the rural labor transfer market.
文摘Soon after its founding in 1949,the People’s Republic of China established an all-round planned economic system,abolished the labor market,put labor authorities in charge of urban employment planning and placements,and assigned rural workforce as members of the People’s Communes.This planned labor system lasted until the reform and opening up program was launched in 1978.In the face of great employment pressures as educated youth returned from the countryside to cities,the government took a series of policies to bring the educated youth into the workforce through referral by labor authorities,voluntarily organized employment,and self-employment.With the abolition of the centralized job placement system,China’s labor market started to develop,giving play to the comparative advantage of abundant labor force,and the dual economic structure started to integrate.After decades of rapid growth and job creation,China’s labor market have turned from oversupply to undersupply since 2003,and labor remuneration increased sharply.China’s changing resource endowment structure was accompanied by a shift in its labor market policy from employment to the labor market.Over the past four decades of reform and opening up,the Chinese government enacted wise labor market policies in each critical stage.
基金supported by Knowledge Innovation Program of The Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. O7Q70100AD).
文摘With the establishment of labor market of China, market is playing a more and mare important role in allocation of human resources. However, with the transition of economy in China and industrial upgrading in recent years, many labor problems have occurred which do harm to the sustainable development of local economy. The paper researches on the labor market issues of China from the perspective of local labor market regulation. Firstly, it reviews the theories of local labor market regulation. And then the main components of local labor market regulation of China are identified and the evaluation index system is established. The results of analysis of the calculated output show that （1） the local labor market regulation of China has an obvious character of gradient distribution geographically and decreases gradually from east to west; （2） of all the regulations, the regulation of the development of human capital has the most significant impact on local economy currently which is followed by the regulation of labor relation and the regulation of market participation. As to the regulation of social security, it has no Significant impact on the development of local economy.
文摘This paper reviews the situation,challenge,and consequence of the new college entrance examination(NEMT)reform in the Zhejiang Province of China.By analyzing the issues arising from the new NEMT reform,the researchers analyze the effectiveness of the new college entrance examination reform in Zhejiang Province.Three main issues could be found in the new college entrance examination reform,which are difficult in class arrangements,increasing costs,and confusion for students in choosing future careers.The researchers compare the influence of these issues from the new college entrance examination reform with that of the labor markets.This review also indicates that the influence of the labor market exceeds that of issues from NEMT reform.Then the way career planning education under the new college entrance reform is discussed.
文摘In 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,China has successfully transitioned from a closed economy to an open economy with the watershed year of reform and opening up in 1978 and modernized its social security system accordingly.This paper divides the transition of China’s social security system into seven stages before and after 1978.The traditional social security system was predicated on the dominant public ownership,a highly centralized economy,and“full employment.”It was congruous with the ownership structure,income distribution,and labor systems under the closed economy.The modern social security system is developed to meet the needs of an open economy and promotes economic development by giving play to consumption and investment,facilitating labor flow,and boosting productivity.The modern social security system requires further supply-side structural reforms to promote the high-quality development of the open economy.
文摘This study examines how individuals'fertility outcomes were affected by the labor market conditions they experienced at graduation.Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey,it finds that poor labor market conditions at graduation delayed individuals'entry into parenthood.Higher unemployment rates at graduation reduced the probability of having at least one child in the survey year for both men and women.The negative fertility effects generally followed a U-shape,reached the maximum around average childbearing ages,and faded out within 15 years after graduation.Low-skilled workers mainly contribute to the negative fertility effects observed in the whole sample.Employment and marital outcomes are also analyzed as potential mechanisms.Estimation results indicate that individuals who experienced poor labor market conditions at graduation delayed marriage and the birth of the first child due to a lower probability of being employed,reduced working hours,and adverse income shocks.The negative long-term fertility effects should be brought to policymakers'attention,especially when China's low fertility issue worsens.Policymakers are expected to create more favorable employment conditions for labor market entrants to encourage fertility and expand the future working-age population.
文摘This paper examines the current status of Internet development in China; analyzes its contributions to Chinese economy from the perspective of economic structural changes, IT industry development, E-commerce, productivity growth, foreign investment, and labor market, etc.; suggests its direction in terms of government policy orientations; and proposes strategies toward greater success of Internet in China. To promote economic growth, it is important for Chinese government to establish sturdy e-environments to enable its industries to compete in the global economy and to bring about a greater cohesion within its societies.
文摘The chosen study mainly concerns on the migration issue,which has become a phenomenon in the European Union’s political economy in the contemporary era,within the recent years,which identifies the role of migrants in Azerbaijani labor market and other areas of economic integration involving the current trends,challenges,and perspectives in the political or socio-economic fields.The long-brewing Civil War in Syria created a large-scale trajectory of migrants,resulting in a massive influx of refugees from Turkey to Greece and then to Germany.Recently,the issue of migration is now transforming into a phenomenon among the member states of the European Union prompting them to take immediate action and make crucial decisions in the country’s political economy.As a result,modern migration can play a pivotal role both for the EU and for Azerbaijan in the direction of flow of people,capital and services,remittances,improving socio-economic well-being and the cheap labor force in the international labor market.The key criterion of the study is to identify specific ways in which persons or migrants who are involved in the migration process can be able to also contribute to the sustainable economic development of the region by positively influencing IDPs on the local population,labor market activities,and overall political and economic activity.The main idea behind the research is to investigate the economic integration of immigrants in Azerbaijan through its original theoretical and empirical study of migration that plays an important role in the EU’s political economy.The research aims to better regulate labor migration processes in Azerbaijan with the help of the European Union and to optimize the impact on labor productivity in the country by providing economic integration of migrants in the local labor market.The main focus of this study is to identify the role of the European Union in the economic integration of immigrants in Azerbaijan,the legal migration and migration process,based on the Joint Declaration on Resettlement Partnership launched between the EU and Azerbaijan.
文摘Recently, there is greater recognition and increased attempts to protect the rights of irregular workers within Korea and Japan, especially in Korea. This is because of more and more public awareness of the polarization in material conditions between regular workers and irregular workers. So, this study focuses on the main factors explaining awareness of irregular worker issues of each of the classes, and relationship between class consciousness in both countries. The result shows that among factors affecting awareness of irregular work issues, negative effect of subjective employment stability was significant in both countries. In regard of anti-flexibility, while strong class effect was observed in Korea, negative effect of anti-neoliberalism was observed in Japan. This is seemingly contradictory that who opposes neoliberal economic policies agrees with labor market flexibilisation. This phenomenon could be explained by labor market characteristics in Korea and Japan. Japanese labor market is characterized by low flexibility and strong segmentation, while Korean labor market is characterized by high flexibility and strong segmentation. Interaction of these two characteristics increases the labor market inequality in Korea.
文摘With the development of information and communications technology,the sharing economy grows dramatically.For example,the transaction value in China’s sharing economy was about 42942 billion RMB in 2018,increased of 41.6%over the previous year.Critique of the sharing economy points that the presence of the sharing economy prevents its traditional counterpart from developing sustainably by creating unemployment in traditional industries related to the sharing economy.This paper is therefore to study the dual effect of the sharing economy on the restructuring the manufacturing industry and the development of career path.By constructing an economic model,we particularly investigate the change in the labor market structure due to the presence of the sharing economy and the welfare in such a case.We show that the presence of the sharing economy can bring two effects,i.e.,DIVERSIFICATION and INCLUSIVENESS,into the workplace,which enriches the job structure and allows more labor with relative low skills to join.Regardless of the labor skill,the rapid development of the sharing economy provides new paths for their career development.In addition,we demonstrate that the above two effects crucially rely on the characteristic of CORRECTNESS of the government’s policy.The results of the theoretical model explain the necessary of promoting moderate sharing economy in terms of career development and can also be applied in the traditional manufacturing industry to explain the effect of the sharing economy on such industry.
文摘Human capital depreciation can be divided into stock depreciation and utility depreciation, which will cause the waste of human capital investment, and let human capital value fail to fully embody, affecting social development. In the critical time of China facing population aging and economic transformation, as the new human capital of the labor market, college students play an important role to social and economic development. Therefore, preventing and mitigating their human capital depreciation is necessary. This article focus on human capital investment and configuration stage, analyze the influence of unreasonable human capital investment system and separate labor market segmentation system to college student human capital depreciation, and put forword the corresponding countermeasures.
文摘The status of human capital should match economic development. Researching the unemployment of college students firstly needs to know about the economic development stage and economic structure in China. Employment of college students not only is the problem of unbalanced supply and demand of college students, but also has close relationship with supply-demand relationship of higher education market. Employment of college students has relationship with two markets, education market and labor market, in which higher education supply is middle. For two markets, the decision-making subject make the optimal decision according to the principle that marginal income is equal to marginal cost. Under the specific economic development stage and economic structure in China, the family has greater requirement on higher education in education market, and the supply of higher education is insufficient. For labor market, economic development is difficult to fully absorb the existing college graduates, and the supply of higher education is excess. The imbalance of two markets causes the increase of supply pressure of higher education and idle human resource.
文摘Using data at micro and city levels, the present paper explores the policy evolution of the minimum wage system in China, and examines its coverage for migrant workers. The analysis indicates that minimum wage policy has been substantially improved in terms of both coverage and the level of the minimum wage standard, but that the current policy tool that relies on the monthly wage rate is not effective. Because migrant workers tend to work more hours, use of an hourly wage rate is more appropriate than a monthly wage rate.
文摘Since 2003, China＇s labor market has been facing two coexisting crises： a rural labor surplus and a severe shortage of migrant labor Using data from the 2000 China Health and Nutrition Survey questionnaire, which covers 288 villages in 36 counties, this paper attempts to find a solution to this dilemma. Specifically, a multinomial logit model, a Mincer- type model and a probit model are applied to examine the effect of educational level on the employment choices for rural laborers, and on the wages and the employment status of migrants. Based on the results of our analysis, we propose the implementation of policy aimed at increasing the educational level of rural dwellers, in conjunction with other policies to eliminate all artificial barriers, to facilitate the migration of rural laborers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.70810107020)the Science Foundation of Ministfy of Education of China(Grant No.2009JJD790002)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.20100470125)
文摘Since the recent economic crisis, the undervaluation of China＇s exchange rate has been a focus in the debate on the global policy mix. Using a non-competitive input-output table, we establish a comparative-static general equilibrium model to simulate the impact of real exchange rate changes on Sino-US trade and labor markets. The simulation shows that the impacts of a lO-percent RMB revaluation on the trade surplus of China and the labor market of the USA are more modest than is generally perceived, and the negative impact on the output of the non-processing industry in China is more significant than that on the processing industry. The Sino--US trade imbalance will continue to deteriorate, China ＇s non-processing trade surplus will decline and the processing trade will increase, with the combined effect being small. For the USA, labor-intensive goods imported from China will shift to different Asian countries instead of transferring back to the US market. The simulation results indicate that the impacts of an RMB revaluation on both Chinese and US labor markets would be limited.
基金the National Social Science Project (07BJL051)the Ministry of Education of China (07JZD0023 and Program for NCET)+1 种基金the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (B101)the"985 Project"of School of Economics in Fudan University
文摘The year 1996 was a turning point both in terms of Chinese labor market reform aria m China＇s economic growth pattern. Before 1996, labor market reform was mainly implemented through adjustment of people＇s occupation and income structure. Since 1996, employment restructuring has led to differentiation in terms of employment status. Labor market reform in the former stage resulted in slow growth in wages, whereas reform in the latter stage enhanced economic efficiency. Both stages have enabled the Chinese economy to apply its comparative advantage of low labor cost. Labor market reform has also increased income disparity and, therefore, new challenges are posed in sustaining economic growth. China needs to adjust its development strategies and introduce labor market reform that can improve income equality, so as to achieve sustainable economic development.
文摘Using data from the ＂Survey of Social Networks and Occupational Experience in Chinese Cities in 2009＂ on five cities （Guangzhou, Shanghai, Xiamen, Jinan and Xi＇an）, this paper examines factors influencing Chinese urban workers＇ patterns of job mobility and acquisition of economic status in the post-reform era. The results show that workers with high educational levels and those with low educational levels occupy different segments of the labor market and have completely different paths to economic status acquisition. In the case of workers with a low educational level, job mobility is the most Jmpo^ant factor boosting income levels, while human capital variables （years of schooling and work experience） have no effect on income. By contrast, job mobility has no effect on the income of workers with a high educational level, whose income stratification Js most affected by their human capital. This research reveals the two-track model of urban workers＇ acquisition of economic status in different urban labor markets in transitional China.
