The upper mixed layer depth(h)has a significant seasonal variation in the real ocean and the low-order statistics of Langmuir turbulence are dramatically influenced by the upper mixed layer depth.To explore the influe...The upper mixed layer depth(h)has a significant seasonal variation in the real ocean and the low-order statistics of Langmuir turbulence are dramatically influenced by the upper mixed layer depth.To explore the influence of the upper mixed layer depth on Langmuir turbulence under the condition of the wind and wave equilibrium,the changes of Langmuir turbulence characteristics with the idealized variation of the upper mixed layer depth from very shallow(h=5 m)to deep enough(h=40 m)are studied using a non-hydrostatic large eddy simulation model.The simulation results show that there is a direct entrainment depth induced by Langmuir turbulence(h_(LT))within the thermocline.The normalized depthaveraged vertical velocity variance is smaller and larger than the downwind velocity variance for the ratio of the upper mixed layer to a direct entrainment depth induced by Langmuir turbulence h/h_(LT)<1 and h/h_(LT)>1,respectively,indicating that turbulence characteristics have the essential change(i.e.,depth-averaged vertical velocity variance(DAVV)DADV for Langmuir turbulence)between h/h_(LT)<1 and h/h_(LT)>1.The rate of change of the normalized depth-averaged low-order statistics for h/h_(LT)<1 is much larger than that for h/h_(LT)>1.The reason is that the downward pressure perturbation induced by Langmuir cells is strongly inhibited by the upward reactive force of the strong stratified thermocline for h/h_(LT)<1 and the eff ect of upward reactive force on the downward pressure perturbation becomes weak for h/h_(LT)>1.Hence,the upper mixed layer depth has significant influences on Langmuir turbulence characteristics.展开更多
In this article,the effect of the finite conductive surface area of a satellite on the use of satellite-based Langmuir probes is reviewed in light of the basic theory of asymmetric double Langmuir probes(ADLPs).Recent...In this article,the effect of the finite conductive surface area of a satellite on the use of satellite-based Langmuir probes is reviewed in light of the basic theory of asymmetric double Langmuir probes(ADLPs).Recent theoretical and experimental studies have discussed electron sheath/presheath formation and the electron Bohm criterion along with their implications for satellite-based Langmuir probes.The effects predicted by the latest theory of the electron Bohm criterion were not experimentally observed and the experimental results remain supportive of a critical area ratio(A_(L)/A_(S))_(crit)=(m_(i)/(2.3m_(e)))^(1/2)between the probe area A_(S)and the satellite area A_L as conventionally believed.A satellite-based Langmuir probe must satisfy this criterion to physically act as a single Langmuir probe.However,experimental investigations also found that high-energy electrons adversely affect(A_(L)/A_(S))_(crit)and a Langmuir probe's signal quality by giving additional electron current to A_(L).Based on these results,a number of limitations of the maximum probe area are derived when designing satellite-based Langmuir probes,with consideration of both the aim of the satellite and the plasma where the satellite-based probe works.These proposed measures are expected to only partially alleviate the effect of the inadequate satellite surface area on the application of satellite-based Langmuir probes.Using a larger satellite to carry a Langmuir probe remains the most viable means to obtain precise space plasma parameters.展开更多
Comprehending the mechanism of methane adsorption in shales is a crucial step towards optimizing the development of deep-buried shale gas. This is because the methane adsorbed in shale represents a significant proport...Comprehending the mechanism of methane adsorption in shales is a crucial step towards optimizing the development of deep-buried shale gas. This is because the methane adsorbed in shale represents a significant proportion of the subsurface shale gas resource. To properly characterize the methane adsorption on shale, which exhibits diverse mineral compositions and multi-scale pore sizes, it is crucial to capture the energy heterogeneity of the adsorption sites. In this paper, a dual-site Langmuir model is proposed, which accounts for the temperature and pressure dependence of the density of the adsorbed phase. The model is applied to the isothermals of methane adsorption on shale, at pressures of up to 30 MPa and temperatures ranging from 40 to 100 ℃. The results show that the proposed model can describe the adsorption behavior of methane on shale more accurately than conventional models, which assume a constant value for the density of adsorbed phase. Furthermore, the proposed model can be extrapolated to higher temperatures and pressures. Thermodynamic parameters were analyzed using correctly derived equations. The results indicate that the widely used, but incorrect, equation would underestimate the isosteric heat of adsorption. Neglecting the real gas behavior, volume of the adsorbed phase, and energy heterogeneity of the adsorption sites can lead to overestimation of the isosteric heat of adsorption. Furthermore, the isosteric heat evaluated from excess adsorption data can only be used to make a rough estimate of the real isosteric heat at very low pressure.展开更多
用微相吸附-光谱修正（MPASC）新技术研究核酸与多色蓝（PCB）探针分子间的相互作用,分析核酸分子内双静电膜的形成与 Langmuir吸附的关联性.通过pH 7.24的介质核酸-PCB反应的光谱研究,测定了结合产物的物理化学参数:结合比IPCB:2DNA-PC...用微相吸附-光谱修正（MPASC）新技术研究核酸与多色蓝（PCB）探针分子间的相互作用,分析核酸分子内双静电膜的形成与 Langmuir吸附的关联性.通过pH 7.24的介质核酸-PCB反应的光谱研究,测定了结合产物的物理化学参数:结合比IPCB:2DNA-PCB、IPCB:3RNA-PCB,平衡常数KDNA-PCB=5.42 X 104,KRNA-PCB=2.82 x 104,摩尔吸收系数ε（DNA-PCB,625nm）=5.65x103（mol-1·L）·cm-1,ε（RNA-PCB,625nm）=3.85x103（mol-1·L）·cm-1结果表明,RNA分子仅形成约60％双螺旋结构链,核酸双螺旋每一周期的负静电沟最大聚集10个PCB分子.该吸附反应用于核酸样品测定,结果良好.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC1405701)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92158204,41506001,42076026,41876017,42176027)+2 种基金the Project supported by Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(No.GML2019ZD0304)the Open Research Project Programme of the State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City(University of Macao)(No.SKL-IoTSC(UM)-2021-2023/ORPF/A20/2022)the State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography(No.LTOZZ2101)。
文摘The upper mixed layer depth(h)has a significant seasonal variation in the real ocean and the low-order statistics of Langmuir turbulence are dramatically influenced by the upper mixed layer depth.To explore the influence of the upper mixed layer depth on Langmuir turbulence under the condition of the wind and wave equilibrium,the changes of Langmuir turbulence characteristics with the idealized variation of the upper mixed layer depth from very shallow(h=5 m)to deep enough(h=40 m)are studied using a non-hydrostatic large eddy simulation model.The simulation results show that there is a direct entrainment depth induced by Langmuir turbulence(h_(LT))within the thermocline.The normalized depthaveraged vertical velocity variance is smaller and larger than the downwind velocity variance for the ratio of the upper mixed layer to a direct entrainment depth induced by Langmuir turbulence h/h_(LT)<1 and h/h_(LT)>1,respectively,indicating that turbulence characteristics have the essential change(i.e.,depth-averaged vertical velocity variance(DAVV)DADV for Langmuir turbulence)between h/h_(LT)<1 and h/h_(LT)>1.The rate of change of the normalized depth-averaged low-order statistics for h/h_(LT)<1 is much larger than that for h/h_(LT)>1.The reason is that the downward pressure perturbation induced by Langmuir cells is strongly inhibited by the upward reactive force of the strong stratified thermocline for h/h_(LT)<1 and the eff ect of upward reactive force on the downward pressure perturbation becomes weak for h/h_(LT)>1.Hence,the upper mixed layer depth has significant influences on Langmuir turbulence characteristics.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12275305 and 12205334)the Chinese Academy of Science Hundred Youth Talent Program+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M713188)the Director’s Fund of Hefei Institutes of Physical Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.YZJJ2022QN19)。
文摘In this article,the effect of the finite conductive surface area of a satellite on the use of satellite-based Langmuir probes is reviewed in light of the basic theory of asymmetric double Langmuir probes(ADLPs).Recent theoretical and experimental studies have discussed electron sheath/presheath formation and the electron Bohm criterion along with their implications for satellite-based Langmuir probes.The effects predicted by the latest theory of the electron Bohm criterion were not experimentally observed and the experimental results remain supportive of a critical area ratio(A_(L)/A_(S))_(crit)=(m_(i)/(2.3m_(e)))^(1/2)between the probe area A_(S)and the satellite area A_L as conventionally believed.A satellite-based Langmuir probe must satisfy this criterion to physically act as a single Langmuir probe.However,experimental investigations also found that high-energy electrons adversely affect(A_(L)/A_(S))_(crit)and a Langmuir probe's signal quality by giving additional electron current to A_(L).Based on these results,a number of limitations of the maximum probe area are derived when designing satellite-based Langmuir probes,with consideration of both the aim of the satellite and the plasma where the satellite-based probe works.These proposed measures are expected to only partially alleviate the effect of the inadequate satellite surface area on the application of satellite-based Langmuir probes.Using a larger satellite to carry a Langmuir probe remains the most viable means to obtain precise space plasma parameters.
基金The first author thanks Dr.Nicholas P.Stadie at the Montana State University,USA,for helpful discussions.Dr.Qian Zhang would like to thank Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China(2021TQ0003)for supporting his research.
文摘Comprehending the mechanism of methane adsorption in shales is a crucial step towards optimizing the development of deep-buried shale gas. This is because the methane adsorbed in shale represents a significant proportion of the subsurface shale gas resource. To properly characterize the methane adsorption on shale, which exhibits diverse mineral compositions and multi-scale pore sizes, it is crucial to capture the energy heterogeneity of the adsorption sites. In this paper, a dual-site Langmuir model is proposed, which accounts for the temperature and pressure dependence of the density of the adsorbed phase. The model is applied to the isothermals of methane adsorption on shale, at pressures of up to 30 MPa and temperatures ranging from 40 to 100 ℃. The results show that the proposed model can describe the adsorption behavior of methane on shale more accurately than conventional models, which assume a constant value for the density of adsorbed phase. Furthermore, the proposed model can be extrapolated to higher temperatures and pressures. Thermodynamic parameters were analyzed using correctly derived equations. The results indicate that the widely used, but incorrect, equation would underestimate the isosteric heat of adsorption. Neglecting the real gas behavior, volume of the adsorbed phase, and energy heterogeneity of the adsorption sites can lead to overestimation of the isosteric heat of adsorption. Furthermore, the isosteric heat evaluated from excess adsorption data can only be used to make a rough estimate of the real isosteric heat at very low pressure.
文摘用微相吸附-光谱修正（MPASC）新技术研究核酸与多色蓝（PCB）探针分子间的相互作用,分析核酸分子内双静电膜的形成与 Langmuir吸附的关联性.通过pH 7.24的介质核酸-PCB反应的光谱研究,测定了结合产物的物理化学参数:结合比IPCB:2DNA-PCB、IPCB:3RNA-PCB,平衡常数KDNA-PCB=5.42 X 104,KRNA-PCB=2.82 x 104,摩尔吸收系数ε（DNA-PCB,625nm）=5.65x103（mol-1·L）·cm-1,ε（RNA-PCB,625nm）=3.85x103（mol-1·L）·cm-1结果表明,RNA分子仅形成约60％双螺旋结构链,核酸双螺旋每一周期的负静电沟最大聚集10个PCB分子.该吸附反应用于核酸样品测定,结果良好.
