The lymphatic vasculature forms an organized network that covers the whole body and is involved in fluid homeostasis,metabolite clearance,and immune surveillance.The recent identification of functional lymphatic vesse...The lymphatic vasculature forms an organized network that covers the whole body and is involved in fluid homeostasis,metabolite clearance,and immune surveillance.The recent identification of functional lymphatic vessels in the meninges of the brain and the spinal cord has provided novel insights into neurophysiology.They emerge as major pathways for fluid exchange.The abundance of immune cells in lymphatic vessels and meninges also suggests that lymphatic vessels are actively involved in neuroimmunity.The lymphatic system,through its role in the clearance of neurotoxic proteins,autoimmune cell infiltration,and the transmission of pro-inflammatory signals,participates in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological disorders,including neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases and traumatic injury.Vascular endothelial growth factor C is the master regulator of lymphangiogenesis,a process that is critical for the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis.In this review,we summarize current knowledge and recent advances relating to the anatomical features and immunological functions of the lymphatic system of the central nervous system and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target for neurological disorders and central nervous system repair.展开更多
Recent studies have proposed three lymphatic drainage systems in the brain,that is,the glymphatic system,the intramural periarterial drainage pathway,and meningeal lymphatic vessels,whose roles in various neurological...Recent studies have proposed three lymphatic drainage systems in the brain,that is,the glymphatic system,the intramural periarterial drainage pathway,and meningeal lymphatic vessels,whose roles in various neurological diseases have been widely explored.The glymphatic system is a fluid drainage and waste clearance pathway that utilizes perivascular space and aquaporin-4 protein located in the astrocyte endfeet to provide a space for exchange of cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid.The intramural periarterial drainage pathway drives the flow of interstitial fluid through the capillary basement membrane and the arterial tunica media.Meningeal lymphatic vessels within the dura mater are involved in the removal of cerebral macromolecules and immune responses.After ischemic stroke,impairment of these systems could lead to cerebral edema,accumulation of toxic factors,and activation of neuroinflammation,while restoration of their normal functions can improve neurological outcomes.In this review,we summarize the basic concepts of these drainage systems,including drainage routes,physiological functions,regulatory mechanisms,and detection technologies.We also focus on the roles of lymphatic drainage systems in brain injury after ischemic stroke,as well as recent advances in therapeutic strategies targeting these drainage systems.These findings provide information for potential novel strategies for treatment of stroke.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effect of latanoprost eye drops on the conjunctival lymphatics.METHODS:Twenty-four healthy New Zealand White rabbits weighing 1.5 to 2.0 kg were randomly divided into three groups:latanoprost gr...AIM:To investigate the effect of latanoprost eye drops on the conjunctival lymphatics.METHODS:Twenty-four healthy New Zealand White rabbits weighing 1.5 to 2.0 kg were randomly divided into three groups:latanoprost group(n=8)administered with latanoprost eye drops once a day for 2 mo,carteolol group(n=8)administered with carteolol eye drops once a day for 2 mo,and control group(n=8)without any treatment.The conjunctival tissues in the three groups were extracted to investigate the expression levels of 5’-nucleotidase(5’-Nase)by Western blot,reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),and immunofluorescence staining,respectively.RESULTS:The protein expression level of 5’-Nase was significantly higher in latanoprost group than carteolol group(F=231.175,P<0.001)and control group(P<0.001),while there was no significant difference between the carteolol group and the control group(P>0.05).The m RNA expression level of 5’-Nase in the latanoprost group was also significantly higher than carteolol group(F=71.169 P<0.005)and control group(P<0.005).The conjunctival lymphatics were positive immunofluorescence stained with the 5’-Nase antibodies in the latanoprost group and not stained in the control group.CONCLUSION:Latanoprost eye drops can induce conjunctival lymphangiogenesis which may be concerned in clinical implications.展开更多
Inflammatory jaw bone diseases are common in stomatology,including periodontitis,peri-implantitis,medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw,radiation osteomyelitis of the jaw,age-related osteoporosis,and other speci...Inflammatory jaw bone diseases are common in stomatology,including periodontitis,peri-implantitis,medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw,radiation osteomyelitis of the jaw,age-related osteoporosis,and other specific infections.These diseases may lead to tooth loss and maxillofacial deformities,severely affecting patients'quality of life.Over the years,the reconstruction of jaw bone deficiency caused by inflammatory diseases has emerged as a medical and socioeconomic challenge.Therefore,exploring the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases associated with jaw bones is crucial for improving prognosis and developing new targeted therapies.Accumulating evidence indicates that the integrated bone formation and dysfunction arise from complex interactions among a network of multiple cell types,including osteoblast-associated cells,immune cells,blood vessels,and lymphatic vessels.However,the role of these different cells in the inflammatory process and the'rules'with which they interact are still not fully understood.Although many investigations have focused on specific pathological processes and molecular events in inflammatory jaw diseases,few articles offer a perspective of integration.Here,we review the changes and mechanisms of various cell types in inflammatory jaw diseases,with the hope of providing insights to drive future research in this field.展开更多
Lymph node metastasis is the hallmark of colon cancer progression,and is considered one of the most important prognostic factors.Recently,there has been growing evidence that tumor lymphangiogenesis(formation of new l...Lymph node metastasis is the hallmark of colon cancer progression,and is considered one of the most important prognostic factors.Recently,there has been growing evidence that tumor lymphangiogenesis(formation of new lymphatic vessels) plays an important role in this process.Here,we review the latest f indings of the role of lymphangiogenesis in colorectal cancer progression,and discuss its clinical application as a biomarker and target for new therapy.Understanding the molecular pathways that regulate lymphangiogenesis is mandatory to pave the way for the development of new therapies for cancer.In the future,tailored treatments consisting of combinations of chemotherapy,other targeted therapies,and anti-lymphangiogenesis agents will hopefully improve patient outcomes.This progression to the clinic must be guided by new avenues of research,such as the identif ication of biomarkers that predict response to treatment.展开更多
Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that poses a signifcant burden on socio-economic and healthcare systems worldwide.However,the currently available therapy of AD is limited,and new s...Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that poses a signifcant burden on socio-economic and healthcare systems worldwide.However,the currently available therapy of AD is limited,and new strategies are needed to enhance the clearance ofβ-amyloid(Aβ)protein and improve cognitive function.Photobiomodulation(PBM)is a noninvasive and efective therapeutic method that has shown promise in treating various brain diseases.Here,we demonstrate that 1267-nm PBM signifcantly alleviates cognitive decline in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD and is safe as it does not induce a signifcant increase in cortical temperature.Moreover,with the combination of 3D tissue optical clearing imaging and automatic brain region segmentation,we show that PBM-mediated reductions of Aβplaques in diferent subregions of prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus are diferent.The PBM-induced lymphatic clearance of Aβfrom the brain is associated with improvement of memory and cognitive functions in 5xFAD mice.Our results suggest that the modulation of meningeal lymphatic vessels(MLVs)should play an important role in promoting Aβclearance.Collectively,this pilot study demonstrates that PBM can safely accelerate lymphatic clearance of Aβfrom the brain of 5xFAD mice,promoting improvement of neurocognitive status of AD animals suggesting that PBM can be an efective and bedside therapy for AD.展开更多
The ever-growing research on lymphatic biology has clearly identified lymphatic vessels as key players that maintain human health through their functional roles in tissue fluid homeostasis,immunosurveillance,lipid met...The ever-growing research on lymphatic biology has clearly identified lymphatic vessels as key players that maintain human health through their functional roles in tissue fluid homeostasis,immunosurveillance,lipid metabolism and inflammation.It is therefore not surprising that the list of human diseases associated with lymphatic malfunctions has grown larger,including issues beyond lymphedema,a pathology traditionally associated with lymphatic drainage insufficiency.Thus,the discovery of factors and pathways that can promote optimal lymphatic functions may offer new therapeutic options.Accumulating evidence indicates that aside from biochemical factors,biomechanical signals also regulate lymphatic vessel expansion and functions postnatally.Here,we review how mechanical forces induced by fluid shear stress affect the behavior and functions of lymphatic vessels and the mechanisms lymphatic vessels employ to sense and transduce these mechanical cues into biological signals.展开更多
B cells home to the lymph nodes(LNs)via high endothelial venules(HEVs)under the guidance of chemokines,particularly CXCL13.However,as CXCL13 is not directly made in HEVs,the molecular mechanism mediating B-cell homing...B cells home to the lymph nodes(LNs)via high endothelial venules(HEVs)under the guidance of chemokines,particularly CXCL13.However,as CXCL13 is not directly made in HEVs,the molecular mechanism mediating B-cell homing to LNs has remained unclear.We show here that nuclear factor(NF)-κB-inducing kinase(NIK),a kinase mediating activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway,functions in lymphatic endothelial cells(LECs)to regulate B-cell homing to LNs.LEC-conditional deletion of NIK in mice did not affect the integrity or global function of lymphatic vessels but caused a severe reduction in the frequency of B cells in LNs.The LEC-specific NIK deficiency did not affect the survival of B cells or the frequency of B cells in the spleen.B-cell adoptive transfer studies revealed that the LEC-specific NIK deletion impairs the ability of LNs to recruit B cells.We further show that NIK mediates expression of the chemokines CXCL13 and CCL19 in LECs.Although CCL19 is also expressed in blood endothelial cells(BECs),CXCL13 is not produced in BECs.These results suggest that NIK regulates naive B-cell homing to LNs via mediating production of the B-cell homing chemokine CXCL13 in LECs.展开更多
Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is the most common type of dementia,and no disease-modifying treatments are available to halt or slow its progression.Amyloid-beta(Aβ)is suggested to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of...Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is the most common type of dementia,and no disease-modifying treatments are available to halt or slow its progression.Amyloid-beta(Aβ)is suggested to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD,and clearance of Aβfrom the brain becomes a main therapeutic strategy for AD.Recent studies found that Aβclearance in the periphery contributes substantially to reducing Aβaccumulation in the brain.Therefore,understanding the mechanism of how Aβis cleared in the periphery is important for the development of effective therapies for AD.In this review,we summarized recent findings on the mechanisms of Aβefflux from the brain to the periphery and discuss where and how the brain-derived Aβis cleared in the periphery.Based on these findings,we propose future strategies to enhance peripheral Aβclearance for the prevention and treatment of AD.This review provides a novel perspective to understand the pathogenesis of AD and develop interventions for this disease from a systemic approach.展开更多
This paper is aimed to examine if changes in platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF)expression at different stages of cervical cancer are related to the variation in blood vessel density(BVD)and lymphatic vessel density(...This paper is aimed to examine if changes in platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF)expression at different stages of cervical cancer are related to the variation in blood vessel density(BVD)and lymphatic vessel density(LVD)to evaluate the relationship between PDGF expression and stages and metastasis of cervical cancer.Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and RT-PCR were used to detect the expression levels of PDGF in 45 cervical cancer tissue samples(the experimental group).The samples were immunohistochemically stained with mono-clonal antibodies D2-40 and CD34,and BVD and LVD were measured.The expressions of PDGF-A,-B,and-D were all higher in the experimental group than in the control group(P<0.05);no significant difference was found in the expression of PDGF-C between the experi-mental group and the control group(P>0.05).PDGF-A and-B expression was positively related with BVD and LVD(P<0.01,R=0.49,0.527,0.327,0.68).The expression levels of PDGF-C and-D were not significantly related with BVD and LVD.At the early stage of cervical cancer,BVD and LVD were significantly higher than in the controls(P<0.01).The BVD and LVD in tissues in the surrounding areas of cervical cancer were significantly higher than in tissues at cancer center,and LVD was related to lymph node metastasis(P<0.001).BVD and LVD were not associated with the differentiation and pathological stages of cervical cancer.The expressions of PDGF-A,-B,and-D in cervical cancer were closely related with the clinical stages of cervical cancer.PDGF-A and-B were intimately associated with the lymph node metastasis and prognosis of cervical cancer.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNo.82030071+1 种基金the Science and Technology Major Project of ChangshaNo.kh2103008 (both to JZH)
文摘The lymphatic vasculature forms an organized network that covers the whole body and is involved in fluid homeostasis,metabolite clearance,and immune surveillance.The recent identification of functional lymphatic vessels in the meninges of the brain and the spinal cord has provided novel insights into neurophysiology.They emerge as major pathways for fluid exchange.The abundance of immune cells in lymphatic vessels and meninges also suggests that lymphatic vessels are actively involved in neuroimmunity.The lymphatic system,through its role in the clearance of neurotoxic proteins,autoimmune cell infiltration,and the transmission of pro-inflammatory signals,participates in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological disorders,including neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases and traumatic injury.Vascular endothelial growth factor C is the master regulator of lymphangiogenesis,a process that is critical for the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis.In this review,we summarize current knowledge and recent advances relating to the anatomical features and immunological functions of the lymphatic system of the central nervous system and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target for neurological disorders and central nervous system repair.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(Key Program)No.Z200025(to JHY)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81873818(to LHQ)Supporting Platform Construction Project of Peking University Health Science Center,No.BMU2021ZC011(to JHY).
文摘Recent studies have proposed three lymphatic drainage systems in the brain,that is,the glymphatic system,the intramural periarterial drainage pathway,and meningeal lymphatic vessels,whose roles in various neurological diseases have been widely explored.The glymphatic system is a fluid drainage and waste clearance pathway that utilizes perivascular space and aquaporin-4 protein located in the astrocyte endfeet to provide a space for exchange of cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid.The intramural periarterial drainage pathway drives the flow of interstitial fluid through the capillary basement membrane and the arterial tunica media.Meningeal lymphatic vessels within the dura mater are involved in the removal of cerebral macromolecules and immune responses.After ischemic stroke,impairment of these systems could lead to cerebral edema,accumulation of toxic factors,and activation of neuroinflammation,while restoration of their normal functions can improve neurological outcomes.In this review,we summarize the basic concepts of these drainage systems,including drainage routes,physiological functions,regulatory mechanisms,and detection technologies.We also focus on the roles of lymphatic drainage systems in brain injury after ischemic stroke,as well as recent advances in therapeutic strategies targeting these drainage systems.These findings provide information for potential novel strategies for treatment of stroke.
基金Shanghai No.6 Hospital Group(No.18-LY-03)Putuo Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2017301A)。
文摘AIM:To investigate the effect of latanoprost eye drops on the conjunctival lymphatics.METHODS:Twenty-four healthy New Zealand White rabbits weighing 1.5 to 2.0 kg were randomly divided into three groups:latanoprost group(n=8)administered with latanoprost eye drops once a day for 2 mo,carteolol group(n=8)administered with carteolol eye drops once a day for 2 mo,and control group(n=8)without any treatment.The conjunctival tissues in the three groups were extracted to investigate the expression levels of 5’-nucleotidase(5’-Nase)by Western blot,reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),and immunofluorescence staining,respectively.RESULTS:The protein expression level of 5’-Nase was significantly higher in latanoprost group than carteolol group(F=231.175,P<0.001)and control group(P<0.001),while there was no significant difference between the carteolol group and the control group(P>0.05).The m RNA expression level of 5’-Nase in the latanoprost group was also significantly higher than carteolol group(F=71.169 P<0.005)and control group(P<0.005).The conjunctival lymphatics were positive immunofluorescence stained with the 5’-Nase antibodies in the latanoprost group and not stained in the control group.CONCLUSION:Latanoprost eye drops can induce conjunctival lymphangiogenesis which may be concerned in clinical implications.
基金supported by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(Grant No.PAPD-2018-87)Jiangsu Province Capability Improvement Project through Science,Technology and Education-Jiangsu Provincial Research Hospital Cultivation Unit(Grant No.YJXYYJSDW4)Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center(Grant No.CXZX202227).
文摘Inflammatory jaw bone diseases are common in stomatology,including periodontitis,peri-implantitis,medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw,radiation osteomyelitis of the jaw,age-related osteoporosis,and other specific infections.These diseases may lead to tooth loss and maxillofacial deformities,severely affecting patients'quality of life.Over the years,the reconstruction of jaw bone deficiency caused by inflammatory diseases has emerged as a medical and socioeconomic challenge.Therefore,exploring the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases associated with jaw bones is crucial for improving prognosis and developing new targeted therapies.Accumulating evidence indicates that the integrated bone formation and dysfunction arise from complex interactions among a network of multiple cell types,including osteoblast-associated cells,immune cells,blood vessels,and lymphatic vessels.However,the role of these different cells in the inflammatory process and the'rules'with which they interact are still not fully understood.Although many investigations have focused on specific pathological processes and molecular events in inflammatory jaw diseases,few articles offer a perspective of integration.Here,we review the changes and mechanisms of various cell types in inflammatory jaw diseases,with the hope of providing insights to drive future research in this field.
基金Supported by SUMITOMO Life Social Welfare Services Foundation (to Nagahashi M)Virginia Commonwealth University Grant BIRCWH K12HD055881,and Susan G Komen for the Cure Career Catalyst Research Grant KG090510 (to Takabe K)
文摘Lymph node metastasis is the hallmark of colon cancer progression,and is considered one of the most important prognostic factors.Recently,there has been growing evidence that tumor lymphangiogenesis(formation of new lymphatic vessels) plays an important role in this process.Here,we review the latest f indings of the role of lymphangiogenesis in colorectal cancer progression,and discuss its clinical application as a biomarker and target for new therapy.Understanding the molecular pathways that regulate lymphangiogenesis is mandatory to pave the way for the development of new therapies for cancer.In the future,tailored treatments consisting of combinations of chemotherapy,other targeted therapies,and anti-lymphangiogenesis agents will hopefully improve patient outcomes.This progression to the clinic must be guided by new avenues of research,such as the identif ication of biomarkers that predict response to treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant Nos.61860206009,81961138015,62375096,82372012,62375095,62105113 and 82001877)Key Research and Development Project of Hubei Province(No.2022BCA023)+1 种基金the Innovation Fund of WNLOSGO was supported by grant from the Russian Science Foundation 23-75-30001.
文摘Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that poses a signifcant burden on socio-economic and healthcare systems worldwide.However,the currently available therapy of AD is limited,and new strategies are needed to enhance the clearance ofβ-amyloid(Aβ)protein and improve cognitive function.Photobiomodulation(PBM)is a noninvasive and efective therapeutic method that has shown promise in treating various brain diseases.Here,we demonstrate that 1267-nm PBM signifcantly alleviates cognitive decline in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD and is safe as it does not induce a signifcant increase in cortical temperature.Moreover,with the combination of 3D tissue optical clearing imaging and automatic brain region segmentation,we show that PBM-mediated reductions of Aβplaques in diferent subregions of prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus are diferent.The PBM-induced lymphatic clearance of Aβfrom the brain is associated with improvement of memory and cognitive functions in 5xFAD mice.Our results suggest that the modulation of meningeal lymphatic vessels(MLVs)should play an important role in promoting Aβclearance.Collectively,this pilot study demonstrates that PBM can safely accelerate lymphatic clearance of Aβfrom the brain of 5xFAD mice,promoting improvement of neurocognitive status of AD animals suggesting that PBM can be an efective and bedside therapy for AD.
基金This work was supported by NUHS internal funding and the Ministry of Education(Project 594 ID:MOE2019-T2-1-136)to VA and the National Medical Research Council(Y-IRG grant)to HYL。
文摘The ever-growing research on lymphatic biology has clearly identified lymphatic vessels as key players that maintain human health through their functional roles in tissue fluid homeostasis,immunosurveillance,lipid metabolism and inflammation.It is therefore not surprising that the list of human diseases associated with lymphatic malfunctions has grown larger,including issues beyond lymphedema,a pathology traditionally associated with lymphatic drainage insufficiency.Thus,the discovery of factors and pathways that can promote optimal lymphatic functions may offer new therapeutic options.Accumulating evidence indicates that aside from biochemical factors,biomechanical signals also regulate lymphatic vessel expansion and functions postnatally.Here,we review how mechanical forces induced by fluid shear stress affect the behavior and functions of lymphatic vessels and the mechanisms lymphatic vessels employ to sense and transduce these mechanical cues into biological signals.
基金by grants from the National Institutes of Health(GM84459,AI057555,AI104519 and AI64639)This study also used the NIH/NCI-supported resources under award number P30CA016672 at The MD Anderson Cancer CenterSZ was supported by a scholarship from the China Scholarship Council(CSC)under the Grant CSC 201506210393.
文摘B cells home to the lymph nodes(LNs)via high endothelial venules(HEVs)under the guidance of chemokines,particularly CXCL13.However,as CXCL13 is not directly made in HEVs,the molecular mechanism mediating B-cell homing to LNs has remained unclear.We show here that nuclear factor(NF)-κB-inducing kinase(NIK),a kinase mediating activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway,functions in lymphatic endothelial cells(LECs)to regulate B-cell homing to LNs.LEC-conditional deletion of NIK in mice did not affect the integrity or global function of lymphatic vessels but caused a severe reduction in the frequency of B cells in LNs.The LEC-specific NIK deficiency did not affect the survival of B cells or the frequency of B cells in the spleen.B-cell adoptive transfer studies revealed that the LEC-specific NIK deletion impairs the ability of LNs to recruit B cells.We further show that NIK mediates expression of the chemokines CXCL13 and CCL19 in LECs.Although CCL19 is also expressed in blood endothelial cells(BECs),CXCL13 is not produced in BECs.These results suggest that NIK regulates naive B-cell homing to LNs via mediating production of the B-cell homing chemokine CXCL13 in LECs.
基金This review was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.81930028,91749206,81625007 and 31921003).
文摘Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is the most common type of dementia,and no disease-modifying treatments are available to halt or slow its progression.Amyloid-beta(Aβ)is suggested to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD,and clearance of Aβfrom the brain becomes a main therapeutic strategy for AD.Recent studies found that Aβclearance in the periphery contributes substantially to reducing Aβaccumulation in the brain.Therefore,understanding the mechanism of how Aβis cleared in the periphery is important for the development of effective therapies for AD.In this review,we summarized recent findings on the mechanisms of Aβefflux from the brain to the periphery and discuss where and how the brain-derived Aβis cleared in the periphery.Based on these findings,we propose future strategies to enhance peripheral Aβclearance for the prevention and treatment of AD.This review provides a novel perspective to understand the pathogenesis of AD and develop interventions for this disease from a systemic approach.
文摘This paper is aimed to examine if changes in platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF)expression at different stages of cervical cancer are related to the variation in blood vessel density(BVD)and lymphatic vessel density(LVD)to evaluate the relationship between PDGF expression and stages and metastasis of cervical cancer.Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and RT-PCR were used to detect the expression levels of PDGF in 45 cervical cancer tissue samples(the experimental group).The samples were immunohistochemically stained with mono-clonal antibodies D2-40 and CD34,and BVD and LVD were measured.The expressions of PDGF-A,-B,and-D were all higher in the experimental group than in the control group(P<0.05);no significant difference was found in the expression of PDGF-C between the experi-mental group and the control group(P>0.05).PDGF-A and-B expression was positively related with BVD and LVD(P<0.01,R=0.49,0.527,0.327,0.68).The expression levels of PDGF-C and-D were not significantly related with BVD and LVD.At the early stage of cervical cancer,BVD and LVD were significantly higher than in the controls(P<0.01).The BVD and LVD in tissues in the surrounding areas of cervical cancer were significantly higher than in tissues at cancer center,and LVD was related to lymph node metastasis(P<0.001).BVD and LVD were not associated with the differentiation and pathological stages of cervical cancer.The expressions of PDGF-A,-B,and-D in cervical cancer were closely related with the clinical stages of cervical cancer.PDGF-A and-B were intimately associated with the lymph node metastasis and prognosis of cervical cancer.
