Background: Mosquitoes are responsible of numerous vector-borne diseases and among these diseases is malaria which takes away lives of thousands of people, especially children of under five, particularly in Africa. To...Background: Mosquitoes are responsible of numerous vector-borne diseases and among these diseases is malaria which takes away lives of thousands of people, especially children of under five, particularly in Africa. To reduce the mortality and economic burdens of this deadly disease, synthetic insecticide has been of use to control its main vector, Anopheles gambiae. Due to adverse effects caused by these conventional products on non-target organisms and the environment, plants have been of first choice as they proved their effectiveness against mosquitoes and are said to be eco-friendly and relatively safer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen the phytochemicals and determine the larvicidal and adult emergence exhibitory activities of Momordica charantia and Hyptis spicigera leaves extracts against Anopheles gambiae larvae. Methods: The WHO standard protocol for larvicidal activity and IGRs was followed up and concentrations from 500 - 2000 ppm for larvicidal and 500 - 1500 ppm for IGRs were set up. Results: There was the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, steroids, terpenoids and oils in Momordica charantia against alkaloids, taponins, tannins, phenols, steroids, terpenoids and oils in Hyptis spicigera. Methanol crude extract registered the lowest LC<sub>50</sub> value of 270.6 ppm followed by ethyl acetate and hexane fractions recorded the LC<sub>50</sub> of 742.1 and 756 ppm, respectively for larvicidal activity of Momordica charantia against LC<sub>50</sub> of 760 and 867.5 ppm for hexane fraction and methanol crude extract, respectively for Hyptis spicigera. Methanol crude extract and hexane fraction of both plants as well as the ethyl acetate fraction of M. charantia registered greater emergence inhibition with IE<sub>50</sub> values of 590.2, 842.3 and 982 ppm for methanol crude extract, hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of M. charantia, respectively against 901.7 and 873.2 for methanol crude extract and hexane fraction of H. spicigera, respectively. Conclusion: The toxicity and adult emergence inhibition may be associated with constituents in both plants that interfere with the normal neuronal, respiratory and endocrine systems functions.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to compare contents of free and bound polyphenol and antioxidation of balsam pear in different varieties. [Method] Fourteen varieties of balsam pear were chosen to analyze total contents of fre...[Objective] The aim was to compare contents of free and bound polyphenol and antioxidation of balsam pear in different varieties. [Method] Fourteen varieties of balsam pear were chosen to analyze total contents of free or bound phenol and components of free phenol. FRAP （Freeic reducing/antioxidant power）, DPPH （1,1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy）, and ABTS ＋· （2, 2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid diammonium salt） were used to measure antioxidation and analyze relationship between polyphenol content and antioxidation. [Result] Among the fourteen varieties of balsam pear, free, bound and total phenols were 157.58 -382.92, 6.46 -54 and 175.27 -413.79 mg GAE/100 g DW; coefficients of variance were 23.50% , 61.04% and 21.58%, respectively; free phenol accounted for 91.34% of total phenol and bound phenol accounted for 8.66% ; contents of total flavone for the fourteen varieties were from 8.97 to 18.22 mg CE/100 g DW and the coefficient was at 22.80%; vanillic aldehyde acid, epicatechin and rutin differed in contents among different varieties, which changed in 1.83-9.29, 35.17-114.52 and 0.91-4.53 mg/100 g DW and the coefficients were 43.85%, 26.97% and 33.09%; FRAP antioxidation was at 272.16 -713.32 mg TE/100 g DW and coefficient at 27.67% ; IC 50 of DPPH and ABTS ＋· clearance were 11.43-34.14 and 21.57-119.71 mg GAE/100 g DW and coefficients were at 35.10% and 63.75% , accordingly; content of total phenol was of extremely positive correlation with FRAP （P0.01） and of extremely negative correlation with IC 50 of DPPH and ABTS ＋ · clearance （P0.01）. [Conclusion] Contents of phenolic compounds and antioxidation are of significant genotype differences; and phenolic substance and antioxidation are mainly in free form and phenolic substance is the major basis for antioxidation.展开更多
[ Objectives] This study was conducted to screen the temperature index most suitable for identification of cold tolerance in bitter gourd （Momordica charantia L. ） at bud and seedling stages. [ Methods] With six dif...[ Objectives] This study was conducted to screen the temperature index most suitable for identification of cold tolerance in bitter gourd （Momordica charantia L. ） at bud and seedling stages. [ Methods] With six different bitter gourd germplasms as experimental materials, the cold tolerance at bud and seedling stages were identified and evaluated. [ Results] At 18℃ , the largest change range of germination potential among different gernlplasms was 11.3% -96.0%, and the largest change range of germination rate was 13.3% - 100.0% ; and the six germplasms could be divided into three grades of cold tolerance. Therefore, 18 9C is an ideal temperature for the identification of cold tolerance in bitter gourd germplasms at bud stage. At 20℃, the cold tolerance in bitter gourd germplasms at bud stage could also be divided into three grades, and the change ranges of germination potential and germination rate were larger than 50.0%, so 20℃ could serve as the candidate temperature for the identification of cold tolerance in bitter gourd germplasms at bud stage. After 1 d of treatment at 6℃, the six bitter gourd germplasms could be divided into three grades, and the cold injury index had the largest range of 20.31 - 84.38 and could serve as the temperature index for the identification of cold tolerance in bitter gourd at seedling stage. [ Conclusions] This study will provide reference for the identification of cold tolerance in bitter gourd at bud stage and seedling stage.展开更多
The effects of sterilization pretreatment, sampling time and growth regulators on callus formation, explant contamination and adventitious bud induction from stems of balsam pear （Momordica charantia L.） were invest...The effects of sterilization pretreatment, sampling time and growth regulators on callus formation, explant contamination and adventitious bud induction from stems of balsam pear （Momordica charantia L.） were investigated. Sterilized for 6 rain with 0.1% （w/v） mercuric chloride solution is an essential sterilization method for stems. June and July proved to be better for material taking, followed by May. The callus formation rate of balsam pears reached the highest when medium added with IBA 1.0mg/L and BA 2.0 mg/L, while the optimum medium for adventitious bud induction was MS added with IBA 0.5mg/L and BA 4.0 mg/L. And it will provide theoretical and technical basis for rapid propagation and breeding.展开更多
The relationship between microspore developmental stages and morphological characteristics of floral organ in balsam pear was studied. The results showed that flower buds developed a series of morphological changes at...The relationship between microspore developmental stages and morphological characteristics of floral organ in balsam pear was studied. The results showed that flower buds developed a series of morphological changes at different microspore developmental stages, and morphological characteristics of floral organ were significantly different when sampling from different part or cultivar of balsam pear. Anther at late-uninucleate stage was best for culture, in which stage flower buds swelled obviously, and white floss on the surface reduced. In addition, calyxes were obvious but did not spread, and the most of anthers were light green.展开更多
Fusarium wilt seriously affects the yield and quality of Momordica charantia L.Breeding resistant varieties is the most economical and effective measure to control Fusarium wilt in M.charantia L.This study had compreh...Fusarium wilt seriously affects the yield and quality of Momordica charantia L.Breeding resistant varieties is the most economical and effective measure to control Fusarium wilt in M.charantia L.This study had comprehensively conducted pathogen identification of Fusarium wilt,resistance evaluation of M.charantia L.germplasm to Fusarium wilt,and genetic analysis of Fusarium wilt resistance in M.charantia L.,so as to provide reference for breeding resistant varieties and accelerating the breeding process.展开更多
The main objective of this study was to evaluate ability of growth and yield of introduced bitter gourd accessions in winter-spring 2016-2017 in Thua Thien Hue province.A total of seven accessions were used in this st...The main objective of this study was to evaluate ability of growth and yield of introduced bitter gourd accessions in winter-spring 2016-2017 in Thua Thien Hue province.A total of seven accessions were used in this study.Of these,six accessions were provided by the World Vegetable Center(AVRDC),namely,AVRDC 1329,AVRDC 1330,AVRDC 1331,AVRDC 1333,AVRDC 1334,AVRDC 1335 and one Vietnam local accession(control)from Dien Hai commune,Phong Dien district,Thua Thien Hue province.The results showed that experiment accessions can grow under Thua Thien Hue conditions.AVRDC 1329,AVRDC 1330,and AVRDC 1335 were considered as displaying good growth and development ability.Of those,AVRDC 1330 was the most suitable to consumer as regards to appearance and bitter taste.AVRDC 1330,the control check and AVRDC 1331 had the high actual yield with 16.57,10.65 and 7.88 tons/ha,respectively,and these two introduced accessions can be used for breeding and cultivation under local condition.展开更多
In this study, the influence of provenance and extraction methods on the physicochemical properties and the antioxidant potential of M. charantia seeds oil were evaluated. The oil is obtained on the one hand by cold e...In this study, the influence of provenance and extraction methods on the physicochemical properties and the antioxidant potential of M. charantia seeds oil were evaluated. The oil is obtained on the one hand by cold extraction with hexane and on the other hand by hot extraction with soxhlet. The results obtained show that the extraction yield is significantly impacted by the extraction methods and the origin of the seeds. In addition, the soxhlet extraction gives a higher oil yield (32.07 ± 0.01). Cold extraction has made it possible to obtain oils with less attenuated physicochemical characteristics. Indeed, the acid numbers are high in the oils extracted by soxhlet (5.92 ± 0.25;4.25 ± 0.62 and 13.86 ± 0.83) than in those cold extracted with very low peroxide for all the oils obtained. On the other hand, the iodine and refractive indices are high in oils obtained cold (91.58 ± 0.85;100.74 ± 0.03 and 102.08 ± 0.28) (1.53 ± 0.01;1.52 ± 0.01 and 1.52 ± 0.01) with low saponification indices. The polyphenol concentrations and the anti-free radical activity are higher with the oils obtained cold (0.086 ± 0.001;0.08 ± 0.000 and 0.09 ± 0.01 mgEAG/g of oil) and (DPPH) (55.75% ± 1.16%;55.03% ± 0.72% and 56.35% ± 0.45%). The color parameters (L*, a* and b*) of the different oils extracted also vary depending on the extraction method used. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were performed on the physicochemical properties and the antioxidant potential of the extracted oils. Therefore, the results suggest cold extraction to obtain a good quality and oxidation resistant oil.展开更多
Background:This research focuses on herbal medicine,an ancient healthcare practice,exploring the antibacterial attributes of fresh and dried leaf extracts from Momordica charantia(commonly known as Bitter melon)and Ve...Background:This research focuses on herbal medicine,an ancient healthcare practice,exploring the antibacterial attributes of fresh and dried leaf extracts from Momordica charantia(commonly known as Bitter melon)and Vernonia amygdalina(Bitter leaf).The study specifically investigates their effects on different bacterial strains associated with gastroenteritis.Methods:Four enteric bacterial isolates-Klebsiella pneumoniae,Salmonella typhi,Escherichia coli,and Proteus mirabilis-were obtained from the Medical Laboratory Unit at Babcock University Teaching Hospital in Ilishan-Remo,Ogun State.Phytochemical screening and antibacterial testing were conducted using standard biochemical techniques and the Punch-hole agar diffusion method,respectively.Results:Qualitative phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids,glycosides,and saponin in both plants,excluding terpenoids.Alkaloids were identified only in Vernonia amygdalina.Despite these phytochemicals,neither plant displayed inhibitory effects on the tested bacterial isolates(Escherichia coli,Proteus mirabilis,Klebsiella pneumoniae,and Salmonella typhi)when tested individually or in combination.Intriguingly,combining the fresh and dried leaf extracts of Momordica charantia and Vernonia amygdalina with a standard drug resulted in smaller mean zone diameters of inhibition(Escherichia coli range:14 mm–16 mm,Proteus mirabilis range:31 mm–35 mm,Klebsiella pneumoniae range:13 mm–22 mm,and Salmonella typhi range:35 mm–38 mm)compared to the drug tested alone(16 mm–45 mm).Conclusion:Despite previous indications of antibacterial properties in various extracts of V.amygdalina and M.charantia leaves,our study presents contradictory results,prompting the need for further investigation despite the presence of significant phytochemicals.展开更多
Water pollution is one of the most important issues of the 21<sup>st</sup> century. It takes place when the pollutants are being entered into a water reservoir without any treatment. Heavy metals are one o...Water pollution is one of the most important issues of the 21<sup>st</sup> century. It takes place when the pollutants are being entered into a water reservoir without any treatment. Heavy metals are one of the major harmful pollutants that exist in the water;therefore, it is necessary to remove these toxic metals to keep our environment safe. Biosorption is an ecofriendly and economical technique for the elimination of these toxic metals from polluted water. In this research work roots, stems, and leaves of Momordica charantia (Bitter gourd) were used as biosorbent for the elimination of Pb (II) ions from aqueous solution. Many different parameters such as metal ion solution pH, biomass dosage, initial metal ions concentration and contact time were optimized in the batch experiments. The calculated results revealed that biosorption of Pb (II) was maximum at solution pH 5, biosorbent dosage of 0.1 g and 100 ppm of initial metal ions concentration within 240 minutes of contact time. M. charantia’s leaves showed the highest level of lead biosorption capacity (47.62%), followed by stems (42.36%) and roots (38.47%). The Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics model fitted well for the analytical data. The results indicated that Momordica charantia is an effective biosorbent for Pb (II) ions elimination from wastewater.展开更多
Two new cucurbitane-type triterpenoids,（23E）-5β,19-epoxycucurbita-6,23,25-triene-3β-ol（1） and（19R,23E）-5/β,19-epoxy- 19-ethoxycucurbita-6,23-diene^3β,25-diol（2）,together with three known compounds,have bee...Two new cucurbitane-type triterpenoids,（23E）-5β,19-epoxycucurbita-6,23,25-triene-3β-ol（1） and（19R,23E）-5/β,19-epoxy- 19-ethoxycucurbita-6,23-diene^3β,25-diol（2）,together with three known compounds,have been isolated from the fruit of Momordica charantia L.Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral analysis.Their cytotoxic activity was tested on 5 cancer cell lines,MCF-7,HepG2,Dul45,Colon205 and HL-60 by MTT assay.Compounds 1,3 and 4 showed weak cytotoxicity.展开更多
With the bioguided fractionation of the ethanol extracts from the leaves of Momordica charantia, we obtained two most active compounds against the feeding of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella larvae. The antif...With the bioguided fractionation of the ethanol extracts from the leaves of Momordica charantia, we obtained two most active compounds against the feeding of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella larvae. The antifeedant activity of momordicine Ⅰ and momordicine Ⅱ against the second and the third instar larvae of Plutella xylostella were tested using leaf discs of cabbage in the laboratory. The results showed that momordicin Ⅰ and momordicin Ⅱ had significant antifeedant activity on the larvae of P. xylostella, and momordicin Ⅱ was more active than momordicin Ⅰ. The concentrations for 50% antifeedant effects （AFC50） of momordicin Ⅱ against the second and the third instar larvae of P. xylostella were 76.69 and 116.24μg mL^-1, whereas that of momordicin I was 144.08 and 168.42μg mL^-1, respectively. In addition, momordicin Ⅰ and momordicin Ⅱ had significant inhibitive effect on the rate of weight gain and survival of P. xylostella larvae.展开更多
Momordica Charantia (MC) is one of the most famous traditional plant worldwide, used for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. In the present study possible protective effect of MC in Streptozotocin (STZ) i...Momordica Charantia (MC) is one of the most famous traditional plant worldwide, used for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. In the present study possible protective effect of MC in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic neuropathy in mice was evaluated. STZ induced diabetic mice were orally administered MC at various doses (200 - 800 mg/kg) for six weeks. Diabetes induced neuropathic pain was assessed by hot plate test, formalin test and tail flick test at the beginning and end of the study. Serum TBARS, NO and SOD levels were estimated at the end of the study as the markers of oxidative-nitrosative stress. Rotarod test was employed to assess the effect of treatment on motor coordination. The results showed that STZ induced diabetes significantly decreased the pain threshold as was indicated by increased flinching in formalin test and decreased withdrawal latency in hot plate and tail flick tests. Oxidative-nitrosative stress was significantly increased in diabetic animals. Chronic administration of MC significantly attenuated diabetes induced increase in flinches and decrease in withdrawal latency without impacting sensory and motor functions. MC administration also exhibited dose dependant reduction of hyperglycemia and serum TBARS, NO and SOD levels in diabetic mice. The results suggest that long term use of MC protects against diabetes induced neuropathy in association with attenuation of hyperglycemia and oxidative-nitrosative stress.展开更多
This study was undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Momordica charantia (wild and hybrid variety) powder on alloxan induced type 2 diabetic male Long-Evans rats. Oral feeding of the M. c...This study was undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Momordica charantia (wild and hybrid variety) powder on alloxan induced type 2 diabetic male Long-Evans rats. Oral feeding of the M. charantia powder slightly decreased serum total cholesterol, triglyceride levels and LDL-cholesterol compared with wild, hybrid and standard drug. M. charantia wild variety showed more significant (p M. charantia did not show any significant effect on HDL-cholesterol and liver glycogen. Thus, results of the study prove that the wild variety of M. charantia fruit have potent antidiabetic and antilipidemic property.展开更多
With andromonoecious<i><span> Momordica charantia </span></i><span>L.</span><span> </span><span>(bitter gourd) as material, three light qualities</span><s...With andromonoecious<i><span> Momordica charantia </span></i><span>L.</span><span> </span><span>(bitter gourd) as material, three light qualities</span><span> </span><span>(50 μmol·m</span><sup><span style="vertical-align:super;">-2</span></sup><span>·s</span><sup><span style="vertical-align:super;">-1</span></sup><span>) including white LED light</span><span> </span><span>(WL), blue monochromatic light (B,</span><span> </span><span>465 nm), and red monochromatic light (R, 650 nm) were carried out to investigate their effects on seed germination, physiological and biochemical parameters, sex differentiation and photosynthetic characteristics of bitter gourd. The results showed that compared to the WL treatment, the R treatment significantly promoted seed germination, seedling height elongation and soluble sugar content, the B treatment significantly increased seedling stem diameter, reducing sugar content and soluble protein content, the R and B treatments both significantly reduced sucrose content, but their POD activity showed no significant difference. Compared with the R treatment, the B treatment significantly increased the total female flower number and female flower nod ratio in 30 nods of main stems. The study of photosynthetic characteristics found that the R and B treatments could effectively increase the </span><span>stomata</span><span>l conductance (GS) of leaves, significantly improved the net photosynthetic rate</span><span> </span><span>(Pn) compared to the WL treatment, and the effect of the B treatment was better. Compared to the R and WL treatments, the B treatment increased the maximum photosynthetic rate (P</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;">max</span></sub><span>),</span><span> </span><span>apparent quantum efficiency</span><span> </span><span>(AQE) and light saturation point</span><span> </span><span>(LSP), and reduced the dark respiration rate (Rd) and light compensation point</span><span> </span><span>(LCP) of the leaves. Fit light response curves showed that the adaptability and utilization of weak light in bitter gourd were middle or below, but it showed higher adaptability and utilization of strong light. Thus, it suggests that </span><i><span>Momordica charantia</span></i><span> is a typical sun plan with lower Rd. In summary, it is concluded that blue light has a positive effect on the seed germination, seedling growth, sex differentiation and improving the photosynthetic performance, and this will lay the foundation for artificially regulating optimum photosynthesis using specific LEDs wavelength, and help to elucidate the relationship how light quality influences the sex differentiation of plant.</span>展开更多
<em>Momordica charantia</em> is a plant species widely used in food and traditional medicine. However, the germination techniques and the performances of <em>M. charantia</em> are poorly unders...<em>Momordica charantia</em> is a plant species widely used in food and traditional medicine. However, the germination techniques and the performances of <em>M. charantia</em> are poorly understood by the populations. This study aims to better understand the germination, growth and development characteristics, and yield of <em>M. charantia</em>. Three pretreatments of the seeds are used for the shortening of the pre-germination period: soaking the seeds in tap water for 24 hours (batch 2), in hot water at 80<span style="white-space:nowrap;">˚</span>C (batch 3), for 24 hours and in the boiling water at 100<span style="white-space:nowrap;">˚</span>C for 24 hours (batch 4). A control without soaking (batch 1) was also carried out. The seeds were sown in plastic boxes in the laboratory with sterile sand and directly in the nursery in polyethylene sleeves. The influence of the light factor (light and dark) and watering frequency (every day and every two days) on the growth and yield parameters was evaluated respectively in the laboratory and in the nursery. Germination, growth and yield parameters were determined. The results show that the light and frequency of watering factors have no influence (p > 0.05) on the rate and duration of seed germination unlike pretreatments. Thus, Batch1 and 2 exhibit significantly higher germination rates (70% ± 16%) than Lots 3 and 4 (21% ± 15%) in the laboratory and in the nursery. On the other hand in terms of germination time, batch 3 and 4 displayed shorter durations (14 days) than those batch1 and 2 (23 days). Growth parameters and yield (fruit and seeds) are strongly influenced by watering frequency, unlike pretreatments which only affect yield. Growth and yield parameters are significantly higher with daily watering than daily watering. Ultimately, this study showed that pretreatments have an influence on the duration and rate of germination as well as the frequency of watering on the performance of <em>M. charantia</em>.展开更多
Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae), is a plant commonly used in traditional medicine in Senegal whose fruits are weakly consumed by the population. However, no data exists on the nutritional intake of the latter. Thi...Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae), is a plant commonly used in traditional medicine in Senegal whose fruits are weakly consumed by the population. However, no data exists on the nutritional intake of the latter. This work aims to determine the physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of the pulp of Momordica charantia. The study focused on two lots of fruits from two geographically different regions of Senegal (Dakar and Fatick). The biochemical analyses of the pulp showed average values of protein from 2.39 ± 0.01 g/100 g to 3.19 ± 0.01 g/100 g;reducing sugar from 4.22 ± 0.10 g/100 g to 3.55 ± 0.10 g/100 g;totals sugar from 4.43 ± 0.02 g/100 g to 3.38 ± 0.58 g/100 g. The average contents of polyphenol and flavonoids were respectively from 1.91 ± 0.04 g/100 g to 1.04 ± 0.09 g/100 g and 32.59 ± 0.04 mg/100 g and 20.75 ± 1.19 mg/100 g. According to these results, the fruit of M. charantia may be considered as rich in antioxidant. At the opposite, it is very weak in mineral elements, such as calcium and potassium (1.01 mg/100 g;3.38 mg/100 g). Meanwhile, the seeds content 24% of lipids. Thus, investigations should be done on its biological proprieties, physical and biochemical components.展开更多
Phosphatidate phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.4), PAP, catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidate (PtdOH) to form diacylglycerol. In eukaryotes, PAP driven reaction is the committed step in the synthesis of triacylglycero...Phosphatidate phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.4), PAP, catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidate (PtdOH) to form diacylglycerol. In eukaryotes, PAP driven reaction is the committed step in the synthesis of triacylglycerol. A Mg2+ independent PAP activity was identified in the soluble extract of Momordica charantia cotyledons undergoing maturation. While the microsomal fraction of the extract gave only 10% of the PAP activity, the remaining 90% of the activity was associated with the soluble fraction. At pH 3.0, the soluble PAP was bound to S column and eluted with glycine-HCl buffer containing high salt. The pH and temperature optima of the PAP activity were 6.0 and 53℃, respectively. Under optimum assay condition, the Vmax and Km for dioleoyl phosphatidic acid were 1.89 ηkat/mg of protein and 142 μM, respectively. For the synthetic substrate, ρ-nitrophenylphosphate, ρ- NPP, the Vmax and Km were 10.4 ηkat/mg of protein and 107 μM, respectively. The inclusion of Mg2+ and β-mercaptoethanol into the reaction mix did not change the enzyme activity nor did the addition of N-ethylmaleimide and phenylglyoxal, which indicates that cysteine and arginine are not involved in catalysis of PtdOH. The addition of Mg2+ up to 10 mM also did not change the level of PAP activity. Triton X-100, however, inhibited the activity. This is the first documented case of an in vitro PAP activity in the developing cotyledons of Momordica charantia. The PAP described here could serve as a model for lipin-1 or lipin-2 in humans. Mutations in these genes lead to acute myoglobinuria in human infants.展开更多
文摘Background: Mosquitoes are responsible of numerous vector-borne diseases and among these diseases is malaria which takes away lives of thousands of people, especially children of under five, particularly in Africa. To reduce the mortality and economic burdens of this deadly disease, synthetic insecticide has been of use to control its main vector, Anopheles gambiae. Due to adverse effects caused by these conventional products on non-target organisms and the environment, plants have been of first choice as they proved their effectiveness against mosquitoes and are said to be eco-friendly and relatively safer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen the phytochemicals and determine the larvicidal and adult emergence exhibitory activities of Momordica charantia and Hyptis spicigera leaves extracts against Anopheles gambiae larvae. Methods: The WHO standard protocol for larvicidal activity and IGRs was followed up and concentrations from 500 - 2000 ppm for larvicidal and 500 - 1500 ppm for IGRs were set up. Results: There was the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, steroids, terpenoids and oils in Momordica charantia against alkaloids, taponins, tannins, phenols, steroids, terpenoids and oils in Hyptis spicigera. Methanol crude extract registered the lowest LC<sub>50</sub> value of 270.6 ppm followed by ethyl acetate and hexane fractions recorded the LC<sub>50</sub> of 742.1 and 756 ppm, respectively for larvicidal activity of Momordica charantia against LC<sub>50</sub> of 760 and 867.5 ppm for hexane fraction and methanol crude extract, respectively for Hyptis spicigera. Methanol crude extract and hexane fraction of both plants as well as the ethyl acetate fraction of M. charantia registered greater emergence inhibition with IE<sub>50</sub> values of 590.2, 842.3 and 982 ppm for methanol crude extract, hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of M. charantia, respectively against 901.7 and 873.2 for methanol crude extract and hexane fraction of H. spicigera, respectively. Conclusion: The toxicity and adult emergence inhibition may be associated with constituents in both plants that interfere with the normal neuronal, respiratory and endocrine systems functions.
基金Supported by Guangdong International Cooperation Program (2010B050600005)Guangdong Comprehensive Strategic Cooperation Project of CAS (2009B091300135)Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (10251064001000006)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to compare contents of free and bound polyphenol and antioxidation of balsam pear in different varieties. [Method] Fourteen varieties of balsam pear were chosen to analyze total contents of free or bound phenol and components of free phenol. FRAP （Freeic reducing/antioxidant power）, DPPH （1,1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy）, and ABTS ＋· （2, 2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid diammonium salt） were used to measure antioxidation and analyze relationship between polyphenol content and antioxidation. [Result] Among the fourteen varieties of balsam pear, free, bound and total phenols were 157.58 -382.92, 6.46 -54 and 175.27 -413.79 mg GAE/100 g DW; coefficients of variance were 23.50% , 61.04% and 21.58%, respectively; free phenol accounted for 91.34% of total phenol and bound phenol accounted for 8.66% ; contents of total flavone for the fourteen varieties were from 8.97 to 18.22 mg CE/100 g DW and the coefficient was at 22.80%; vanillic aldehyde acid, epicatechin and rutin differed in contents among different varieties, which changed in 1.83-9.29, 35.17-114.52 and 0.91-4.53 mg/100 g DW and the coefficients were 43.85%, 26.97% and 33.09%; FRAP antioxidation was at 272.16 -713.32 mg TE/100 g DW and coefficient at 27.67% ; IC 50 of DPPH and ABTS ＋· clearance were 11.43-34.14 and 21.57-119.71 mg GAE/100 g DW and coefficients were at 35.10% and 63.75% , accordingly; content of total phenol was of extremely positive correlation with FRAP （P0.01） and of extremely negative correlation with IC 50 of DPPH and ABTS ＋ · clearance （P0.01）. [Conclusion] Contents of phenolic compounds and antioxidation are of significant genotype differences; and phenolic substance and antioxidation are mainly in free form and phenolic substance is the major basis for antioxidation.
文摘[ Objectives] This study was conducted to screen the temperature index most suitable for identification of cold tolerance in bitter gourd （Momordica charantia L. ） at bud and seedling stages. [ Methods] With six different bitter gourd germplasms as experimental materials, the cold tolerance at bud and seedling stages were identified and evaluated. [ Results] At 18℃ , the largest change range of germination potential among different gernlplasms was 11.3% -96.0%, and the largest change range of germination rate was 13.3% - 100.0% ; and the six germplasms could be divided into three grades of cold tolerance. Therefore, 18 9C is an ideal temperature for the identification of cold tolerance in bitter gourd germplasms at bud stage. At 20℃, the cold tolerance in bitter gourd germplasms at bud stage could also be divided into three grades, and the change ranges of germination potential and germination rate were larger than 50.0%, so 20℃ could serve as the candidate temperature for the identification of cold tolerance in bitter gourd germplasms at bud stage. After 1 d of treatment at 6℃, the six bitter gourd germplasms could be divided into three grades, and the cold injury index had the largest range of 20.31 - 84.38 and could serve as the temperature index for the identification of cold tolerance in bitter gourd at seedling stage. [ Conclusions] This study will provide reference for the identification of cold tolerance in bitter gourd at bud stage and seedling stage.
文摘The effects of sterilization pretreatment, sampling time and growth regulators on callus formation, explant contamination and adventitious bud induction from stems of balsam pear （Momordica charantia L.） were investigated. Sterilized for 6 rain with 0.1% （w/v） mercuric chloride solution is an essential sterilization method for stems. June and July proved to be better for material taking, followed by May. The callus formation rate of balsam pears reached the highest when medium added with IBA 1.0mg/L and BA 2.0 mg/L, while the optimum medium for adventitious bud induction was MS added with IBA 0.5mg/L and BA 4.0 mg/L. And it will provide theoretical and technical basis for rapid propagation and breeding.
文摘The relationship between microspore developmental stages and morphological characteristics of floral organ in balsam pear was studied. The results showed that flower buds developed a series of morphological changes at different microspore developmental stages, and morphological characteristics of floral organ were significantly different when sampling from different part or cultivar of balsam pear. Anther at late-uninucleate stage was best for culture, in which stage flower buds swelled obviously, and white floss on the surface reduced. In addition, calyxes were obvious but did not spread, and the most of anthers were light green.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31601758)Financial Fund of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,P.R.of China(NFZX2018)Innovation Team Project of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences(1630032017027)
文摘Fusarium wilt seriously affects the yield and quality of Momordica charantia L.Breeding resistant varieties is the most economical and effective measure to control Fusarium wilt in M.charantia L.This study had comprehensively conducted pathogen identification of Fusarium wilt,resistance evaluation of M.charantia L.germplasm to Fusarium wilt,and genetic analysis of Fusarium wilt resistance in M.charantia L.,so as to provide reference for breeding resistant varieties and accelerating the breeding process.
文摘The main objective of this study was to evaluate ability of growth and yield of introduced bitter gourd accessions in winter-spring 2016-2017 in Thua Thien Hue province.A total of seven accessions were used in this study.Of these,six accessions were provided by the World Vegetable Center(AVRDC),namely,AVRDC 1329,AVRDC 1330,AVRDC 1331,AVRDC 1333,AVRDC 1334,AVRDC 1335 and one Vietnam local accession(control)from Dien Hai commune,Phong Dien district,Thua Thien Hue province.The results showed that experiment accessions can grow under Thua Thien Hue conditions.AVRDC 1329,AVRDC 1330,and AVRDC 1335 were considered as displaying good growth and development ability.Of those,AVRDC 1330 was the most suitable to consumer as regards to appearance and bitter taste.AVRDC 1330,the control check and AVRDC 1331 had the high actual yield with 16.57,10.65 and 7.88 tons/ha,respectively,and these two introduced accessions can be used for breeding and cultivation under local condition.
文摘In this study, the influence of provenance and extraction methods on the physicochemical properties and the antioxidant potential of M. charantia seeds oil were evaluated. The oil is obtained on the one hand by cold extraction with hexane and on the other hand by hot extraction with soxhlet. The results obtained show that the extraction yield is significantly impacted by the extraction methods and the origin of the seeds. In addition, the soxhlet extraction gives a higher oil yield (32.07 ± 0.01). Cold extraction has made it possible to obtain oils with less attenuated physicochemical characteristics. Indeed, the acid numbers are high in the oils extracted by soxhlet (5.92 ± 0.25;4.25 ± 0.62 and 13.86 ± 0.83) than in those cold extracted with very low peroxide for all the oils obtained. On the other hand, the iodine and refractive indices are high in oils obtained cold (91.58 ± 0.85;100.74 ± 0.03 and 102.08 ± 0.28) (1.53 ± 0.01;1.52 ± 0.01 and 1.52 ± 0.01) with low saponification indices. The polyphenol concentrations and the anti-free radical activity are higher with the oils obtained cold (0.086 ± 0.001;0.08 ± 0.000 and 0.09 ± 0.01 mgEAG/g of oil) and (DPPH) (55.75% ± 1.16%;55.03% ± 0.72% and 56.35% ± 0.45%). The color parameters (L*, a* and b*) of the different oils extracted also vary depending on the extraction method used. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were performed on the physicochemical properties and the antioxidant potential of the extracted oils. Therefore, the results suggest cold extraction to obtain a good quality and oxidation resistant oil.
文摘Background:This research focuses on herbal medicine,an ancient healthcare practice,exploring the antibacterial attributes of fresh and dried leaf extracts from Momordica charantia(commonly known as Bitter melon)and Vernonia amygdalina(Bitter leaf).The study specifically investigates their effects on different bacterial strains associated with gastroenteritis.Methods:Four enteric bacterial isolates-Klebsiella pneumoniae,Salmonella typhi,Escherichia coli,and Proteus mirabilis-were obtained from the Medical Laboratory Unit at Babcock University Teaching Hospital in Ilishan-Remo,Ogun State.Phytochemical screening and antibacterial testing were conducted using standard biochemical techniques and the Punch-hole agar diffusion method,respectively.Results:Qualitative phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids,glycosides,and saponin in both plants,excluding terpenoids.Alkaloids were identified only in Vernonia amygdalina.Despite these phytochemicals,neither plant displayed inhibitory effects on the tested bacterial isolates(Escherichia coli,Proteus mirabilis,Klebsiella pneumoniae,and Salmonella typhi)when tested individually or in combination.Intriguingly,combining the fresh and dried leaf extracts of Momordica charantia and Vernonia amygdalina with a standard drug resulted in smaller mean zone diameters of inhibition(Escherichia coli range:14 mm–16 mm,Proteus mirabilis range:31 mm–35 mm,Klebsiella pneumoniae range:13 mm–22 mm,and Salmonella typhi range:35 mm–38 mm)compared to the drug tested alone(16 mm–45 mm).Conclusion:Despite previous indications of antibacterial properties in various extracts of V.amygdalina and M.charantia leaves,our study presents contradictory results,prompting the need for further investigation despite the presence of significant phytochemicals.
文摘Water pollution is one of the most important issues of the 21<sup>st</sup> century. It takes place when the pollutants are being entered into a water reservoir without any treatment. Heavy metals are one of the major harmful pollutants that exist in the water;therefore, it is necessary to remove these toxic metals to keep our environment safe. Biosorption is an ecofriendly and economical technique for the elimination of these toxic metals from polluted water. In this research work roots, stems, and leaves of Momordica charantia (Bitter gourd) were used as biosorbent for the elimination of Pb (II) ions from aqueous solution. Many different parameters such as metal ion solution pH, biomass dosage, initial metal ions concentration and contact time were optimized in the batch experiments. The calculated results revealed that biosorption of Pb (II) was maximum at solution pH 5, biosorbent dosage of 0.1 g and 100 ppm of initial metal ions concentration within 240 minutes of contact time. M. charantia’s leaves showed the highest level of lead biosorption capacity (47.62%), followed by stems (42.36%) and roots (38.47%). The Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics model fitted well for the analytical data. The results indicated that Momordica charantia is an effective biosorbent for Pb (II) ions elimination from wastewater.
基金supported by E&T Modern Center for Natural Products of Liaoning Province of China (No.2008402021)
文摘Two new cucurbitane-type triterpenoids,（23E）-5β,19-epoxycucurbita-6,23,25-triene-3β-ol（1） and（19R,23E）-5/β,19-epoxy- 19-ethoxycucurbita-6,23-diene^3β,25-diol（2）,together with three known compounds,have been isolated from the fruit of Momordica charantia L.Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral analysis.Their cytotoxic activity was tested on 5 cancer cell lines,MCF-7,HepG2,Dul45,Colon205 and HL-60 by MTT assay.Compounds 1,3 and 4 showed weak cytotoxicity.
基金the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (39930120)
文摘With the bioguided fractionation of the ethanol extracts from the leaves of Momordica charantia, we obtained two most active compounds against the feeding of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella larvae. The antifeedant activity of momordicine Ⅰ and momordicine Ⅱ against the second and the third instar larvae of Plutella xylostella were tested using leaf discs of cabbage in the laboratory. The results showed that momordicin Ⅰ and momordicin Ⅱ had significant antifeedant activity on the larvae of P. xylostella, and momordicin Ⅱ was more active than momordicin Ⅰ. The concentrations for 50% antifeedant effects （AFC50） of momordicin Ⅱ against the second and the third instar larvae of P. xylostella were 76.69 and 116.24μg mL^-1, whereas that of momordicin I was 144.08 and 168.42μg mL^-1, respectively. In addition, momordicin Ⅰ and momordicin Ⅱ had significant inhibitive effect on the rate of weight gain and survival of P. xylostella larvae.
文摘Momordica Charantia (MC) is one of the most famous traditional plant worldwide, used for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. In the present study possible protective effect of MC in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic neuropathy in mice was evaluated. STZ induced diabetic mice were orally administered MC at various doses (200 - 800 mg/kg) for six weeks. Diabetes induced neuropathic pain was assessed by hot plate test, formalin test and tail flick test at the beginning and end of the study. Serum TBARS, NO and SOD levels were estimated at the end of the study as the markers of oxidative-nitrosative stress. Rotarod test was employed to assess the effect of treatment on motor coordination. The results showed that STZ induced diabetes significantly decreased the pain threshold as was indicated by increased flinching in formalin test and decreased withdrawal latency in hot plate and tail flick tests. Oxidative-nitrosative stress was significantly increased in diabetic animals. Chronic administration of MC significantly attenuated diabetes induced increase in flinches and decrease in withdrawal latency without impacting sensory and motor functions. MC administration also exhibited dose dependant reduction of hyperglycemia and serum TBARS, NO and SOD levels in diabetic mice. The results suggest that long term use of MC protects against diabetes induced neuropathy in association with attenuation of hyperglycemia and oxidative-nitrosative stress.
文摘This study was undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Momordica charantia (wild and hybrid variety) powder on alloxan induced type 2 diabetic male Long-Evans rats. Oral feeding of the M. charantia powder slightly decreased serum total cholesterol, triglyceride levels and LDL-cholesterol compared with wild, hybrid and standard drug. M. charantia wild variety showed more significant (p M. charantia did not show any significant effect on HDL-cholesterol and liver glycogen. Thus, results of the study prove that the wild variety of M. charantia fruit have potent antidiabetic and antilipidemic property.
文摘With andromonoecious<i><span> Momordica charantia </span></i><span>L.</span><span> </span><span>(bitter gourd) as material, three light qualities</span><span> </span><span>(50 μmol·m</span><sup><span style="vertical-align:super;">-2</span></sup><span>·s</span><sup><span style="vertical-align:super;">-1</span></sup><span>) including white LED light</span><span> </span><span>(WL), blue monochromatic light (B,</span><span> </span><span>465 nm), and red monochromatic light (R, 650 nm) were carried out to investigate their effects on seed germination, physiological and biochemical parameters, sex differentiation and photosynthetic characteristics of bitter gourd. The results showed that compared to the WL treatment, the R treatment significantly promoted seed germination, seedling height elongation and soluble sugar content, the B treatment significantly increased seedling stem diameter, reducing sugar content and soluble protein content, the R and B treatments both significantly reduced sucrose content, but their POD activity showed no significant difference. Compared with the R treatment, the B treatment significantly increased the total female flower number and female flower nod ratio in 30 nods of main stems. The study of photosynthetic characteristics found that the R and B treatments could effectively increase the </span><span>stomata</span><span>l conductance (GS) of leaves, significantly improved the net photosynthetic rate</span><span> </span><span>(Pn) compared to the WL treatment, and the effect of the B treatment was better. Compared to the R and WL treatments, the B treatment increased the maximum photosynthetic rate (P</span><sub><span style="vertical-align:sub;">max</span></sub><span>),</span><span> </span><span>apparent quantum efficiency</span><span> </span><span>(AQE) and light saturation point</span><span> </span><span>(LSP), and reduced the dark respiration rate (Rd) and light compensation point</span><span> </span><span>(LCP) of the leaves. Fit light response curves showed that the adaptability and utilization of weak light in bitter gourd were middle or below, but it showed higher adaptability and utilization of strong light. Thus, it suggests that </span><i><span>Momordica charantia</span></i><span> is a typical sun plan with lower Rd. In summary, it is concluded that blue light has a positive effect on the seed germination, seedling growth, sex differentiation and improving the photosynthetic performance, and this will lay the foundation for artificially regulating optimum photosynthesis using specific LEDs wavelength, and help to elucidate the relationship how light quality influences the sex differentiation of plant.</span>
文摘<em>Momordica charantia</em> is a plant species widely used in food and traditional medicine. However, the germination techniques and the performances of <em>M. charantia</em> are poorly understood by the populations. This study aims to better understand the germination, growth and development characteristics, and yield of <em>M. charantia</em>. Three pretreatments of the seeds are used for the shortening of the pre-germination period: soaking the seeds in tap water for 24 hours (batch 2), in hot water at 80<span style="white-space:nowrap;">˚</span>C (batch 3), for 24 hours and in the boiling water at 100<span style="white-space:nowrap;">˚</span>C for 24 hours (batch 4). A control without soaking (batch 1) was also carried out. The seeds were sown in plastic boxes in the laboratory with sterile sand and directly in the nursery in polyethylene sleeves. The influence of the light factor (light and dark) and watering frequency (every day and every two days) on the growth and yield parameters was evaluated respectively in the laboratory and in the nursery. Germination, growth and yield parameters were determined. The results show that the light and frequency of watering factors have no influence (p > 0.05) on the rate and duration of seed germination unlike pretreatments. Thus, Batch1 and 2 exhibit significantly higher germination rates (70% ± 16%) than Lots 3 and 4 (21% ± 15%) in the laboratory and in the nursery. On the other hand in terms of germination time, batch 3 and 4 displayed shorter durations (14 days) than those batch1 and 2 (23 days). Growth parameters and yield (fruit and seeds) are strongly influenced by watering frequency, unlike pretreatments which only affect yield. Growth and yield parameters are significantly higher with daily watering than daily watering. Ultimately, this study showed that pretreatments have an influence on the duration and rate of germination as well as the frequency of watering on the performance of <em>M. charantia</em>.
文摘Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae), is a plant commonly used in traditional medicine in Senegal whose fruits are weakly consumed by the population. However, no data exists on the nutritional intake of the latter. This work aims to determine the physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of the pulp of Momordica charantia. The study focused on two lots of fruits from two geographically different regions of Senegal (Dakar and Fatick). The biochemical analyses of the pulp showed average values of protein from 2.39 ± 0.01 g/100 g to 3.19 ± 0.01 g/100 g;reducing sugar from 4.22 ± 0.10 g/100 g to 3.55 ± 0.10 g/100 g;totals sugar from 4.43 ± 0.02 g/100 g to 3.38 ± 0.58 g/100 g. The average contents of polyphenol and flavonoids were respectively from 1.91 ± 0.04 g/100 g to 1.04 ± 0.09 g/100 g and 32.59 ± 0.04 mg/100 g and 20.75 ± 1.19 mg/100 g. According to these results, the fruit of M. charantia may be considered as rich in antioxidant. At the opposite, it is very weak in mineral elements, such as calcium and potassium (1.01 mg/100 g;3.38 mg/100 g). Meanwhile, the seeds content 24% of lipids. Thus, investigations should be done on its biological proprieties, physical and biochemical components.
文摘Phosphatidate phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.4), PAP, catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidate (PtdOH) to form diacylglycerol. In eukaryotes, PAP driven reaction is the committed step in the synthesis of triacylglycerol. A Mg2+ independent PAP activity was identified in the soluble extract of Momordica charantia cotyledons undergoing maturation. While the microsomal fraction of the extract gave only 10% of the PAP activity, the remaining 90% of the activity was associated with the soluble fraction. At pH 3.0, the soluble PAP was bound to S column and eluted with glycine-HCl buffer containing high salt. The pH and temperature optima of the PAP activity were 6.0 and 53℃, respectively. Under optimum assay condition, the Vmax and Km for dioleoyl phosphatidic acid were 1.89 ηkat/mg of protein and 142 μM, respectively. For the synthetic substrate, ρ-nitrophenylphosphate, ρ- NPP, the Vmax and Km were 10.4 ηkat/mg of protein and 107 μM, respectively. The inclusion of Mg2+ and β-mercaptoethanol into the reaction mix did not change the enzyme activity nor did the addition of N-ethylmaleimide and phenylglyoxal, which indicates that cysteine and arginine are not involved in catalysis of PtdOH. The addition of Mg2+ up to 10 mM also did not change the level of PAP activity. Triton X-100, however, inhibited the activity. This is the first documented case of an in vitro PAP activity in the developing cotyledons of Momordica charantia. The PAP described here could serve as a model for lipin-1 or lipin-2 in humans. Mutations in these genes lead to acute myoglobinuria in human infants.
