In mobile ad hoc networks （MANETs）, if a mnltihop route breaks, route maintenance is typically performed to establish a new route which causes high control overhead and long packet delay. To decrease the time of rec...In mobile ad hoc networks （MANETs）, if a mnltihop route breaks, route maintenance is typically performed to establish a new route which causes high control overhead and long packet delay. To decrease the time of recovery and the overhead of maintenance, a new route maintenance mechanism in which the maintenance is confined to the vicinity of the broken link is proposed. This mechanism patches broken route through some other nodes in which only nodes near the broken link（s） may need to be substituted and the rest of nodes can be retained on the route. The broken link can be repaired without considering its relative position in the whole path, so the abihty of dealing with hnk failure is improved obviously. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy improves network performance significantly, such as in merits of control overhead and packet delay.展开更多
An adaptive load balancing scheme is proposed to balance the load in ad hoc networks. The new scheme can be applied in most on-demand routing protocols resulting in significant performance improvement. The proposed sc...An adaptive load balancing scheme is proposed to balance the load in ad hoc networks. The new scheme can be applied in most on-demand routing protocols resulting in significant performance improvement. The proposed scheme is applied to the ad hoc on-demand distance vector （AODV） routing protocol. Simulation results show that the network load is balanced on the whole, and performance in packet loss rate, routing overhead and average end-to-end delay is also improved.展开更多
Internet of Things(IoT)networks are characterized by a multitude of wireless,interconnected devices that can dynamically join or exit the network without centralized administration or fixed infrastructure for routing....Internet of Things(IoT)networks are characterized by a multitude of wireless,interconnected devices that can dynamically join or exit the network without centralized administration or fixed infrastructure for routing.While multipath routing in IoT networks can improve data transmission reliability and load balancing by establishing multiple paths between source and destination nodes,these networks are susceptible to security threats due to their wireless nature.Traditional security solutions developed for conventional networks are often ill-suited to the unique challenges posed by IoT environments.In response to these challenges,this paper proposes the integration of the Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector(AOMDV)routing protocol with a trust model to enhance network performance.Key findings from this research demonstrate the successful fusion of AOMDV with a trust model,resulting in tangible improvements in network performance.The assessment of trustworthiness bolsters both security and routing capabilities in IoT networks.The trust model plays a crucial role in mitigating black hole attacks in IoT networks by evaluating the trustworthiness of nodes and helping in the identification and avoidance of malicious nodes that may act as black holes.Simulation results validate the efficacy of the proposed trust-based routing mechanism in achieving its objectives.Trust plays a pivotal role in decision-making and in the creation of secure distribution systems.By assessing the trustworthiness of nodes,both network security and routing efficiency can be enhanced.The effectiveness of the proposed trust-based routing mechanism is scrutinized through simulations,offering insights into its potential advantages in terms of improved network security and routing performance in the context of the IoT.展开更多
Saving energy and increasing network lifetime are significant challenges in wireless sensor networks （WSNs）. In this paper, we propose a mechanism to distribute the responsibility of cluster-heads among the wireless...Saving energy and increasing network lifetime are significant challenges in wireless sensor networks （WSNs）. In this paper, we propose a mechanism to distribute the responsibility of cluster-heads among the wireless sensor nodes in the same cluster based on the ZigBee standard, which is the latest WSN standard. ZigBee supports ad hoc on-demand vector （AODV） and cluster-tree routing protocols in its routing layer. However, none of these protocols considers the energy level of the nodes in the network establishing process or in the data routing process. The cluster-tree routing protocol supports single or multi-cluster networks. However, each single cluster in the multi-cluster network has only one node acting as a cluster head. These cluster-heads are fixed in each cluster during the network lifetime. Consequently, using these cluster-heads will cause them to die quickly, and the entire linked nodes to these cluster-heads will be disconnected from the main network. Therefore, the proposed technique to distribute the role of the cluster head among the wireless sensor nodes in the same cluster is vital to increase the lifetime of the network. Our proposed technique is better in terms of performance than the original structure of these protocols. It has increased the lifetime of the wireless sensor nodes, and increased the lifetime of the WSN by around 50% of the original network lifetime.展开更多
To cope with the problem of low protocol efficiency of the standard ad hoc on-demand distance vector （AODV） routing protocol with the periodic Hello message broadcast mechanism, a new link availability prediction ba...To cope with the problem of low protocol efficiency of the standard ad hoc on-demand distance vector （AODV） routing protocol with the periodic Hello message broadcast mechanism, a new link availability prediction based strategy is introduced to reduce the amount of Hello messages. In this strategy, a novel wireless link availability prediction model under line-of-sight （LOS） propagation environments is proposed based on which the parameter of Hello Interval in AODV can be dynamically adjusted to achieve the goal of changing the frequency of Hello message broadcasts under different link stability degrees. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared with the standard AODV with the periodic Hello message broadcast mechanism, the proposed protocol effectively reduces unnecessary control message overhead and greatly improves the performance in terms of end-to-end delay and efficiency.展开更多
Network security and energy consumption are deemed to be two important components of wireless and mobile ad hoc networks(WMANets).There are various routing attacks which harm Ad Hoc networks.This is because of the uns...Network security and energy consumption are deemed to be two important components of wireless and mobile ad hoc networks(WMANets).There are various routing attacks which harm Ad Hoc networks.This is because of the unsecure wireless communication,resource constrained capabilities and dynamic topology.In order to cope with these issues,Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector(AODV)routing protocol can be used to remain the normal networks functionality and to adjust data transmission by defending the networks against black hole attacks.The proposed system,in this work,identifies the optimal route from sender to collector,prioritizing the number of jumps,the battery life,and security,which are fundamental prerequisites.Researches have proposed various plans for detecting the shortest route,as well as ensuring energy conversions and defense against threats and attacks.In this regard,the packet drop attack is one of the most destructive attack against WMANet communication and hence merits special attention.This type of attack may allow the attacker to take control of the attacked hubs,which may lost packets or transmitted information via a wrong route during the packets journey from a source hub to a target one.Hence,a new routing protocol method has been proposed in this study.It applies the concept of energy saving systems to conserve energy that is not required by the system.The proposed method for energy aware detection and prevention of packet drop attacks in mobile ad hoc networks is termed the Ad Hoc On-Demand and Distance Vector–Packet Drop Battling Mechanism(AODV–PDBM).展开更多
A combination of a cluster tree routing protocol and an Ad hoc on demand vector (AODV) routing protocol is used in the latest ZigBee standard wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology.However,the AODV routing protoco...A combination of a cluster tree routing protocol and an Ad hoc on demand vector (AODV) routing protocol is used in the latest ZigBee standard wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology.However,the AODV routing protocol has no means by which to take into consideration the power consumption of the nodes during the routing process.Therefore,a new approach is proposed in this paper to balance the power consumption speed and to distribute the responsibilities of routing among flat wireless sensor nodes and the three levels of hierarchical wireless sensor nodes.These three levels are based on the three types of devices,which are used in the ZigBee standard:the coordinator,the routers,and the end devices.In this paper,we have compared the original AODV routing protocol with our extension approach for the distribution of power consumption.Based on the simulation results,our new approach has achieved better performance in terms of increasing the lifetime of the flat wireless sensor network,the personal area network (PAN) coordinator,the routers,and the whole network of the hierarchical wireless sensor network.Additionally,it has better performance in terms of distributing the power consumption among the key nodes of the wireless sensor network.展开更多
基金the National High Technology Research and Development Progamme of China(No2005AA123820)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No60472052 and No10577007)
文摘In mobile ad hoc networks （MANETs）, if a mnltihop route breaks, route maintenance is typically performed to establish a new route which causes high control overhead and long packet delay. To decrease the time of recovery and the overhead of maintenance, a new route maintenance mechanism in which the maintenance is confined to the vicinity of the broken link is proposed. This mechanism patches broken route through some other nodes in which only nodes near the broken link（s） may need to be substituted and the rest of nodes can be retained on the route. The broken link can be repaired without considering its relative position in the whole path, so the abihty of dealing with hnk failure is improved obviously. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy improves network performance significantly, such as in merits of control overhead and packet delay.
基金Project supported by the Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology （Grant No.045115012）, and the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project （Grant No.T0102）
文摘An adaptive load balancing scheme is proposed to balance the load in ad hoc networks. The new scheme can be applied in most on-demand routing protocols resulting in significant performance improvement. The proposed scheme is applied to the ad hoc on-demand distance vector （AODV） routing protocol. Simulation results show that the network load is balanced on the whole, and performance in packet loss rate, routing overhead and average end-to-end delay is also improved.
文摘Internet of Things(IoT)networks are characterized by a multitude of wireless,interconnected devices that can dynamically join or exit the network without centralized administration or fixed infrastructure for routing.While multipath routing in IoT networks can improve data transmission reliability and load balancing by establishing multiple paths between source and destination nodes,these networks are susceptible to security threats due to their wireless nature.Traditional security solutions developed for conventional networks are often ill-suited to the unique challenges posed by IoT environments.In response to these challenges,this paper proposes the integration of the Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector(AOMDV)routing protocol with a trust model to enhance network performance.Key findings from this research demonstrate the successful fusion of AOMDV with a trust model,resulting in tangible improvements in network performance.The assessment of trustworthiness bolsters both security and routing capabilities in IoT networks.The trust model plays a crucial role in mitigating black hole attacks in IoT networks by evaluating the trustworthiness of nodes and helping in the identification and avoidance of malicious nodes that may act as black holes.Simulation results validate the efficacy of the proposed trust-based routing mechanism in achieving its objectives.Trust plays a pivotal role in decision-making and in the creation of secure distribution systems.By assessing the trustworthiness of nodes,both network security and routing efficiency can be enhanced.The effectiveness of the proposed trust-based routing mechanism is scrutinized through simulations,offering insights into its potential advantages in terms of improved network security and routing performance in the context of the IoT.
文摘Saving energy and increasing network lifetime are significant challenges in wireless sensor networks （WSNs）. In this paper, we propose a mechanism to distribute the responsibility of cluster-heads among the wireless sensor nodes in the same cluster based on the ZigBee standard, which is the latest WSN standard. ZigBee supports ad hoc on-demand vector （AODV） and cluster-tree routing protocols in its routing layer. However, none of these protocols considers the energy level of the nodes in the network establishing process or in the data routing process. The cluster-tree routing protocol supports single or multi-cluster networks. However, each single cluster in the multi-cluster network has only one node acting as a cluster head. These cluster-heads are fixed in each cluster during the network lifetime. Consequently, using these cluster-heads will cause them to die quickly, and the entire linked nodes to these cluster-heads will be disconnected from the main network. Therefore, the proposed technique to distribute the role of the cluster head among the wireless sensor nodes in the same cluster is vital to increase the lifetime of the network. Our proposed technique is better in terms of performance than the original structure of these protocols. It has increased the lifetime of the wireless sensor nodes, and increased the lifetime of the WSN by around 50% of the original network lifetime.
基金The National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863Program)(No2006AA01Z268)
文摘To cope with the problem of low protocol efficiency of the standard ad hoc on-demand distance vector （AODV） routing protocol with the periodic Hello message broadcast mechanism, a new link availability prediction based strategy is introduced to reduce the amount of Hello messages. In this strategy, a novel wireless link availability prediction model under line-of-sight （LOS） propagation environments is proposed based on which the parameter of Hello Interval in AODV can be dynamically adjusted to achieve the goal of changing the frequency of Hello message broadcasts under different link stability degrees. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared with the standard AODV with the periodic Hello message broadcast mechanism, the proposed protocol effectively reduces unnecessary control message overhead and greatly improves the performance in terms of end-to-end delay and efficiency.
文摘Network security and energy consumption are deemed to be two important components of wireless and mobile ad hoc networks(WMANets).There are various routing attacks which harm Ad Hoc networks.This is because of the unsecure wireless communication,resource constrained capabilities and dynamic topology.In order to cope with these issues,Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector(AODV)routing protocol can be used to remain the normal networks functionality and to adjust data transmission by defending the networks against black hole attacks.The proposed system,in this work,identifies the optimal route from sender to collector,prioritizing the number of jumps,the battery life,and security,which are fundamental prerequisites.Researches have proposed various plans for detecting the shortest route,as well as ensuring energy conversions and defense against threats and attacks.In this regard,the packet drop attack is one of the most destructive attack against WMANet communication and hence merits special attention.This type of attack may allow the attacker to take control of the attacked hubs,which may lost packets or transmitted information via a wrong route during the packets journey from a source hub to a target one.Hence,a new routing protocol method has been proposed in this study.It applies the concept of energy saving systems to conserve energy that is not required by the system.The proposed method for energy aware detection and prevention of packet drop attacks in mobile ad hoc networks is termed the Ad Hoc On-Demand and Distance Vector–Packet Drop Battling Mechanism(AODV–PDBM).
基金Applied Science University (ASU)-Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan for his Ph.D.study.
文摘A combination of a cluster tree routing protocol and an Ad hoc on demand vector (AODV) routing protocol is used in the latest ZigBee standard wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology.However,the AODV routing protocol has no means by which to take into consideration the power consumption of the nodes during the routing process.Therefore,a new approach is proposed in this paper to balance the power consumption speed and to distribute the responsibilities of routing among flat wireless sensor nodes and the three levels of hierarchical wireless sensor nodes.These three levels are based on the three types of devices,which are used in the ZigBee standard:the coordinator,the routers,and the end devices.In this paper,we have compared the original AODV routing protocol with our extension approach for the distribution of power consumption.Based on the simulation results,our new approach has achieved better performance in terms of increasing the lifetime of the flat wireless sensor network,the personal area network (PAN) coordinator,the routers,and the whole network of the hierarchical wireless sensor network.Additionally,it has better performance in terms of distributing the power consumption among the key nodes of the wireless sensor network.
