Breastfeeding is drastically decreasing over time and nipple trauma constitutes one of the most significant reasons for its discontinuation. In this context, this study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness and tolera...Breastfeeding is drastically decreasing over time and nipple trauma constitutes one of the most significant reasons for its discontinuation. In this context, this study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness and tolerability of a topical treatment device, namely Silver Cap<sup>®</sup> (Depofarma S.P.A.), when used to prevent pain and nipple fissure formation. The medical device consists in a silver trilaminate cup to be placed on the nipple, providing physical protection and creating a moist environment. The study involved 187 women: 38 started to apply the device prior to lactation (PL group) and 149 during lactation (DL group). Aiming to collect safety and performance data, both groups were provided with questionnaires during 6 consecutive visits (120 days of follow-up). At last visit, absence of painful symptoms was reported by the 98.8% and the 100% of women in DL and PL groups, respectively. Moreover, no nipple fissures were observed and no adverse events directly correlated to use of the device were reported. According to these findings, it can be concluded that Silver Cap<sup>®</sup> is a safe and effective device for nipple pain and fissure prevention. .展开更多
Introduction: Breast cancer cases, mastectomy and following reconstruction procedures are growing in numbers. Despite being lifesaving, mastectomies have a destructive psychological impact on the patients. On the othe...Introduction: Breast cancer cases, mastectomy and following reconstruction procedures are growing in numbers. Despite being lifesaving, mastectomies have a destructive psychological impact on the patients. On the other hand, breast reconstruction improves psychological damages within the same population. Various techniques for nipple reconstruction were described in literature. Trillium flap is an innovative technique to reconstruct neo-nipple with several advantages that make it superior to other popular flaps. Objectives: To come up with an innovative design for reconstructing a neo-nipple post mastectomy, that is superior to other popular flaps. Results: The Trillium flap design has less visible and easily camouflaged scars, is geometry-based, specific, well-detailed and flexible to produce a tailored nipple with any desired height and diameter and ensures the flaps good vascularity and the neo-nipple projection sustainability. Conclusion: Trillium flap is an innovative technique to reconstruct neo-nipple with several advantages that make it superior to other popular flaps. The results shown in the study are for experimental procedures done on human tissue samples of excised flaps from abdominoplasties and brachioplasties. Further application on actual cases is needed with monitoring of neo-nipple projection sustainability on the long term.展开更多
<strong>Introduction:</strong><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Mastectomy with conservation of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) in breast ...<strong>Introduction:</strong><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Mastectomy with conservation of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) in breast cancer care has been controversial with regards to the oncological safety of this procedure and the risk of complications including NAC necrosis. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Aim: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The objective of this study is to assess, through a literature review, the safety and reliability of a conservative NAC mastectomy in breast cancer treatment, paying attention to the rate of local recurrence and complications. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> A review of the literature was conducted from PubMed data, and articles published between January 2007 and December 2017, using the terms </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">“</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nipple-sparing mastectomy”, “breast cancer”, “local recu</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">rrence”, “necrosis of the nipple”, “global complications”. The articles were</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> analyzed with regards to the following parameters of evaluation: local recurrence, recurrence rate at NAC level, global complication rates and nipple necrosis rates. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> In the 36 studies we selected, the average rate of local recurrence was 3.23%. The average rate of recurrence at the NAC was 0.81%. The average rate of complications was 20%. The average rate of necrosis of the NAC was 5.9%. The main factors of these recurrences were the tumor size > 5 cm and tumor stage > stage II. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Conservative mastectomy of the nipple-areola complex offers an aesthetic advantage and oncological safety in carefully selected patients with breast cancer.</span></span>展开更多
Necrosis of nipple-areola complex is one of the major complications of breast reduction in gigatomastia.Wie present a case study of a 32-year-old patient with severe gigantomastia,who required an immediate nipple reco...Necrosis of nipple-areola complex is one of the major complications of breast reduction in gigatomastia.Wie present a case study of a 32-year-old patient with severe gigantomastia,who required an immediate nipple reconstruction during breast reduction.The final reconstruction was satisfactory.No complications were observed within three months postoperatively.展开更多
BACKGROUND High-riding nipple is one of the common complications after mastopexty and breast reconstruction.However,to date,a limited number of techniques have concentrated on how to lower the high-riding nipple with ...BACKGROUND High-riding nipple is one of the common complications after mastopexty and breast reconstruction.However,to date,a limited number of techniques have concentrated on how to lower the high-riding nipple with enlarged areola.CASE SUMMARY This is a case report describing a combination of surgical techniques to decrease high-riding nipple.A 26-year-old woman,who previously underwent several breast operations,sought correction for high-riding nipple with enlarged areola.Expanders were used and multi-stage techniques were performed.After one year of follow-up,lowered nipple,reduced areola size,ensured nipple blood supply,and improved breast ptosis were achieved,and the patient was satisfied with the breast contour.CONCLUSION The proposed technique offers a feasible treatment option for postoperative nipple over-elevation combined with areola dilation.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To explore the value of fiberoptic ductoscopy in diagnosing and treating bilateral and polyporous nipple discharge (ND).METHODS Fiberoptic ductoscopy was conducted in 29 patients with bilateral and polyporou...OBJECTIVE To explore the value of fiberoptic ductoscopy in diagnosing and treating bilateral and polyporous nipple discharge (ND).METHODS Fiberoptic ductoscopy was conducted in 29 patients with bilateral and polyporous ND.After the ductoscopy,the patients with intraductal papilloma (IDP) underwent a surgical procedure,and the others,identified with galactostasis,mammary duct ectasia (MDE) and obstructive galactophoritis (OG),received a ductoscopy-guided interventional therapy. RESULTS Among 29 cases,and with 79 galactophores examined,IDP was found in 11 cases (37.9% of the total cases),or 13.9% of the galactopores examined.IDP was found in 9 of 11 cases with a bloody nipple discharge,while IDP was seen in 2 of the 18 cases with a non-bloody nipple discharge.The excision accuracy achieved 100% in the cases,and postoperative pathological diagnosis accordance rate reached 88.9%. CONCLUSION Fiberoptic ductoscopy has many features such as ability to see the lesion,and accurate preoperative localization,thus eliminating excessive excision of tissue during surgery.For most patients with ND,especially those suffering galactostasis,OG or MDE,washout under fiberoptic ductoscopy and interventional therapy may achieve a thorough cure of the disease.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the long term follow-up results of the direct nipple ureteroneocystostomy technique. Materials and Methods: We studied a total of 16 patients (19 renal units) who underwent direct nipple uretero...Objective: To evaluate the long term follow-up results of the direct nipple ureteroneocystostomy technique. Materials and Methods: We studied a total of 16 patients (19 renal units) who underwent direct nipple ureteroneocystostomy. The mean age was 43 years and 3 patients had bilateral disease. In five units the ureters had been ligated during gynecological surgery, 11 renal units were obstructive and three units were reflexive megaureters. The ureters were spatulated for about 2 cm and folded back. Nipples 2 to 2.5 cm long were prepared. In two cases the ureters were thin-walled (2 mm or less) and they were not spatulated but folded back onto themselves. In one case the ureter could not be everted since it had a thick and fibrotic wall. The distal 2 to 2.5 cm segment of this ureter was directly inserted in to the bladder. Postoperative follow-up was at 3 month intervals for the first year at 6 month intervals for 2 - 3 years and yearly thereafter. At the time of follow-up serum creatinine, urine culture, ultrasound, intravenous urography, voiding cystoureterography, nuclear renal scintigraphy and cystometric evaluations were performed. The functions of 11 and 15 renal units were evaluated scintigraphically and stereologically, respectively, in the both preoperative and postoperative first year follow-up. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used for statistical evaluation and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Mean follow-up was 49 months. Three renal units had Grade III reflux (two of them during voiding) and one unit had Grade IV reflux. At follow-up this patient developed in the ureteral stricture. No patients had urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis or ureteral stricture follow-up period. Between the preoperative and postoperative first year, there was an increase in postoperative split renal function based on renal scintigraphy but this difference was not statistically significant. The stereologically calculated decrease in pelvicaliceal dilatation was statistically significant. Conclusion: Ease of application and no need to taper or plicate the ureter or prepare a submucosal tunnel may be the reasons to consider the direct nipple ureteroneocystostomy technique for megaureters of different etiologies.展开更多
The difficult problem of automatically welding nipples onto the header is first analyzed in this paper, and then the overall structure and operating principle of the robot working unit are introduced. The robot and th...The difficult problem of automatically welding nipples onto the header is first analyzed in this paper, and then the overall structure and operating principle of the robot working unit are introduced. The robot and the measuring device are located by employing the traveling lorry, and this unit enables the robot to adjust the tracks according to the errors received from the measuring device, and then the nipples are welded properly. This paper emphases on the development of the master-slave control system, in which the prograrmmable Logic Controller (PLC) is used as the master computer.展开更多
Objective: To probe the effect of mastoscopic in modified radical mastectomy operation for preserving nipple-areolar complex in the treatment of breast cancer. Methods: Thirty patients, with breast cancer of a diamete...Objective: To probe the effect of mastoscopic in modified radical mastectomy operation for preserving nipple-areolar complex in the treatment of breast cancer. Methods: Thirty patients, with breast cancer of a diameter≤3 cm and a distance≥3 cm from the mammary areola were treated by mastoscopic from November 2003 to August 2006. After the lipoly- sis and suction of axillary fat, mastoscopic axillary lymph node dissection was performed. Results: The average operation time was 128.9 min (120–156 min), the intraoperative blood loss was 56 mL (30–100 mL). The mean lymph nodes harvested by endoscopy were 16 (6–34). Excellent cosmetic outcomes were obtained with symmetrical breast development and all the patients were satisfied with the treatment. Postoperative follow-up for 2–29 months (mean, 16.6 months) found no local recur-rence. Conclusion:This model of operation can protect the upper limb function and has value of aesthetics of the brisket. What’s more, improve the quality of survive of the patients.展开更多
BACKGROUND Compared to earlier,there has been an increase in the tattoo procedures for cosmetic purposes;and there has also been an increase in the tattoo procedures performed by non-medical personnel.In South Korea,o...BACKGROUND Compared to earlier,there has been an increase in the tattoo procedures for cosmetic purposes;and there has also been an increase in the tattoo procedures performed by non-medical personnel.In South Korea,only tattoos performed by a doctor are considered legal;however,there is still some debate over whether tattoo procedures performed by non-healthcare providers should be considered legal.CASE SUMMARY A 28-year-old woman visited our hospital with pain in both nipples and heat sensation over the last 4 d.She had a history of a nipple tattoo performed by an unlicensed person.Pinpoint bleeding was noted in both areolar areas,and the exudate mixed with pus and orange color ink was discharged.Oral medication and tulle with foam dressing were performed under the impression of cellulitis and allergic reaction.After 4 wk,nipples remained dark brown in color,resulting in a color mismatch between the nipple and orange-colored areola.The size of the areola was also found to be distinctly asymmetrical after healing.This complication may have been caused by the use of illegal ink or unsanitary procedures,or a problem may have occurred in the post-tattoo management stage.CONCLUSION Doctors use approved ink,aseptic procedure and appropriate postoperative care,and appropriate management can be performed in case of complications.展开更多
Nipple adenoma is a rare benign condition that simulates malignancy. A 37-year-old woman presented with unilateral bloody nipple discharge for 1-year duration followed by severe nipple erosion. As biopsy revealed nipp...Nipple adenoma is a rare benign condition that simulates malignancy. A 37-year-old woman presented with unilateral bloody nipple discharge for 1-year duration followed by severe nipple erosion. As biopsy revealed nipple adenoma and therefore, complete local excision was done. The final histopathology showed florid papillomatosis which was adequately excised. Nipple adenoma although rare entity this should be included in the differential diagnosis of any nipple erosion such as carcinoma and Paget’s disease of the breast specially when associated with bloody discharge in premenopausal women.展开更多
Traditional reduction mammoplasties have the simple concern to guarantee the survival of the nipple areola complex after surgery. Little has been done to take care of essential functions in the nipple, especially the ...Traditional reduction mammoplasties have the simple concern to guarantee the survival of the nipple areola complex after surgery. Little has been done to take care of essential functions in the nipple, especially the erogenous sensation. We have conducted a retrospective study on a cohort of 573 female patients operated using the Total Posterior Pedicle of Moufarrege between 1985 and 1995 to evaluate its effect on the erogenous sensation of the nipple. This study demonstrated the preservation of the erogenous sensation of the nipple in a high proportion of these patients. The physiology of this preservation is explained in regard of the technique details in Moufarrege mammoplasty compared to other techniques. The Moufarrege Total Posterior Pedicle would therefore be a highly reliable reduction technique to ensure the preservation of the erogenous sensation of the nipple.展开更多
Background: Recent advances in breast reconstruction and the introduction of oncoplastic techniques have resulted in significant improvement in quality of life and psychological well-being of most patients. Nipple spa...Background: Recent advances in breast reconstruction and the introduction of oncoplastic techniques have resulted in significant improvement in quality of life and psychological well-being of most patients. Nipple sparing mastectomy is a surgical technique that removes breast tissue while preserving the native skin envelope, infra-mammary fold and the NAC, which allows immediately reconstructed breasts to have an excellent cosmetic outcome. Aim: Our primary end point was for objective assessment of aesthetic outcome after NSM via more accurate new method and subsiding bias in that assessment and the secondary end point was for evaluating the influence of incision choice and recommending which incision is the best for each patient putting in mind cup size, degree of ptosis and body mass index of Egyptian patients. Methods: Starting January 2013 to November 2015, 74 patients with breast cancer underwent NSM with immediate reconstruction using LD flap with or without implant augmentation. Results: Incisions used are elliptical (37.8%), lateral (27%), peri-areolar (21.6%) and infra-mammary (13.5%). In 81.1% of the patients, the procedure was performed using extended LD flaps only, while in the remaining 18.9% the flaps were augmented using implant insertion. Axillary dissection was done in 68.9% of patients and SLN in 24.3% of patients. Overall aesthetic results were done by patient self-assessment, assessment by the surgeon, assessment by professional plastic breast surgeon and assessment by onco-plastic surgeon, and this was followed by statistical analysis of the agreement between the plastic surgeon and the onco-plastic surgeon. Conclusion: NSM is safe, feasible and offers adequate oncologic results along with excellent cosmetic outcome. Choice of incision and reconstruction should be tailored to suit each patient. Breast cancer patients can benefit from sound resection and enjoy a sense of wholeness.展开更多
We present a case of a 71-year-old woman suffering from mammary Paget,s disease and having a 10-years history of an irregular, widespread erosion accompanied by itching and burning on the skin of her left chest, exten...We present a case of a 71-year-old woman suffering from mammary Paget,s disease and having a 10-years history of an irregular, widespread erosion accompanied by itching and burning on the skin of her left chest, extending to the breast. The erosion had steadily enlarged and had become increasingly tender. The nipple and areola of the left breast disappeared and could not be recognized. No abnormality of the right nipple, areola, and covering skin and no supernumerary nipple were seen. Mammography and ultrasonography could not be performed because of severe pain and erosive wetness. Histopathology of a surgical biopsy specimen showed epidermal infiltration by large, round, clear atypical cells scattered individually or in small clusters and distributed horizontally throughout the epidermis. The cytoplasm of these large cells was pale and vacuolated and was equivalent to that in nipple cells in Paget,s disease, and a diagnosis of mammary Paget,s disease was made. We performed total mastectomy of the left breast with wide excision of the Paget lesion of the left chest and axillary lymph node sampling. Histological examination of the specimen showed typical distribution of Paget,s cells;however no ductal carcinoma in situ was found in the mammary ducts and invasive growth was not recognized beyond the basal membrane of the lesion. From this evidences, we established a diagnosis of large, irregulaly shaped unusual mammary Paget,s disease, not of breast cancer origin, covering the left breast, areola, and nipple.展开更多
Purpose: This article identifies the advantage and disadvantage of a free nipple areola complex graft (FNACG) for nipple malposition which resulted from tissue-expander insertion and subsequently replaced with an impl...Purpose: This article identifies the advantage and disadvantage of a free nipple areola complex graft (FNACG) for nipple malposition which resulted from tissue-expander insertion and subsequently replaced with an implant after nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM). Methods: The subjects were three such patients treated using FNACG and who were followed up for at least one year postoperatively. The surgical outcome was assessed for symmetry of nipple-areola position, graft take, depigmentation, and shrinkage. Results: In all patients, the graft was accurately transferred to a position to achieve symmetry with the unaffected breast, and there was complete graft take in the areola by simple surgical design and techniques. No depigmentation of the areola was observed. The size of the areola was almost unchanged after grafting in two patients, but areolar shrinkage occurred in one other patient. There was complete graft take in the nipple in one patient and no depigmentation of the nipple was observed. Necrosis occurred at the tip of the nipple in two other patients. These patients had depigmentation, and the height of nipples decreased in proportion to the level of necrosis. Conclusion: FNACG can be a useful method if its advantages and disadvantages are well considered.展开更多
Introduction: High-riding nipple following reduction mammoplasty is a challenging problem for the plastic surgeons. To avoid such problem, many methods have been described for marking the correct nipple position but s...Introduction: High-riding nipple following reduction mammoplasty is a challenging problem for the plastic surgeons. To avoid such problem, many methods have been described for marking the correct nipple position but still controversial. We aimed in this study to present our experience in preventing excessive nipple elevation after reduction mammoplasty by using the upper footprint to set the new nipple position. Material and Methods: From March 2019 to March 2022, 25 female patients at a mean age of 38.3 years were included in this prospective study. They underwent reduction mammoplasty with inverted T scar and a combination of inferior pedicle and Würinger’s septum techniques. Resection weights, pre- and postoperative anthropometric measures were recorded. All patients were photographed at the follow-up visits and evaluated for complications if any, the nipple-areola complex (NAC) sensation, and subjective patient satisfaction using “The Breast Evaluation Questionnaire”. Results: The mean preoperative midclavicular point to nipple distance was 37.40 and 37.18 cm for the right and left breasts, respectively. The mean resection weight was 1270 and 1242 g from the right and left sides, respectively. None of our patients experienced NAC necrosis, while 2 breasts had minor wound dehiscence treated conservatively. After a mean follow-up period of 12 months, the NAC descended by an average of 1.40 cm, the distance from the IMF to nipple had an average increase of 2.24 cm, and all of patients were satisfied with the esthetic outcomes and convinced with their breast shape. Conclusion: The upper footprint dependent nipple position seems to have a real role in preventing high-riding nipple after breast reduction in hypertrophic and gigantomastic breasts. Moreover, it can be applied easily and allow for more satisfying outcomes than other methods for setting the new nipple position.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Breast conservation surgery (BCS) and nipple-areola-sparing (NAS) mastectomy have been recognized as two milestones in this period. This study included 60 Egyptian fe...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Breast conservation surgery (BCS) and nipple-areola-sparing (NAS) mastectomy have been recognized as two milestones in this period. This study included 60 Egyptian female patients with breast cancer, all of them were subjected to modified radical mastectomy operation. Methods: This study included female patients > 18 years old who have breast cancer with healthy looking non invaded skin of nipple and areola and excluded patients < 18 years old, patients unfit for surger, patients previously subjected to chemo or radiotherapy for breast cancer. We peformed clinical examination of 60 patients with breast cancer. We studied the relevant factors that affect NAC invasion such as patient’s age, menstrual state, family history, tumor size, tumor location (central vs peripheral), tumor to nipple distance, lymphovascular invasion of NAC, lymph node metastasis, histological tumor type, tumor stage, multifocal/multicentric tumors and (ER, PR, HER2) status. Result: In our study, we have shown that NAC invasion is strongly associated with: 1) Nipple retraction as a patient’s complaint;2) Tumor site;3) Tumor-nipple-distance ≤ 4 cm;4) Multifocal/multicentric tumor;5) Tumor grade (grade III tumors);6) Positive lymph node invasion;7) ER and PR receptors negativity;8) HER2 positivity. This helps in preoperative planning for selecting patients for NAS mastectomy. Conclusion: The ideal patients for NAS mastectomy are with these criteria: 1) Clinically normal nipple areola complex;2) Distance from the tumor to the nipple is >4 cm;3) No multifocal/multicentric tumor;4) Absence of lymph node invasion;5) Tumor grade (grade I, II);6) Peripheral not central tumor;7) No sub-areolar lymphovascular invasion (LVI);8) ER receptor positive;9) PR receptor positive;10) HER2 negative.</span>展开更多
Objective：To evaluate the oncologic safety of nipple-sparing mastectomy （NSM） for breast cancer patients based on current literature.Data Sources：A comprehensive literature search ofMedline,Embase databases was co...Objective：To evaluate the oncologic safety of nipple-sparing mastectomy （NSM） for breast cancer patients based on current literature.Data Sources：A comprehensive literature search ofMedline,Embase databases was conducted for studies published through March 2014.Study Selection：Our search criteria included English-language studies that focused on NSM at nipple-areola complex （NAC） involvement,patient selection,and recurrence.Prophylaxis NSM,case series or reports that based on very small population were excluded.In the end,42 studies concerning NSM and oncological safety were included into the review.Results：NSM is a surgical procedure that allows the preservation of the skin and NAC in breast cancer patients or in patients with prophylactic mastectomy.However,the oncologic safety and patient selection criteria associated with NSM are still under debate.The incidence of NAC involvement of breast cancer in recent studies ranges from 9.5% to 24.6%,which can be decreased through careful patient selection.Tumour-nipple distance,tumour size,lymph node involvement and molecular characteristics can be evaluated preoperatively by clinical examinations,imaging studies and biopsies to predict the risk of NAC involvement.Currently,there is no available standard protocol for surgical approaches to NSM or pathological examination of NSM specimens.The local recurrence （ranges from 0% to 24%） of NSM is not significantly higher than that of traditional mastectomy in selected patients based on long-term follow-up.The role of radiotherapy in NSM is still controversial and is not universally accepted.Conclusions：NSM appears to be oncologically safe following careful patient selection and assessment of margins.展开更多
Introduction:Erosive adenomatosis of the nipple is a rare benign lesion involving nipple which can be easily misdiagnosed as more ominous entities such as Pagets disease.Case presentation:A 21-year-old woman presented...Introduction:Erosive adenomatosis of the nipple is a rare benign lesion involving nipple which can be easily misdiagnosed as more ominous entities such as Pagets disease.Case presentation:A 21-year-old woman presented with a 6-year history of breast erythema involving her left nipple with tenderness and mild itching. The nipple appeared rough and thickened with areas of erosion and fissuring. Physical examination of other areas of breast as well as imaging studies including ultrasound and mammography showed no abnormalities. The histological examination reveal adiagnosis of erosive adenomatosis of nipple (EAN). The patient was treated by a simple surgical excision without complications and recurrence during 9-month follow-up.Discussion:In the early stage, it can mimic eczema, but in the later stage, more serious diagnosis such as Pagets disease should be differential. It is diagnosed by histopathological examination. Surgical excision is an optimal choice for treament with or without plastic reconstruction.Conclusion:EAN should be considered in the diagnosis of erythema and erosion lesions involving nipple. The gold standard for diagnosis is histopathological examination. A prompt and correct diagnosis of EAN can avoid both unnecessary over treatment and patients emotional stress.展开更多
Background:Nipple discharge cytology is a simple non-invasive method that may provide valuable information for detecting underlying malignancy.Several studies have investigated the diagnostic value of cytology in brea...Background:Nipple discharge cytology is a simple non-invasive method that may provide valuable information for detecting underlying malignancy.Several studies have investigated the diagnostic value of cytology in breast cancer patients with pathological nipple discharge,but the results have been highly variable.Herein we presented a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies pertaining to the diagnostic capacity of nipple discharge cytology in patients with breast cancer.Methods:A systematic literature search was performed(Medline/PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library databases,and Google Scholar)to identify studies that investigated the diagnostic capacity of cytology with regard to breast cancer in patients with pathologic nipple discharge.Two independent researchers identified articles that assessed the sensitivity and specificity of cytological evaluation for breast cancer detection in patients with pathologic nipple discharge published between January 2000 and October 2018.Articles were only included in the meta-analysis if they met predetermined criteria.The characteristics of each study and the data they yielded were summarized.Quality assessment of all articles included was performed using the Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies Criteria(MINORS)and the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Study 2(QUADAS-2).Heterogeneity was tested via Cochran Q test and the I2 statistic using Stata 12.0 and Meta-DiSc 1.4 software,and meta-analysis was performed.Results:A total of 286 articles were identified,of which 12 articles including a total of 1476 patients were deemed eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis.A random-effects model assessing the capacity of nipple discharge cytology to predict breast cancer yielded pooled sensitivity 63%(95%confidence interval[CI]:53%-72%),specificity 95%(95%CI:87%-98%),positive likelihood ratio 12.35(95%CI:4.87-31.34),and negative likelihood ratio 0.39(95%CI:0.30-0.50).The diagnostic odds ratio was 31.88(95%CI:11.30-89.98).The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.79(95%CI:0.75-0.82).Conclusion:The current meta-analysis suggests that nipple discharge cytology is a useful diagnostic modality for detection of breast cancer in patients with pathological nipple discharge,with moderate sensitivity and high specificity.展开更多
文摘Breastfeeding is drastically decreasing over time and nipple trauma constitutes one of the most significant reasons for its discontinuation. In this context, this study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness and tolerability of a topical treatment device, namely Silver Cap<sup>®</sup> (Depofarma S.P.A.), when used to prevent pain and nipple fissure formation. The medical device consists in a silver trilaminate cup to be placed on the nipple, providing physical protection and creating a moist environment. The study involved 187 women: 38 started to apply the device prior to lactation (PL group) and 149 during lactation (DL group). Aiming to collect safety and performance data, both groups were provided with questionnaires during 6 consecutive visits (120 days of follow-up). At last visit, absence of painful symptoms was reported by the 98.8% and the 100% of women in DL and PL groups, respectively. Moreover, no nipple fissures were observed and no adverse events directly correlated to use of the device were reported. According to these findings, it can be concluded that Silver Cap<sup>®</sup> is a safe and effective device for nipple pain and fissure prevention. .
文摘Introduction: Breast cancer cases, mastectomy and following reconstruction procedures are growing in numbers. Despite being lifesaving, mastectomies have a destructive psychological impact on the patients. On the other hand, breast reconstruction improves psychological damages within the same population. Various techniques for nipple reconstruction were described in literature. Trillium flap is an innovative technique to reconstruct neo-nipple with several advantages that make it superior to other popular flaps. Objectives: To come up with an innovative design for reconstructing a neo-nipple post mastectomy, that is superior to other popular flaps. Results: The Trillium flap design has less visible and easily camouflaged scars, is geometry-based, specific, well-detailed and flexible to produce a tailored nipple with any desired height and diameter and ensures the flaps good vascularity and the neo-nipple projection sustainability. Conclusion: Trillium flap is an innovative technique to reconstruct neo-nipple with several advantages that make it superior to other popular flaps. The results shown in the study are for experimental procedures done on human tissue samples of excised flaps from abdominoplasties and brachioplasties. Further application on actual cases is needed with monitoring of neo-nipple projection sustainability on the long term.
文摘<strong>Introduction:</strong><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Mastectomy with conservation of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) in breast cancer care has been controversial with regards to the oncological safety of this procedure and the risk of complications including NAC necrosis. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Aim: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The objective of this study is to assess, through a literature review, the safety and reliability of a conservative NAC mastectomy in breast cancer treatment, paying attention to the rate of local recurrence and complications. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> A review of the literature was conducted from PubMed data, and articles published between January 2007 and December 2017, using the terms </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">“</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nipple-sparing mastectomy”, “breast cancer”, “local recu</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">rrence”, “necrosis of the nipple”, “global complications”. The articles were</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> analyzed with regards to the following parameters of evaluation: local recurrence, recurrence rate at NAC level, global complication rates and nipple necrosis rates. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> In the 36 studies we selected, the average rate of local recurrence was 3.23%. The average rate of recurrence at the NAC was 0.81%. The average rate of complications was 20%. The average rate of necrosis of the NAC was 5.9%. The main factors of these recurrences were the tumor size > 5 cm and tumor stage > stage II. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Conservative mastectomy of the nipple-areola complex offers an aesthetic advantage and oncological safety in carefully selected patients with breast cancer.</span></span>
文摘Necrosis of nipple-areola complex is one of the major complications of breast reduction in gigatomastia.Wie present a case study of a 32-year-old patient with severe gigantomastia,who required an immediate nipple reconstruction during breast reduction.The final reconstruction was satisfactory.No complications were observed within three months postoperatively.
文摘BACKGROUND High-riding nipple is one of the common complications after mastopexty and breast reconstruction.However,to date,a limited number of techniques have concentrated on how to lower the high-riding nipple with enlarged areola.CASE SUMMARY This is a case report describing a combination of surgical techniques to decrease high-riding nipple.A 26-year-old woman,who previously underwent several breast operations,sought correction for high-riding nipple with enlarged areola.Expanders were used and multi-stage techniques were performed.After one year of follow-up,lowered nipple,reduced areola size,ensured nipple blood supply,and improved breast ptosis were achieved,and the patient was satisfied with the breast contour.CONCLUSION The proposed technique offers a feasible treatment option for postoperative nipple over-elevation combined with areola dilation.
文摘OBJECTIVE To explore the value of fiberoptic ductoscopy in diagnosing and treating bilateral and polyporous nipple discharge (ND).METHODS Fiberoptic ductoscopy was conducted in 29 patients with bilateral and polyporous ND.After the ductoscopy,the patients with intraductal papilloma (IDP) underwent a surgical procedure,and the others,identified with galactostasis,mammary duct ectasia (MDE) and obstructive galactophoritis (OG),received a ductoscopy-guided interventional therapy. RESULTS Among 29 cases,and with 79 galactophores examined,IDP was found in 11 cases (37.9% of the total cases),or 13.9% of the galactopores examined.IDP was found in 9 of 11 cases with a bloody nipple discharge,while IDP was seen in 2 of the 18 cases with a non-bloody nipple discharge.The excision accuracy achieved 100% in the cases,and postoperative pathological diagnosis accordance rate reached 88.9%. CONCLUSION Fiberoptic ductoscopy has many features such as ability to see the lesion,and accurate preoperative localization,thus eliminating excessive excision of tissue during surgery.For most patients with ND,especially those suffering galactostasis,OG or MDE,washout under fiberoptic ductoscopy and interventional therapy may achieve a thorough cure of the disease.
文摘Objective: To evaluate the long term follow-up results of the direct nipple ureteroneocystostomy technique. Materials and Methods: We studied a total of 16 patients (19 renal units) who underwent direct nipple ureteroneocystostomy. The mean age was 43 years and 3 patients had bilateral disease. In five units the ureters had been ligated during gynecological surgery, 11 renal units were obstructive and three units were reflexive megaureters. The ureters were spatulated for about 2 cm and folded back. Nipples 2 to 2.5 cm long were prepared. In two cases the ureters were thin-walled (2 mm or less) and they were not spatulated but folded back onto themselves. In one case the ureter could not be everted since it had a thick and fibrotic wall. The distal 2 to 2.5 cm segment of this ureter was directly inserted in to the bladder. Postoperative follow-up was at 3 month intervals for the first year at 6 month intervals for 2 - 3 years and yearly thereafter. At the time of follow-up serum creatinine, urine culture, ultrasound, intravenous urography, voiding cystoureterography, nuclear renal scintigraphy and cystometric evaluations were performed. The functions of 11 and 15 renal units were evaluated scintigraphically and stereologically, respectively, in the both preoperative and postoperative first year follow-up. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used for statistical evaluation and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Mean follow-up was 49 months. Three renal units had Grade III reflux (two of them during voiding) and one unit had Grade IV reflux. At follow-up this patient developed in the ureteral stricture. No patients had urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis or ureteral stricture follow-up period. Between the preoperative and postoperative first year, there was an increase in postoperative split renal function based on renal scintigraphy but this difference was not statistically significant. The stereologically calculated decrease in pelvicaliceal dilatation was statistically significant. Conclusion: Ease of application and no need to taper or plicate the ureter or prepare a submucosal tunnel may be the reasons to consider the direct nipple ureteroneocystostomy technique for megaureters of different etiologies.
文摘The difficult problem of automatically welding nipples onto the header is first analyzed in this paper, and then the overall structure and operating principle of the robot working unit are introduced. The robot and the measuring device are located by employing the traveling lorry, and this unit enables the robot to adjust the tracks according to the errors received from the measuring device, and then the nipples are welded properly. This paper emphases on the development of the master-slave control system, in which the prograrmmable Logic Controller (PLC) is used as the master computer.
文摘Objective: To probe the effect of mastoscopic in modified radical mastectomy operation for preserving nipple-areolar complex in the treatment of breast cancer. Methods: Thirty patients, with breast cancer of a diameter≤3 cm and a distance≥3 cm from the mammary areola were treated by mastoscopic from November 2003 to August 2006. After the lipoly- sis and suction of axillary fat, mastoscopic axillary lymph node dissection was performed. Results: The average operation time was 128.9 min (120–156 min), the intraoperative blood loss was 56 mL (30–100 mL). The mean lymph nodes harvested by endoscopy were 16 (6–34). Excellent cosmetic outcomes were obtained with symmetrical breast development and all the patients were satisfied with the treatment. Postoperative follow-up for 2–29 months (mean, 16.6 months) found no local recur-rence. Conclusion:This model of operation can protect the upper limb function and has value of aesthetics of the brisket. What’s more, improve the quality of survive of the patients.
文摘BACKGROUND Compared to earlier,there has been an increase in the tattoo procedures for cosmetic purposes;and there has also been an increase in the tattoo procedures performed by non-medical personnel.In South Korea,only tattoos performed by a doctor are considered legal;however,there is still some debate over whether tattoo procedures performed by non-healthcare providers should be considered legal.CASE SUMMARY A 28-year-old woman visited our hospital with pain in both nipples and heat sensation over the last 4 d.She had a history of a nipple tattoo performed by an unlicensed person.Pinpoint bleeding was noted in both areolar areas,and the exudate mixed with pus and orange color ink was discharged.Oral medication and tulle with foam dressing were performed under the impression of cellulitis and allergic reaction.After 4 wk,nipples remained dark brown in color,resulting in a color mismatch between the nipple and orange-colored areola.The size of the areola was also found to be distinctly asymmetrical after healing.This complication may have been caused by the use of illegal ink or unsanitary procedures,or a problem may have occurred in the post-tattoo management stage.CONCLUSION Doctors use approved ink,aseptic procedure and appropriate postoperative care,and appropriate management can be performed in case of complications.
文摘Nipple adenoma is a rare benign condition that simulates malignancy. A 37-year-old woman presented with unilateral bloody nipple discharge for 1-year duration followed by severe nipple erosion. As biopsy revealed nipple adenoma and therefore, complete local excision was done. The final histopathology showed florid papillomatosis which was adequately excised. Nipple adenoma although rare entity this should be included in the differential diagnosis of any nipple erosion such as carcinoma and Paget’s disease of the breast specially when associated with bloody discharge in premenopausal women.
文摘Traditional reduction mammoplasties have the simple concern to guarantee the survival of the nipple areola complex after surgery. Little has been done to take care of essential functions in the nipple, especially the erogenous sensation. We have conducted a retrospective study on a cohort of 573 female patients operated using the Total Posterior Pedicle of Moufarrege between 1985 and 1995 to evaluate its effect on the erogenous sensation of the nipple. This study demonstrated the preservation of the erogenous sensation of the nipple in a high proportion of these patients. The physiology of this preservation is explained in regard of the technique details in Moufarrege mammoplasty compared to other techniques. The Moufarrege Total Posterior Pedicle would therefore be a highly reliable reduction technique to ensure the preservation of the erogenous sensation of the nipple.
文摘Background: Recent advances in breast reconstruction and the introduction of oncoplastic techniques have resulted in significant improvement in quality of life and psychological well-being of most patients. Nipple sparing mastectomy is a surgical technique that removes breast tissue while preserving the native skin envelope, infra-mammary fold and the NAC, which allows immediately reconstructed breasts to have an excellent cosmetic outcome. Aim: Our primary end point was for objective assessment of aesthetic outcome after NSM via more accurate new method and subsiding bias in that assessment and the secondary end point was for evaluating the influence of incision choice and recommending which incision is the best for each patient putting in mind cup size, degree of ptosis and body mass index of Egyptian patients. Methods: Starting January 2013 to November 2015, 74 patients with breast cancer underwent NSM with immediate reconstruction using LD flap with or without implant augmentation. Results: Incisions used are elliptical (37.8%), lateral (27%), peri-areolar (21.6%) and infra-mammary (13.5%). In 81.1% of the patients, the procedure was performed using extended LD flaps only, while in the remaining 18.9% the flaps were augmented using implant insertion. Axillary dissection was done in 68.9% of patients and SLN in 24.3% of patients. Overall aesthetic results were done by patient self-assessment, assessment by the surgeon, assessment by professional plastic breast surgeon and assessment by onco-plastic surgeon, and this was followed by statistical analysis of the agreement between the plastic surgeon and the onco-plastic surgeon. Conclusion: NSM is safe, feasible and offers adequate oncologic results along with excellent cosmetic outcome. Choice of incision and reconstruction should be tailored to suit each patient. Breast cancer patients can benefit from sound resection and enjoy a sense of wholeness.
文摘We present a case of a 71-year-old woman suffering from mammary Paget,s disease and having a 10-years history of an irregular, widespread erosion accompanied by itching and burning on the skin of her left chest, extending to the breast. The erosion had steadily enlarged and had become increasingly tender. The nipple and areola of the left breast disappeared and could not be recognized. No abnormality of the right nipple, areola, and covering skin and no supernumerary nipple were seen. Mammography and ultrasonography could not be performed because of severe pain and erosive wetness. Histopathology of a surgical biopsy specimen showed epidermal infiltration by large, round, clear atypical cells scattered individually or in small clusters and distributed horizontally throughout the epidermis. The cytoplasm of these large cells was pale and vacuolated and was equivalent to that in nipple cells in Paget,s disease, and a diagnosis of mammary Paget,s disease was made. We performed total mastectomy of the left breast with wide excision of the Paget lesion of the left chest and axillary lymph node sampling. Histological examination of the specimen showed typical distribution of Paget,s cells;however no ductal carcinoma in situ was found in the mammary ducts and invasive growth was not recognized beyond the basal membrane of the lesion. From this evidences, we established a diagnosis of large, irregulaly shaped unusual mammary Paget,s disease, not of breast cancer origin, covering the left breast, areola, and nipple.
文摘Purpose: This article identifies the advantage and disadvantage of a free nipple areola complex graft (FNACG) for nipple malposition which resulted from tissue-expander insertion and subsequently replaced with an implant after nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM). Methods: The subjects were three such patients treated using FNACG and who were followed up for at least one year postoperatively. The surgical outcome was assessed for symmetry of nipple-areola position, graft take, depigmentation, and shrinkage. Results: In all patients, the graft was accurately transferred to a position to achieve symmetry with the unaffected breast, and there was complete graft take in the areola by simple surgical design and techniques. No depigmentation of the areola was observed. The size of the areola was almost unchanged after grafting in two patients, but areolar shrinkage occurred in one other patient. There was complete graft take in the nipple in one patient and no depigmentation of the nipple was observed. Necrosis occurred at the tip of the nipple in two other patients. These patients had depigmentation, and the height of nipples decreased in proportion to the level of necrosis. Conclusion: FNACG can be a useful method if its advantages and disadvantages are well considered.
文摘Introduction: High-riding nipple following reduction mammoplasty is a challenging problem for the plastic surgeons. To avoid such problem, many methods have been described for marking the correct nipple position but still controversial. We aimed in this study to present our experience in preventing excessive nipple elevation after reduction mammoplasty by using the upper footprint to set the new nipple position. Material and Methods: From March 2019 to March 2022, 25 female patients at a mean age of 38.3 years were included in this prospective study. They underwent reduction mammoplasty with inverted T scar and a combination of inferior pedicle and Würinger’s septum techniques. Resection weights, pre- and postoperative anthropometric measures were recorded. All patients were photographed at the follow-up visits and evaluated for complications if any, the nipple-areola complex (NAC) sensation, and subjective patient satisfaction using “The Breast Evaluation Questionnaire”. Results: The mean preoperative midclavicular point to nipple distance was 37.40 and 37.18 cm for the right and left breasts, respectively. The mean resection weight was 1270 and 1242 g from the right and left sides, respectively. None of our patients experienced NAC necrosis, while 2 breasts had minor wound dehiscence treated conservatively. After a mean follow-up period of 12 months, the NAC descended by an average of 1.40 cm, the distance from the IMF to nipple had an average increase of 2.24 cm, and all of patients were satisfied with the esthetic outcomes and convinced with their breast shape. Conclusion: The upper footprint dependent nipple position seems to have a real role in preventing high-riding nipple after breast reduction in hypertrophic and gigantomastic breasts. Moreover, it can be applied easily and allow for more satisfying outcomes than other methods for setting the new nipple position.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Breast conservation surgery (BCS) and nipple-areola-sparing (NAS) mastectomy have been recognized as two milestones in this period. This study included 60 Egyptian female patients with breast cancer, all of them were subjected to modified radical mastectomy operation. Methods: This study included female patients > 18 years old who have breast cancer with healthy looking non invaded skin of nipple and areola and excluded patients < 18 years old, patients unfit for surger, patients previously subjected to chemo or radiotherapy for breast cancer. We peformed clinical examination of 60 patients with breast cancer. We studied the relevant factors that affect NAC invasion such as patient’s age, menstrual state, family history, tumor size, tumor location (central vs peripheral), tumor to nipple distance, lymphovascular invasion of NAC, lymph node metastasis, histological tumor type, tumor stage, multifocal/multicentric tumors and (ER, PR, HER2) status. Result: In our study, we have shown that NAC invasion is strongly associated with: 1) Nipple retraction as a patient’s complaint;2) Tumor site;3) Tumor-nipple-distance ≤ 4 cm;4) Multifocal/multicentric tumor;5) Tumor grade (grade III tumors);6) Positive lymph node invasion;7) ER and PR receptors negativity;8) HER2 positivity. This helps in preoperative planning for selecting patients for NAS mastectomy. Conclusion: The ideal patients for NAS mastectomy are with these criteria: 1) Clinically normal nipple areola complex;2) Distance from the tumor to the nipple is >4 cm;3) No multifocal/multicentric tumor;4) Absence of lymph node invasion;5) Tumor grade (grade I, II);6) Peripheral not central tumor;7) No sub-areolar lymphovascular invasion (LVI);8) ER receptor positive;9) PR receptor positive;10) HER2 negative.</span>
文摘Objective：To evaluate the oncologic safety of nipple-sparing mastectomy （NSM） for breast cancer patients based on current literature.Data Sources：A comprehensive literature search ofMedline,Embase databases was conducted for studies published through March 2014.Study Selection：Our search criteria included English-language studies that focused on NSM at nipple-areola complex （NAC） involvement,patient selection,and recurrence.Prophylaxis NSM,case series or reports that based on very small population were excluded.In the end,42 studies concerning NSM and oncological safety were included into the review.Results：NSM is a surgical procedure that allows the preservation of the skin and NAC in breast cancer patients or in patients with prophylactic mastectomy.However,the oncologic safety and patient selection criteria associated with NSM are still under debate.The incidence of NAC involvement of breast cancer in recent studies ranges from 9.5% to 24.6%,which can be decreased through careful patient selection.Tumour-nipple distance,tumour size,lymph node involvement and molecular characteristics can be evaluated preoperatively by clinical examinations,imaging studies and biopsies to predict the risk of NAC involvement.Currently,there is no available standard protocol for surgical approaches to NSM or pathological examination of NSM specimens.The local recurrence （ranges from 0% to 24%） of NSM is not significantly higher than that of traditional mastectomy in selected patients based on long-term follow-up.The role of radiotherapy in NSM is still controversial and is not universally accepted.Conclusions：NSM appears to be oncologically safe following careful patient selection and assessment of margins.
文摘Introduction:Erosive adenomatosis of the nipple is a rare benign lesion involving nipple which can be easily misdiagnosed as more ominous entities such as Pagets disease.Case presentation:A 21-year-old woman presented with a 6-year history of breast erythema involving her left nipple with tenderness and mild itching. The nipple appeared rough and thickened with areas of erosion and fissuring. Physical examination of other areas of breast as well as imaging studies including ultrasound and mammography showed no abnormalities. The histological examination reveal adiagnosis of erosive adenomatosis of nipple (EAN). The patient was treated by a simple surgical excision without complications and recurrence during 9-month follow-up.Discussion:In the early stage, it can mimic eczema, but in the later stage, more serious diagnosis such as Pagets disease should be differential. It is diagnosed by histopathological examination. Surgical excision is an optimal choice for treament with or without plastic reconstruction.Conclusion:EAN should be considered in the diagnosis of erythema and erosion lesions involving nipple. The gold standard for diagnosis is histopathological examination. A prompt and correct diagnosis of EAN can avoid both unnecessary over treatment and patients emotional stress.
基金This study was supported by a grant from the Science and Technology Commission of Beijing Municipality(No.D16110000816002).
文摘Background:Nipple discharge cytology is a simple non-invasive method that may provide valuable information for detecting underlying malignancy.Several studies have investigated the diagnostic value of cytology in breast cancer patients with pathological nipple discharge,but the results have been highly variable.Herein we presented a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies pertaining to the diagnostic capacity of nipple discharge cytology in patients with breast cancer.Methods:A systematic literature search was performed(Medline/PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library databases,and Google Scholar)to identify studies that investigated the diagnostic capacity of cytology with regard to breast cancer in patients with pathologic nipple discharge.Two independent researchers identified articles that assessed the sensitivity and specificity of cytological evaluation for breast cancer detection in patients with pathologic nipple discharge published between January 2000 and October 2018.Articles were only included in the meta-analysis if they met predetermined criteria.The characteristics of each study and the data they yielded were summarized.Quality assessment of all articles included was performed using the Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies Criteria(MINORS)and the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Study 2(QUADAS-2).Heterogeneity was tested via Cochran Q test and the I2 statistic using Stata 12.0 and Meta-DiSc 1.4 software,and meta-analysis was performed.Results:A total of 286 articles were identified,of which 12 articles including a total of 1476 patients were deemed eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis.A random-effects model assessing the capacity of nipple discharge cytology to predict breast cancer yielded pooled sensitivity 63%(95%confidence interval[CI]:53%-72%),specificity 95%(95%CI:87%-98%),positive likelihood ratio 12.35(95%CI:4.87-31.34),and negative likelihood ratio 0.39(95%CI:0.30-0.50).The diagnostic odds ratio was 31.88(95%CI:11.30-89.98).The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.79(95%CI:0.75-0.82).Conclusion:The current meta-analysis suggests that nipple discharge cytology is a useful diagnostic modality for detection of breast cancer in patients with pathological nipple discharge,with moderate sensitivity and high specificity.
