Nowadays,communication with foreign people isbecoming closer.While,misunderstandings occur frequently inthis process.The main purpose of this essay is to offer some pro-posals on the problem of misunderstandings and c...Nowadays,communication with foreign people isbecoming closer.While,misunderstandings occur frequently inthis process.The main purpose of this essay is to offer some pro-posals on the problem of misunderstandings and conflicts in inter-cultural communication from the aspect of relationship betweenculture and non-verbal communication.展开更多
For a long time,students' non-verbal communicative competence is neglected by themselves as well as the teachers.Inthis paper a research is done to analyze the causes of students' non-verbal communicative fail...For a long time,students' non-verbal communicative competence is neglected by themselves as well as the teachers.Inthis paper a research is done to analyze the causes of students' non-verbal communicative failure.And some suggestions are givento cultivate students' ability in cross-cultural non-verbal Communication The students' enhanced communicative competencewill help them avoid non-verbal communicative failure and communicate effectively and appropriately in cross-cultural communi-cation.展开更多
As the economic globalization deepens, trades among nations are steadily increasing. Therefore, the international business negotiations become more and more significant. In the process of negotiations, the application...As the economic globalization deepens, trades among nations are steadily increasing. Therefore, the international business negotiations become more and more significant. In the process of negotiations, the application of appropriate strategies is necessary for negotiators to reach an agreement smoothly. However, the non-verbal communication plays an important role to some extent in real international business negotiations. This article tends to explore the application of non-verbal strategies in the international business negotiations.展开更多
While there is a lot of research in non-verbal communication, a limited of studies are about the situation in primary schools in Chinese context. In this paper, I will argue for the relationship between teacher's ...While there is a lot of research in non-verbal communication, a limited of studies are about the situation in primary schools in Chinese context. In this paper, I will argue for the relationship between teacher's non-verbal communication and student's learning interests in primary school.展开更多
This paper first reveals the non-verbal behavior and then further emphasizes the important of body behavior which can be used in class frequently under the classification of the non-verbal behavior. By analyzing the i...This paper first reveals the non-verbal behavior and then further emphasizes the important of body behavior which can be used in class frequently under the classification of the non-verbal behavior. By analyzing the important role of non-verbal behavior plays in communication, the paper discusses the specific and important part that non-verbal behavior serves, especially in foreign language teaching. The paper concludes that non-verbal behavior can perform as a relation maintainer, a structure maker, and a content container. The further suggestions for teacher to facilitate are proposed.展开更多
This paper engages in the discussion about nonverbal intercultural communication from the perspective of hand and finger gestures,probing into the functions of non-verbal cues in cross-cultural interaction,talking ove...This paper engages in the discussion about nonverbal intercultural communication from the perspective of hand and finger gestures,probing into the functions of non-verbal cues in cross-cultural interaction,talking over two different attitudes toward gestures,and giving a detailed analysis about the silent language of some specific gestures with fingers and hands in different cultures.展开更多
Internet of Things(IoT)with e-learning is widely employed to collect data from various smart devices and share it with other ones for efficient e-learning applications.At the same time,machine learning(ML)and data min...Internet of Things(IoT)with e-learning is widely employed to collect data from various smart devices and share it with other ones for efficient e-learning applications.At the same time,machine learning(ML)and data mining approaches are presented for accomplishing prediction and classification processes.With this motivation,this study focuses on the design of intelligent machine learning enabled e-learner non-verbal behaviour detection(IML-ELNVBD)in IoT environment.The proposed IML-ELNVBD technique allows the IoT devices such as audio sensors,cameras,etc.which are then connected to the cloud server for further processing.In addition,the modelling and extraction of behaviour take place.Moreover,extreme learning machine sparse autoencoder(ELM-SAE)model is employed for the detection and classification of non-verbal behaviour.Finally,the Ant Colony Optimization(ACO)algorithm is utilized to properly tune the weight and bias parameters involved in the ELM-SAE model.In order to ensure the improved performance of the IML-ELNVBD model,a comprehensive simulation analysis is carried out and the results highlighted the betterment compared to the recent models.展开更多
Electronic learning(e-learning)has become one of the widely used modes of pedagogy in higher education today due to the convenience and flexibility offered in comparison to traditional learning activities.Advancements...Electronic learning(e-learning)has become one of the widely used modes of pedagogy in higher education today due to the convenience and flexibility offered in comparison to traditional learning activities.Advancements in Information and Communication Technology have eased learner connectivity online and enabled access to an extensive range of learning materials on the World Wide Web.Post covid-19 pandemic,online learning has become the most essential and inevitable medium of learning in primary,secondary and higher education.In recent times,Massive Open Online Courses(MOOCs)have transformed the current education strategy by offering a technology-rich and flexible form of online learning.A key component to assess the learner’s progress and effectiveness of online teaching is the Multiple Choice Question(MCQ)assessment in most of the MOOC courses.Uncertainty exists on the reliability and validity of the assessment component as it raises a qualm whether the real knowledge acquisition level reflects upon the assessment score.This is due to the possibility of random and smart guesses,learners can attempt,as MCQ assessments are more vulnerable than essay type assessments.This paper presents the architecture,development,evaluation of the I-Quiz system,an intelligent assessment tool,which captures and analyses both the implicit and explicit non-verbal behaviour of learner and provides insights about the learner’s real knowledge acquisition level.The I-Quiz system uses an innovative way to analyse the learner non-verbal behaviour and trains the agent using machine learning techniques.The intelligent agent in the system evaluates and predicts the real knowledge acquisition level of learners.A total of 500 undergraduate engineering students were asked to attend an on-Screen MCQ assessment test using the I-Quiz system comprising 20 multiple choice questions related to advanced C programming.The non-verbal behaviour of the learner is recorded using a front-facing camera during the entire assessment period.The resultant dataset of non-verbal behaviour and question-answer scores is used to train the random forest classifier model to predict the real knowledge acquisition level of the learner.The trained model after hyperparameter tuning and cross validation achieved a normalized prediction accuracy of 85.68%.展开更多
The standardization of terms and definitions is fundamental to all activities in the domain of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).For decades,definitions of TCM terminology relied on conventional verbal representations...The standardization of terms and definitions is fundamental to all activities in the domain of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).For decades,definitions of TCM terminology relied on conventional verbal representations to differentiate between related concepts.However,the ancient Chinese is obscure and comprises a massive volume of information,making it difficult to convey the definition accurately in other languages.This article proposes a potential solution that the definition for pulse terminology can be supplemented by modern means of non-verbal representation,i.e.,using pulse waveform graphs and parameters to complete the definition of each pulse.A discussion of the challenges of obtaining reliable data is also included.展开更多
Based on the overall view of communication theory and spoken English language testing system,this paper has conducted a comprehensive and specific observation and research on how examiner non-verbal behavior has affec...Based on the overall view of communication theory and spoken English language testing system,this paper has conducted a comprehensive and specific observation and research on how examiner non-verbal behavior has affected candidate performance.The research has found out that not only examiner behavior including non-verbal behavior but language testing scenario itself is of communicative nature and examiner’s non-verbal behavior indeed promotes examinee’s test performance,which can help to better understand spoken testing system,examiner non-verbal behavior,and testing environment to promote the development of language speaking test and reflect examinee’s real language competence and ability.展开更多
Apart from intercultural communication and ESL education,non-verbal communication is also an ideal method to examine the visual adaptation of literary works when it is further classified into direct and indirect commu...Apart from intercultural communication and ESL education,non-verbal communication is also an ideal method to examine the visual adaptation of literary works when it is further classified into direct and indirect communication.Whether an actor or an actress’non-verbal performances are compatible to the non-verbal behaviour of the character he or she plays is of great importance in the appraisal,which is transparent through the comparison and contrast of non-verbal communication in two versions of A Dream of Red Mansions TV series.展开更多
Non-verbal communication is a part of culture and plays a very important role in social communication.From the comparative analysis of usages and meanings of non-verbal communication between Chinese and English which ...Non-verbal communication is a part of culture and plays a very important role in social communication.From the comparative analysis of usages and meanings of non-verbal communication between Chinese and English which people are familiar with,we can understand the Chinese and English better and strengthen the intercultural communication.展开更多
This paper investigates the verbal and non - verbal features of interpretation from Chinese into English . On the one hand the language of interpretation belongs to the category of oral language, So It determines the ...This paper investigates the verbal and non - verbal features of interpretation from Chinese into English . On the one hand the language of interpretation belongs to the category of oral language, So It determines the path an interpreter should follow while interpreting . On the other hand it is suggested that the non - verbal approach plays an important role in interpretation. Therefore an interpreter can not be a qualified interpreter unless he is, in addition to language techniques, skilled in the application of paralanguage.展开更多
BACKGROUND: The relationship between hearing impairment and verbal developmental deficits in infants has become a hotspot in research, focusing on improving hearing and promoting verbal development. However, language ...BACKGROUND: The relationship between hearing impairment and verbal developmental deficits in infants has become a hotspot in research, focusing on improving hearing and promoting verbal development. However, language is only one element of cognition. There are other elements of non-verbal cognitive deficits in infants with hearing impairment. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to compare the differences in gross motor, fine motor, adaptability, and behavioral development between infants with severe hearing impairment and ordinary children of the same age. DESIGN: Case-control observation. SETTING: Department of Otolaryngology-Head Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-two infants with hearing impairment, who received treatment in the Department of Otolaryngology-Head Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital from February to December 2007, were confirmed to suffer from severe (or extremely severe) sensorineural deafness by auditory brain-stem response (ABR) and were recruited for this study. The infants comprised 30 males and 22 females. Among them, 18 were aged 0-1 year, 18 were aged 1-2 years, and 16 were aged 2-3 years. An additional 60 individuals, aged 0-3 years, who received developmental monitoring simultaneously, and were confirmed to have normal hearing and verbal ability, were included as controls. Among the control subjects, there were 31 males and 29 females: 20 were < 1 year of age, 22 were between 1-2 years of age, and 18 were between 2-3 years of age. Informed consent for laboratory measurements was obtained from each infant's guardian, and the study was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee. METHODS: Infant gross motor, fine motor, adaptability, and behavioral development were assessed in the hearing impairment and control infants. Comparison results were expressed as grading standards of development quotient. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Developmental quotient of all subjects was determined using "psychometric test battery for 0-6 year-old infants", revised by Capital Institute of Pediatrics. Developmental quotient of each factor ≥ 130 points and < 69 points was defined as excellent and mentally disabled, respectively. RESULTS: All determination results were included in the final analysis. There was no significant difference in each factor between hearing-impaired and control infants, who were 1-year-old (P > 0.05). The behavioral developmental quotient was significantly less in hearing-impaired infants compared to control infants, who were between 1 and 2 years of age (P < 0.05). The development quotients of fine motor and behavioral development were significantly less in hearing-impaired infants than in control infants, who were 2-3 years of age (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Compared to control infants, severe hearing-impaired infants have a lower behavioral developmental quotient after 1 year and a lower fine motor developmental quotient after 2 years of age.展开更多
This paper explains,with concrete examples,that the non-verbal barriers also obstruct students’correct understanding of listening materials,and ana-lyzes the problems resulting from students lack of cul-tural knowled...This paper explains,with concrete examples,that the non-verbal barriers also obstruct students’correct understanding of listening materials,and ana-lyzes the problems resulting from students lack of cul-tural knowledge of the target language.Suggestionsare offered to help students have a better understand-ing by introducing the origin of English words,intro-ducing the cultural traits of native speakers,theircustoms and introduce the relative cultural knowledgeto promote students’comprehension of the target lan-guage.展开更多
This paper examines different modes of non-verbal communication deployed as discursive strategies/safety protocol measures during the Covid-19 crisis to warn people against contracting the disease and to contain its s...This paper examines different modes of non-verbal communication deployed as discursive strategies/safety protocol measures during the Covid-19 crisis to warn people against contracting the disease and to contain its spread.The data,which consist of forty purposively selected images used by the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control and remodified logos of some international brands shared on the social media space—NCDC website,Facebook and Twitter,are divided into four broad categories and analysed qualitatively using Kress and van Leeuwen’s Social Semiotic framework to examine their representational meanings.These non-verbal modes of communication are used as representations to create awareness about the pandemic,depict its manifestations(signs and symptoms)and educate people on the important guidelines to observe in order to prevent contracting the infectious disease.Thus,different semiotic resources are deployed as meaning-making processes to interrogate these thematic categories.The study concludes that the choice of the non-verbal modes/images are intentional and strategic as their specificity projects the intended meaning of the message,enhances wider reach and enables effective communication of proper management of the health crisis.展开更多
文摘Nowadays,communication with foreign people isbecoming closer.While,misunderstandings occur frequently inthis process.The main purpose of this essay is to offer some pro-posals on the problem of misunderstandings and conflicts in inter-cultural communication from the aspect of relationship betweenculture and non-verbal communication.
文摘For a long time,students' non-verbal communicative competence is neglected by themselves as well as the teachers.Inthis paper a research is done to analyze the causes of students' non-verbal communicative failure.And some suggestions are givento cultivate students' ability in cross-cultural non-verbal Communication The students' enhanced communicative competencewill help them avoid non-verbal communicative failure and communicate effectively and appropriately in cross-cultural communi-cation.
文摘As the economic globalization deepens, trades among nations are steadily increasing. Therefore, the international business negotiations become more and more significant. In the process of negotiations, the application of appropriate strategies is necessary for negotiators to reach an agreement smoothly. However, the non-verbal communication plays an important role to some extent in real international business negotiations. This article tends to explore the application of non-verbal strategies in the international business negotiations.
文摘While there is a lot of research in non-verbal communication, a limited of studies are about the situation in primary schools in Chinese context. In this paper, I will argue for the relationship between teacher's non-verbal communication and student's learning interests in primary school.
文摘This paper first reveals the non-verbal behavior and then further emphasizes the important of body behavior which can be used in class frequently under the classification of the non-verbal behavior. By analyzing the important role of non-verbal behavior plays in communication, the paper discusses the specific and important part that non-verbal behavior serves, especially in foreign language teaching. The paper concludes that non-verbal behavior can perform as a relation maintainer, a structure maker, and a content container. The further suggestions for teacher to facilitate are proposed.
文摘This paper engages in the discussion about nonverbal intercultural communication from the perspective of hand and finger gestures,probing into the functions of non-verbal cues in cross-cultural interaction,talking over two different attitudes toward gestures,and giving a detailed analysis about the silent language of some specific gestures with fingers and hands in different cultures.
文摘Internet of Things(IoT)with e-learning is widely employed to collect data from various smart devices and share it with other ones for efficient e-learning applications.At the same time,machine learning(ML)and data mining approaches are presented for accomplishing prediction and classification processes.With this motivation,this study focuses on the design of intelligent machine learning enabled e-learner non-verbal behaviour detection(IML-ELNVBD)in IoT environment.The proposed IML-ELNVBD technique allows the IoT devices such as audio sensors,cameras,etc.which are then connected to the cloud server for further processing.In addition,the modelling and extraction of behaviour take place.Moreover,extreme learning machine sparse autoencoder(ELM-SAE)model is employed for the detection and classification of non-verbal behaviour.Finally,the Ant Colony Optimization(ACO)algorithm is utilized to properly tune the weight and bias parameters involved in the ELM-SAE model.In order to ensure the improved performance of the IML-ELNVBD model,a comprehensive simulation analysis is carried out and the results highlighted the betterment compared to the recent models.
文摘Electronic learning(e-learning)has become one of the widely used modes of pedagogy in higher education today due to the convenience and flexibility offered in comparison to traditional learning activities.Advancements in Information and Communication Technology have eased learner connectivity online and enabled access to an extensive range of learning materials on the World Wide Web.Post covid-19 pandemic,online learning has become the most essential and inevitable medium of learning in primary,secondary and higher education.In recent times,Massive Open Online Courses(MOOCs)have transformed the current education strategy by offering a technology-rich and flexible form of online learning.A key component to assess the learner’s progress and effectiveness of online teaching is the Multiple Choice Question(MCQ)assessment in most of the MOOC courses.Uncertainty exists on the reliability and validity of the assessment component as it raises a qualm whether the real knowledge acquisition level reflects upon the assessment score.This is due to the possibility of random and smart guesses,learners can attempt,as MCQ assessments are more vulnerable than essay type assessments.This paper presents the architecture,development,evaluation of the I-Quiz system,an intelligent assessment tool,which captures and analyses both the implicit and explicit non-verbal behaviour of learner and provides insights about the learner’s real knowledge acquisition level.The I-Quiz system uses an innovative way to analyse the learner non-verbal behaviour and trains the agent using machine learning techniques.The intelligent agent in the system evaluates and predicts the real knowledge acquisition level of learners.A total of 500 undergraduate engineering students were asked to attend an on-Screen MCQ assessment test using the I-Quiz system comprising 20 multiple choice questions related to advanced C programming.The non-verbal behaviour of the learner is recorded using a front-facing camera during the entire assessment period.The resultant dataset of non-verbal behaviour and question-answer scores is used to train the random forest classifier model to predict the real knowledge acquisition level of the learner.The trained model after hyperparameter tuning and cross validation achieved a normalized prediction accuracy of 85.68%.
基金This study was financed by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82074332)Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(No.19441901100)Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health Identification and Assessment(NO.21DZ2271000).
文摘The standardization of terms and definitions is fundamental to all activities in the domain of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).For decades,definitions of TCM terminology relied on conventional verbal representations to differentiate between related concepts.However,the ancient Chinese is obscure and comprises a massive volume of information,making it difficult to convey the definition accurately in other languages.This article proposes a potential solution that the definition for pulse terminology can be supplemented by modern means of non-verbal representation,i.e.,using pulse waveform graphs and parameters to complete the definition of each pulse.A discussion of the challenges of obtaining reliable data is also included.
文摘Based on the overall view of communication theory and spoken English language testing system,this paper has conducted a comprehensive and specific observation and research on how examiner non-verbal behavior has affected candidate performance.The research has found out that not only examiner behavior including non-verbal behavior but language testing scenario itself is of communicative nature and examiner’s non-verbal behavior indeed promotes examinee’s test performance,which can help to better understand spoken testing system,examiner non-verbal behavior,and testing environment to promote the development of language speaking test and reflect examinee’s real language competence and ability.
文摘Apart from intercultural communication and ESL education,non-verbal communication is also an ideal method to examine the visual adaptation of literary works when it is further classified into direct and indirect communication.Whether an actor or an actress’non-verbal performances are compatible to the non-verbal behaviour of the character he or she plays is of great importance in the appraisal,which is transparent through the comparison and contrast of non-verbal communication in two versions of A Dream of Red Mansions TV series.
文摘Non-verbal communication is a part of culture and plays a very important role in social communication.From the comparative analysis of usages and meanings of non-verbal communication between Chinese and English which people are familiar with,we can understand the Chinese and English better and strengthen the intercultural communication.
文摘This paper investigates the verbal and non - verbal features of interpretation from Chinese into English . On the one hand the language of interpretation belongs to the category of oral language, So It determines the path an interpreter should follow while interpreting . On the other hand it is suggested that the non - verbal approach plays an important role in interpretation. Therefore an interpreter can not be a qualified interpreter unless he is, in addition to language techniques, skilled in the application of paralanguage.
文摘BACKGROUND: The relationship between hearing impairment and verbal developmental deficits in infants has become a hotspot in research, focusing on improving hearing and promoting verbal development. However, language is only one element of cognition. There are other elements of non-verbal cognitive deficits in infants with hearing impairment. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to compare the differences in gross motor, fine motor, adaptability, and behavioral development between infants with severe hearing impairment and ordinary children of the same age. DESIGN: Case-control observation. SETTING: Department of Otolaryngology-Head Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-two infants with hearing impairment, who received treatment in the Department of Otolaryngology-Head Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital from February to December 2007, were confirmed to suffer from severe (or extremely severe) sensorineural deafness by auditory brain-stem response (ABR) and were recruited for this study. The infants comprised 30 males and 22 females. Among them, 18 were aged 0-1 year, 18 were aged 1-2 years, and 16 were aged 2-3 years. An additional 60 individuals, aged 0-3 years, who received developmental monitoring simultaneously, and were confirmed to have normal hearing and verbal ability, were included as controls. Among the control subjects, there were 31 males and 29 females: 20 were < 1 year of age, 22 were between 1-2 years of age, and 18 were between 2-3 years of age. Informed consent for laboratory measurements was obtained from each infant's guardian, and the study was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee. METHODS: Infant gross motor, fine motor, adaptability, and behavioral development were assessed in the hearing impairment and control infants. Comparison results were expressed as grading standards of development quotient. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Developmental quotient of all subjects was determined using "psychometric test battery for 0-6 year-old infants", revised by Capital Institute of Pediatrics. Developmental quotient of each factor ≥ 130 points and < 69 points was defined as excellent and mentally disabled, respectively. RESULTS: All determination results were included in the final analysis. There was no significant difference in each factor between hearing-impaired and control infants, who were 1-year-old (P > 0.05). The behavioral developmental quotient was significantly less in hearing-impaired infants compared to control infants, who were between 1 and 2 years of age (P < 0.05). The development quotients of fine motor and behavioral development were significantly less in hearing-impaired infants than in control infants, who were 2-3 years of age (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Compared to control infants, severe hearing-impaired infants have a lower behavioral developmental quotient after 1 year and a lower fine motor developmental quotient after 2 years of age.
文摘This paper explains,with concrete examples,that the non-verbal barriers also obstruct students’correct understanding of listening materials,and ana-lyzes the problems resulting from students lack of cul-tural knowledge of the target language.Suggestionsare offered to help students have a better understand-ing by introducing the origin of English words,intro-ducing the cultural traits of native speakers,theircustoms and introduce the relative cultural knowledgeto promote students’comprehension of the target lan-guage.
文摘This paper examines different modes of non-verbal communication deployed as discursive strategies/safety protocol measures during the Covid-19 crisis to warn people against contracting the disease and to contain its spread.The data,which consist of forty purposively selected images used by the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control and remodified logos of some international brands shared on the social media space—NCDC website,Facebook and Twitter,are divided into four broad categories and analysed qualitatively using Kress and van Leeuwen’s Social Semiotic framework to examine their representational meanings.These non-verbal modes of communication are used as representations to create awareness about the pandemic,depict its manifestations(signs and symptoms)and educate people on the important guidelines to observe in order to prevent contracting the infectious disease.Thus,different semiotic resources are deployed as meaning-making processes to interrogate these thematic categories.The study concludes that the choice of the non-verbal modes/images are intentional and strategic as their specificity projects the intended meaning of the message,enhances wider reach and enables effective communication of proper management of the health crisis.
